Relevant bibliographies by topics / Civilization and archeology of the ancient Near East

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Civilization and archeology of the ancient Near East'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Civilization and archeology of the ancient Near East"

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Santos, João Batista Ribeiro, and Katia Maria Paim Pozzer. "Presentation of the Dossier - The royalty in the ancient Eastern world: Textual and image narratives." Caminhando 26, no. 1 (August 30, 2021): e21020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15603/2176-3828/caminhando.v26ne021019020.

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The idea of organizing a dossier on Eastern Antiquity has haunted us for some years. As scholars of Eastern history and archeology, it is our duty to provoke debate and reflection on the ancient Near East in its various temporalities and regions. Thus emerged the thematic proposal on royalty in the ancient oriental world.
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Santos, João Batista Ribeiro, and Katia Maria Paim Pozzer. "Presentation of the Dossier - The royalty in the ancient Eastern world: Textual and image narratives." Caminhando 26, no. 1 (August 30, 2021): e021020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15603/2176-3828/caminhando.v26ne021020.

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The idea of organizing a dossier on Eastern Antiquity has haunted us for some years. As scholars of Eastern history and archeology, it is our duty to provoke debate and reflection on the ancient Near East in its various temporalities and regions. Thus emerged the thematic proposal on royalty in the ancient oriental world.
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Chorievna, Gulmira Kattaeva. "The Lapis Lazuli Beads In Sapalli Culture And Ancient Near East." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, no. 01 (January 31, 2021): 539–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue01-95.

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Lapis lazuli is one of the most attractive semi-precious stones. Due to its peculiar blue color and its rareness, it has been used since the Neolithic Period for the manufacturing of precious objects and jewels (beads, gems, seals, small decorative artworks, etc.). Scientific analysis of jewelry which was made of the lapis lazuli can help to explore deeper cultural, economic, and political relations between the ancient oases of Central Asia and the Ancient Eastern civilizations. In this article, it is cited scientific pieces of evidence about the earliest and still existing deposits of lapis lazuli sources and the ancient lapis lazuli jewelry. On top of that, it is given scientific information about the types of the lapis lazuli beads which was found from the monuments of Sapalli culture in the part of the Ancient Eastern Civilization such as Sapallitepa, Djarkutan, Mulali, Bustan VI, and also Central Asia.
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Singh, Pushpendra Kumar, Pankaj Dey, Sharad Kumar Jain, and Pradeep P. Mujumdar. "Hydrology and water resources management in ancient India." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 10 (October 5, 2020): 4691–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4691-2020.

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Abstract. Hydrologic knowledge in India has a historical footprint extending over several millenniums through the Harappan civilization (∼3000–1500 BCE) and the Vedic Period (∼1500–500 BCE). As in other ancient civilizations across the world, the need to manage water propelled the growth of hydrologic science in ancient India. Most of the ancient hydrologic knowledge, however, has remained hidden and unfamiliar to the world at large until the recent times. In this paper, we provide some fascinating glimpses into the hydrological, hydraulic, and related engineering knowledge that existed in ancient India, as discussed in contemporary literature and revealed by the recent explorations and findings. The Vedas, particularly, the Rigveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda, have many references to the water cycle and associated processes, including water quality, hydraulic machines, hydro-structures, and nature-based solutions (NBS) for water management. The Harappan civilization epitomizes the level of development of water sciences in ancient India that includes construction of sophisticated hydraulic structures, wastewater disposal systems based on centralized and decentralized concepts, and methods for wastewater treatment. The Mauryan Empire (∼322–185 BCE) is credited as the first “hydraulic civilization” and is characterized by the construction of dams with spillways, reservoirs, and channels equipped with spillways (Pynes and Ahars); they also had an understanding of water balance, development of water pricing systems, measurement of rainfall, and knowledge of the various hydrological processes. As we investigate deeper into the references to hydrologic works in ancient Indian literature including the mythology, many fascinating dimensions of the Indian scientific contributions emerge. This review presents the various facets of water management, exploring disciplines such as history, archeology, hydrology and hydraulic engineering, and culture and covering the geographical area of the entire Indian subcontinent to the east of the Indus River. The review covers the period from the Mature Harappan Phase to the Vedic Period and the Mauryan Empire.
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Alkin, S. V. "Russian-Korean Cooperation in the Study of Archeology of Siberia and the Korean Peninsula." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series History 34 (2020): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2222-9124.2020.34.39.

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The history of archaeological studies of Siberia is counting more than 300 years of its existence, while active archaeological studies of Korean peninsula date back to the early 20th century. Russian and Korean archaeologists’ mutual interest in ancient and medieval history of Siberia and Korean peninsula relates to the territorial proximity and historical interrelations. During the last few decades the cooperation between Russian and Korean archaeologists is developing in several directions: specialists training, carrying out archaeological excavations in both Korea and Russia (Siberian and Far Eastern territories), publishing joint researches, holding scientific seminars and conferences. Main fields of studying include Stone Age, Early Iron Age and medieval archaeology. Siberian center of cooperation are Novosibirsk (Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of Siberian Branch of the RAS and Novosibirsk State University). The first archaeological excavations with participation of Novosibirsk and Korean archaeologists were held in Khabarovsk region in 1999. Nowadays joint researches cover territories of Primorye and Amur region, Russian Altai and southern part of Korean Peninsula. Several famous Korean specialists got their PhD degree in Moscow, Novosibirsk and Vladivostok. Joint studies of two territories, which are considered as important parts of world’s history, have enriched historical science with large amount of new archaeological data. Moreover, scientific discussions between specialists make a great contribution to solving common problems of the initial ways of East Asia’s settlement, formation of ancient cultures and civilization.
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SZAKOLCZAI, ARPAD. "What makes civilization? The ancient Near East and the future of the West - By David Wengrow." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 17, no. 3 (August 2, 2011): 635–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2011.01712_4.x.

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Santos, João Batista Ribeiro, and José Ademar Kaefer. "Presentation of the Dossier." Caminhando 23, no. 1 (June 29, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15603/2176-3828/caminhando.v23n1p11-14.

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The journal Caminhando, presents in this issue 23, number 1, a very important contribution to the study of artifactual sources and monumental inscriptions. This is the Dossier The El-‘Amarna Correspondence, composed of a set of so-called Letters from the site of Tell el-Amarna, a precious library of diplomatic correspondence from the ancient Near East, exchanged between the Pharaohs Amenhotep III (1390–1352) and Amenhotep IV, Akenaton (1352–1336), and the great kingdoms of the time, such as Babylon, Assyria and Mitanni, as well as between these pharaohs and the rulers of city-state of the Levant in the XIV century before our Age. In the collection are the researches produced and presented in the Postgraduate Program in Religion Sciences of the Methodist University of São Paulo (Umesp), they are part of the 2017 project of the Research Group “Archeology of the Ancient Near East”, registered in the CNPq under No. 4338921870858325 and coordinated by Prof. Dr. José Ademar Kaefer. The Dossier with the result of these researches was organized by professors João Batista Ribeiro Santos and José Ademar Kaefer.
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Marchese, R. "Ancient Remains in Caria: the Watchtower at Arpas." Anatolian Studies 42 (December 1992): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642949.

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Caria south of the Maeander (Büyük Menderes) river has fascinated travellers since antiquity. Mountainous in character and moderately populated today, the region served as a political and cultural frontier between the Greek mainland and the more ancient centres of civilization in the Near East. After a century of exploration, a wealth of data now illuminates the historic past of ancient Caria (von Diest 1909, Ramsay 1890, Paton and Meyers 1896, Winter 1887, Chamonard 1895, Fowler 1906, Hicks, 1892, Humann and Dörpfeld 1893, Miller 1916, Paton 1900, and Weber, 1904). Although informative, such scholarship has also had a negative impact. All too often, the view taken in the published literature is that previously identified sites offer little additional information. Scholars have tended to accept this view and the “authoritative research” of others without further examination of the region or its rich physical remains.
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Ambridge, Lindsay J. "Imperialism and Racial Geography in James Henry Breasted’s Ancient Times, a History of the Early World." Journal of Egyptian History 5, no. 1-2 (2012): 12–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187416612x632508.

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Abstract James Henry Breasted (1865–1935), founder of the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago, was a prolific writer of popularizing books on the ancient Near East. This article presents a critical analysis and historical contextualization of one of his most widely read books: Ancient Times, a History of the Early World. Published as a high school textbook in 1916 and revised in 1935, it serves as a reference point from which to investigate the effects of political and cultural variables on ancient historiography. Changes between the first and second editions of the book indicate that Breasted increasingly relied on scientific vocabulary to map the geo-racial boundaries of early civilization. Combining this with a model of enlightened exploitation, Breasted constructed a vision of the ancient past that was ultimately a commentary on the socio-political conditions of his own time.
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Robinson, Andrew. "What Makes Civilization? The Ancient Near East and The Future of the West. By David Wengrow. pp. 217. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 21, no. 1 (January 2011): 120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186310000738.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Civilization and archeology of the ancient Near East"

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Badinjki, Oubayda. "Histoire de la civilisation ancienne du monde arabe. Les figurines masculines en terre cuite en Syrie et au Liban au Néolithique et aux âges du Bronze. Etudes de cas." Thesis, Lille 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL3H020.

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Pourquoi les figurines masculines ? Parce que les archéologues spécialistes des terres cuites ont ciblé d’une façon générale les figurines zoomorphes et, parmi les figurines anthropomorphes, les représentations de femmes. On ne trouve jusqu’à maintenant aucun catalogue exhaustif et détaillé des figurines masculines en terre cuite. Dans ce vaste champ d’investigation, j’ai sélectionné deux périodes. La préhistoire, pour remonter aux origines et réfléchir sur la création des figurines masculines en terre cuite. Et les âges du Bronze, période faste s’il en est pour ce type de production. Cette thèse porte donc sur l'étude des figurines masculines en terre cuite(figurinesmodelées, moulées, et moule). L’objectif de cette étude est de faire un corpus de figurines masculines en terre cuite, car il n’en existe pas de corpus satisfaisant, de les classifier, de les analyser techniquement, artistiquement, et de les interpréter, et enfin de publier les figurines inédites conservées au musée du Louvre. Les problématiques sont les suivantes : les figurines étaient-elles utilisées comme jouets, comme éléments décoratifs ou comme amulettes ? Doivent-elles être mises en rapport avec des coutumes ou des rites religieux ? Comment peut-on interpréter la découverte defigurines masculines dans des temples, dans des tombes et dans les maisons ? Quelle que soit la technique qui leur a permis de se répandre, la question générale est toujours la même : à quelle fin l’artisan ou l’usager les destinait-il ?Les réponses pourront varier en fonction de la chronologie, puisque le sujet couvre une très longue période ; en fonction des lieux et des contextes archéologiques, et aussi bien sûr en fonction de la typologie, car les figures masculines peuvent présenter différentes attitudes (assises/debout), différents gestes, différents types de vêtements, d’attributs (en particulier des armes). Les chercheurs ont proposé une grande variété d’hypothèses, parfois sur la base de comparaisons ethnographiques, ou d’un rapprochement avec les traditions littéraires ou artistiques. Sans aucun doute, quel que soit le rôle de ces figurines, elles ont été considérées comme des objets importants dans la vie quotidienne au cours de l'époque néolithique, comme la poterie, les outils de pierre et d'autres objets « utilitaires », et des objets importants, notamment dans les activités religieuses et magiques, au cours de l’âge du Bronze.Le plan est le suivant : typologie et répartition régionale, matériau et techniques de fabrication (modelage et moulage), spécificités des figurines masculines, contexte archéologique et fonctions plausibles, avec l’apport de l’iconographie
Why male figurines? Because archaeologists specializing in terracotta have generally targeted zoomorphic figurines and, among anthropomorphic figurines, representations of women. Until now, there is no exhaustive and detailed catalog of terracotta male models. In this vast field of investigation, I have selected two periods : Prehistory, to go back to the origins and think about the creation of terracotta male figurines, and the Bronze Age, the apogee time for this type of production. This thesis deals so with the study of terracotta male figurines (modeled figurines, molded figures and molds). The objective of this study is to make a corpus of terracotta male figurines, because there is no satisfactory body of work, to classify them, to analyze them technically, artistically, and to interpret them, and finally publishing the unpublished figures preserved in the Louvre Museum.The research problems are the following : the figurines were used as toys, as decorative elements in homes, or as amulets? Should they be related to religious customs or rites? How can one interpret the discovery of male figurines in temples? in tombs and houses, whatever thetechnique that has allowed them to spread, the general question is always the same : for what purpose did the craftsman or the user make them? The answers vary according to the chronology, since the subject covers a very long period. According to the places and archaeological contexts and of course depending on the typology, because male figures may have different positions (sitting/standing), different gestures, different types of clothing, attributes (especially weapons). Researchers have proposed a wide variety of choices, sometimes on a hypothetical basis, ethnographic comparisons, and reconciliation with literary, artistic or funerary traditions. Undoubtedly, whatever the role of these figurines, they were considered important objects in everyday life during the Neolithic period, such as pottery, stone tools and other "utilitarian" objects, and important objects, especially in religious and magical activities, during the Bronze Age
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Reusch, Kathryn. ""That which was missing" : the archaeology of castration." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b8118fe7-67cb-4610-9823-b0242dfe900a.

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Castration has a long temporal and geographical span. Its origins are unclear, but likely lie in the Ancient Near East around the time of the Secondary Products Revolution and the increase in social complexity of proto-urban societies. Due to the unique social and gender roles created by castrates’ ambiguous sexual state, human castrates were used heavily in strongly hierarchical social structures such as imperial and religious institutions, and were often close to the ruler of an imperial society. This privileged position, though often occupied by slaves, gave castrates enormous power to affect governmental decisions. This often aroused the jealousy and hatred of intact elite males, who were not afforded as open access to the ruler and virulently condemned castrates in historical documents. These attitudes were passed down to the scholars and doctors who began to study castration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, affecting the manner in which castration was studied. Osteometric and anthropometric examinations of castrates were carried out during this period, but the two World Wars and a shift in focus meant that castrate bodies were not studied for nearly eighty years. Recent interest in gender and sexuality in the past has revived interest in castration as a topic, but few studies of castrate remains have occurred. As large numbers of castrates are referenced in historical documents, the lack of castrate skeletons may be due to a lack of recognition of the physical effects of castration on the skeleton. The synthesis and generation of methods for more accurate identification of castrate skeletons was undertaken and the results are presented here to improve the ability to identify castrate skeletons within the archaeological record.
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Van, Dijk Evert. "Socio-economic relations between the Ancient Near East and East Africa during the Old Testament era." Diss., 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1536.

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This dissertation deals with a holistic and multidisciplinary approach to the socio-economic relations between the Ancient Near East and East Africa during the Old Testament period. In my opinion this multidisciplinary approach by using inter alia Biblical Archaeology, History and Economics has the potential to offer various comprehensive opportunities for the analysis and discussion of such socio-economic relationships. For example, the relationship between the United Monarchy of Israel and Phoenicia involves the geopolitical, economic and other situations. In the last chapter attempts are made to integrate all the relevant dimensions in a wellfounded conclusion.
Biblical and Ancient Studies
M.A. (Biblical Archaeology)
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Golding, Wendy Rebecca Jennifer. "Perceptions of the serpent in the Ancient Near East : its Bronze Age role in apotropaic magic, healing and protection." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13353.

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In this dissertation I examine the role played by the ancient Near Eastern serpent in apotropaic and prophylactic magic. Within this realm the serpent appears in roles in healing and protection where magic is often employed. The possibility of positive and negative roles is investigated. The study is confined to the Bronze Age in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and Syria-Palestine. The serpents, serpent deities and deities with ophidian aspects and associations are described. By examining these serpents and deities and their roles it is possible to incorporate a comparative element into his study on an intra- and inter-regional basis. In order to accumulate information for this study I have utilised textual and pictorial evidence, as well as artefacts (such as jewellery, pottery and other amulets) bearing serpent motifs.
Old Testament & Ancient Near Eastern Studies
M.A. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)
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Books on the topic "Civilization and archeology of the ancient Near East"

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A, Sabloff Jeremy, ed. Ancient civilizations: The Near East and Mesoamerica. Prospect Heights, Ill: Waveland Press, 1987.

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A, Sabloff Jeremy, ed. Ancient civilizations: The Near East and Mesoamerica. 2nd ed. Prospect Heights, Ill: Waveland Press, 1995.

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Ancient civilizations of the Near East and Mediterranean. London: Cassell, 1997.

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Ancient Near East, a life!: Festschrift Karel Van Lerberghe. Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters en Departement Oosterse Studies, 2012.

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A companion to the archaeology of the ancient Near East. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

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Piers, Vitebsky, and Lothian Alan, eds. Epics of early civilization: Myths of the ancient near East. Amsterdam: Time-Life Books BV, 1998.

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The ancient Orient: An introduction to the study of the ancient Near East. Grand Rapids, Mich: W.B. Eerdmans, 1994.

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J, Rhodes P., ed. Selected papers in Greek and Near Eastern History. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

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John, Haywood. The Encyclopedia of ancient civilizations of the Near East and Mediterranean. Armonk, N.Y: Sharpe Reference, 1997.

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Roaf, Michael. Cultural atlas of Mesopotamia and the ancient near East. Oxford: Equinox, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Civilization and archeology of the ancient Near East"

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"Jiroft and “Jiroft-Aratta”: A Review Article of Yousef Madjidzadeh, Jiroft: The Earliest Oriental Civilization." In Archaeology, Artifacts and Antiquities of the Ancient Near East, 485–522. BRILL, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004236691_016.

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McCants, William F. "Gifts of the Gods: The Origins of Civilization in Ancient Near Eastern and Greek Mythology." In Founding Gods, Inventing Nations. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691151489.003.0002.

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In order to see how the Greek, Roman, and Arab conquests of the Near East shaped the conqueror's and conquered's understanding of the origins of civilization, this chapter surveys the region's ancient mythologies before the conquests: Mesopotamian, Iranian, Egyptian, Greek, and Hebrew (the surviving Hurrian, Hittite, and Canaanite texts do not treat the subject). In Mesopotamian, Iranian, and Egyptian myths, gods create civilization ex nihilo and gave it to humans, sometimes through special human or semihuman interlocutors. The arts and sciences they create are almost always beneficial, and their point of origin is usually associated with cities, not with peoples. The genres of texts surveyed are also heterogeneous because of the ways that culture myths from the different ancient societies survived.
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McCants, William F. "The Beneficent Sky God: Cultural History in the Qur’an." In Founding Gods, Inventing Nations. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691151489.003.0003.

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This chapter considers the Qur'an's interpretation of the origins of civilization. When the Arabs conquered the Near East, they shared with their subjects (mainly Jews and Christians) the notion that civilization had arisen as a consequence of Adam's fall. But in contrast to the Hebrew Bible, the Qur'an portrays the rise of civilization positively and makes God its prime mover, much like the gods of ancient Near Eastern myths. There are at least two reasons for this difference. First, Muhammad draws on noncanonical biblical scripture and storytelling that link God, angels, and chosen human interlocutors to the development of beneficial arts and sciences. Second, Muhammad draws on some version of these texts (perhaps oral) to prove his argument that God is the source of all civilization, an argument influenced by late-antique thought on divine providence. He makes this argument to justify either proselytizing among or conquest of non-Muslims, who have forgotten the source of civilization and thus deserve to lose it.
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Tolan, John, Gilles Veinstein, and Henry Laurens. "General Introduction." In Europe and the Islamic World, translated by Jane Marie Todd. Princeton University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691147055.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter argues that, far from being a “clash” of two rival civilizations, the Muslim world and Europe (or the West) were in reality two branches of a single “Islamo-Christian” civilization, with deep roots in a common religious, cultural, and intellectual heritage: the civilization of the ancient Mediterranean and the Near East, biblical revelation, and Greek and Hellenistic science and philosophy. This common heritage had grown stronger over fifteen centuries, thanks to the uninterrupted exchange of goods, persons, and ideas. The forms of contact were continuous and extremely varied: wars, conquests, reconquests, diplomacy, alliances, commerce, marriages, the slave trade, translations, technological exchanges, and imitation and emulation in art and culture. Far from marginal curiosities within the history of the European and Muslim peoples, these contacts have profoundly marked them both.
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Booker, Vaughn A. "“Royal Ancestry”." In Lift Every Voice and Swing, 109–36. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479892327.003.0005.

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This chapter discusses the popular methods of African American scriptural interpretation that formed the early religious context that Duke Ellington represented through his jazz artistry. In these biblical interpretations, African American Protestants in the twentieth century’s early decades read the Hebrew and Christian scriptures in concert with constructing their own history as descendants of the African continent. Ellington brought into his musical profession a relationship to the Bible as a sacred African document that portrayed African and black people as the great founders of ancient civilizations and as contributors to the foundation of modern civilization. By publishing and promoting books on history and biblical interpretation, writing editorials, answering reader questions in regular black press columns, staging pageants, and even through long- and short-form jazz compositions, middle-class black Protestants, along with black academics who studied ancient North Africa, the Near East, and East Africa, invested their intellectual and artistic energy into racializing sacred Hebrew figures and sacralizing non-Hebrew peoples as venerable contributors to the development of religion. These Afro-Protestant racializations of sacred texts and ancient religions, alongside their sacralizations of African identity, involved their embrace of both monotheisms and polytheisms.
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McCants, William F. "“The Sciences of the Ancients”: Speculation on the Origins of Philosophy, Medicine, and the Exact Sciences." In Founding Gods, Inventing Nations. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691151489.003.0006.

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This chapter discusses the attempts to explain the origins of science, philosophy, and medicine. In classical Greece, medicine and philosophy were held to be Greek inventions, whereas the mathematical, or exact, sciences were believed to have originated in the ancient Near East, usually Egypt or Babylon. In the Hellenistic and Roman periods, the “barbarian” nations also laid claim to medicine and philosophy, with some Greek and Roman agreement. Jews in particular focused on philosophy when advancing their claims to civilizational priority rather than laying claim to the other sciences or civilization in general. This was for at least two reasons. First, soon after Alexander's conquests, Greeks promulgated the image of Jews as a philosophical race; when Greek and Roman authors later started to portray Jews as misanthropic outsiders, Jewish scholars sought to reinforce the earlier positive, transconfessional image. Second, once the Hebrew Bible was translated into Greek, Greek-speaking Jews could read their scriptures and note parallels with Greek philosophy.
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Melman, Billie. "Ur." In Empires of Antiquities, 159–90. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824558.003.0006.

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Chapter 5 focuses on Ur, Tell al-Muqayyar, in southern Iraq, and the discovery and popularization, after the First World War, of Sumerian civilization, largely unknown until then. Excavated between 1922 and 1934 by an Anglo-American expedition directed by Leonard Woolley, the most prominent public archaeologist of the Near East between the wars, Ur became a spectacle of a distant antiquity that was related to modernity. The discovery of Ur’s cemeteries, studied here, competed with the contemporary exposure of the tomb of Tutankhamun. The chapter considers Ur’s appeal as an “antique modern”, combining the drawing power of the biblical paradigm manifested in the identification between Ur, Abraham, and the birth of Abrahamic religions, and the appeal of the material riches discovered in the cemeteries, extracted from their place of origin and displayed in metropolitan museums and venues, a process which the chapter recovers. Represented as an Ur-culture, the place of origin of Near Eastern and world civilizations, older than Egypt, Ur was modernized and envisioned as the hub of a global ancient world, a vision that matched mandate notions about the development of Iraq. At the same time, evidence of live burials at the cemeteries was connected to mass killing during the First World War and the commemoration of the war dead. In addition to written, archival, and published sources, the chapter makes use of a wealth of visual representations, including aerial photography, illustrations, and archaeological objects.
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