Relevant bibliographies by topics / Civilization, South American

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Civilization, South American'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Civilization, South American"

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Heršak, Emil, and Nenad Vidaković. "Caral – najstarija južnoamerička civilizacija." Radovi Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest Filozofskoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu 50, no. 2 (2018): 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17234/radovizhp.50.18.

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Pei, GAO. "Stella’s Choice - Re-read A Streetcar Named Desire." Studies in English Language Teaching 8, no. 4 (September 18, 2020): p10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v8n4p10.

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Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire reveals Blanche’s tragic fate in the period of social change from the perspective of sexual conflict, and reveals the contest between the declining traditional civilization of the South and the emerging industrial civilization in American history. The play renders symbolism to show incisively and vividly the collision between the industrial civilization of the north and the planting civilization of the south, as well as the collision between personal fantasy and the reality of that time. In order to highlight the theme better, the writer skillfully uses various symbolic techniques to make the tragic fate of the heroine full of strong appeal, thus successfully deducing the tragedy of the fall of modern society.
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Sirohi, Rashmi. "In Trail of the Clash of two Civilizations." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 8, no. 9 (September 28, 2020): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v8i9.10767.

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Nature is full of mysteries which compel one to explore the hidden passages. The passionate urge might take a traveller into the deepest corners of forgotten lands which have truths to be unraveled. Each and every space dynamics has its own temporality and ideological framework which shapes the entire course of ones ideas. The paper will talk about the travelling account of Che Guevara captured in his memoir The Motorcycle Diaries. The book traces the early travels of this Marxist revolutionary. The idea behind is to mark the curvature of topological transformation and its impact on the ideological framework of a person. The paper will explore the interconnections and impact of different spaces encountered during a travel and the nature of discourse which develops during such explorations. Ideas have a disposition to travel with the moving discourse where the architectural domain shapes the outline of the traveller’s thought process. Here Che Guevara’s trip through South America will portray the flow of ideas through different spaces formulating the base for his revolutionary ideas. Through the account of Francisco Pizarro during the conquest of Incan civilization and through the impact of this event on the civilization as a collective whole, the paper will attempt to analyze the ethical curvature of two distinct civilizations, namely the Incan and the Christian Imperial West. The conquest of the South American continent and the consequent clash was cataclysmic, as the socio-economic subversion is still embedded almost non- retrievably deep in terms of its collateral. The paper will include “Heights of Machu Picchu” by Pablo Neruda which again is set during his travelling account to Machu Picchu, which is the marker of a lost civilization where the distorted architecture echoes the richness and the loss at the same time.
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Turner, Michael J. "British Sympathy for the South during the American Civil War and Reconstruction." Church History and Religious Culture 97, no. 2 (2017): 195–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18712428-09702002.

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This article focuses on some of the religious factors that shaped the pro-Southern lobby in Britain during the American Civil War and Reconstruction. British opinion cannot be explained only in terms of class and party. In exploring other determinants, the ideas and activities of wealthy High Churchman and Conservative politician Beresford Hope offer promising avenues of inquiry, for Hope saw in the American Union, and Southern secession, a religious dimension, represented most clearly in the Episcopal Church. To the more familiar (to historians) reasons why the South gained support in Britain—relating to economic and political interests—Hope added a deeper commitment arising from a sense of cultural affinity (the “Englishness” of the South) and from religious conviction (to him the Church, and indeed Christianity, seemed stronger in the South than in the North). This indicates a belief that Britain and the South were bound together by common Christian civilization.
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Pérez Godoy, Fernando. "The Co-creation of Imperial Logic in South American Legal History." Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d’histoire du droit international 21, no. 4 (December 18, 2019): 485–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718050-12340119.

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Abstract This study is part of the current trend of expanding ‘histories of international law’. From a regional perspective, I analyse not just the South American dimension of the process known as the ‘universalization of international law science’, but also focus on the ‘ideological use’ of ius gentium europaeum in the debate on the occupation of indigenous territories governing by the nation Mapuche in the south of Chile (1861–1883) and then the discussion on the legitimacy of the Saltpeter War between Chile and the Bolivian-Peruvian Alliance (1879–1884). I argue that the Chilean national legal discourse applied a core argument of nineteenth-century international law to legitimize its foreign policy in those conflicts: ‘the standard of civilization’. Thus, it is possible to speak about a domestic recreation of imperial logic as part of the globalization of the European law of nations in the nineteenth century.
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ARENSON, ADAM. "Anglo-Saxonism in the Yukon: The Klondike Nugget and American-British Relations in the ““Two Wests,”” 1898––1901." Pacific Historical Review 76, no. 3 (August 1, 2007): 373–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2007.76.3.373.

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During the Klondike Gold Rush, Americans and Britons connected their joint local experiences with the simultaneous colonial conquests in Cuba, the Philippines, South Africa, and China through the ideology of Anglo-Saxonism. From 1898 to 1901 Dawson's newspapers, memoirs, correspondence, and commercial photography demonstrated the power of this symbolic language of flags and balls, heated rhetoric and dazzling cartoons. The Klondike Nugget, the first newspaper in town and the only one run by Americans, took up the claims of global Anglo-Saxonism with the most fervor, although its sentiments were often echoed in the Canadian-edited Dawson Daily News. Differences re-emerged, especially over the boundary between Alaska and Canada, but this brief episode remained deeply imprinted in narratives of the ““two Wests””——both of the North American frontier West and the West as Anglo-Saxon civilization——told at the turn of the twentieth century.
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DE OLIVEIRA, BERNARDO JEFFERSON. "Science in The Children's Encyclopedia and its appropriation in the twentieth century in Latin America." BJHS Themes 3 (2018): 105–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bjt.2018.4.

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AbstractIn the early twentieth century, encyclopedias addressed to children and youths became special reference works concerning science and technology education. In search of greater comprehension of this historical process, I analyse The Children's Encyclopedia’s representation of science and technology, and how it was re-edited by the North American publishing company that bought its copyrights and promoted its circulation in several countries. Furthermore, I examine how its contents were appropriated in its translations into Portuguese and Spanish, which circulated in Latin America in the first half of the twentieth century. The comparison between the different versions reveals that the writings of science and technology are practically the same, with significant changes only in literature and in the approach of historical and geographical themes. I then argue that, even keeping the scientific contents virtually unchanged, these versions of the encyclopedia gave it a new meaning, because of the contexts in which they circulated. Finally, I show how the appropriations of the encyclopedia contributed to the promotion of scientific values and technological innovation as the core development and as a model of civilization for South American nations.
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JONES, JEANNETTE EILEEN. "“The Negro's Peculiar Work”: Jim Crow and Black Discourses on US Empire, Race, and the African Question, 1877–1900." Journal of American Studies 52, no. 2 (May 2018): 330–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875817001931.

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In 1887, T. Thomas Fortune published an editorial, “The Negro's Peculiar Work,” in the black newspaper theNew York Freeman, wherein he reflected on a recent keynote speech delivered by Reverend J. C. Price on 3 January in Columbia, South Carolina, to commemorate Emancipation Day. Price, a member of the Zion Wesley Institute of the AME Zion Church, hailed from North Carolina and his denomination considered him to be “the most popular and eloquent Negro of the present generation.” On the occasion meant to reflect on the meaning of the Emancipation Proclamation (which went into effect on 1 January 1863) for present-day African Americans, Price turned his gaze away from the US towards Africa. In his speech “The American Negro, His Future, and His Peculiar Work” Price declared that African Americans had a duty to redeem Africans and help them take back their continent from the Europeans who had partitioned it in 1884–85. He railed,The whites found gold, diamonds, and other riches in Africa. Why should not the Negro? Africa is their country. They should claim it: they should go to Africa, civilize those Negroes, raise them morally, and by education show them how to obtain wealth which is in their own country, and take the grand continent as their own.Price's “Black Man's Burden” projected American blacks as agents of capitalism, civilization, and Christianity in Africa. Moreover, Price suggested that African American suffering under slavery, failed Reconstruction, and Jim Crow placed them in a unique position to combat imperialism. He was not alone in seeing parallels between the conditions of “Negroes” on both sides of the Atlantic. Many African Americans, Afro-Canadians, and West Indians saw imperialism in Africa as operating according to Jim Crow logic: white Europeans would subordinate and segregate Africans, while economically exploiting their labor to bring wealth to Europe.
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Ventura, Theresa. "“I Am Already Annexed”: Ramon Reyes Lala and the Crafting of “Philippine” Advocacy for American Empire." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 19, no. 3 (June 4, 2020): 426–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781420000092.

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AbstractThis article reconstructs the American career of the Manila-born author Ramon Reyes Lala. Lala became a naturalized United States citizen shortly before the War of 1898 garnered public interest in the history and geography of the Philippines. He capitalized on this interest by fashioning himself into an Oxford-educated nationalist exiled in the United States for his anti-Spanish activism, all the while hiding a South Asian background. Lala's spirited defense of American annexation and war earned him the political patronage of the Republican Party. Yet though Lala offered himself as a ‘model’ Philippine-American citizen, his patrons offered Lala as evidence of U.S. benevolence and Philippine civilization potential shorn of citizenship. His embodied contradictions, then, extended to his position as a producer of colonial knowledge, a racialized commodity, and a representative Filipino in the United States when many in the archipelago would not recognize him as such. Lala's advocacy for American Empire, I contend, reflected an understanding of nationality born of diasporic merchant communities, while his precarious success in the middle-class economy of print and public speaking depended on his deft maneuvering between modalities of power hardening in terms of race. His career speaks more broadly to the entwined and contradictory processes of commerce, race formation, and colonial knowledge production.
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Toumey, Christopher P. "Jemmy Button." Americas 44, no. 2 (October 1987): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007290.

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Jemmy Button was an Indian of Tierra del Fuego who inadvertently inspired four generations of nineteenth-century English missionaries to risk their earthly lives to save his eternal soul. These earnest evangelicals made five expeditions to Jemmy's South American homeland to make Christians of him and his countrymen. One of these ventures was an embarrassing fiasco, another ended in death by starvation, and a third led to a treacherous massacre.This young Indian's unintended influence also touched evolutionary thought. Jemmy Button was a friend and companion to Charles Darwin on the famous voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. Jemmy's versatile personality was intriguing to Darwin. He could be a naked Indian hunter when in Tierra del Fuego, and a foppish English gentleman when in the company of British naval officers. His ability to change like this inspired Darwin's earliest written reflections on the human capacity to progress from savagery to civilization.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Civilization, South American"

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Pena, Marquez Juan Carlos. "Mitu Vaupes : a participação dos indios na construção do urbano na Amazonia." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280925.

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Orientador: Robin Michael Wright
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T17:15:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PenaMarquez_JuanCarlos_D.pdf: 2407702 bytes, checksum: a083560d3c36f122d82919076a4e3dd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008
Resumo: Esta pesquisa visa a descrever o processo histórico e social de desenvolvimento de Mitú como cenário urbano, colocando como eixo a participação dos índios na sua construção e significação. Desde esta realidade particular ¿Mitú, cidade indígena¿ criar as condições para que os atores sociais e culturais da região falem e materializem seus posicionamentos sobre o processo de desenvolvimento regional e da Amazônia. As histórias, as economias, a política, as etnografias e a cartografia social que serão apresentadas, procuram tecer as potencialidades e importância de colocar os atores sociais como sujeitos de pensamento e de ação vitais para as correntes de proteção e sustentabilidade cultural e ambiental da Amazônia. O urbano é um cenário complexo e simbólico, no qual o índio se confronta com a idéia de cidadão, de democracia, de poder e de poderes, produzindo e transformando as identidades. Os distintos fatores que influenciam a construção do urbano indígena não são uma soma de fatores individuais, mas uma nova expressão societária, correspondente à dinâmica social própria da Amazônia
Abstract: This research aims to describe the social and historic Mitu's development process, being an urban center and considering indigenous participation the center of its construction and meaning. From this particular reality ¿Mitú, indigenous city¿ create conditions to the social and cultural actors of this region to talk and materialize your ideas about the regional development process and Amazonian's one. The histories, economy, politics, ethnography and the social cartography which will be presented, wants to weave the potencials and importance of considering the social actors like subjects of vital comprehension and actions to the protection tendences in cultural and ambiental Amazonian sustainability. The urban is a complex and symbolic scenery, in which the indigenan comes across with the idea of citizen, democracy, and power or powers, producing and muting the identities. The distinct factors which influence the indigenous urban construction are not a sum of individual factors, but a new societary expression, corresponding to the social Amazonian dynamic own
Doutorado
Antropologia
Doutor em Ciências Sociais
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Klaus, Haagen D. "Out of Light Came Darkness: Bioarchaeology of Mortuary Ritual, Health, and Ethnogenesis in the Lambayeque Valley Complex, North Coast Peru (AD 900-1750)." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1209498934.

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Lysaght, Veronica L. Lysaght. "Knotted Numbers, Mnemonics, and Narratives: Khipu Scholarship and the Search for the “Khipu Code” throughout the Twentieth and Twenty First Century." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1470331576.

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Jurásek, Miroslav. "Úvahy o globálním řádu po skončení studené války: perspektiva Francise Fukuyamy a Samuela P. Huntingtona." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-201131.

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The times coming with the End of the Cold War were very turbulent. Politicians had to take into the consideration lots of scenarios and the next global trends to make correct decisions. Most of the very numerous visions of the future global order followed more or less the twofold pattern: order or anarchy. "The End of History and the Last Man" and "The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order" written by two prominent American political scientists Francis Fukuyama and Samuel P. Huntington and published at the beginning of the 90s are the most representative works that fit into this pattern. These provocative and controversial theories have been criticized and empirically challenged by many on one side, on the other side it hasn't impeded others to use them as a starting point for their next analyses. This dissertation thesis is a contribution to the debate between the dissenters and the supporters of these theories from a predictive point of view. Through the research theoretical methodology it is argued that the examined theories are still valid even nowadays because their theoretical essence (or hard core in the Lakatosian research program) has not been refuted yet. Nevertheless, the hard core of the theories determines their very specific character which puts forward the importance of the factors labelled in the Lakatosian framework as an external history of a science. These factors organized according to the Mehtas criteria of so called strong idea are, especially in the social sciences, decisive for how a theoretical construct is accepted in a broader non-academic context. It is demonstrated that both theories fulfill all criteria to be very influential in practice, although the idea of clash of civilizations is even more powerful in this respect. The specific features of all theories are illustrated on two case studies: Union of South American Nations and Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Firstly, the selection of these case studies is justified and secondly, the anomalies in terms of the Lakatosian methodology are identified and then explained. There have been found no unexplainable anomalies, which practically confirms the validity of both research programs on one side, on the other side it facilitates a better assessment of the studied theories in a sense of their interpretative scope and possibilities.
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Maxwell, Angela Christine. "A heritage of inferiority: public criticism and the American South." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3957.

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Books on the topic "Civilization, South American"

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Strange kin: Ireland and the American South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005.

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Smith, Jon. Finding purple America: The South and the future of American cultural studies. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 2013.

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The ancient American civilizations. London: Phoenix Press, 2000.

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1953-, Ayers Edward L., ed. Southern crossing: A history of the American South, 1877-1906. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

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Media-made Dixie: The South in the American imagination. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986.

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Reimagining the American Pacific: From South Pacific to Bamboo Ridge and beyond. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000.

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Robert, Taylor William. Cavalier and Yankee: The Old South and American national character. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

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A sphinx on the American land: The nineteenth-century South in comparative perspective. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003.

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Writing the South: Ideas of an American region. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

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Gray, Richard J. Writing the South: Ideas of an American region. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Civilization, South American"

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Stauffer, Adam Q. "Consuming the South Pacific: Charles Warren Stoddard, Foreign Travel, and the Limits of American Cosmopolitanism." In Culture and Civilization, 209–24. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203794166-10.

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"Consuming the South Pacific: Charles Warren Stoddard, Foreign Travel, and the Limits of American Cosmopolitanism." In Culture and Civilization, 209–24. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203794166-15.

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"Continuity and Change in Mississippian Civilization." In Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South. Art Institute of Chicago, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00064.011.

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Holland, Robert. "The Cult of Beauty." In The Warm South, 192–224. Yale University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300235920.003.0006.

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This chapter details British engagement with the Mediterranean from 1890 to 1918. It has been argued that cultural despair was the distinguishing mark of modernism in the British compared to their European and North American counterparts, where a generally upbeat tone was more evident. Since the age of the Grand Tour, a pathology deeply marked by Mediterranean influences had characterized British culture. Thus, it was only logical that this remained true entering the twentieth century, and that despair and a sense of national fragility remained part of the mix. That hallmark characteristic had various roots, but critical to it was a continuing apprehension that the British remained unique as a leading European power in lacking an authentic, mature civilization of their own.
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"Torture and “Modern Civilization”: The NAACP’s Fight against Forced Confessions in the American South (1935–1945)." In Fractured Modernity, 169–90. De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110446746-011.

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Charbonneau, Oliver. "Imagining the Moro." In Civilizational Imperatives, 24–48. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750724.003.0002.

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This chapter explores the ways Americans understood the Muslim South and its inhabitants. It discusses the construction of “the Moro” that arose from eclectic sources, such as translated Spanish books, North American frontier expansion, imperial readings of Islam, ethnographic study, and the cultivation of regional expertise. It identifies governors, district administrators, missionaries, and businessmen-instrumentalized ideas in structures they created in the South. The chapter reviews the establishment of new laws, modernization of Moros through education, introduction of Western forms of market capitalism, and induction of sedentism that became paramount to the colonial state. It explores the production of racial and territorial knowledge on the Philippines' southern frontier.
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Meyer, William B. "Postbellum America." In Americans and Their Weather. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195131826.003.0009.

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One of the earliest historians of the Civil War saw it as a fundamental clash between the peoples of different latitudes. Climate had made the antebellum North and South distinct societies and natural enemies, John W. Draper argued, the one democratic and individualist, the other aristocratic and oligarchical. If such were the case, the future of the reunited states was hardly a bright one. But Draper saw no natural barriers to national unity that wise policy could not surmount. The restlessness and transience of American life that many deplored instead merited, in his view, every assistance possible. In particular, he wrote, Americans needed to be encouraged to move as freely across climatic zones as they already did within them. The tendency of North and South to congeal into hostile types of civilization could be frustrated, but only by an incessant mingling of people. Sectional discord was inevitable only if the natural law that "emigrants move on parallels of latitude" were left free to take its course. These patterns of emigration were left free, for the most part, but without the renewed strife that Draper feared. After the war as before it, few settlers relocating to new homes moved far to the north or south of their points of origin. As late as 1895, Henry Gannett, chief geographer to the U.S. Census, could still describe internal migration as "mainly conducted westward along parallels of latitude." More often as time went on, it was supposed that race and not merely habit underlay the pattern, that climatic preferences were innate, different stocks of people staying in the latitudes of their forbears by the compulsion of biology. Thus, it was supposed, Anglo-Saxons preferred cooler lands than Americans of Mediterranean ancestry, while those of African descent preferred warmer climates than either. Over time, though, latitude loosened its grip and exceptions to the rule multiplied. As the share of the population in farming declined, so did the strongest reason for migrants to stay within familiar climates. Even by the time Gannett wrote, the tendency that he described, though still apparent, was weaker than it had been at mid-century. It weakened because a preference for familiar climates was not a fixed human trait but one shaped by experience and wants, and capable of changing as these variables changed.
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Lindsay, Lisa A. "The Love of Liberty." In Atlantic Bonds: A Nineteenth-Century Odyssey from America to Africa. University of North Carolina Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469631127.003.0004.

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Within months of his arrival in Liberia in 1853, Church Vaughan was able to undertake more of the rights and duties of citizenship than he ever had before. He trained and served with a militia; he received a land grant to establish his own homestead; and he was eligible to vote. Yet Vaughan spent less than three years in Liberia. What motivated him to leave? As this chapter details, Vaughan learned that settler society was in its own way as exclusive and exploitative as the one he had left behind in South Carolina. From the beginnings of American colonization, a series of military battles and lopsided treaties had either displaced local African peoples or else brought them under the “protection” of the Liberian administration, subject to the foreigners’ laws and unfavorable trading agreements. Liberia’s boosters described this process as bringing civilization, especially since one of their goals was to stop slave trading between local leaders and transatlantic purchasers. Yet Liberians’ use of indigenous labor for their own enterprises closely resembled slavery, as some contemporaries pointed out. When presented with the opportunity to leave Liberia—for a place reputed to be roiled by warfare and slave-trading, no less—Vaughan took it.
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Charbonneau, Oliver. "Conclusion." In Civilizational Imperatives, 199–206. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750724.003.0009.

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This chapter mentions Arthur S. Pier, who wrote American Apostles to the Philippines that celebrated many of the men responsible for colonial development in the Muslim South, such as Leonard Wood and John Pershing. It highlights tales of heroic civilizing feats in the book that were accomplished in the face of local resistance and anti-imperialist naysaying. It also mentions the book “The Brethren” that makes a case for U.S. extraterritorial power, which includes an essay exploring U.S. colonialism relative to other empires. The chapter explains how the United States borrowed from and bettered upon European models. It refers to authors that contended trusteeship and decolonization were natural outcomes of a four-decade march toward freedom in the Philippines.
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Targowski, Andrew. "The Future of Civilization." In Information Technology and Societal Development, 395–418. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-004-2.ch017.

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The purpose of this chapter is the investigation whether human civilization has much of a future on the Earth. This investigation is partially based upon research by members of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences (Krakow), conducted in 1998-2002. The discoveries and applications of technology which led to our civilization are impressive. Archaeology and history teach us about it. However, in the Age of information-communication technology, it is apparent that technology may no longer merely support civilization but conquer it. In the past, civilization’s progress was slow. Centuries elapsed with no events meaningful to modern questions. Nowadays, civilization faces an impact from technology so tremendous as to disturb the fragile equilibrium between humans and the ecosystem. This raises many questions in respect of the future of civilization and its ability to survive despite many threats. Therefore, it is worthy to reflect on its future and duration. Can or even must it vanish due to the inevitable end of the solar system? In the short run, let us look at current problems of civilization, a very complex system composed of three components (Figure 17-1): • Human entities • Culture • Infrastructure The development of human civilization, as defined in this study1, has been proceeding as long as humans have lived in organized societies in favorable environments. According to accepted estimates, hominids began to live in the Earth about 6-5 million years ago. The development of more skillful mankind began about 200,000- 150,000 years ago, when modern man, Homo sapiens, was living in South-Eastern Africa2. From this location, Homo sapiens began to move to: South-Western Asia (50,000 years ago), Australia (50,000), Europe (40,000), New Guinea (40,000), Siberia (25,000), and North America (12,000) (Burenhult, 2003a). Modern men began to be more social first as hunter-gatherers, then when the Ice Age ended (-10,000) as farmers and town-dwellers (-9,000). Recorded historic civilization is about 6,000 years old (Burenhult, 2003b) and is associated with the rise of Mesopotamian civilization (includes Sumerian and Semitic people) (4,000 B.C.), followed by Egyptian (3,100 B.C.), Indus (2,500 B.C.), Sinic (1,500 B.C.), and so forth. At the beginning of the 21st century, humans (applying electronic information-communication tools based on unlimited memories and on friendly graphic user interfaces that require huge memories and processing speed) improve their symbols processing capability as humans were 60,000 years ago, when language was formed and decided about human socialization and organization through the rapid development of brain/mind as Homo verbalis2. The next leap took place in about 4,000 B.C. when Homo scriba applied INFOCO- 2 (manuscripts). Nowadays, we deal with the information-communication revolution or INFOCO revolution (Homo electronicus), which is the next challenge for civilization. It leads to the faster development of knowledge and wisdom; on the other hand, it may support projects which may first conquer and later destroy civilization. Does civilization, as a short cosmologic instance, have any chance of survival? Let us reflect on this possibility in the next sections.
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