Journal articles on the topic 'Civil service – Philippines'

UberHOP is a commute-focused interpretation of the Uber suite of transportation services, with the goal of reducing personal vehicle commute trips. The service first launched in Seattle, Washington, and Toronto, Ontario, Canada, in December 2015 and expanded to Manila, Philippines, in early 2016. UberHOP is similar to vanpooling with fixed pickup and drop-off locations in the primary commute direction during peak hours, but it leverages Uber’s ridesourcing platform to replace fixed departure schedules with riders matched in real time. This paper reports on an intercept survey (83% response rate) to understand who rode, how they traveled to the pickup location, why they rode, and what modes UberHOP was replacing for all 11 UberHOP routes in Seattle during the morning and evening commute periods. In addition, detailed trip and total rider count data were collected during the survey administration process. The results show that many UberHOP riders made UberHOP their primary form of commute mode. Unlike standard ridesourcing services, UberHOP riders predominantly replaced public transportation modes rather than personal vehicles. UberHOP services were canceled in Seattle in August 2016. However, with larger rider densities per trip, the UberHOP model can be profitable, and it is reasonable to expect that Uber or others will resurrect a similar service in the future.

The Novel Corona Virus COVID-19 made a huge impact in most private and government institutions with regards to their Human Resource Management Practices, especially in terms of how employees will work during the time of the pandemic. As per the InterAgency Task Force on COVID-19 Philippines there is a need to observe Social Distance and proper quarantine protocol to avoid from the infections of the widespread virus. The Civil Service Commission Philippines and the other government agencies release a memorandum on the operational process of manpower during the pandemic situations. As a result of their discussion they have come-up with a new approach with regards to operational procedures on Human Resources. Most of the Human Resource Management Officer arranged a Work From Home Scheme while others on a 50% capacity of manpower to report for work depending on the quarantine protocol set by regions or provinces. New Best Practices will be applied in the coming New Normal in terms of Human Resources Management Approach.

This study determined the demographic profile of faculty members of State Universities and Colleges in Bicol, Philippines and assessed their job satisfaction. This also aimed to test if there is significant difference in the extent of the job satisfaction of faculty members with respect to their demographic profile when grouped according to gender, age, length of service, status of appointment and educational attainment. Descriptive method of researcher was utilized to realize the objectives of this study. Data were collected through the use of a modified survey questionnaire which was tested for validation and reliability using Cronbach’s value. To facilitate the analyses and interpretations of the data gathered, descriptive statistics (frequency count, ranking and percentage technique) and inferential statistics (one-way ANOVA) were used and made easier through the aid of the Statistical Packages for the Social Science (SPSS). As a result, it was concluded that State Universities and Colleges in the Province of Bicol Philippines (SUCs) are equally represented with new and senior faculty members in terms of number of years in service who have met and complied with the academic requirements of the Civil Service Commission and that most of them are permanent and with security of tenure in the College or University where they are in. Bicol SUC faculty members are highly satisfied with their job and it was found out that the extent of overall job satisfaction of the faculty members in Bicol SUCs does not differ with respect to their demographic profile.

Under what conditions do rebel organizations control territory during civil war? How do civilians influence the distribution of territorial control? This article introduces a civilian agency theory, emphasizing community collective action capacity (CAC) defined by underlying social network structure, to complement existing explanations of territorial control. I argue communities with greater CAC mobilize information and resources more efficiently, increasing belligerents’ incentives to control territory. However, CAC also increases community bargaining power to demand costly investments in governance, partially offsetting these gains. CAC increases rebel control in areas of state neglect. But, as state service provision increases, communities leverage CAC to demand prohibitively costly rebel governance, deterring rebel control. This article tests the theory in the context of the communist insurgency in the Philippines, using military intelligence reports from 2011 to 2014 to measure village-level communist insurgent territorial control and a household-level census (2008–2010) to measure village CAC. Interviews with village elders in Eastern Mindanao illustrate causal mechanisms and explore alternative explanations.

This study aims to analyze the information seeking and information sharing behavior of child caretakers in Brgy. Timugan, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines and how these affect their choice of health service providers on treatment of measles among their children. Data collected from questionnaires were described and analyzed using frequency counts, mean and percentages, and relationships of variables were tested using Cramer’s V test. Findings showed that majority of the child caretakers were female, belonged to 20-40 years age bracket, married, high school or college graduate with monthly income ranging from Php 5,000 to Php 20,000. The family size was relatively small with at least 1-2 children. The child caretakers were found to be (1) knowledgeable on basic information about measles, such as its symptoms, complications, and danger signs; (2) aware of the importance of vaccination in preventing measles; and (3) sought basic information on prevention, complication, and treatment of measles from Brgy. Health Centers, and private hospital was their topmost health service provider. They sought information only if their child had been infected with measles and shared information sought to their family members through face-to-face communication. Information seeking behavior was related to their monthly income, civil status, and number of children. Keywords: Information seeking, information sharing, measles treatment, seeking and sharing behaviorCite as: Perez, J.J.E., & Torres, C.S. (2017). Information seeking and sharing behavior on treatment of measles among child caretakers in Timugan, Los baños, Laguna, Philippines. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 2(1), 134-145.

Individual Performance Commitment Rating (IPCR) is a tool utilized in the implementation of the Strategic Performance Management System (SPMS) among state universities and colleges in the Philippines. The aim of this study is to standardizing (IPCR) computation for faculty with multi-designations in state universities and colleges in the Philippines and be subjected to acceptability evaluation using technology acceptability model (TAM). In addition, administered in accordance with the rules, regulations and standards promulgated by the Civil Service Commission (CSC). Using a descriptive-developmental design, purposively sampled university and campus officials with multi-designations for the past three school years served as the first set of respondents. Their profile, work satisfaction and method of IPCR computation for the past three years were determined. The second set of respondents who evaluated the acceptability of the mathematical model were IPCR main end users such as the university officials, administrators, and statistics center staff. Evaluation result on the acceptability of the developed model based on usefulness, ease of use, attitude towards usage and intention to use was at very highly acceptability level. It is recommended that such mathematical model in computing the IPCR for faculty with multi-designations be a springboard for discussion for PSU and CSC further evaluation and possible adoption.

The study determined the local planning and budget process of a highly urbanized local government unit (LGU) in Central Luzon, Philippines. It involves all department concerns and civil society organizations (CSOs) that use the City's local governance performance management system (LGPMS). The researchers used a descriptive research study to obtain the necessary data from a survey to seventy-five (75) rank and file employees. The researchers used a purposive sampling technique to gather the respondents involved in planning, budgeting, and managing programs and projects. With a self-made instrument that underwent validity, the researchers gathered the essential data for the study. The data were statistically analyzed using frequency, percentage distribution, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and t-test for independent variables. Preliminary results illustrated that respondents' status was in regular status as division head level, and their years of service were more than sixteen (16) years. The statistical analyses revealed no significant variations in the assessment on the budget allocation system of the local government unit (LGU) as determined on its indicators. The management also agrees that employees work effectively in the budget allocation of the local government unit. The study recommended the orientation and assessment on the current allocation and budget process wherein the department's prioritization can review the objectives and policy decisions.

The electric tricycle, often known as an e-trike, is a three-wheeled electric vehicle designed to transport a small group of people over short distances on side streets. This study aims to develop a service quality model of sustainable e-trike operations in the city of Manila, Philippines using stepwise regression analysis. A total of 230 participants from three districts in the City of Manila: Binondo, Recto, and Intramuros, were selected using the stratified sampling method. The main contribution of this study emerges from the quantification of the influence of sustainability indicators on the perceived service quality of e-trike passengers. The study identified 10 indicators: PWD accessibility (β = 0.2128), smoothness of the ride (β = 0.1001), noise level (β = 0.0886), discount rate (β = 0.0886), land use (β = 0.0835), comfort load (β = 0.0723), fare acceptability (β = 0.0577), e-trike intensity (β = 0.0420), fare affordability (β = 0.0339), and ease of availability (β = 0.0317) have significant importance in the service quality of e-trike operations. These indicators revealed the areas where improvements are needed to ensure the long-term viability of e-trike operations. Therefore, it is concluded that these factors should be the focus and priority for the improvement of e-trike operators, drivers, and transport groups to attain sustainability of e-trike operation in the country. Moreover, this study can also be used for other public transportations to improve their current service quality and operations.

Trait leadership theory is an integrated pattern of personal characteristics that reflects a range of individual differences and fosters consistent leader effectiveness across various groups and organizational situations. A leader would lead people following his personality characteristics and traits. This quantitative-correlational research investigated the significant difference in the personal characteristics and personality-temperament traits of the 141 Educators from the public and private schools in Aurora, Philippines. A questionnaire was used to describe the personal characteristics of the respondents. The prevailing traits among the respondents were assessed using a checklist. The research utilized statistical techniques such as frequency count, percentages, and chi-square test. Analyzed data revealed that a majority of the educators had a choleric temperament. Furthermore, personality-temperament traits of the educator varied significantly when they were grouped by gender (c2 = 48.674), age (c2 = 45.240), civil status (c2 = 15.047), educational attainment (c2 = 50.752), and length of service (c2 = 15.960). Thus, the Educators are ambitious and leader-like, and that personal characteristics were significant factors in differentiating the respondents’ personality-temperament traits.

Procrastination in the academic institution is not new since it prevails from students even to staff. This might create problems, especially in the individual’s output. This study analyzed the relationship, procrastination level, and the work productivity of academic staff from a tertiary education institution in Central Luzon, Philippines. Using a convenience sampling technique, 70 academic staff took part in the survey. This study used a descriptive-correlational design with an adapted questionnaire from McCloskey (2011) and Buuri (2015) as an instrument. For the statistical analysis, the study used SPSS 23 to analyze the gathered data. The study found that the academic staff “often” subject themselves to procrastination, and they “agree” that they are productive in their work. There were significant differences found in the procrastination level and work productivity of the academic staff when grouped according to sex, civil status, and years in service. In terms of relationship, the study confirmed a low direct relationship between the level of procrastination and work productivity of the academic staff. Based on the aforementioned results, the researcher provided some implications for the institution to consider.

This study on the life status of IAPES members based on identified conditions and their demographic characteristics during the COVID-19 pandemic was conducted to provide an updated profile of the members of the International Association of Physical Education and Sports. The objectives of the study is to collect data and information based on the following: (i) demographic characteristics of selected IAPES members as to their country of origin, age, sex, civil status, educational attainment, length of service as PE teacher, length of service in their current institution, and the type of institution they are employed; (ii) the current life status of selected IAPES members in terms of psychological, physical, financial, work/professional, and sociocultural conditions; (iii) presence of significant relationships on the current life status when grouped according to their demographic characteristics; (iv) how the selected IAPES’ members describe their greatest attributes that have helped them cope with the COVID-19 pandemic; and, (v) what other matters have been bothering the selected IAPES’ members in relation to the prevalence of the pandemic. The study used mixed methods of research, the quantitative (descriptive-correlational) and qualitative (descriptive-exploratory) methods. Moreover, the study utilized purposive-convenient sampling techniques in the selection of 246 IAPES’ members from the Philippines, India, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Egypt, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Iran, Thailand, and United States. Results show that respondents’ life status based on the cited conditions have significant relationships when grouped according to the respondents’ country of origin, sex (except for the physical condition), and educational attainment, while there are no significant relationships based on their age, civil status (except for physical and work/professional conditions), length of service as PE teacher, length of service in the current institution, and type of institution. Moreover, there were 5 greatest attributes in coping with the COVID-19 pandemic identified by the respondents, resilience, attitude of maintaining good physical condition, seeking for families’ and friends’ support in times of crisis, volunteerism, and faith in God. Other matters bothering the respondents related to COVID-19 pandemic are financial stability, family’s safety, learning more about mental health, their students’ learning conditions, and the lack of initiatives from the authorities in battling the COVID-19 pandemic.

This study aims to design a pre-retirement conceptual framework for employees. The framework’s basis is the respondents’ demographic profile such as age, sex, civil status, years of service, educational attainment, nature of work, and monthly salary. The extent of readiness in terms of financial planning, wealth, health, and network engagement. And the challenges in terms of lack of knowledge in Investment, difficulty in time management, poor attitude towards savings, and running out of money. The study respondents were 40 employees who were 55 years old and above, working at Wesleyan University – Philippines, Cushman campus. The study made use of a descriptive research design. The instrument was a survey questionnaire created by the researchers and was critiqued and validated by a panel of experts in terms of its content. It was piloted to a group of teachers before it was used. The demographic profiles were presented according to percentages, and weighted means for the extent of readiness were used.The respondents were mostly faculty, female, married, and 57-58 years. They have been working for almost 20-29 years in the institution with the highest educational attainment of a master’s degree and have a current salary range of P24,600.00 – P28,600.00. Regarding the extent of readiness for retirement, the employee respondents still need more income for a longer time to save and invest accordingly in terms of financial planning. Also, in terms of wealth, employees’ respondents know how much money they still needed to accumulate by retirement. Moreover, in terms of health, respondents have a regular check-up to reduce healthcare costs make them more aware of their health. The correlation analysis showed that the respondents’ profile variables were significantly correlated with the extent of readiness of WU-P employees towards retirement. Likewise, the respondents’ profile and the challenges faced by WU-P employees towards retirement are significantly correlated. A pre-retirement conceptual framework was designed to focus on aspects of readiness for retirement and some wellness dimensions. It can be concluded that most of the respondents were not ready for retirement. Therefore, a Pre-Retirement Conceptual Framework for employees is designed to prepare respondents for retirement. The study recommended adopting this pre-retirement conceptual framework and using this framework in developing a pre-retirement program for employees. Institutions should financially support the pre-retirement program for employees.

This pioneer study unravelled the economic implications of Senior High School (SHS) curriculum to parents in the rural area of Jolo and the urban center of Zamboanga City. Finding out the significant difference of said implications to parents clustered according to: Area Status, and Children’s Grade Level and Children’s School Type, and SHS-Associated Factors causing financial difficulty to them in both areas are also within the confine of this endeavour. As an expose facto cross-sectoral and evaluative survey, this research employed a qualitative descriptive approach. One hundred twenty seven (127) respondents comprising of parents and senior high principals/coordinators/directors were determined through a Purposive sampling method. Weighted Mean, t-test (Independent Sample-Test), and Ordinal Scales were utilized in analysing the data. The findings are forwarded - The economic implications of the curriculum to parents in both areas are as follows: more spending for school and non-school needs of children, compromised other household expenses and needs of the family, difficulty to support the education of senior high and non-senior high children, compromised expenses on non- senior high children, increased in educational expenses, costly secondary education, increased of daily expenses, financial burden, difficulty to manage income, difficulty to deal with tuition and miscellaneous fees, difficulty to save money, compromised personal and social expenses, need to generate extra income and borrow money to support the education of children, difficulty to extend financially assistance to needy relatives and friends (rural respondents), and difficulty to attend to social obligations on regular basis (rural respondents). As to the extent/intensity of the implications, parents in SCT-SHS and NDJC-SHS in rural area are more affected by the curriculum than the rest. While in urban center, parents in DPLMHS-SASHS and TTNHS-SHS are more affected than those in the four senior high schools. Generally, the extent/intensity of the economic implications of the curriculum to parents in both areas is slight. Income and tuition fee are among the top-ranking pre-determined SHS-Associated Factors causing financial difficulty to parents in rural area and urban center, and in the twelve senior high schools in both areas. Specifically, parents are shelling-out an average of PhP35,000 to 45,000 every year for the senior high education of their children. From the study findings, the researcher developed a model dubbed as Cycle of Despondency. The curriculum increases the private costs of education and burgles effluent family of two years of indispensable child’s contribution in terms of labor opportunity cost. Above all, it is taxing to parents beyond their financial capability to cope. Scrapping it, however, is indubitably not an astute plan. Instead, immediate and sweeping review and modification are prudent stratagems to undertake since it is already running for four years now. Program mitigating its pecuniary repercussions to parents have to be devised, along with inflexible regulation of school fees and charges. The Civil Service Commission (CSC) and corporate entities have to amend some job “educational requirements” to accommodate senior high graduates in the labor market. Studies on the economic aspect of the curriculum must be launched by various social divides - to spot genuine recommendations in aid of legislation and curriculum planning in general and map out alternative methodologies to minimize its impacts to family in particular. Otherwise, the curriculum will completely end up in fiasco.

The importance of non-motorized movements, explicitly walking, and its corresponding impact on social, economic, and environmental aspects has always been overlooked due to the convenience brought by motorized vehicles. An automobile-dependent society mirrors the rise and worsening of several transportation problems, such as road-wide traffic congestion, massive fuel consumption, and excessive CO2emissions. In response to these aggravating situations and in support of various national and international calls, the main objective of this study was to extract the significant factors influencing the pedestrian level of service and walkability and to subsequently develop a predictive mathematical model for evaluating pedestrian conditions. Factors influencing the pedestrian level of service and walkability were initially identified through an extensive review and evaluation of existing studies, literature, and other relevant resources. A cause-and-effect analysis was used to develop an Ishikawa Diagram tackling pedestrian performance. The finalized factors were incorporated into the development of the Pedestrian Performance Assessment Questionnaire (PPAQ), which was utilized for data acquisition. Survey responses were then subjected to factor analysis after satisfying several tests for assumptions and suitability to extract the root causes influencing pedestrian performance. The validated root causes were then integrated to form the Pedestrian Performance Audit Tool (PPAT), a tool used in evaluating pedestrian areas in Tarlac City, Philippines. Data was analyzed through ordinal regression analysis to develop the multi-objective pedestrian performance prediction model. Results showed that there are six critical predictors of pedestrian performance unified in the final mathematical model: Pedestrian Space (PS), Official’s Intervention (OI), Ambiance (A), Vibrance (V), Street Vendors (SV), and Trash Bins (TB), and is the most significant contribution of the study. The model's validity was ascertained through a confusion matrix, which resulted in an acceptable rating. The comparison between calculated and perceived values together with the use of odds ratios served as the basis for the interpretation of some of the key results and findings. Finally, recommendations were also presented which can be a basis for the development of sustainable programs and interventions for the improvement of the pedestrian system. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-06-02 Full Text: PDF

This article analyses the challenges facing the liberalization of international civil aviation in the Republic of the Philippines. In particular, it assesses the political dynamics surrounding the Philippines’ bilateral and multilateral air services negotiations and the government’s attempts to balance industry relaxations with national carriers’ interests. The government’s desire to liberalize foreign carriers’ access into an alternative airport near the capital is discussed, together with the resistance to such a move. The contextual implications of an impending single aviation market (SAM) arrangement in the southeast Asian region are also raised, especially in relation to market access, ownership and control, and external relations issues.

The Philippines have developed a system of neighbourhood government that other countries could usefully learn from. The barangays give ordinary citizens a voice in decision-making and assist in devolving power from the centre. They also improve the responsiveness of basic public services to local needs. Above all, the institution recognises and legitimises the contribution that communities can make to a robust civil society. The process of participation and engagement helps to harness the agency and resourcefulness of local residents and means that communities are better organised to cope with adversity. Nevertheless, the barangays could be strengthened by advocating physical improvements to their areas and mobilising for additional investment in neighbourhood infrastructure and reconstruction of the built environment.

Every government seeks to build a public service having the value of excellence and with integrity. Thus, every government should wish to constantly maintains the standard of “a public office is a public trust,” for that being said, they started various programs or initiatives specifically to curb or combat the problem of corruption in our society and encourage good governance and public thrust. This study wants to assess the implementation and monitoring of the different anti-corruption initiatives to promote good governance and enhance public trust. The problem being investigated is the effort of the Philippine Government in the implementation, and monitoring of different anti-corruption initiatives. Expressly, it ought to collect particular answer to the following question: (1) What is the status of the anti-corruption initiatives of the Philippine Government in terms of: 1.1. Implementation; and 1.2. Monitoring. The methodology used was a qualitative research. 10 respondents were chosen from the Philippine civil service commission. A semi-structured interview was utilized. The findings of the study show that the commission is continuously improving its procedure and conducting surprise visit to its satellite office to ensure the public trust, also these anti-corruption initiatives are being monitored to give an assurance to the public that they continuously provide quality, effective, and efficient public service to everyone.

A model of modal choice and destination choice was developed to simulate urban travel demand in Davao City, Philippines, and to evaluate fare-setting scenarios relevant to the possible introduction of a new public transportation (PT) system. This nested logit model, combining modal choice and destination choice, was estimated with local person trip survey data collected in 2015 that included data points on 3,531 households, 7,639 individuals, and 15,372 trips. Then, six fare scenarios were developed, incorporating four elements of the fare system, boarding charge, per-kilometer charge, charge distance, and transfer charge, based on the fare system in use in the Philippines. Five evaluation indexes were then applied: average individual benefit, new PT operator’s profit, social surplus, modal share of PT, and regional equity with respect to accessibility. The results demonstrated that ( a) a lower fare increases an individual’s benefit from the trip, ( b) a new PT operator’s profit assumes positive values in a wide range of fare scenarios, ( c) a lower fare improves net social surplus, ( d) a lower fare leads to higher modal share of PT, and ( e) a higher fare tends to compromise the regional equity of accessibility. These results also suggest that from the viewpoint of enhancing social surplus, increasing the boarding charge is a preferable strategy at a higher fare level, whereas the mitigation of the per-kilometer charge is a preferable strategy at a lower fare level.

The regulation and the management of urban transport services are often fragmented across multiple institutions. The need for a lead institution to take comprehensive responsibility for urban transport is well recognized. However, attempts in some developing countries to establish effective institutions have not proved successful. This paper seeks to highlight the causes of this lack of success in two cities—Metropolitan Manila, Philippines, and Dakar, Senegal—across two continents. The paper argues that several challenges, even beyond establishing the institutions themselves, need to be addressed if these institutions are to prove effective. Inadequate definition of their role and overlap of responsibilities with other agencies, coupled with inadequate power over financial resources, can render them ineffective.

Information and Communication Technologies have the potential to transform the political landscape by engaging citizens in the governance process. Whether citizens find value in utilizing these technologies is contentious. This article examines the capabilities affecting citizen’s opportunities to achieve value through e-Participation in order to establish a framework that can foster these conditions. Previous e-Participation models have failed to capture this quintessence ideal, instead opting to take an access based approach to socially inclusive governance. The Philippines was selected for investigation based on its aggressive push to improve information and communication infrastructure, e-Government services and most notably, e-Participation. The main findings of this article show that Web 2.0 technologies such as Facebook have proven to be strong civic technologies for fostering e-Democracy but the government’s effort to deepen democracy through e-Participation has yet to materialize into value to the common citizen. This is due to inadequately written policies and paper freedoms not translating into real ones. This article breaks way from the traditional access based model for e-Participation by presenting a normative framework which draws on the existential capabilities of citizens. Cultivating e-Participation in such a way can empower citizens and strengthen the state through a deepening of democracy.

This study is a multi-level assessment of community-based Violence Against Women (VAW) desks status: (1) VAW system (policies and legislation); (2) entity (VAW desk setup), and (3) individual (VAW desk officers) levels’ capacities in Calamba City, Laguna, Philippines. Data were gathered through a survey of 105 VAW desk officers and key informant interviews of five local officials. In addition, document reviews of national and local policies and reports on VAW were also employed in this study. Findings suggested that policies on establishing barangay-level VAW desks were properly enforced in Calamba City. However, the research results also showed a lack of equipment and resources to address VAW cases properly. In addition, VAW desk officers’ age and educational background limit their capacity to implement their responsibilities effectively, for there are no clear qualifications needed to be a desk officer. There is also no clear local system on the orientation of roles and responsibilities of the desk officers. Thus, the following recommendations: (1) national or local policy amendment to include the basic qualifications of desk officers; (2) maximize the role of the local group of desk officers in capacity-building and advocacy while partnering with civil society; (3) proper fund allocation of the city to ensure full functionality of VAW desks; and (4) strengthen feedback system and enforcement of rewards and penalties to motivate proper functioning of the desk offices. The paper contributes to local governance perspectives, specifically on multi-level coordination, to effectively address VAW and provide gender and development (GAD) support services.

Gender-based violence (GVB) has been one of the pervasive social problems not only in the Philippines but also around the world. Despite several passages of legislation that protect the rights of women and children, victims are still shrouded in silence that often leads to self-harm, isolation, depression, and suicidal attempts. Recognizing the continuing prevalence of gender-based violence, the study aims to create a framework for the development of iJuanaBeSafe: a Web-Based Platform against Gender-Based Violence. Through the development of the system, the PRMSU GAD office can establish gender-friendly spaces, provide psychological support, capacity building, access to GAD services, and many others. The design and functional requirements of the system were derived from the interviews conducted with the Gender and Development (GAD) Office, Extension Coordinator, and Guidance Coordinator. Supplemental data were derived from observations and document analysis. Upon implementation, the system shall serve as the resource hub of the Gender and Development unit of PRMSU that will help them to provide assistance to meet the specific needs of victims. This web-based platform can be used for wide information dissemination to increase awareness and knowledge against gender-based violence. In general, with the integration of the system, the PRMSU GAD office can implement its mandate to achieve gender equality efficiently and effectively.

Background Accessible, safe, and client-centered SARS-CoV-2 testing services are an effective way to halt its transmission. Testing enables infected individuals to isolate or quarantine to prevent further transmission. In countries with limited health systems and laboratory capacity, it can be challenging to provide accessible and safe screening for COVID-19. Self-testing provides a convenient, private, and safe testing option; however, it also raises important concerns about lack of counseling and ensuring timely reporting of self-test results to national surveillance systems. Investigating community members’ views and perceptions regarding SARS-CoV-2 self-testing is crucial to inform the most effective and safe strategies for implementing said testing. Objective We aimed to determine whether SARS-CoV-2 self-testing was useful to diagnose and prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 for populations in low-resource settings and under which circumstances it would be acceptable. Methods This multisite, mixed methods, observational study will be conducted in 9 countries—Brazil, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Peru, the Philippines, and South Africa—and will consists of 2 components: cross-sectional surveys and interviews (semistructured and group) among 4 respondent groupings: the general population, general population representatives, health care workers, and decision-makers. General population and health care worker survey responses will be analyzed separately from each other, using bivariate and multivariate inferential analysis and descriptive statistics. Semistructured interviews and group interviews will be audiorecorded, transcribed, and coded for thematic comparative analysis. Results As of November 19, 2021, participant enrollment is ongoing; 4364 participants have been enrolled in the general population survey, and 2233 participants have been enrolled in the health care workers survey. In the qualitative inquiry, 298 participants have been enrolled. We plan to complete data collection by December 31, 2021 and publish results in 2022 via publications, presentations at conferences, and dissemination events specifically targeted at local decision-makers, civil society, and patient groups. Conclusions The views and perceptions of local populations are crucial in the discussion of the safest strategies for implementing SARS-CoV-2 self-testing. We intend to identify sociocultural specificities that may hinder or accelerate the widespread utilization of SARS-CoV-2 self-testing. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/33088

This is beneficial in organizing and ensuring a systematic way of posting information about their travel policies and requirements that can be processed online. The system can also help the Philippine National Police (PNP) guide residents going to other LGUs in applying for travel documents when needed and with the help of the LGUs in monitoring travellers in their territories and verify the authenticity of travel documents presented. Also, Monitoring Agencies can easily monitor the travellers and generate a report at the municipal, provincial, levels for monitoring and planning purposes. The study explored the challenges encountered by Police Officer in the implementing of cross-border requirements. The study used interviewed guide question and interview guide as the main instrument to gather the data needed for the study. Part I. Respondents Profile which are formulated by the researchers that deals with the profile of the respondents such as Age, Civil Status, Gender and Length of Service. Also consisting Part II. Core Questions and Part III. Terminating Questions as an interview guide. The study consists of a total of 10 participants who are PNP personnel in Liloan Border and Ozamis Port. The researchers purposive choose five participants every border at Misamis Occidental. The participants were interviewed under the following criteria: 1) experience with implementing the border entrance requirements, 2) Difficulties encountered in performing the duties, 3) Common excuse upon entering the border. Non-compliance to Border Entry, Encountered travellers bringing forged document requirements, Professionalism in Handling Arrogant travellers, adhering to Border and protocol requirements in travelling. There were several problems or issues encountered by the PNP in the border majority is having no requirements as the same time against by their religion or having a Doctor‟s advices as reasons against vaccination. As the researcher conduct this study they seen the efforts of the PNP in enforcing the law by maintaining their patience towards from the passengers who have arrogant attitude. But in the other hand they already know that every passenger entering the border line they have vaccination cards in order for them to pass through. The IATF is no longer strict about the protocol and they also know lots of the travelers are already vaccinated. The study in the non-compliance in border many have not yet getting vaccinated but the IATF issue in the border to have free vaccination in the area, some of the travellers will not proceed in the province if they have no requirements needed in border.

This study is focused on the prosecution as a major service component of the criminal justice system and analyzes the changing role of prosecutors in light of the Philippine and global prosecutorial demands of the 21st century. This study employs an institutional development approach for strengthening the prosecutorial services from the traditional approach case processor to a proactive and cost-effective approach that could make prosecutors meet community demands in preventing crimes. Overall, the study will attempt to improve the National Prosecution Service (NPS) of the Philippines in terms of: (a) qualification, selection and training; (b) case handling; and (c) interaction with criminal justice actors. The study will further determine the involvement of the community in the successful prosecution of cases. Finally, the NPS will be able to make a design implement the community prosecution service in the Philippines during the 21st Century. Survey, group discussion, interview, and triangulation were done to answer the research problems. The survey questionnaires were gathered from the following respondents: prosecutors, judges, lawyers, probation officers and barangay officials. The result disclosed the need to improve the qualification, selection, and training; interaction with criminal justice actors; establish a better community partnership; establish information technology; and improve prosecutorial service outcome assessment in the Prosecutorial Service. It is recommended that a reform framework anchored on developmentally-oriented prosecutorial service, community prosecution be adopted and to update the law on NPS (P.D. No. 1275 as amended and R.A. No. 10071). Keywords - Civil Law, prosecution, transformative accountability, proactive, reactive, high performing reform index, descriptive research, Philippines

The assessment of the clientele satisfaction on front line services in the University is a vital step to improvement. Hence, this study assessed how frontline personnel and services uphold human dignity by meeting customer and statutory requirements specified in the Anti-Red Tape Act. This study determined the respondents’ level of satisfaction on front line services of the university. A stratified simple random technique was utilized in identifying the actual student respondents while purposive sampling was used for parents and alumni respondents. The findings also indicated that the clienteles were not in common agreement on the level of their satisfaction towards the services of frontline offices in the University. The parent stakeholders were far more satisfied with the services availed from front line personnel of the institution than the students and alumni. In general, the University front line services are compliant with the ARTA provisions of the Civil Service Commission.

This paper examines the manner of reconciling the concepts of Public Administration as a discipline and the contemporary actual realities in the Philippines as carried out by the National College of Public Administration and Governance of the University of the Philippines, Diliman. As a center of academic excellence and bestowed with the mandate of advancing nation-building into which utterance of identity is an implicit element, there is no other academic institution where expectations to advance the development of a ‘grounded’ public policy is so high than the said College. The paper studies the research direction of the NCPAG vis a vis its role in strengthening Philippine Public Administration both as discipline and praxis by developing approaches that are culturally and socially grounded in the Philippine society. The paper however limited its scrutiny to the epistemological element of the researches. Through content analysis, the article analyzed the theoretical frameworks used in the dissertations covered by the study and tries to answer the question of whether or not there is an attempt to develop, let alone to utilize in its analysis of phenomena, an indigenous theory. Initial results of the study had been juxtaposed to the academic orientation, research interests, and history of the College.
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 Unpublished Dissertations
 Abad-Sarmiento, L. (2005). An Assessment of the Administrative Capability of Local Governments in the National Capital Region in Implementing the Gender Mainstreaming Policy. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Abdon Jr., N.B. (November 2000). Religiosity, Ethical Practice and Performance: The Case of the Bureau of Internal Revenue. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Abdulrachman, S.M. (June 1991). The Relationship Between Religious Beliefs and Public Responsibility: A Case Study Among Maranao Muslim Public Administrators. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Alcid, R.G. (March 2007). E-Governance Perspective to Strengthen the Policy and Institutional Framework for ICT in the Philippines. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Ati, M.P. (December 1996). Process Assessment of the Implementation of Integrated Approach to Local Development Management in Davao City. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Bajao, A.R. (2009). Philippine Counterinsurgency Programs From Marcos to Arroyo: A Study in National Security Administration. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Bambalan, G.C. (2005). Elements of Sustainability in Philippine Forest Governance: An Analysis of the Community-Based Forest Management and Integrated Forest Management Programs in Isabela, Quirino, Aurora, and Negros Oriental, Philippines. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Bautista-Cruz, C. (April 2007). Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Disaster Reduction: The Cases of the Local Governments of Marikina, Pasig, and Pateros. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Boceta, N.M. (March 2003). The Development and Regulatory Functions of the Philippine Coconut Authority: 1973-2000. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Buendia, E.E. (May 2001). Democratizing Governance in the Philippines: Redefining and measuring the State of People’s Participation in Governance. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Caraan, H.S. (2010). Public-Private Sectors’ Role in the Clean Administration of Labor Justice: Transforming a Problematic Confluence into a Confluent Solution. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Carmona, C.V. (November 2003). Judicial Review of Economic Policies: Implications on Policymaking and Implementation. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Clavejo, L.A. (April 2008). Strategies for Crisis Management: The Responses of China to SARS and Avian Flu Pandemics and Lessons for the Philippines. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Co, E.A. (July 1997). Management Policy Formulation: The Generics Act of 1988. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Cuaresma, J.C. (April 13, 2008). Institutionalization of Geographic Information System for RPTA in Seven Philippine Local Government Units: Enabling and Hindering Factors. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Dimzon, C. (October 2003). An Evaluation of the Pre-Departure Orientation Seminar Program for Women Overseas Household Workers: Implications for Good Governance. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 De Vera III, J.E. (July 1999). A Comparative Study of Policy Decisions on Population Management in Selected Local Legislative Bodies in Pangasinan and Cebu. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Domingo, M.Z. (November 2004). Good Governance of Civil Society Organizations and the Role of Boards. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Domingo-Almase, A.D. (March 2007). A Saga of Administrative Thought in Presidential Rhetoric: An Analysis of the State of the Nation Addresses and Speeches of Philippine Presidents, 1935-2006. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Doncillo, H.V. (June 1995). Beneficiaries and Business Sector Participation, Administrative Capability and Effectiveness of a Solid Waste Management Service: The Case of Metro Cebu. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Dumrichob, S. (June 1990). An Assessment of a Rural Employment Program: The Case of the Program for Rural Employment Creation in Thailand. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Eclar, V.B. (April 1991). Analysis of Policies and Factors Affecting Successful Commercialization of Technologies. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Espinoza-Abadingo, L.M. (April 1990).The Administration of Elections in the Philippines: A Study of the Commission on Elections. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Ferrer, O.P. (May 2006). Community Governance: Understanding Community Processes and Initiatives. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Francisco, R.B. (March 2007). Sound Development Management in Urban Renewal and Slum Upgrading: The Case of National Government Center (West Side) Commonwealth Avenue, Quezon City. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Gaffud, R.B. (March 1995). Strengthening Market Leverage of People’s Enterprise and Promoting Self-Reliance: A Framework for Collaboration Between Cooperatives and Local Governments. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Garcia, J.G. (November 1995). Academe-Based Extension Services for Agricultural Development: A Study of the Administration of a Comprehensive UPLB Project. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Garcia Jr., M.F. (November 1995). Reorganization of the Philippine Fisheries Research System. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Gavino Jr., J.C. (1992). A Critical Study of the Regulation of the Telephone Utility: Some Options for Policy Development. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Genato-Rebullida, M.G. (April 1990). Church Development Perspective: Policy Formulation and Implementation. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Gonzales, B.V. (2009). The Development Promise of Corporate Social Responsibility in Education: Energy Development Corporation’s Role in Improving School Performance. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Gonzales, E. (1972-1990). The Philippine Agrarian Reform Program. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Hofer, D.K. (April 2005). Local Government Unit Bond Flotation for Financing Development in the Philippine Setting: Case Studies and Vital Lessons Learned. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Imdad, M.P. (2010). Dynamics and Perspectives of Aid Management in the Philippines: Achievements, Challenges, and the Way Forward. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Jimenez, G.P. (2005). Selected Credit Programs for Farmer-Based Postharvest Enterprise: An Assessment. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Lamarca, F.J. (April 1992). The Tobacco Contract Growing Project of the National Tobacco Administration in the Province of La Union: An Assessment of Administrative Capability, Participation, Trading Practices and Effectiveness. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Legaspi, P.E. (March 1990). The Genesis, Viability, and Effectiveness of Community Organizations: The Case of Pangasinan Credit Cooperatives. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Legayada, B.L. (October 1992). Career Advancement of Women Managers in the Philippine Bureaucracy: A Case Study of Region VI. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Librea, R.C. (January 2010). Mainstreaming Human Rights-Based Approach in Selected Development and Governance Projects. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Macaayong, H.W. (May 1992). Small and Medium Enterprises Development: A Study on Program Administration and Effectiveness in the Province of Lanao Del Sur. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Mallari, N.H. (1994). Political Economy of Philippine Public Enterprises. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Maxino-Yorobe, G.A. (November 1995). Administrative Factors in Agricultural R and D Projects. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Legaspi, P.E. (March 1990). The Genesis, Viability, and Effectiveness of Community Organizations: The Case of Pangasinan Credit Cooperatives. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Morato, E.A. (2004). Policies and Strategies for Promoting Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Development. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Moreno, F. (2004). Good Governance in Microcredit Strategy for Poverty Reduction: Focus on Western Mindanao. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Navarro, R.L. (April 1992). Public-Private Partnership in Development Administration: GO-NGO Collaboration in Agricultural Development. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Noval, M.G. (June 1994). Measuring and Accessing the Quality, Equity, and Efficiency of Public Hospitals in the Philippines. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Ogbinar, E.R. (1990). The Role of Government in the Development of the Philippine Maritime Industry and in the Promotion of Maritime Safety. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Oguejiofor, A.C. (March 2010). Challenges to Microfinance as a Poverty Reduction Strategy: Evidences from the Philippines. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Ortiz, J.I. (March 2002). Participatory Development Planning; The Bondoc Development Program Experience. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Paje, R.P. (June 1999). Decentralizing Philippine Environment and Natural Resources Management: An Analysis of the Devolution of Community-Based Upland Development Programs. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Panganiban, E.M. (1990). Toward a Democratic-Efficient Framework of Local Government in the Philippines: Some Policy Criteria. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Prakash, I.G. (October 2006). Partnership Among Government, Private Sector and Civil Society: Improving Services in the Philippine Disability Sector. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Pujiono (1998). An Assessment of the Administrative Capability for Disaster Preparedness of Three Municipalities. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Reyes, D. (June 1995). A Search for Heritage. An Analysis of Trends and Content of Public Administration Literature at UP College of Public Administration, 1952-1992. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Reyes, J.C. (June 1993). Administration for Research Utilization: An Analysis of Five Agricultural Research Organizations. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Reyes, R.E. (October 2008). Corporate Governance and the Clark Development Corporation: A Case Study. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Rodriguez, A.S. (October 2001). An Operational Model to Institutionalize Knowledge Management in the Philippines: Lessons on Knowledge Management Practices From the 5th Countryn Programme for Children. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Rodriguez, M.P. (June 2002). A Privatized Corporation in Transition: A Study of Organization Culture. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Salvosa, C.R. (April 2007). Assessing Governance Performance of Selected Primary Cooperatives in the Philippines. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Sam, R.A. (2002). Farmers’ Cooperatives in Conflict-Ridden Areas: The Maguindanao Experience. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Sanchez, L.V. (July 1990). The Katarungang Pambarangay: Justice at the Grassroots. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Serrano, C.P. (June 1990). The Administrative Capacity of the Iskolar ng Bayan Program (STFAP): An early evaluation. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Serrano, D.J. (July 2005). Dynamics of Policy Formulation: The Passage of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Serrona, E.R. (October 1992). The Northern Samar Integrated Rural Development Project: A Study in Rural Development Administration. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Sonsri, G. (October 2005). Analysis of Motivational Factors Influencing the Performance of Municipal Government Employees in Public Service Delivery: The Case of Two Selected Metropolitan Municipalities in Thailand. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Subramanian, K.S. (June 1993). Financial Administration of Indian Railways. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Swaminathan, R. (July 1993). State Interventions in Integrated Urban Development: A Study of the Program, Resource, and Institutional Dimensions of Two ADB Assisted Projects in Indonesia. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Tabion, G.S. (March 1993). The Capability of the Barangay as a Management Unit to Absorb Devolved Functions: Case Studies of 15 Barangays in the Province of Tarlac. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Tabunda Jr., C.C. (2010). The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program: The Experiences of Three Municipalities in Cavite – Challenges and Future Directions. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Tanggol, S.D. (November 1992). Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao: Towards a More Effective, Responsive, and Implementable Policy. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Tigno, J.V. (October 2003). Governance and Public Policy in the Philippines: RA 8042 and the Deregulation of the Overseas Employment Sector. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Torres, J.I. (April 2007). Socially Responsible Improvements in Working Conditions: Implications on Policy and Programs. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
 Villamejor-Mendoza, M.V. (October 2003). Regulation in the Philippine Electricity Industry: Lessons of the Past and Implications on Governance. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines.
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Improvement of every financial institution is based on the quality of service they provide. In the Philippines, most bank’s clients prefer financial institutions that render quality service. With resurgence of interest and need for effective delivery of service, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of service provided by selected rural banks in terms of tangibility, responsiveness, reliability, empathy and assurance. It utilized descriptive method and selected two hundred client-respondents through quota sampling. The results showed significant differences in empathy, reliability, responsiveness and assurance when grouped according to sex, kind of service availed and monthly income. However, no significant difference was found when the five dimensions are grouped according to age and civil status. The results further revealed that the company is highly effective in providing quality service in terms of assurance and reliability, and effective in terms of tangibility, responsiveness, and empathy. From the assessments of customer experience, the banks need to provide more modernized facilities for better services, furnish more pamphlets and promotional tools to educate clients on the bank regulations, new products or services catered, and improve facilities by providing additional seats and reading materials while clients are waiting for their transactions.

This study aimed to develop deeper understanding on the perception of ten (10) selected junior high school teachers of Aplaya National High School in the Division of Santa Rosa City, Laguna, Philippines toward Gawad SAGWAN as an Institutionalized Program on Awards and Incentives for Service Excellence (PRAISE) Implementation. It posits the significance of awards, incentives, and recognition to encourage creativity, innovativeness, efficiency, integrity, and productivity in the public service by recognizing and rewarding officials and employees, individually or in groups for their suggestions, inventions, superior accomplishments, and other personal efforts which contribute to the efficiency, economy, or other improvements in government operations, or for other extraordinary acts or services in the public interest. Specifically, it aimed to address the following: (1) What are the participants' perceptions in terms of awards and recognition in Gawad SAGWAN? (2) How do the participants perceive the challenges and demands of an award and recognition recipient in Gawad SAGWAN? The study employed the Psychological Phenomenology of Creswell (2017). The verbatim transcriptions revealed four (4) themes. Among the teachers' perceptions that surfaced included knowing oneself, and knowing teachers. The participating teachers perceived the challenges and demands as award and recognition recipients in Gawad SAGWAN through exemplary performance, accountability, and dedication to work. The findings indicate that the proposed Gawad SAGWAN is well-designed and tailored fit to the needs of teachers and administrators of Aplaya National High School in the Department of Education in support of the Civil Service Commission's (CSC) guiding principle and policy that every agency shall establish its employee incentive awards system-PRAISE.

Introduction. Mobility in the Philippines has increasingly become a major issue especially with the growing economy of the country. Collisions on the road cannot be entirely avoided; thus, we focus our efforts to reducing road crashes that result in death and serious injuries. To do this, we analyzed road crash patients brought to the Philippine General Hospital (PGH).
 Objective. The study aimed to quantify how crash factors affect length of hospital stay (LOS) of patients brought to PGH, as well as to look for associations between the LOS and demographic and clinical variables.
 Methods. This is a retrospective study using database of patients admitted in PGH from 2008 to 2017. The study focused on LOS, which was used as the dependent variable for Poisson regression and Kruskal-Wallis H tests. The determinants considered in the study are socio-demographic variables such as age, sex, civil status, victim type, vehicle type, patient classification, and region of incidence, as well as clinical variables such as consult type, outcome of the patient, body parts injured, Glasgow coma score (GCS), among others.
 Results. We analyzed data of 4979 road crash patients from the PGH database. We found that civil status, age, patient classification, vehicle type, and province were associated with LOS. For the clinical variables, consult type, primary service, outcome of patient, body injuries, GCS and systolic blood pressure were found significant. Poisson regression suggests longer hospital stay for patients with injuries sustained in the head and neck (RR = 1.102, p < 0.001), face (RR = 1.218, p < 0.001), and extremity (RR = 1.673, p < 0.001).
 Conclusion. Results show that injury sustained in certain parts of the body such as head and neck, face, and extremity significantly affect LOS. Results also show that subgroups within demographic variables affect LOS. There is a need to address the ever-increasing number of road crash patients and implications to length of hospitalization.

The study was conducted to find out whether or not professionalizing human resources is a vital response to the increasing onslaught of technology. Specifically, this study sought to determine the extent of qualification standards used among the engineer respondents as compared to Civil Service Standards, the management support on the initiation, development, and propagation along Local Scholarship Programs, Computer Training Programs, and Other Measures to beef up the existing capabilities of the respondents, and the frequency of occurrence on the issues they found in the organization. Qualification standards, management support on measures to beef up the existing capabilities of the respondents, and issues have implication to develop human resources. In support to National and Global Competitiveness and Excellence, the human resources are considered as the ultimate wealth of the nation should be given real priority, more opportunities and support on quality education, relevant training and development to sustain engineering competencies and versatility. Building a high quality and excellent human resources will result to building quality infrastructure projects and a progressive world. Indeed, it’s the engineers’ responsibility to provide a society with sustainable development not only on technological but in environment terms as well and the increasingly limited resources. Keywords – Management, human resources, global competitiveness, technology and qualification standards, descriptive, Vigan City, Philippines

During instruction, a communication starts when the teacher imparts knowledge to the students. When the students absorb the information, process it and give feedback, they undergo a communication process. The study aimed to determine the extent of usage of teacher’s feedback in the classroom interactions among Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEEd) students to maximize learning. Frequency counts, frequency percentage, mean and simple correlation analysis were utilized as statistical tools. As a whole, verbal criticisms were often used in Fourth Year while it is sometimes used in the other three-year levels. In general, written feedback was often witnessed in Fourth Year while written response was sometimes observed in the other college levels. Teachers apply more verbal reactions in classroom interactions followed by written and non-verbal feedbacks. Age is significantly related to written opinions. Teachers who have more teaching experiences give more written feedbacks than teachers with less teaching experience. Hence, the type of feedback which was always used in classroom interaction as perceived by the students was written replies while the most often used feedback given by the teacher was verbal feedbacks. There is a significant relationship between the teacher’s profile on age, gender, civil status, educational attainment, subject taught and the length of service and the extent of the use of feedback in classroom interactions. Keywords – Education, rejoinders, classroom intervention, descriptive design, Abra, Philippines

To ensure success of green enterprise, educating individuals on “greening” their personal and work activities would contribute to the control of environmental harm. While the future of green enterprise seems unsure, measuring the stakeholders’ awareness is the primary step. As such, this study aimed to assess the awareness of the tricycle drivers in San Pablo City, Laguna, Philippines on green enterprise. Through a survey involving 150 public utility vehicle (PUV) drivers as study participants, a researcher-made survey questionnaire measured the awareness on general concepts as well as air emission control and perception on greening activities on transport service. The study also determined whether the awareness on green enterprise influenced perception on green practices and whether significant difference existed in the awareness and perception of the PUV drivers according to profile factors. The study findings revealed that the tricycle drivers in San Pablo City, Laguna are highly aware of the meaning, benefits, and activities of green enterprise. Moreover, the results showed the agreement on the green practices applicable to the public transport drivers. Statistical tests found that awareness on green enterprise significantly influenced perception on green practices while there was no significant difference on the participants’ awareness on green enterprise when grouped according to profile factors except civil status. While the study findings provide room for awareness campaign programs, there is a necessity to put concepts and theory into practice. Various stakeholders may be aware of the green enterprise but their practices prove otherwise.

The purpose of this research is to obtain information and measure the service quality experience in a Philippine Private Academic Institution. This study used quantitative descriptive research method utilizing individual level data through adapted research instrument from Pamatmat et. al. (2018) utilizing the Service Quality Dimension. Percentage, Mean Score, Frequency Distribution, T-test and ANOVA were used for data analysis. The study sought the participation of 290 parents from a private academic institution in North Metro Manila. Using snowball sampling method, the 290 parents’ respondents were derived using the Slovin’sformula based form the total student population of 1,061 admitted during school year 2018-2019 from the private institution. The Service Quality Experience Instrument was found to be highly reliable (38 items; α = .873). The result highlights the five dimensions of service quality experience where Place of resident and civil status was significant with the five dimension of service quality. Sex was significant to responsiveness. Educational Attainment was significant to assurance. Monthly Income was significant to assurance, empathy, reliability, and responsiveness. Sex was significant to assurance, reliability and responsiveness. Tangible scored lowest possibly due to the concern on parking space availability which might have impact the totality of the raw score for the tangible service quality dimension. Assurance scored the highest wherein the item that got the highest score was pertaining to the community involvement of the private academic institution.

The Department of Health is committed to achieve the Millennium Development Goals of reducing child mortality and improving maternal health by 2015.The study aimed to determine the relationship between the extent of implementation of the maternal, neonatal, child health, nutrition strategy, and the socio-demographic, work-related and health facility-related factors. The study employed the descriptive-correlational method. The respondents were all the 244 municipal health office personnel of Ilocos Sur, Philippines. The DOH guideline was partially adapted specifically on natal and post- natal part of the questionnaire. The extent of implementation of the MNCHN Strategy is “Very High”; the implementer-respondents’ civil status yielded positive significant relationship while the implementer-respondents’ educational attainment yielded an inverse significant relationship with the extent of implementation of the MNCHN Strategy. Moreover, the number of health personnel, consultation, and delivery room equipment are significantly related to the implementation of the MNCHN Strategy. The local government unit of Ilocos Sur, Philippines is on the process of finalizing the ordinance in support to the MNCHN Strategy and the Department of Health is also working on Health Facility Enhancement Program (HEP) so that the Municipal Health Offices could upgrade their equipment in providing higher quality of health services to the community. Keywords – Health Education, maternal, neonatal, child, health nutrition, descriptive-correlational method, Ilocos Sur, Philippines.

Neural tube defects (NTDs), such as spinal cord and brain defects, are due to abnormal embryonic development of the neural tube and associated with increased fetal and infant mortality, morbidity, lifelong disability, and high economic costs. Globally, more than 260,000 pregnancies are estimated to be affected by NTDs, and 75% of the NTD live births result in under-5 deaths.1 Majority of NTDs are folic acid-sensitive; with much of the NTD burden preventable through consumption of folic acid before and during early pregnancy (periconception). An association between low folate status of women of reproductive age (WRA) and risk of NTD-affected pregnancy was first proposed in 1965 by Hibbard et al.2 and was subsequently substantiated in several randomized controlled trials which demonstrated the effectiveness of folic acid supplementation during periconception in preventing the first occurrence of NTDs.3 These findings resulted in a recommendation in 1992 by the U.S. Public Health Service that WTA consume 400 μg of folic acid daily to prevent occurrence of an NTD-affected pregnancy.4 This recommendation together with other large-scale, global intervention studies demonstrated the efficacy of a daily periconceptional supplement of 400 μg in preventing a large percentage of NTDs.5
 Folic acid is a synthetic, oxidized form of folate that acts as a coenzyme in the biosynthesis of DNA and RNA. With 4 mg folic acid daily, it may take 20 weeks to reach red-blood-cell folate levels between 1050 and 1340 nmol/L, which is optimal for reduction of the neural tube defect risk. Therefore, folic acid supplementation should be started 5–6 months before conception. The residual risk with optimal red-blood-cell folate levels is reportedly 4.5 per 10,000 total births whereas the residual risk in pooled data from countries with mandatory folic acid fortification is 7.5 per 10,000 pregnancies, regardless of pre-fortification rates.6 In one study, the optimal RBC folate level was achieved in 80.4% of women who started FA 400 μg 4–8 weeks before their last menstrual period (LMP) compared to only 53.6% in women who started 4–8 weeks after their LMP (P < 0.001). 7 A worldwide survey of folic acid supplementation in WRA showed inadequate compliance to folic acid intake.8 A systematic review and meta-analysis of pooled prevalence estimates of folic acid compliance showed 32–51% in North America, 9–78% in Europe, 21–46% in Asia, 4–34% in the Middle East, 32–39% in Australia/New Zealand, and 0% in Africa. Poor compliance was secondary to many factors. In the United States, the recommendation of 400 μg supplemental intake of folic acid daily has limitations as many pregnancies, including up to 50% of all pregnancies are unplanned.9 In many countries, particularly among low- and middle-income countries, many barriers exist for the access of WRA to folic acid supplements, such as procurement of the micronutrients in a relatively costly prepackaged form and ineffective distribution system. An evaluation of NTD trends in multiple countries indicated that, regardless of form, timing, or intended target, issuing recommendations on folic acid use alone, in the absence of fortification, had no detectable impact on NTD incidence. Thus, food fortification with folic acid has been a component of national public health strategies; in particular, where folate status is insufficient and a fortifiable food vehicle, processed by a centralized industry is consumed regularly by WRA.10,11 Other factors associated with poor compliance in folic acid intake include low income, smoking during pregnancy, alcohol consumption, multiple pregnancy, geographic location, and religious beliefs. On the other hand, preconception counselling, previous infertility therapy, multivitamin intake before pregnancy, older age planned pregnancy, previous infertility therapy, and multivitamin intake before pregnancy increased compliance.12-16 Women who also believed that they had good general and obstetric health (e.g., no history of illness or miscarriage) had attitudes of not being susceptible to the health consequences of not taking folic acid supplements and were the low users of folic acid supplement.17
 In the Philippines, although WRA are advised to consume 320 ug dietary folate equivalent per day,18 about 0.9 % (around 1 in 5) are folate-deficient based on red cell folate count, while 38.7% (around 2 in 5) are folate-deficient based on serum folate.19 Congenital malformations including NTDs remain in the top ten leading causes of infant mortality from 1960 to 2005.20 In the index paper of Bernardo21 a cross-sectional, cluster sampling survey of 184 healthy, pregnant women, of age 15–49 years was conducted in the Batangas province from May to July 2017 to assess the level of knowledge, attitude, and perceived practice among the subjects on the importance of folate periconceptionally. A pretested interview questionnaire was used. The mean scores were 77% (moderate level) for knowledge, 82% for positive attitude, and 71% for positive perceived practice. The scores in the survey were related to patient’s age, civil status and to some extent, education. The study suggested that while respondents knew about folate (70%), they had low knowledge of the effect of its deficiency especially as it can lead to infant death. Knowledge had significant and positive moderate correlation with attitude (r = 0.7) and perceived practice (r = 0.5), but there was a weak positive correlation between attitude and perceived practice (r = 0.4). This likely indicates failure to emphasize the translation of knowledge and awareness properly and sufficiently into actual practice. As recommended by the author, education is the principal means to achieve the desired outcome. However, it is not clear in the study whether some amount of educational intervention besides determination of prevalence was included. As in any prevalence study, the golden opportunity to improve health outcomes is to accompany the survey with educational intervention, which in many instances, is required by the institutional board review. Some regression analysis of the data may also have been useful to determine which factors contributed most to the outcome measures.
 
 Enrique M. Ostrea, Jr., MD Wayne State University Hutzel Women’s Hospital Children’s Hospital of Michigan Detroit, Michigan, United States of America; National Institutes of Health University of the Philippines, Manila
 
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Introduction. Road traffic injuries are among the leading causes of preventable death, claiming around 7000 lives every year. Furthermore, road traffic can injure or disable thousands more every year in the Philippines.
 Objectives. This study determined the hospital length-of-stay patterns and risk factors for a prolonged length of stay in a tertiary hospital after road traffic injury.
 Methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to determine the determinants of the length of stay in the Philippine General Hospital (PGH) among road traffic injury victims for the year 2016. Length of stay was recorded according to the median. The other variables were cross-tabulated against the length of stay, and each of their crude odds ratios along with corresponding p-values were presented. Continuous variables were analyzed using Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney U-test. The predictor model for the determinants of prolonged length of stay in the hospital was built using forward selection. Likelihood-ratio test was used to compare the model with and without the exposure variable.
 Results. A total of 427 road traffic injury victims were admitted to the Philippine General Hospital in 2016. The mean age of the patients was 31.55 years (±14.97) with a median age of 29 years. The majority of patients were males (82.4%) and single (60.8%). Most patients were riding a motorcycle during the time of the accident (64.2%) while 20% were pedestrians. The majority of the victims were intoxicated (74.3%) and were not using helmets (57.1%) at the time of the accident. Most of the victims received first aid (69.2%) and the mean time of admission was 3.03 (±13.31) days while the median time to admission was 12 hours. Receiving first aid (p<0.01), availed services (p<0.01), and married civil status (p=0.04) were found to be strongly associated with length of hospital stay. Without controlling for any confounders, pay patients (OR = 3.46, 95% CI: 1.3, -9.87), elective patients (OR = 7.88, 95% CI: 2.64, 31.61), and those in non-trauma wards (OR=2.07, 95% CI: 1.29, 3.36) had higher odds for longer hospitalization stay. On the other hand, those who did not receive first aid (OR = 0.55, CI:0.35, 0.85) had lower odds for prolonged hospitalization. Those who suffered face injury and did not suffer external injuries had a higher mean rank, suggesting a longer length of hospital stay. On the other hand, upon controlling variables found to be associated with previous studies, those with low Glasgow coma scale (GCS) scores were 2.77 times (95% CI: 1.13, 6.91) more likely to stay longer in the hospital.
 Conclusion. The type of victim, mortality status, age, and sex were found to be important determinants of prolonged hospitalization. To lessen the number of fatalities and road trauma injuries, laws on road safety should be strictly and properly implemented. Shared responsibility of all road users is also important in improving the safe usage of roads.

Abstract Background Diseases of the heart and vascular system are the leading cause of mortality in the Philippines. Hypertension, the most important modifiable risk factor, has a prevalence rate of 28% and a control rate of 20%. Despite the proven efficacy of pharmacologic treatment, medication adherence is reported to be as low as 66%. While there are publications that reported factors that affect adherence in Filipinos, there are no existing research that evaluated them systematically. This review is conducted to present and synthesize findings of published literatures. Methods Databases—PubMed, Scopus, Wiley Online library, Science Direct, JSTOR, Web of Science, SAGE journals, and Cochrane—were used to search for articles published from 2000 to 2020 that studied medication adherence in adult Filipino hypertensive population. Out of the initial 1514 articles, 15 articles met the criteria and were included in the analysis. The evidence from the included studies was summarized and discussed in a narrative review using the World Health Organization framework for adherence to long-term therapies as the framework. Result The factors that were positively associated with adherence were health care system-related factors: good patient-health provider relationship, accessibility of health services, use of specialty clinics and programs for hypertension, and health insurance. The factors found to be negatively associated with adherence are (1) social economic factors: younger age, single civil status, low educational attainment, and unemployment; (2) patient-related factors: low in health literacy and awareness, knowledge on hypertension, attitude towards hypertension, self-efficacy, and social support; (3) therapy-related factors: inconsistent drug regimen schedule, use of Thiazide and complementary and alternative medicines; (4) condition-related factors: low illness perception, and absence of comorbidities. Conclusions Findings should be interpreted with caution because of methodological limitations. Despite this, given that health systems related factors are modifiable, they can be the focus of interventions and future researches to increase medication adherence. Clinicians may also want to screen their Filipino hypertensive patients for factors that are associated to low adherence in order to provide a tailored advice. Longitudinal research studies with heterogeneous samples of hypertensive Filipinos are imperative so that targeted interventions can be developed for the population.

Purpose This study aims to use social media data mining to revitalize and support existing urban infrastructure monitoring strategies by extracting valuable insights from public opinion, as current strategies struggle with issues such as adaptability to changing conditions, public engagement and cost effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach Twitter messages or “Tweets” about public infrastructure in the Philippines were gathered and analyzed to discover reoccurring concerns in public infrastructure, emerging topics in public debates and the people’s general view of infrastructure services. Findings This study proposes a topic model for extracting dominating subjects from aggregated social media data, as well as a sentiment analysis model for determining public opinion sentiment toward various urban infrastructure components. Originality/value The findings of this study highlight the potential of social media data mining to go beyond the limitations of traditional data collection techniques, as well as the importance of public opinion as a key driver for more user-involved infrastructure management and as an important social aspect that can be used to support planning and response strategies in routine maintenance, preservation and improvement of urban infrastructure systems.