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Lapshin, Roman V. "Flotillas in Turkestan on Civil War Period." International Naval Journal 4, no. 2 (September 25, 2014): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.13187/inj.2014.4.77.
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Stefanidis, Ioannis D. "Antidote to Civil War?" Studia Historyczne 61, no. 2 (242) (December 31, 2018): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/sh.61.2018.02.05.
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This paper seeks to reopen the question of legitimacy, and in particular democratic legitimacy, as an important factor affecting the course of European ‘small states’ involved in World War II. It draws attention to previously neglected or understudied but crucial aspects of wartime legitimacy, eminently the role of recognition by foreign powers, the rhetoric of the ‘Big Three’ Allies regarding post-war Europe, and the relevance of democratic legitimacy as a powerful antidote to civil conflict during the period of transition into peacetime.
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Tomita, T. "The Images of the Russian Civil War in the Inter-war Period." Annuals of Japanese Political Science Association 51 (2000): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7218/nenpouseijigaku1953.51.0_39.
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Marco, Jorge. "Rethinking the Postwar Period in Spain: Violence and Irregular Civil War, 1939–52." Journal of Contemporary History 55, no. 3 (June 25, 2019): 492–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009419839764.
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There is a consensus among scholars regarding the slow transformation of ‘hot-blooded terror’ into ‘cold-blooded terror’ during the Civil War and the postwar period in Spain. This article challenges this framework in two ways. First, it argues that the Spanish Civil War did not end in 1939, but lasted until 1952, divided in three stages: symmetric nonconventional warfare (July 1936 – February 1937), conventional civil war (February 1937 – April 1939), and irregular civil war (April 1939–52). Second, it argues that the narrative of ‘cold-blooded terror’ after 1939 has obscured the complexity of the political violence imposed by the Franco dictatorship. The author argues that throughout the three stages of the Civil War the Francoists implemented a process of political cleansing, but that from April 1939 two different logics of violence were deployed. These depended on the attitude of the vanquished – resignation or resistance – after the defeat of the Republican army. The logic of violence directed against the subjugated enemy was channelled through institutional instruments. In contrast, the logic of counterinsurgency directed against the guerrilla movement, alongside instruments such as military courts and the prison system, imposed a wide repertoire of brutal practices and massacres against civilians and combatants.
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Fukuyama, Francis. "The Last English Civil War." Daedalus 147, no. 1 (January 2018): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00470.
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This essay examines why England experienced a civil war every fifty years from the Norman Conquest up until the Glorious Revolution of 1688–1689, and was completely stable after that point. The reasons had to do with, first, the slow accumulation of law and respect for the law that had occurred by the seventeenth century, and second, with the emergence of a strong English state and sense of national identity by the end of the Tudor period. This suggests that normative factors are very important in creating stable settlements. Rational choice explanations for such outcomes assert that stalemated conflicts will lead parties to accept second- or third-best outcomes, but English history, as well as more recent experiences, suggests that stability requires normative change as well.
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Kopek, Wojciech. "Bellum civile, bellum externum. Ambiwalencja obrazów wojny w twórczości Horacego." Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis | Studia Historicolitteraria 15 (December 12, 2017): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/3909.
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Bellum civile, bellum externum. Ambivalence of war images in Horace’s works The article aims at illustrating and explaining the ambivalence of images of just, external war (bellum externum) and civil, fratricidal war (bellum civile) in relation to the ancient literary theory and criticism, the phenomenon of political and cultural ‟patronage” and the political events of Augustan period. By analyzing the odes II 7 and III 2, epode 9 and ode I 37 the author argues that Horace’s initial litterary concept of presentation of civil and external war conventions as fas/nefas changes under the patronage. However, the poet himself, trying to preserve the poetic autonomy and meet the requirements of the ancient literary theory and criticism includes a new political and social situation in the sphere of his work.Key words: Horace; criticism; war; patronage; autonomy;
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Syrykh, V. M. "Forms of Soviet Justice of Civil War Period (1917–1921)." RUSSIAN JUSTICE 7 (July 2018): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/issn2072-909x.2018.7.41-51.
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Suleimenov, М. A., and G. M. Kappassova. "Soviet political regime in Kazakhstan during the period of «military communism»." Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 136, no. 3 (2021): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/26-16-6887/2021-136-3-57-65.
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The article deals with the emergence and activity of Soviet power institutions in Kazakhstan during the period of «war communism». During the years of «war communism», the construction of the Soviet state apparatus continued. An important feature of this process, researchers call the wide involvement of workers and peasants in state bodies. There was a change in the national composition of civil servants - after the revolution, they began to include representatives of many peoples of the former Russian Empire. In addition, many officials continued to work in Soviet state structures that began their careers during the Provisional Government or even the tsarist regime. The escalation of the civil war led to the emergence of emergency authorities not provided for by the Constitution of the USSR. On the ground, the functions of emergency services were performed by revolutionary committees. During the years of the Civil War and «war communism», the RCP (b) became the core of the Soviet political system. Thus, under the influence of wartime emergencies, a rigid military command system began to form in the country. The article reveals the specifics of the implementation of the policy of «war communism» in Kazakhstan, carried out by the Bolsheviks during the civil war of 1918-1920. As a result of the analysis, it was possible to determine that the policy of «war communism» in the regional aspect was carried out in line with general Soviet trends. It represented a set of measures of the Soviet government in the field of industry, agriculture, and social relations aimed at militarizing production and ensuring the combat capability of the Red Army. The specifics of the implementation of the policy of «war communism» in Kazakhstan were determined by the economic backwardness of the region and the nature of hostilities. These features should include: later than in the whole Soviet Union, the inclusion of the regions of Kazakhstan in the process of implementing measures of «war communism», their extension to the indigenous population, more rigid forms and methods of implementing military-communist construction. The result of the policy of «war communism» in Kazakhstan was a drop in production, especially in the agricultural sector of the economy, the famine of 1920-1922, which led to demographic losses of the population, mass migration of nomadic peoples outside the country, widespread peasant anti-Bolshevik protests and resistance of the indigenous population in the form of Basmachism. Based on archival materials and published works, the authors analyze the activities of Soviets and revkoms. In conclusion, conclusions are drawn that determine the nature of the origin and purpose of the Soviet institutions of power.
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Milan, Chiara. "Civil society in Bosnia Herzegovina. From the late ‘80s to nowadays: a historical perspective." Tiempo devorado 4, no. 2 (July 7, 2017): 272–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/tdevorado.113.
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A set of historical and political factors has shaped the evolution of civil society in Bosnia Herzegovina over the years. The socialist rule influenced the way in which citizens organized, while in the aftermath of the war the intervention of foreign donors and agencies brought about the prospering of domestic non-governmental organizations (NGOs). In the recent period, protests and participatory practices emerged and spread throughout the country, stamping indelibly its social fabric and influencing the practices of formal organizations. This article provides an overview of the evolution of domestic civil society during the country’s recent past, examining how it evolved from the end of the socialist period to nowadays. The article begins by exploring the grassroots initiatives and the anti-war protests of the late 1980s, instances of an “unofficial” civil society stemmed from the liberalization of a socialist system on the brink of collapse. Next, it describes the mushrooming of civil society organizations in the aftermath of the war, before focusing on the grassroots civic initiatives unfolded in the 2000s, peaked with the 2013-14 protests and the surge of participatory assemblies known as “plenums.”
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Anwar, Sajad, and Inayat Kalim. "The Complexity of Intra-Afghan Dialogue Civil War Looms in Afghanistan." University of Wah Journal of Social Sciences 5, no. 1 (June 8, 2022): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.56220/uwjss2022/0501/09.
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The US and NATO through a peace deal got a safe exit from Afghanistan. In this backdrop, the economic future of Afghanistan is more important. On the other hand, Pakistan has a short period to format its policies because after the US withdraws, there are serious threats of civil war and chaos in Afghanistan. India, Pakistan, Russia, and China are the rival states in the regions, which have strategic interests in Afghanistan. Regional, religious, ethnic, political, social, and economic complexities are the major obstacles to the Intra-Afghan peace deal. All these factors are indicating more complexes in the intra-Afghan peace process, which may lead to civil war. The possible solutions are the traditional Pashtuns Loya Jirga. This work attempts to analyze the stakeholders and trends in the Intra-Afghan peace process, and the complexities of the peace process. Keywords: Civil War, Peace Deal, NATO, Loya Jirga, Shura, Tribal system, Taliban
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Hollingsworth, Keith. "Legitimizing black businesses: three examples from the Civil War to civil rights." Journal of Management History 26, no. 3 (April 6, 2020): 377–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-09-2019-0058.
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Purpose In “Reinventing Entrepreneurial History,” Wadhwani and Lubinski (2017) encourage the study of legitimacy, the sense that a new organization or venture “belongs” to, or fits within, the social construct of its time. Design/methodology/approach To this end, this query will consider methods used in the period between the Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement to show legitimacy in black economic endeavors. Three Atlanta entrepreneurs’ efforts will be used as demonstrative examples. Findings The overarching aim of this investigation of economic legitimization is to give practical examples of three distinct strategies in play: endorsement, authorization and storytelling. In addition, a fourth external actor, social organizations, that exists outside of the realms of media, government and law as noted by Bitektine and Haack (2015) is illustrated to grant validity within the black community. Also, the storytelling strategy is used to illustrate promoters, actors pushing legitimacy to benefit the community at large. Originality/value Arguably the search for economic and collective legitimacy within black businesses is not confined to the past. Stated in another way, black businesses still fight for legitimacy, and future research should be undertaken to show the similarities and differences in the two aforementioned periods.
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Stefanidis, Ioannis D. "Antidote to Civil War? European ‘small states’ and political legitimacy during World War II." RUDN Journal of World History 11, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2019-11-2-117-135.
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The experience of European small states involved in World War II varied widely. Not all of them entered the war as victims of aggression, and even those that did so did not necessarily share the same dire consequences of warfare and/or foreign occupation; they also exited the war in, sometimes dramatically different ways: a number of small states entered the post-war period relatively peacefully, other were plunged into civil war, while a third category experienced a measure of unrest short of civil strife. It is argued in this paper that, among the factors influencing the outcome of a European small state’s involvement in World War II, the political legitimacy of its government should not be underestimated. The impact of this factor was particularly felt during the sensitive transition period from war and/or occupation into peacetime. Reinterpreting existing material, it is further argued that, during the war, democratic legitimacy increasingly appeared to guarantee a safer ground for both withstanding wartime travails and achieving a relatively smooth restoration of free national institutions, without the risk of civil war.
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Cheibub, José A., and Jude C. Hays. "Elections and Civil War in Africa." Political Science Research and Methods 5, no. 1 (August 20, 2015): 81–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2015.33.
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The view that multiparty elections in changing authoritarian regimes should be held sooner rather than later has been increasingly under attack. Critics argue that, under conditions of low institutional development, multiparty elections may lead to violence and civil war, rather than to the peaceful allocation of authority that everyone desires. Starting from the premise that elections are strategically timed and endogenous in transitioning authoritarian regimes, that is, more likely to be held when violence is imminent, we show that for Africa, the continent with the lowest levels of political institutionalization, elections do not increase the probability of a civil war initiation. In fact, for the post-Cold War period, the holding of multiparty elections is actually associated with a substantial reduction in the probability of civil war onset. To account for this pattern, we develop an informational theory of elections held under conditions that prevail in the post-Cold War, when foreign powers are reluctant to provide direct support for dictators (or their opponents) and elections are more reflective of the true level of a leader’s strength. We argue that, under these conditions, elections may prevent the eruption of a civil war that is already imminent, through two mechanisms: they may deter a weak opposition from initiating a war they are likely to lose or they may induce a weak dictator to offer ways to share power with the opposition.
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L., MALYUCHENKO, and KHMYROVA S. "HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE 1917 REVOLUTION AND THE CIVIL WAR IN SIBERIA IN THE FUNDS OF THE KANSK MUSEUM OF LOCAL LORE." Preservation and study of the cultural heritage of the Altai Territory 27 (2021): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/2411-1503.2021.27.60.
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The article is devoted to the consideration of the history of preservation, study, popularization of the historical and cultural heritage of the period of the revolutionary events of 1917 and the civil war of 1918-1920 in the Kansk Museum of Local Lore. The characteristics of the features of these periods for Kansk and the Kansk district of the Yenisei province are given, the main stages in the work of the museum with the historical and cultural heritage are highlighted and their distinctive features are noted. The life and work of R.P. Eideman, VG. Yakovenko, VYa. Zazubrin, VA. Itin, whose heritage has not only regional, but also all-Russian significance, are associated with the Kansk and Kansk uyezds during the period under study. The Kansk Museum of Local Lore is studying and popularizing it. The article describes the characteristics of this work. For the history of Siberia during the civil war, the Taseev partisan republic is a peculiar phenomenon. The article draws attention to the importance of this topic for the museum. The article emphasizes that in modern conditions, the historical and cultural heritage of the period of the revolutionary events of 1917 and the civil war of 1918-1920 remains in demand, and new opportunities appear for its study and popularization. Keywords: historical and cultural heritage, museum, Sibiria, civil war
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L., MALYUCHENKO, and KHMYROVA S. "HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE 1917 REVOLUTION AND THE CIVIL WAR IN SIBERIA IN THE FUNDS OF THE KANSK MUSEUM OF LOCAL LORE." Preservation and study of the cultural heritage of the Altai Territory 27 (2021): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/2411-1503.2021.27.60.
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The article is devoted to the consideration of the history of preservation, study, popularization of the historical and cultural heritage of the period of the revolutionary events of 1917 and the civil war of 1918-1920 in the Kansk Museum of Local Lore. The characteristics of the features of these periods for Kansk and the Kansk district of the Yenisei province are given, the main stages in the work of the museum with the historical and cultural heritage are highlighted and their distinctive features are noted. The life and work of R.P. Eideman, VG. Yakovenko, VYa. Zazubrin, VA. Itin, whose heritage has not only regional, but also all-Russian significance, are associated with the Kansk and Kansk uyezds during the period under study. The Kansk Museum of Local Lore is studying and popularizing it. The article describes the characteristics of this work. For the history of Siberia during the civil war, the Taseev partisan republic is a peculiar phenomenon. The article draws attention to the importance of this topic for the museum. The article emphasizes that in modern conditions, the historical and cultural heritage of the period of the revolutionary events of 1917 and the civil war of 1918-1920 remains in demand, and new opportunities appear for its study and popularization. Keywords: historical and cultural heritage, museum, Sibiria, civil war
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Puigsech Farràs, Josep. "No Embassy, no Ambassador: a New Kind of Relationship between USSR and Spain in Post-War Times." ISTORIYA 13, no. 10 (120) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023522-3.
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This article analyses how the beginning of the Spanish post-war period impacted in diplomatic relations between Spain and USSR. The Republican defeat in the Spanish Civil War forced the rupture of diplomatic relations between these countries. The Communist Party of Spain played the unofficial role of Spanish representative in front of the USSR from April 1939. For this reason, new diplomacy relationship started in the Spanish post-war period: unofficial character, new actors, a huge desire to overthrow the Francoist Spain and a legitimizing lecture about the Second Republic and the Spanish Civil War.
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Silverstein, Josef. "Civil War and Rebellion in Burma." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 21, no. 1 (March 1990): 114–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400001983.
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1988 was unlike any other year in Burma's short history as an independent nation. It began quietly, but erupted into a revolution for democracy and change which failed when the army violently restored its dictatorship; it ended quietly, but with the people living in fear under a military determined not to be challenged openly again. During this same period, while the world focused on Rangoon, the minorities continued to pursue a civil war which some have been fighting for the past forty years, hopeful that the changing situation in Burma's heartland would effect their struggles because both they, and the Burmans who rose in revolt, have the same enemy and seek the same ends — a peaceful and democratic Burma. Both looked to and sought help from the free nations of the world who spoke out vigorously when the rebellion began but whose voices either have been lowered or even stilled since the military made clear that it would decide the time and degree of change; only the U.S. continued to hold the high moral ground in support of the rebellion but its actions hardly matched its rhetoric.
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Miranda, Luiz C. M., Leonel F. Perondi, and Kristian Skrede Gleditsch. "The Evolution of Civil War Severity, 1816–2005." Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 22, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 247–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/peps-2016-0012.
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AbstractPrevious analyses of civil war trends tend to be informal and consider only post 1945 data. We examine data on civil wars over the period 1816–2005, using new methods for evolutionary growth processes. We find a number of new patterns and trends in civil war that have received little attention in previous research, including a structural break in frequency of conflict with decolonialization, as well as evidence of periodicity in civil conflict. We develop new measures of civil war intensity and impact, and find that conflicts have been generally more severe in the 20th than in the 19th century. We also find that the frequency-severity distribution of civil war does not appear to follow a power-law distribution, unlike data on many other types of conflict. Although structural trends suggest an increase in future civil wars, we discuss possible limiting factors that might prevent this in light of the recent observed decline in civil wars after the Cold War.
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DUBEY, MADHU. "Counterfactual Narratives of the Civil War and Slavery." Journal of American Studies 53, no. 3 (June 18, 2018): 589–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002187581800097x.
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This essay examines an overlooked dimension of the American literary preoccupation with slavery since the 1970s – the mass-market genre of alternate histories of the Civil War that began to proliferate after the end of the civil rights movement. Focussing on the genre's unique blend of historical realism and counterfactual speculation, the essay argues that these novels turn to the Civil War in order to reevaluate the trajectory of US racial history and to reckon with the dramatic racial realignments of the post-civil rights period.
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Luo, Shali, and Seung-Whan Choi. "Economic development, population and civil war: a Bayesian changepoint model." International Trade, Politics and Development 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/itpd-11-2020-0084.
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PurposeThis study proposes a Bayesian approach to analyze structural breaks and examines whether structural changes have occurred, at the onset of civil war, with respect to economic development and population during the period from 1945 to 1999.Design/methodology/approachIn the Bayesian logit regression changepoint model, parameters of covariates are allowed to shift individually, regime transitions can move back and forth, and the model is applicable to cross-sectional, time-series data.FindingsContrary to popular belief that the causal process of civil war changed with the end of the Cold War, the empirical analysis shows that the regression relationships between civil war and economic development, as well as between civil war and population, remain quite stable during the study period.Originality/valueThis is the first to develop a Bayesian logit regression changepoint model and to apply it to studies of economic development and civil war.
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Morse, Carmel L. "Sex Wars: A Novel of the Turbulent Post-Civil War Period (review)." Prairie Schooner 80, no. 4 (2006): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psg.2007.0022.
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Howard, Lise Morjé, and Alexandra Stark. "How Civil Wars End: The International System, Norms, and the Role of External Actors." International Security 42, no. 3 (January 2018): 127–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00305.
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Historically, civil wars ended in one-sided victory. With the end of the Cold War, however, the very nature of how civil wars end shifted: wars became two times more likely to terminate in negotiated settlement than in victory. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the proportion of victories has increased, especially for civil wars that include a terrorist group; wars are also ending less frequently. Why would civil war termination vary by time period? The literature on civil wars looks to three basic types of causes: domesticstructural factors, bargaining dynamics, and types of international intervention. Current explanations cannot account for why civil wars would end differently in different time periods because, as Kenneth Waltz might say, they are “reductionist” in nature. Material and ideational factors constitute the international political environment, which varies in different time periods. This environment drives outside actors' normative strategies of viewing victory, negotiation, or stabilization as the appropriate solution to civil war. These norms, in turn, directly affect how civil wars end. A novel, three-part methodological approach using quantitative analysis, case studies, and original content analysis demonstrates that civil wars tend to end the way external actors think they ought to end.
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Lonergan, Gayle. "‘Paper Communists’ – Bolshevik party membership in the Russian Civil War." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 46, no. 1 (February 8, 2013): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2012.12.009.
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This article illustrates the recruitment profile of the Civil War cohort of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1919 to 1921.It disputes the traditional historiography, which presents the party as undergoing a linear process of decay and corruption ending in the period of the careerists of the Brezhnev period. Instead it demonstrates that even in the early period of the revolutionary republic the party was an attractive prospect for those wishing to attain position and privilege. Once it had shown itself to be the victor in the conflict, the party enjoyed considerable popularity in unexpected regions, attracting ambitious young peasants from the peripheries of the former Empire.
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Capozzoli, Ernest A., and Dan G. Teed. "POST-CIVIL WAR ACCOUNTING PRACTICES IN NATCHEZ, MISSISSIPPI." Accounting Historians Journal 43, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.43.2.39.
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This paper explores the accounting practices and cultural setting of a general merchandise store located in Natchez, Mississippi during the post-Civil War period in 1865. The store ledger records complete sales and payroll entries from January through December 1865. The facts concerning the store came from a “cash book” (referred to as the ledger) that recorded financial transactions both prior to and after the Civil War [Holland, 1837]. Our article asserts that, in spite of devastating economic conditions, merchandisers in general were able to continue as central figures in daily lives in the Natchez area.
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Rupp, Susan. "The Struggle in the East: Opposition Politics in Siberia, 1918." Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 1304 (January 1, 1998): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cbp.1998.77.
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In comparison with the events of 1917, the Russian Civil War has been little studied, resulting in a problematic historiography that depicts the war as a struggle between Reds and Whites, with the opposition to the Bolsheviks reduced to reactionary officers and restorationist political forces. Soviet historians long made a virtual industry out of studying the civil war, but their work was most often distorted by the constraints of Marxist theory and party orthodoxy. Most Western studies of the political opposition focus on a single party and are often limited to the period prior to the outbreak of the civil war. Over the last decade, dramatic political changes in the former Soviet Union, accompanied by the opening of previously inaccessible archives, have spurred renewed interest in the revolutionary period and the various political groups active during that time. This examination of the opposition in Siberia prior to the Kolchak coup in November 1918 addresses a seldom explored chapter of the civil war and reveals the divisions among the forces of the political center, particularly the fracture between moderate socialists and erstwhile liberals, which fatally undermined the viability of a democratic alternative to the Bolshevik regime.
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Laski, Gregory. "Reconstructing Revenge: Race and Justice after the Civil War." American Literature 91, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 751–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00029831-7917296.
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Abstract This essay reconsiders the politics of African American literature after the Civil War by focusing on revenge as a response to the wrong of slavery. Though forgiveness dominates literary and historical scholarship, I assemble an archive of real and imagined instances of vengeance in black-authored texts from the period following formal emancipation to the dawn of the twentieth century: the petitions of the freedmen of Edisto Island, South Carolina; the minutes of the 1865 Virginia State Convention of Colored People; the narrative of the ex-slave Samuel Hall; and the Colored American Magazine’s coverage of the lynching of Louis Wright. Reading these works alongside Pauline E. Hopkins’s Winona (1902), I show how her novel develops a philosophy of righteous revenge that reclaims the true meaning of justice in a democracy. Ultimately, this archive can help us not only to examine anew a neglected literary period but also to reimagine racial justice, then and now.
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Lange, Carsten Hjort. "Triumph and civil war in the late Republic." Papers of the British School at Rome 81 (September 26, 2013): 67–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246213000056.
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Many of the wars of the Late Republican period were largely civil conflicts, and there was thus a tension between the traditional expectation that triumphs should be celebrated for victories over foreign enemies and the need of the great commanders to give full expression to their prestige and charisma, and to legitimate their power. Most of the rules and conventions relating to triumphs thus appear to have been articulated as the development of Roman warfare brought new issues to the Senate's attention. This paper will examine these tensions and the ways in which they were resolved. The traditional war-ritual of the triumph and the topic of civil war have both received renewed interest in recent scholarship. However, attempts to define the relationship between them have been hampered by comments in the ancient evidence that suggest the celebration of a triumph for victory in a civil war was contrary to traditional practices. Nevertheless, as this paper will argue, a general could expect to triumph after a civil war victory if it could be represented also as over a foreign enemy (the civil war aspect of the victory did not have to be denied); only after a victory in an exclusively civil war was this understood to be in breach of traditional practices.
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Henriot, Christian. "Shanghai Industries in the Civil War (1945-1947)." Journal of Urban History 43, no. 5 (April 2, 2015): 744–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144214566977.
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This article examines the fate of Shanghai industries during the Civil War period in China. It argues that in spite of extreme difficulties in the later part of the war, Shanghai industries bounced back very quickly and reached early wartime levels within a year. Thereafter, a series of economic and political restrictions led to a slowdown, then a paralysis. The article is based on a large and unique survey of Shanghai industries published in October 1947, probably the peak of the economic recovery after the war. The data were processed in geographic information systems that the author implemented to examine what industry represented in the urban space, what its impact was, and how it defined the city of Shanghai. The author contends that issues of security more than economic factors determined the particular industrial geography in the city.
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Kyriakidis, Savvas. "The idea of civil war in thirteenth and fourteenth-century - Byzantium." Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, no. 49 (2012): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi1249243k.
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This paper discusses thirteenth and fourteenth-century Byzantine perceptions of civil wars, which were a common feature in the late Byzantine period. It investigates how the most important authors of the period understood and defined the idea of civil war. It explores the Byzantine understanding of the differences between military conflicts which were fought between subjects and employees of the emperor and wars the empire fought against its external enemies. In addition, it examines the views the imperial authorities and the authors of the period express about wars against enemies with whom the later Byzantines shared a common cultural, ethnic and religious background.
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Mombell, Nicole. "Teaching Representations of Resistance and Repression in Popular Spanish Film." Image and Storytelling: New Approaches to Hispanic Cinema and Literature 1, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/uo/peripherica.1.2.8.
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This essay presents a brief analysis of three popular Spanish films released between 2001 and 2012 that are set in the immediate post Civil War period and first decades of the Franco dictatorship. Specifically, it considers three films which aim to reconstruct and represent the experience of the men, women, and children who fought Francoism or who endured repression after the end of the Spanish Civil War: Silencio roto (Armendáriz 2001), El laberinto del fauno (Del Toro 2004), and 30 años de oscuridad (Martín 2012). This essay explores the way in which tropes of politics, history, resistance, and repression are represented in each film, and how filmmakers using popular cinematic forms have appropriated the Spanish Civil War and Franco period settings to comment on contemporary political and social issues in Spain. Most of the recent Spanish cinematic productions (fictional and documentary) that depict the Spanish Civil War and Franco period have focused on the moral vindication of the vanquished. The three films considered here aim to reconstruct the particular experience or memories of the Spanish maquis and topos, and the civilians who supported them in their struggles. Each of the films discussed has sought to play a role in the recasting of collective identity in Spain, and affords important insights into the social processes and experiences of the time in which they were created. In a world where the visual immediacy of cinematic images increasingly works to displace traditional historiography, these representations have become ever more important and merit discussion. This essay takes into account that these cinematic representations are subjective and mediated depictions of events, participants, and circumstances of the Civil War and Franco period, and suggests pedagogical approaches to discussing each film in order to enable students (and other viewers) to grasp how to distinguish between history and the historicizing effect of its representations.
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Izquierdo, José María. "La Guerra civil española como tema en la novela gráfica actual." Bergen Language and Linguistics Studies 10, no. 1 (December 3, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/bells.v10i1.1443.
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The Spanish civil war and its postwar period remain two of the most important historical references of present-day Spain. Along with themes of strictly political nature addressing that period of time and with the negative aspects of the transition to democracy, themes of memory and postmemory (Hirsch 1992 / Liikanen 2015) appear. Both are closely related to – although not only to – the silencing of the victims of the mentioned historical periods. By this, I am referring to the ones defeated and to the next of kin of the disappeared.
Despite the famous affair of the so-called “gentleman’s agreement”, the “amnesia”, the “forgetfulness” or the “silence” of the democratic transition, a variety of narrative works have emerged in recent history; literary works that in various manners have the Civil War and Franco’s posterior dictatorship as topics or common threads in their narrations[1].
The consolidation of a new literary subgenre of hybrid characteristics combining the mode of narration found in novels and the specificities of the comic strip is a novelty in the context of Spanish literature. Although already canonized in the 1970’s in the United States (Eisner, 1978), the subgenre emerged in Spain during the end of the 1990’s. With the turn of the century, a new vision of the Spanish cartoon arrived: it was no longer fundamentally limited to the sphere of children, of satire, or of short comic strips in newspapers. With an expanded format, it began addressing the adult public.
In the selection of graphic novels that I am presenting, there are various narrative strategies and aesthetics elaborated from accounts from the Civil War, and its prolongation in the Second World War, by authors who were not protagonists in the real-life events themselves and whom I include within the wide concept of postmemory. The prevailing ideas in all the texts are as follows: the necessary recuperation of the memory of the Civil War, the presentation of the present as a result of the past and the importance of knowing the points of view of the defeated in order to update the cultural identities of the territorial sphere of the Spanish state
[1] I have already presented one such work during the «Romanist XV» « Escribir de Oídas: Final literature of the memory of the Spanish Civil War and its postwar period” (2012).
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ROLANDSEN, ØYSTEIN H. "A FALSE START: BETWEEN WAR AND PEACE IN THE SOUTHERN SUDAN, 1956–62." Journal of African History 52, no. 1 (March 2011): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853711000107.
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ABSTRACTHistorians usually trace the start of the first civil war in the Southern Sudan to the Torit mutiny of 1955. However, organized political violence did not reach the level of civil war until 1963. This article argues that 1955–62 was a period of increasing political tension, local low-intensity violence, and social and economic stagnation. It shows how these conditions influenced the attitudes of government officials, informed the policies that they pursued, and made a Southern insurgency likely. This historical analysis helps explain why a full-scale civil war began in late 1963 and why it was not avoided.
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STOURAITIS, Ioannis. "Byzantine war against Christians – an "emphylios polemos"?" BYZANTINA SYMMEIKTA 20 (November 3, 2010): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/byzsym.964.
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<span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt">The Byzantine civil wars have been the subject of studies which aimed to analyze and interpret the political and military dimension of the phenomenon of armed conflicts inside the Byzantine society. The ideological aspect of civil war in Byzantium has received less attention. During my study on Byzantine war ideology, I noticed that there are some cases of Byzantine authors of the period after the 9<sup>th</sup> century that present Byzantine war against another Christian people as a civil one. Beginning with a short overview of the Byzantines’ understanding of the term <em>emphylios polemos</em> which modern researchers interpret usually with the modern term civil war, this study will concentrate on the ideological and political similarities or differences between Byzantine civil war and Byzantine war against Christian enemies.</span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><div><br /><div id="ftn4"><p style="margin: 0pt" class="MsoFootnoteText"> </p></div></div>
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Latypova, Nataliya. "Discussion on the Causes of the American Civil War (1861–1865): Periodization of Historiography." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 2 (April 2022): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.2.1.
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Introduction. The Civil War in the United States (1861–1865) has been of considerable interest to historians, lawyers, economists, and political scientists for more than 150 years. The internal political struggle that broke out in the middle of the 19th century between the two regions of the young democratic state seems to be a valuable object of research. However, scientific approaches to the study of the causes of the “inevitable conflict”, their transformation and rebirth depending on the historical period and the political situation are of even greater interest. This article attempts to summarize the main trends in the historiography of the causes of the Civil War in the United States, mainly in foreign historiography. Methods of research and materials. The methodological basis of the study was made up of general scientific and private scientific methods. The historical-legal, comparative method, as well as sociological, concrete-historical and systemic methods are used. The theoretical basis of the study was the work of mainly foreign historians, lawyers, political scientists and state historians. Analysis. Without denying the centrality of slavery among the causes of the Civil War, researchers identify religious, economic, political and social factors as the key determinants of the separatist movement in the South. A special place in American studies is occupied by the consideration of the role of African Americans in inciting conflict, the personality factor of A. Lincoln, as well as the influence of the abolitionist movement and journalists on the growing confrontation between the North and the South. At the same time, all directions, one way or another, boil down to the fact that it was slavery that was the fundamental cause of the Civil War. The peculiarities of the formation of each of the scientific directions were determined by the socio-economic and political conditions that took place in a particular historical period. Results. The periodization of scientific approaches to the study of the causes of the Civil War in the United States in the historical and legal literature can be carried out by dividing the research into three main periods: the “confrontational” (second half of the 19th century); the “socio-economic” (beginning – middle of the 20th century); the “industrial” (middle of the 20th century – the beginning of the 21st century). In the period from the beginning of the 21st century to the present, there is an obvious consensus on the central role of slavery among the determinants of war, but approaches to this problem in recent years have been characterized by interdisciplinarity, complexity, taking into account completely different sides of the conflict. Each of these areas has contributed to the formation of a holistic view of the causes of the Civil War, allowing us to realize the complex, multifaceted nature of the causes of the conflict and to reject two-dimensional approaches to their understanding. Key words: American Civil War, causes of the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln, slavery in the United States, the Missouri Compromise, abolitionists, history of the USA.
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Deikna, Yousef. "Lucy Hutchinson and Margaret Cavendish: Civil War and Enemy Commiseration." Humanities 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h8010043.
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Lucy Hutchinson (1620–1681) and Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673), prolific writers from the seventeenth century, came of age in one of the most difficult times in British history. Blair Worden, an eminent historian, writes, “The political upheaval of the mid-seventeenth century has no parallel in English history,” and none of the previous conflicts “has been so far-reaching, or has disrupted so many lives for so long, or has so imprinted itself on the nation’s memory” (2009, p. 1). Hutchinson and her husband, John, were on the side of the parliamentarians in the Civil War while Cavendish and her husband, William, were stout royalists. Instead of showing aggressive stances against their enemies, Hutchinson and Cavendish engaged expansively in a language of empathizing with the enemy in order to lessen the extreme partisanship of that period. Focusing specifically on Hutchinson’s Memoirs of the Life of Colonel John Hutchinson, and Cavendish’s Sociable Letters, among other writings, I argue that during the political impasse which characterized the English Civil War writings, the perspectives advanced by Hutchinson and Cavendish highlight the valuation of human life regardless of political allegiance, augmenting the odds for peaceful co-existence, in which empathy is foregrounded over, and at times alongside, loss and agony as a result of the Civil War aftermath. Suzanne Keen’s groundbreaking research in Empathy and The Novel draws upon examples from the Victorian period to illustrate her understanding of empathy, but she also states that “I feel sure they also pertain to the hopes of authors in earlier periods as well” (2007, p. 142), which is a position taken wholeheartedly in this article. Using a cognitive literary approach where authorial empathic constructions are analyzed, Hutchinson’s and Cavendish’s closely read texts portray an undeniable level of commiseration with the enemy with the goal of abating violence and increasing cooperation and understanding.
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Shishkin, Vladimir I. "SIBERIAN REVOLUTIONARY COMMITTEE IN THE SOVIET POLITICAL SYSTEM OF THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD." Ural Historical Journal 63, no. 2 (2019): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2019-2(63)-87-95.
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Hakimoglu, Sedat, Murat Karcıoglu, Kasım Tuzcu, Isıl Davarcı, Onur Koyuncu, İsmail Dikey, Selim Turhanoglu, Ali Sarı, Mehmet Acıpayam, and Celalettin Karatepe. "Assessment of the perioperative period in civilians injured in the Syrian Civil War." Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology (English Edition) 65, no. 6 (November 2015): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjane.2014.03.003.
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Danilchenko, Sergey Leonidovich. "Preparation of the USSR for defense in the interwar period (1921–1941), taking into account the generalization of the experience of economic support of the first world war and civil war." Interactive science, no. 2 (36) (February 22, 2019): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-475462.
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Shortly after the end of the civil war, the Soviet military-economic thought faced a number of military-economic problems. The interests of the country's defense required a deep analysis of the economic problems of the first world war and the civil war, the development of ways and methods of the most painless and rapid transfer of the entire national economy to the military track, the further development of the military-economic science.
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Daxecker, Ursula E. "Rivalry, Instability, and the Probability of International Conflict." Conflict Management and Peace Science 28, no. 5 (November 2011): 543–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894211418591.
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This article addresses the effect of political instability and domestic conflict on the probability of militarized interstate disputes. Existing research on the subject has produced inconsistent findings. I hypothesize that the effect of political instability on international disputes is conditional on states’ involvement in civil conflict. More specifically, I argue that while political instability provides leaders with the willingness to use force, civil war creates the necessary opportunities for initiating conflict abroad. A directed-dyad analysis of international rivals for the 1816–2000 time period shows that instability coupled with civil war increases the probability of militarized interstate dispute initiation among rival states. Results are consistent for alternative indicators of political instability and civil war.
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Bolte, Brandon, Minnie M. Joo, and Bumba Mukherjee. "Security Consolidation in the Aftermath of Civil War: Explaining the Fates of Victorious Militias." Journal of Conflict Resolution 65, no. 9 (March 16, 2021): 1459–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002721995528.
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Policymakers and peacebuilding research often focus on rebel groups when studying demobilization and integration processes, but post-war governments must also manage the non-state militias that helped them gain or maintain power. Why do some post-war governments disintegrate their militia allies, while others integrate them into the military? We argue that when a salient ethnic difference exists between the (new) ruling elite and an allied militia, a process of mutual uncertainty in the post-war period will incentivize governments to disintegrate the group. However, governments will be most likely to integrate their militias when the military has sufficient coercive capabilities but few organizational hindrances to re-organizing. Using new data on the post-war fates of victorious militias across all civil conflicts from 1989 to 2014, we find robust support for these claims. The results suggest that a government’s optimal militia management strategy is shaped by both social and organizational constraints during the post-war period.
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Serrano-Mariezkurrena, Amaia. "Discourses on the Spanish Civil War in Basque novels." International Journal of Iberian Studies 35, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijis_00060_1.
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The aim of this article is to examine the literary discourses of Basque novels that deal with the memory of the Spanish Civil War, and to compare them with the sociopolitical context in which they were published. Firstly, we offer a summary of the period from the Spanish transition to the dissolution of Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA, Euskadi and Freedom), focusing on the factors that worked either in favour of or against remembrance of the war. Then we interpret accounts of the war in Basque novels. Finally, our conclusion is that, in general terms, there is a parallelism between political and literary dynamics, although by the 1990s Basque novels were ahead of the times in seeing the need to provide a new, critical image of the Civil War; in the political field, however, that process was to take place at the beginning of the new millennium.
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In-Hwan Doh. "A High Road to Civil War?: Topical Reading of Coriolanus in the Context of the Pre-War Period." Shakespeare Review 49, no. 3 (September 2013): 595–625. http://dx.doi.org/10.17009/shakes.2013.49.3.010.
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Šuštar, Branko. "Slovenski učbeniki zgodovine o španski državljanski vojni." Contributions to Contemporary History 56, no. 1 (May 25, 2016): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.51663/pnz.56.1.06.
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SPANISH CIVIL WAR IN SLOVENIAN HISTORY TEXTBOOKSThe article examines the image of the 1936–1939 Spanish civil war as presented in Slovenian history textbooks for primary and secondary schools 75 years after the war. In textbooks, this topic is important for presenting the period before World War II in Europe as well as the social and political differences present in Europe at that time. The Spanish civil war raises questions of democracy, fascism, communism, social reforms, violence and revolution in Europe. Initially, the textbook authors briefly discussed the Popular front, democracy and elections, communists and revolution, as well as the support of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany to Franco’s Nationalist faction and the support of Soviet Union to the Republican faction. After 1980, textbooks included a more detailed presentation of the broader social situation, the attitude of artists towards the Spanish civil war, and the impact of war on political divisions in Slovenia during World War II. The first textbooks generally mentioned that a number of Yugoslavs were fighting for the Republican faction, whereas later authors provided more information in accordance with research studies, i.e. that 500 Slovenians participated in the International Brigades.
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HOHMANN, SOPHIE, SOPHIE ROCHE, and MICHEL GARENNE. "THE CHANGING SEX RATIOS AT BIRTH DURING THE CIVIL WAR IN TAJIKISTAN: 1992–1997." Journal of Biosocial Science 42, no. 6 (July 12, 2010): 773–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932010000337.
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SummarySex ratios at birth are known to change during wars or shortly after. This study investigated changes in sex ratios during the civil war that occurred in Tajikistan after the dismantling of the Soviet Union. This civil war was particularly bloody and long lasting, and had many demographic consequences. According to vital registration data, some 27,000 persons died in excess of previous trends during the civil war period (1992–1997), and total mortality was sometimes estimated to be three times higher by independent observers. Birth rates dropped markedly during the war, and sex ratios at birth increased significantly from 104.6 before the war to 106.9 during the war, to return to baseline values afterwards. The change in sex ratio is investigated according to demographic evidence (migration, delayed marriage, spouse separation), substantiated with qualitative evidence (difficulties with food supply), and compared with patterns found in Europe during World War II, as well as with recent wars in the Middle East.
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ABISAAB, MALEK. "HASSAN N. DIAB, Beirut: Reviving Lebanon's Past (Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers, 1999). Pp. 144. $55.00 cloth, $19.95 paper." International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, no. 1 (February 2001): 143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743801351061.
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The fifteen-year civil war in Lebanon and its destructive social effects have called for soul-searching by many Lebanese. Hassan Diab explores the regional and international economic developments that caused political instability and led to episodes of civil strife and social upheaval in Lebanon from the late Ottoman period until recent times. Further, Diab promises to assess the revival of Beirut's past through the governmental project of Rafiq Hariri known as Horizon 2000, and the ramifications of reconstructing downtown Beirut in the aftermath of the civil war. Diab raises a number of legitimate concerns about the validity and necessity of these projects and the extent to which they can prevent the eruption of a civil war in the future.
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Sáánchez-Ron, Joséé M. "International relations in Spanish physics from 1900 to the Cold War." Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 33, no. 1 (2002): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsps.2002.33.1.3.
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This paper studies the tactics developed in Spain to improve the country's scientific capacity over most of the 20th century. Early in the 20th century, Spain sought to raise its low scientific standing by establishing relations with foreign scientists. The tactics changed according to the political situation. The first part of the paper covers the period from 1900 to the Civil War (1936-39); the second examines consequences of the conflict for physical scientists in Spain; and the third analyzes the growth of physical sciences in Franco's Spain following the Civil War, a period in which the United States exerted special influence.
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Ediagbonya Michael. "A Critical Assessment of Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and Nigeria Relations during the Period of Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970." Polit Journal: Scientific Journal of Politics 2, no. 4 (November 5, 2022): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/polit.v2i4.792.
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The paper examines Nigeria and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Relations during the Nigerian Civil War. It discusses the role of USA, Britain and France in the Nigerian Civil war. It analyzes the timely intervention of USSR which supplied military weapons and technical personnel to Nigeria when Britain and USA declined. The researcher obtains data from primary and secondary sources. Oral interviews serve as primary sources. Books, journals, articles, newspapers, projects, theses dissertations were used as secondary sources. It was found that the relationship between Nigeria- USSR in the Pre-civil war period was Lukewarm, non-chalant and sad. It was found that France openly supported the Republic of Biafra while Britain and USA refused Nigeria’s request for weapons to execute the war. It was demonstrated that Nigeria needed weapons to stop the Biafran forces from succeeding and initially relied on Britain and USA to supply the weapons but they were not willing to provide the military assistance. Hence, the federal Government directed their attention to USSR for assistance which the Soviets gradually accepted. In conclusion, it was found that the continuous corporate existence of Nigeria as a sovereign state owns much to the timely assistance provided by USSR during the Nigeria’s trying period.
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Hegre, Håvard. "Toward a Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Political Change, and Civil War, 1816–1992." American Political Science Review 95, no. 1 (March 2001): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055401000119.
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Coherent democracies and harshly authoritarian states have few civil wars, and intermediate regimes are the most conflict-prone. Domestic violence also seems to be associated with political change, whether toward greater democracy or greater autocracy. Is the greater violence of intermediate regimes equivalent to the finding that states in political transition experience more violence? If both level of democracy and political change are relevant, to what extent is civil violence related to each? Based on an analysis of the period 1816–1992, we conclude that intermediate regimes are most prone to civil war, even when they have had time to stabilize from a regime change. In the long run, since intermediate regimes are less stable than autocracies, which in turn are less stable than democracies, durable democracy is the most probable end-point of the democratization process. The democratic civil peace is not only more just than the autocratic peace but also more stable.
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Sivkov, S. M. "THE POSITION OF THE RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS OF SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS DURING THE CIVIL WAR." Scientific bulletin of the Southern Institute of Management, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31775/2305-3100-2017-2-110-114.
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Hundred years separates us from the outbreak of Civil war in Russia. This is sufficient time for a rethinking of those past events that shocked the world. The reader is provided a review of the new scientific publication of the Krasnodar researcher A.N. Eremeeva, devoted to problems of development of science and the existence of scholars in this difficult period. Covers a considerable part of the territory of the former Russian Empire, associated with the confrontation of two social systems. Identified problems encountered with the mass relocation of universities and scientific personnel of the country and their daily lives. Given the social structure of the scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel of higher schools of the prerevolutionary period. “Scientific" survival strategy allows to overcome depressive States, to implement the period of time in extraordinary circumstances, to increase professional competence, to develop optimistic model of the future life. One of the General conclusions indicates that the years of the civil war, a bloody fratricidal slaughter, as paradoxical as it sounds, was an important step in the “intellectualization" of the Russian regions. It is associated not only with civilians, but with the First world war. Materials peer-reviewed monographs can be used by students, graduate students, scientists, all interested in the history of Russian science and the Russian intelligentsia during the Civil war.
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Abashin, V. G., P. A. Dulin, and I. A. Ivashova. "Military doctors of the Volunteer Army in the Civil War." Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) 100, no. 9-10 (December 14, 2022): 494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.30629/0023-2149-2022-100-9-10-494-500.
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The article presents historical data about the events of the beginning of the Civil War in Russia and military doctors of the Voluntary Army. They performed their professional duty during the period of hostilities. The personal data of some doctors, the facts of their further fate in Russia and life in emigration are given.