Journal articles on the topic 'Civilization, to 146 B.C'

The manuscript serves as a window into a nation's civilisation. Manuscripts, also known as "Naskah Kuno" or "Naskah Klasik" in the Malay world, have evolved into important pieces of cultural history that need to be conserved. The purpose of the manuscript is to learn about and comprehend the social conditions of the past and to investigate how culture and science are absorbed, recorded, and repeated. Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) said that science and civilization are products of a variety of factors, including a) the capacity of governments, social structure, and political authority; b) vocations and livelihood opportunities; and c) the development of science and technology.

Ensuring the sustainable development of Russia in a dynamic, controversial and diverse world requires a creative approach on the part of library strategists who are aware of their responsibility for the preservation of cultural heritage and the future development of Russian civilization. Against the background of the creative activity of one of the brightest representatives of the cohort of modern library strategists, Yakov Leonidovich Shrayberg, the dynamics of library strategies in Russia is shown, including their origin, current state and problems of the strategy of the future. Strategy is defined as a prudently designed long-term program of organized action that ensures the effective use of available resources to achieve desired goals. The article considers the formation of the personality of a library strategist in the conditions of the State Public Library for Science and Technology of Russia, which includes two strategic goals: firstly, on the basis of information technologies, to actively promote the growth of the social significance of libraries, increase their contribution to the development of education, science and culture, to the formation of social harmony and political stability; secondly, the preservation of the traditional book and traditional library in the future based on their coexistence with electronic libraries. Depending on the semantic orientation, three types of strategies are distinguished: a) global, solving the problems of all mankind; b) national, covering regionally limited state and socio-ethnic issues; c) sectoral, focused on individual sectors of national production and culture. Relationships between library strategies and other global, national and sectoral strategies are shown. It is concluded that it is necessary to strengthen the humanistic orientation of library strategies.

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to describe Arabic literacy through modern ngalogat in the Islamic thaqafah book.
 Methodology: The research method used is descriptive analysis. To obtain accurate analysis results, this study was conducted in three steps. First, the method of providing data descriptively is carried out by the converse method. The data was taken from a sample of 106 students studying Islamic thaqafah from a population of 300 people in pesantren and colleges in West Java. Second, the analysis used an eclectic approach to the analysis of the content-semiotic language-culture. Third, the presentation of the results of the analysis is conducted in two ways, namely formal and informal. The formal presentation method is in the formulation of rules through signs and symbols, while the informal presentation method is in the form of an ordinary explanation.
 Main Findings: The results of this study are the form of three descriptions and explanations of Arabic literacy and Islamic values ​​in modern civilization. First, it describes and provides solutions to learner's anxiety when reading Arabic texts. Second, describe and provide solutions to cognitive problems in Arabic grammar. Third, describe the importance of Islamic values ​​in a variety of modern literacy.
 Implications/Applications: The implications of Islamic tsaqafah literacy are as follows: a) The area of aqidah Islam-tauhid that is practiced in a good and correct way will help to find the direction and meaning of happiness in the world and the hereafter (akhirah). b) The area of fiqihmu’amalah that is properly practiced will help to fasten the increasing of human life prosperity. c) The area of syirkahsyar’iyyah’s (business cooperation) function is to increase the economic distribution for society.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: Based on the findings of modern literacy on students, the awareness of technology literacy is quite high between 63% and 72%. However, the literacy awareness of information and statistic is still average. This allows too much information in the mass media (internet, WA, Twitter, etc.) that need to be filtered by Islamic tsaqafah. This study has highlighted the literacy difficulties of Islamic thaqafah books through the anxiety scale of reading Arabic texts and also proposed solutions to reading difficulties through ngalogat modernization.

This research aims to: 1) To analyze the form of the Ketipat Kawulu Ceremony Tradition in Hindu Civilization in Mataram City, 2) To describe the function of the Ketipat Kawulu Ceremony Tradition in Hindu Civilization in Mataram City, 3) To analyze the meaning contained in the Ketipat Kawulu Ceremony Tradition in Hindu Civilization in Mataram City. The data collection techniques used in this research are 1) Observation, 2) interviews and 3) Documentation. Furthermore, the theories used to analyze are: 1) Religious Theory, 2) Symbolic Instruction Theory, and 3) Value Theory. The results of this study are: 1) The tradition form of ketipat kaulu ceremony in the civilization of Hindu Society in Mataram City consists of: a) carried out by the Hindu community in Mataram City; b) the place of the ceremony is focused on sanggah/merajan, dadya temple, beach and the nearest temple in Mataram City; c) this ceremony is held on tilem sasih kaulu; d) In this ceremony using banten tipat sirikan; e) Steady belief (sradha bhakti). 2) The function of the Ketipat kawulu Ceremony Tradition in Hindu Civilization in Mataram City, namely: a) Neutralizing negative forces; b) As an Implementation of Vedic Teachings; c) As an Actualization of Panca Yadnya; d) As a Practice of Tri Hita Karana teachings; e) Environmental Preservation. 3) The meanings contained in the implementation of the ketipat kaulu ceremony tradition in the civilization of Hindu society in Mataram City include the following: a) philosophical meaning; b) religious meaning (tattwa); c) social meaning d) cultural meaning; e) welfare meaning.

<p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p class="NoParagraphStyle">This research aimed to obtain the performance of super intensive white shrimp rearing using zero water discharge (ZWD) system. This study consisted of four steps, (1) activation and cultivation of nitrifying bacteria, microalgae <em>C. calcitrans</em> and <em>B. megaterium</em>; (2) acclimatization of Pacific white shrimp PL10 with 30 g/L of salinity and decreasing salinity at 2–3 g/L/day; (3) conditioning of ZWD system; (4) white shrimp rearing in 400 L of tank for ten weeks. The experiment used three treatments, (a) shrimp reared without any addition of microbial agent with water exchange conducted every week as much as10–20% of total rearing volume as control (K); (b) ZWD systems with the applications of nitrifying bacteria, (<em>C. calcitrans</em> and <em>B. megaterium</em>) without water discharge (P1); and (c) ZWD system with the application of microalgae <em>C. calcitrans</em> and <em>B. megaterum</em> without water discharge (P2). According to the results, application of nitrifying bacteria, microalgae <em>C. calcitrans</em> and <em>B. megaterium</em> were able to improve the performance of ZWD system performance of white shrimp rearing at low salinity. In addition, the ZWD system was also able to increase the growth rate and survival rate of shrimp when it compared to control. The best rearing performance was found in ZWD system with application of microalgae <em>C. calcitrans</em> and <em>B. megaterium</em>.</p><p class="NoParagraphStyle"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle">Keywords: <em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em>, ZWD, low salinity, microalgae, nitrification bacteria.</p><p class="NoParagraphStyle"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p class="NoParagraphStyle">Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kinerja budidaya udang putih super intensif bersalinitas rendah menggunakan sistem <em>zero water discharge</em> (ZWD). Penelitian ini terbagi dalam tiga, yaitu (1) aktivasi dan kultur bakteri nitrifikasi, mikroalga <em>C. calcitrans</em> dan <em>B. megaterium</em>; (2) aklimatisasi udang putih PL10 salinitas 30 g/L dan penurunan salinitas 2–3 g/L/hari; (3) pengondisian dari sistem ZWD; (4) pemeliharaan udang putih selama 10 minggu di bak bervolume 400 L. Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga perlakuan ; (a) perlakuan kontrol tanpa penambahan mikroba dan pergantian air setiap minggu sebanyak 10–20% (K) ; (b) sistem ZWD dengan bakteri nitrifikasi, mikroalga <em>C. calcitrans</em> dan <em>B. megaterium</em> tanpa pergantian air (P1); (c) sistem ZWD dengan mikroalga <em>C. calcitrans </em>dan <em>B. megaterum </em>tanpa pergantian air (P2). Berdasarkan hasil yang didapat, aplikasi bakteri nitrifikasi, mikroalga C<em>. calcitrans</em> dan <em>B. megaterum</em> mampu meningkatkan kineja sistem ZWD pada budidaya udang putih <em>L. vannamei </em>bersalinitas rendah. Selain itu, aplikasi bakteri nitrifikasi, mikroalga <em>C. calcitrans</em> dan <em>B. megaterum </em>pada sistem ZWD juga mampu meningkatkan laju pertumbuhan dan sintasan udang putih dibanding dengan kontrol. Kinerja pemeliharaan terbaik dijumpai pada sistem ZWD dengan aplikasi mikroalga <em>C. calcitrans</em> dan <em>B. megaterum</em>.</p><p class="NoParagraphStyle"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle">Kata kunci: bakteri nitrifikasi, <em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em>, mikroalga, salinitas rendah, ZWD </p>

This study aims to increase understanding of French Culture in French Civilization subject at French Language Education Study Program, Faculty of Language and Arts at one of state Universities in North Sumatera using Adobe Captivate Software. A classroom action research design was implemented in this study to find out the understanding increase of french culture of 48 students. There were two cycles in process ofcollecting the data with four steps in each cycle: observation, planning, action, and reflection. The pre test results show that the number of students who got A (90 – 100) as much16.7%, B (80-90) as much 31%, C (70-80) 45,8%, and D (60-70) as much 6,3%. In the first cycle, the number of students who got A (90 – 100) amount31%, B (80-90) amount 45,8%, C (70-80) amount 23%. The second cycle, the number of students who got A (90 – 100) as much42%, B (80-90) as much 58%. In the post test, the number of students who got A (90 – 100) amount 79% and b (80-90)amount 21%, it means that declined 100% who got C, D, or E. Therefore, this study show that Adobe Captivate Software was very effective to use in increasing student’s understanding in french culture. Therefore, Adobe Captivate Softwareis highly recommended using in any subjects, and it can be applied to other research.

Adamantyl-1,3,4-oxathiazol-2-one has been prepared for the first time and from it 1-adamantyl nitrile sulphide has been generated. Characterisation data are presented, including the X-Ray crystal structure of the oxathiazolone. (Crystal data for C12H15NO2S: monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 11.334(2) Å,b = 7.344(1) Å, c = 14.373(2) Å,β = 107.74(1)°, V = 1139.5(3) Å3, Z = 4, R = 0.042). The planar heterocyclic ring is similar to structures observed in the gas phase for other oxathiazolone derivatives. The nitrile sulphide was reacted with dimethyl-acetylene dicarboxylate in situ to give an isothiazole derivative. The X-Ray crystal structure of 3-adamantyl-4,5-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-isothiazole has been obtained. (Crystal data for C17H21NO4S: monoclinic, space group P21/n, a = 7.305(4) Å, b = 7.339(4) Å, c = 31.552(4) Å, β = 92.75(3)°, V = 1690(1) Å3, Z = 4, R = 0.079). A general cycloaddition reaction was discovered between the nitrile sulphides and thiazyl chloride to give 1,2,3,5-dithiadiazolium chlorides. The structure of the new 4-adamantyl-1,2,3,5-dithiadiazolium chloride was confirmed by reduction to the 4-adamantyl-1,2,3,5-dithiadiazolyl for which the X-Ray crystal structure has been determined. (Crystal data for C11H15N2S2: monoclinic, space group C2, a = 10.284(4) Å, b = 8.651(2) Å, c = 13.669(2) Å, β = 112.83(1)°, V = 1120.9(4) Å3, Z = 4, R = 0.042). The radical adopts a twisted dimer structure in the solid state which is similar to the structures observed for other alkyl derivatives.

The objectives of study were to identify and assess the amino acid diversity of Cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene, genetic marker and characteristic of specific amino acid in Kacang and Ettawa Grade goat. Nineteen heads of Kacang goat (KG) and twelve heads of Ettawa Grade goat (EG) were purposively sampled. The genomic DNA was isolated by Genomic DNA Mini Kit (Geneaid) and amplified Cyt b using PCR method with CytbCapF and CytbCapR primers and was sequenced. The results showed that there were two specific amino acids that distinguish KG and EG goat with C. hircus and C. aegagrus and four specific amino acids that distinguish KG and EG goat with C. falconeri, but there were no specific amino acids can be used as a genetic marker to distinguish between Kacang and EG goat. In conclusion, specific amino acids in Cyt b gene can be used as a genetic marker among KG and EG goat with 3 goat others comparator.

Background: Liver cirrhosis is a pathological condition describes the end-stage of liver fibrosis. On liver damage may occur impaired glucose metabolism such as insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. The correlation between chronic liver diseases with impaired glucose metabolism has been known as hepatogenous diabetes. Albumin levels were significantly affected by poorly controlled blood glucose seen from the high HbA1c. This study aims to determine correlation of serum albumin level and fasting blood glucose level in patients with liver cirrhosis.Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 52 patients with liver cirrhosis in Gastroentero-hepatology Clinic and Inpatients, Hasan Sadikin Hospital. The study was conducted from February to June 2013. History taking, physical examination and laboratory tests including liver function tests and fasting blood glucose were performed. Data were analyzed using Spearman rank test for the correlation.Results: There were 31 (59.6%) males and 21 (40.4%) females with mean age 53.4 ± 12.8 years. The mean serum albumin was 2.7 ± 0.5 g/dL and median fasting blood glucose was 100 (66-195) mg/dL. Etiology of liver cirrhosis was hepatitis B virus infection 28 (51.9%), hepatitis C virus infection 16 (30.8%) and non viral hepatitis B and C infection 9 (17.3%). Severity of cirrhosis scored using child turcotte pugh (CTP) which was 43 (82.7%) of CTP B and 9 (17.3%) of CTP C. There was statistically significant correlation between albumin level and fasting blood glucose with ρ = -0.630 and p 0.01.Conclusion: In patients with liver cirrhosis have low serum albumin level correlates with high fasting blood glucose. Keywords: cirrhosis, albumin, fasting blood glucose

Objective: To assess the level of knowledge regarding hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV among general public of peripheralareas of Multan. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Peripheral areas of Multan, village Budhla Sunnat, kusba Ayazabad Marrhaland PMRC Research Centre Nishtar Medical College Multan. Duration of study: From 01.05.2007 to 30.04.2008. Subjects and methods:Medical camps were established in peripheral areas of Multan, village Budhla Sunnat and kusba Ayazabad Marrhal. It was a cross-sectionalstudy which was carried out using non-probability convenient sampling technique. Subjects of both sexes and adult age attending these medicalcamps were included in the study. Informed consent was taken and confidentiality of the personal information was ensured. Specially designedProforma was filled in by the Research Officers and data entered in SPSS-11 and analyzed. Results: Three hundred and eight subjects wereinterviewed. The age of subjects varied from 15-70 years. The mean age was 37.06 years ± 15.59 years. Two hundred and twenty three (72.4%) were familiar with hepatitis B, 196 (63.6%) with hepatitis C and 146 (47.4%) with HIV and 133 (43.2%) were familiar with all three viruseswhile 81 (26.5%) were unfamiliar with these viruses. Most of the subjects 93 (30.2%) knew about the transmission through injection by unsterilizedsyringes, 90 (29.2%) were knowing that infected blood is important source of spread while 87 (28.2%) of the subjects were knowingthat these are spread through infected razors, 84 (27.2%) were knowing unsafe sex as a mode of transmission. Sharing objects can be thesource of spread was known to very less number of people, 9 (2.9%) were aware that these can spread through sharing infected tooth brushes,7 (2.3%) with sharing infected "Miswaks" and only 3 (1 %) were aware that these can spread through infected combs. Electronic media was themajor source of knowledge 82 (26.6%), interpersonal communication 69 (22.4%) and newspapers in only 1 (0.3%). Conclusion: knowledgeabout hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV is low in our study population. The results of the study have shown that many people still think that

The structure of the novel mixed-phosphine complex mer(PMe3)-trans(PEt3)(PPri3)H-trans-Cl2IrIII has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis at 146±3 K. Crystals are monoclinic, space group P 21/c, with a 7·414(4), b 15·073(3), c 9·796(2) Å, β 97·46(1) and Z 4. Structure refinement by constrained (2xC-C distances) full-matrix least-squares analysis (2378 unique reflections, 217 parameters) converged with R 0·049 and ωR 0·055. The PPri3 ligand is face-to-face configured with the unique Pri group eclipsing the hydride ligand. The PEt3 ligand is asymmetrically configured with Ir-P-C-C torsion angles 174, –72 and –146°. Metal{ligand distances are: Ir{P(1,2,3) 2·366(4), 2·372(4), 2·306(4) Å; Ir-Cl(1,2) 2·386(4), 2·372(4) Å. The P-Ir-P(trans) angle is 157·2(1)°.

Abstract Previous study has shown that reduced T cell response to peptide alpha 146-162 of Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor (tAChR) in B6.C-H-2bm12 (bm12) mice, a mutant of C57BL/6 (B6) mice, correlated with its nonsusceptiblity to experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. There are three amino acid differences between the I-A beta b of the two strains (positions 67, 70, and 71). We synthesized peptides I-A beta b62-76 (peptide b6), I-A beta bm1262-76 (peptide bm), and three additional peptides, b6(67F), b6(70Q), and b6(71K), and determined their ability to bind peptide alpha 146-162 and the dissociation constants (Kd) of the binding. Peptide alpha 146-162 bound with a significantly higher affinity to peptide b6 than to peptides bm or b6(71K), suggesting that the lower affinity of peptide alpha 146-162 to I-Abm12 is a factor in the reduced response to this peptide by bm12 T cells. This was confirmed by measurement of the Kd values of the binding of peptide alpha 146-162 to the I-A molecules of B6 and bm12. Furthermore, APC of bm12 presented the peptide, or tAChR, poorly to peptide-specific or to tAChR-specific B6 T cells. The major effect is caused by the change of Thr-71 in I-A beta b to lysine in I-A beta bm12. However, APC of B6 also presented peptide alpha 146-162 much less efficiently to peptide-specific T cells of bm12. This demonstrated that these three amino acid changes also influence the T cell receptor recognition of peptide-MHC complex and that both B6 and bm12 T cells recognizing peptide alpha 146-162 or tAChR are under a high H-2 restriction.

The aims of our study are to determine the knowledge, attitude and practices of hepatitis B and C among house officers. A structured self-administered questionnaire was used to check out the knowledge, attitude, and practices towards personal protective measures taken by house officers to prevent hepatitis B and C. We used a pre-testified questionnaire used before for the examination of Hepatitis B and C. A total of 150 house officers were included in the study wa a mean age of 22.5 ± 0.082 years. Almost all the house officers 146 (97.3%) heard about hepatitis B virus infection. half of the house officers 79 (52.7%) never participated in health education program. The present study showed that house officers have good knowledge about the gravity of the disease but lacks the deep information specially regarding its transmission and preventive measures. Keywords: Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, House officers

Rainbow kurumoi (Melanotaenia parva) merupakan salah satu ikan endemik Indonesia yang berasal dari Danau Kurumoi, Papua. Ikan ini merupakan salah satu komoditas potensial untuk perdagangan ikan hias. Akan tetapi, pemenuhan permintaan ikan rainbow masih mengandalkan hasil tangkapan alam. Rekayasa lingkungan diperlukan untuk meningkatkan produksi ikan rainbow ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui warna wadah yang sesuai untuk optimalisasi pemeliharaan larva ikan rainbow kurumoi. Perlakuan dalam penelitian ini adalah: A) warna wadah merah; B) warna wadah biru; dan C) warna wadah hijau. Larva dipelihara dalam wadah volume 4 L dengan kepadatan 20 ekor/L selama 28 hari. Pakan yang diberikan berupa infusoria, Rotifer, Artemia, dan Moina secara bertahap dengan metode ad libitum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa larva yang diberikan perlakuan beda warna wadah tidak berbeda nyata (P>0,05) terhadap pertumbuhan dan sintasan. Perlakuan A (warna wadah merah) menunjukkan laju pertumbuhan spesifik panjang tertinggi yaitu sebesar 2,2 ± 0,1%/hari; dilanjutkan perlakuan B (2,1 ± 0,7%/hari); dan terakhir perlakun C (1,8 ± 0,7%/hari). Untuk laju pertumbuhan spesifik berat pada perlakuan A sebesar 6,7 ± 1,2%/hari; diikuti perlakuan C (6,4 ± 0,3%/hari) dan perlakuan B (5,5 ± 1,6%/hari). Perkembangan sirip sudah lengkap pada umur 27 hari setelah menetas dengan panjang total tubuh (TL) berkisar antara 8,0-8,6 mm.Rainbow kurumoi (Melanotaenia parva) is one of endemic fish from Kurumoi Lake, Papua, Indonesia. The fish is considered one of the potential commodities in the ornamental fish market. However, to supply the demand for rainbow fish still relies on wild capture. Environmental manipulation is needed to improve the production of rainbow fish. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of tank color on the growth of kurumoi rainbow larvae. The treatments in this study were: A) red; B) blue; and C) green tanks. The larvae were reared in the 4 L volume tanks with a density of 20 ind./L for 28 days. The larvae were fed, in stages, with infusoria, Rotifer, Artemia, and Moina with ad libitum method. The results showed that the red tank (A) had the highest specific growth rate of length (2.2 ± 0.1%/day) followed by blue (B) (2.1 ± 0.7%/day) and green (C) (1.8 ± 0.7%/day) tanks. The red tank (A) had the highest specific weight growth rate (6.9 ± 1.2%/day) followed by the green (C) (6.4 ± 0.3%/day) and the lowest was blue (B) (5.5± 1.6%/day) tanks. The larvae maintained in the red tanks showed brighter color than that of the other two tanks. The fins development has completed on 27 days after hatching (8.0-8.6 mm TL) [ FOR WHICH TANK]. This research indicates that the tank colors do not have any influence on the growth and survival (P>0.05) of rainbow kurumoi larvae.

In this experiment, we assessed the germination and vigor of quinoa seeds packed in paper bags and stored at room temperature for 36, 85, 119, 146, 177 and 270 days. The seeds were harvested under experimental conditions in Marechal Candido Rondon, Paraná, during the 2012/13 growing seasons. Four replicates of 100 seeds each were established for each storage time, and the seeds were evaluated, on paper, based on the BOD under the following experimental temperature conditions: alternating temperatures of 20 and 30°C and a constant temperature of 25°C. The seeds from both treatments were subject to seven-hour photoperiods and 25°C under continuous darkness. The germinated seeds were counted daily for eight days after sowing, and we evaluated the percentages of normal and abnormal seedlings and the germination index. The experimental design was completely randomized using a split-plot design. Increasing the storage time decreased the percentage of germinated seeds and seed vigor due to the increased number of abnormal seedlings. Over the 430-day study period, quinoa seed germination completely declined under the experimental conditions. The final number of germinating seeds should be evaluated 7 days after the beginning of the germination test.

Clouds become an important part of human life and are studied in several disciplines in the form of important analyses in some applications. Examples of application of cloud analysis on solar panels or photovoltaics, accurate weather forecasts, accuracy of rainfall predictions, application in the field of meteorology, imaging of the sky in some cases, air humidity survey, and the case of turbulence on Aircraft caused by clouds cumulonimbus. The structure and shape of the clouds are continuously changing, becoming an interesting part to detect. The cloud detection process can be done by taking several samples of imagery from the cloud and the image processing process is done. Most research processes RGB cloud imagery into HSV cloud imagery, Some research using the image detection method of flying apply the channel's convolution R-B, R/B, ????−????????+????, dan chroma C = max(R, G, B)-min(R, G, B). Gamma correction has an efficient characteristic of storing and dividing imagery by small bits, thus the study proposed an image detection development using automatic gamma correction, with ground truth being Image data from SWIMSEG Nanyang Technological University Singapore. The proposed method in the proposed study obtained a precision value and better computing time with a precision value of 0.93 and a computational time of 0.71 sec.

Walley, F. L., Gillespie, A. W., Adetona, A. B., Germida, J. J. and Farrell, R. E. 2014. Manipulation of rhizosphere organisms to enhance glomalin production and C-sequestration: Pitfalls and promises. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1025–1032. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) reportedly produce glomalin, a glycoprotein that has the potential to increase soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage. We hypothesized that interactions between rhizosphere microorganisms, such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and AMF, would influence glomalin production. Our objectives were to determine the effects of AMF/PGPR interactions on plant growth and glomalin production in the rhizosphere of pea (Pisum sativum L.) with the goal of enhancing C and N storage in the rhizosphere. One component of the study focussed on the molecular characterization of glomalin and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) using complementary synchrotron-based N and C X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry (Py-FIMS), and proteomics techniques to characterize specific organic C and N fractions associated with glomalin production. Our research ultimately led us to conclude that the proteinaceous material extracted, and characterized in the literature, as GRSP is not exclusively of AMF origin. Our research supports the established concept that GRSP is important to soil quality, and C and N storage, irrespective of origin. However, efforts to manipulate this important soil C pool will remain compromised until we more clearly elucidate the chemical nature and origin of this resource.

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan sekolah yang dilaksanakan dalam 4 siklus. Tiap siklus melalui penatahapan perencanaan, tindakan, observasi dan refleksi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah : 1) Mendeskripsikan peranan supervisi teknik DRK dalam upaya meningkatkan kemampuan profesional para guru; 2) Memberikan arahan atau pedoman baik kepala sekolah dalam melaksanakan tugasnya sebagai supervisor sekolah dalam membina guru dan staf sekolah agar dapat meningkatkan kemampuan dan profesinya secara berdaya guna dan berhasil guna. Hasil penelitian ini adalah adanya peningkatan kemampuan profesional guru SLB B-C Santi Mulia Surabaya melalui penerapan supervisi teknik DRK. Hal ini ditandai adanya peningkatan kategori kemampuan profesional guru dalam setiap siklusnya yaitu pada siklus I berada pada kategori kurang dan pada siklus terakhir meningkat dan berada pada kategori tinggi.

Basiria gracilis is redescribed from North West Province, South Africa, associated with willow (Salix sp.), which is a dominant ornamental tree species in the province. B. gracilis is characterised by its female body length (692–994 µm), lateral field with two longitudinal incisures, weakly cuticularised labial framework, high lip region lacking annuli, stylet 8–13 µm long, axial spermatheca filled with small rounded sperm, conical-elongated female tail with round to pointed terminus (103–146 µm, c=6.1–7.4, c’=8.8–12.1). Morphologically, B. gracilis is closely related to B. paragracilis but the taxa are differentiated on the basis of lip region and stylet morphology. In addition, B. gracilis is reported for the first time from South Africa. Line drawings, LM and SEM illustrations are given for the species.

A new wear resistance material named the hypoeutectic high carbon Fe-B cast steel with fine hard carbides dispersive distributed in the matrix have been investigated. The results show that the solidified structures of high carbon Fe-B steel consist of ferrite, pearlite and boride, and borides were distributed along grain boundary in interconnected network. After heat treatment, the metallic matrix changes into martensite and retained austenite. The eutectic borides are appeared to be less continuous network and isolated particles. The increasing of the quenching temperature leads to the improvement of hardness. Quenching at 980°C, impact toughness is increased with the increasing of the tempering temperature. The optimum heat treatment is quenching at 980°C(oil cooling) and tempering at 330°C(air cooling). The wear resistance of modified high carbon Fe-B cast steel is corresponding to Cr26 alloy. The impact wear mechanism is mainly plastic deformation and fatigue spalling.

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui Penerapan model Student Facilitator And Explaning pada mata pelajaran IPS dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas V Sekolah Dasar Negeri 146 Asaan Kecamatan Enrekang. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif dan jenis penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) yang dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus yang meliputi perencanaan, pelaksanaan, observasi, dan refleksi. Fokus penelitian adalah proses dan hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial dengan menerapkan model pembelajaran Student Facilitator and Explaning. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas V Sekolah Dasar Negeri 146 Asaan Kabupaten Enrekang tahun 2023 yang berjumlah 16 siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi, tes dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah reduksi data, penyajian. Hasil tes siklus I berada pada kategori cukup (C) dan pada siklus II yang berada pada kategori baik (B). Jadi disimpulkan bahwa Penerapan model Student Facilitator And Explaning pada mata pelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas V Sekolah Dasar Negeri 146 Asaan Kecamatan Enrekang.

AbstractMegaclasts transported within submarine landslides can erode the substrate, influence the flow that transports them and, if they form seafloor topography, can influence subsequent flows and their deposits. We document grooves up to 40 km long formed by megaclasts carried in submarine landslides that scoured tens of metres deep into the contemporaneous substrate of the deep-water Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. A 1925 km2 3D seismic reflection survey records six mass transport deposits (MTDs) interbedded with turbidites. Here, we focus on three MTDs, labelled A (oldest), B and C (youngest). MTD-A features megaclasts that internally have coherent parallel strata, and formed striations 4–15 km long and 2–3 km wide, with protruding megaclasts that are onlapped by younger sediments. The seafloor expression of these megaclasts partially obstructed the submarine landslide that created MTD-B. MTD-B contains megaclasts that incised through the rugose topography of the underlying MTD-A, and formed divergent grooves on the basal surface of MTD-B (8–40 km long and 200–250 m wide), which suggest radial flow expansion where flows exited topographic confinement. MTD-C features grooves 2–6 km long and 100–200 m wide that terminate at megaclasts and which internally are characterized of highly deformed reflectors surrounded by a chaotic matrix. This study directly links megaclasts to the grooves they form, and demonstrates that markedly different styles of scouring and resultant grooves can occur in closely related MTDs.

In order to develop low carbon bainitic Cr-B steel, experimental procedures including melting, thermal simulation study and laboratory hot rolling were adopted. The dynamic CCT diagram was established, microstructure and properties of experimental steel were also analyzed. The transformation temperature of experimental steel lies between 650～400°C and final microstructure changes fromquasi-polygonal ferrite, granular bainite to lath bainite as cooling rate increases from 0.2 to 50°C.s-1. The microstructure of steel plates, air cooled or water cooled to 530°C then air cooled, is mainly composed of granular bainite and quasi-polygonal ferrite, and the large size islands in granular bainite are responsible for the low strength and poor toughness. However, steel plate with lath bainite, water cooled to roomtemperature, boasts high yield strength (672MPa) and superior impact toughness (127J at -20°C). Therefore, it is feasible to produce low carbon bainitic Cr-B steel with high strength and good toughness through controlling cooling parameters.

This text is based on the author’s reports at seminars “The Transit of Civilization”, Center for Civilizational and Regional Studies at the Institute for African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The object of these reports is an analysis of main aspects and trends of the evolution of history: the current routes of universal transit as interdisciplinary area of research and as one of “big challenges” for civilization. The research examines a stepped path of history – three generations of global socio-political organization: from (a) imperial colonization of the planet through (b) decolonization and unification of nations to (c) society of post-colonial nomadism and personal sovereignty. The actuality of the analyses is stressed by urgent need to rethink socio-cultural heritage of civilization as well as its status and complex perspectives. Postcoloniality, heavily relying on creativity, experiments with self-organization/self-realization and thus finds itself in the symbiotic union with Postmodernity.

The pharmaceutical installation currently uses the consumption method in controlling drugsupply, The purpose of this study is to provide a choice of other methods for controlling druginventory. This study is a mix-method study with retrospective data for quantitative data andprimary data for qualitative data. The research population used was all drug items during August2020, totaling 269 items. The results showed the ABC method group A were 59 items, B were 64items and C ware 146 items, the results of the EOQ method group A were 414 - 159, B were 414 -159 and C were 778 - 1407 for certain types of drugs, the results of the method The ROP of groupA were 12,027 – 962, group B were 6014 – 20,045 and group C were 3007 – 200 for certain typesof drugs. The results of the SS method group A were 627 – 50, B were 314 -1054 and C were 157– 11 for certain drug groups. Suggestions Hospital to try methods of controlling drug suppliesother than the consumption method. And can provide training to human resources at thepharmacy.

Clostridioides difficile is responsible for various intestinal symptoms from mild diarrhea to severe pseudomembranous colitis and is the primary cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in adults. Metronidazole was the first-line treatment for mild to moderate C. difficile infections for 30 years. However, clinical failure and recurrence rates of metronidazole is superior to oral vancomycin and metronidazole is now recommended only as an alternative to vancomycin or fidaxomicin, for an initial non-severe infection. The mechanisms of treatment failure and infection recurrence remain unclear. Given the poor fecal concentrations of metronidazole, the bacteria may be exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of metronidazole and develop adaptation strategy, which is likely to be the origin of an increase in treatment failures. In this study, a proteomic approach was used to analyze changes in the proteome of two strains with different levels of susceptibility to metronidazole in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of this antibiotic. The two strains were grown to stationary phase: CD17-146, a clinical C. difficile isolate with reduced susceptibility to metronidazole, and VPI 10463, a metronidazole susceptible strain. Our study revealed that, whatever the strain, subinhibitory concentrations of metronidazole modified the amount of proteins involved in protein biosynthesis, glycolysis, and protection against stress induced by metronidazole, as well as in DNA repair. Several proteins involved in stress response are known to be synthesized under the control of Sigma factor B, which suggests a close link between Sigma factor B and metronidazole. Interestingly, impact of metronidazole on protein production for VPI 10463 strain differed from CD17-146 strain, for which the amount of two proteins involved in biofilm formation of CD17-146 were modified by metronidazole.

<p>Walaupun masih terdapat ketidakpastian tentang kapan, bagaimana, dan di mana perubahan iklim akan berdampak negatif terhadap produksi pertanian dan ketahanan pangan, sebagian besar ilmuwan sepakat bahwa dampaknya terhadap sektor pertanian di daerah tropis akan semakin parah dibandingkan di daerah temperate. Tujuan penelitian adalah mempelajari persepsi petani tentang dampak perubahan iklim terhadap variabilitas cuaca yang terjadi dan dampak perubahan iklim terhadap usahatani. Penelitian survei dilaksanakan pada ekosistem sayuran di dataran tinggi dan rendah Sulawesi Selatan dari bulan Juni hingga Agustus 2012. Pada setiap ekosistem, 110 petani sayuran dipilih secara acak (total = 220 responden). Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui metode wawancara menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar responden lintas ekosistem dan pola musim mempersepsi tiga jenis kejadian alam akibat perubahan iklim secara signifikan yang menempati tiga urutan tertinggi pada awal musim tanam, yaitu (a) pola curah hujan sangat tidak menentu, (b) suhu udara meningkat, dan (c) musim hujan datang lebih awal, diikuti oleh minggu-minggu kering. Mayoritas responden juga mempersepsi tiga jenis kejadian cuaca ekstrim akibat perubahan iklim signifikannya menempati tiga urutan tertinggi, yaitu (a) sinar matahari sangat terik, (b) gelombang dan temperatur udara panas dan (c) kekeringan. Kebakaran hutan, asap hasil pembakaran bahan bakar oleh industri, asap kendaraan bermotor, dan penggundulan hutan secara konsisten, dikemukakan sebagian besar petani lintas ekosistem dan pola musim sebagai faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan iklim. Sementara itu, separuh lebih responden menyatakan ketidaksetujuan/keragu-raguannya bahwa usahatani sayuran yang dilakukan secara terus menerus, pembakaran limbah tanaman/rumah tangga, penggunaan pupuk/pestisida kimia berlebih, penggunaan kayu bakar, dan penggunaan air irigasi tinggi memberikan kontribusi cukup signifikan terhadap terjadinya perubahan iklim. Sebagian besar responden mempersepsi tiga dampak perubahan iklim terhadap usahatani yang signifikansinya menempati tiga urutan tertinggi, yaitu (a) risiko kegagalan panen yang semakin tinggi, (b) risiko kerugian usahatani yang semakin tinggi dan berpengaruh terhadap keberlanjutan usahatani, serta (c) suhu yang semakin tinggi menyebabkan peningkatan serangan hama dan munculnya hama baru. Kegiatan edukasi terpadu melalui penyuluhan pertanian maupun sekolah lapang iklim perlu terus dilakukan untuk mengoreksi beberapa perbedaan persepsi tentang penyebab perubahan iklim.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong></p><p>Sayuran; Dataran rendah; Dataran tinggi; Variabilitas iklim; Dampak perubahan iklim</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Vegetable farmers’ perception of climate change impacts in South Sulawesi. Even though there are still uncertainties regarding when, how, and where the climate change will have a negative impact on agricultural production and food security, most scientists agree that the impact of climate change on agricultural sector is more severe in the tropical regions as compared to the temperate regions. The objective of this study was to examine farmers’ perceptions regarding the impacts of climate change on weather/climate variability and on their vegetable farms. A survey was carried out in lowland and highland vegetable areas of South Sulawesi in June until August 2012. In total, there were 220 respondents randomly selected for interview by using a structured questionnaire. Results suggest that most respondents across different ecosystem and seasonal pattern perceive three climates variability as the most important impacts of climate change i.e. (a) high uncertainty of rainfall pattern, (b) increasing air temperature and (c) earlier start of rainy season followed by dry weeks. Those respondents also perceive three most important extreme weathers, such as (a) intense heat/sun, (b) hot air temperature and waves and (c) long dry season. Forest fire, smoke from industrial fuel burning, smoke from motor vehicles and deforestation are consistently identified as factors that significantly contribute to the existence of climate change. Meanwhile, more than half of respondents are disagree or in doubt that continuous vegetable cultivation, crop/household waste, excessive use of fertilizers, and pesticides, use of cooking woods, and excessive use of irrigation water as factors that contribute to climate change. Most respondents perceive three most important impacts of climate change to their vegetable farms i.e. (a) increasing crop failure risk, (b) increasing financial loss risk that directly affects farm sustainability, and (c) increasing air temperature that tends to increase more severe pest/disease incidence and bring out new pests and diseases. A concerted educative effort through agricultural extension or climate field school should be carried out, especially to correct some misperceptions regarding causes of climate change.</p>

Se analiza el sistema defensivo de La Fonteta, una de las fortificaciones fenicias mejor conocida de la península ibérica, en el marco de las nuevas tácticas de la poliorcética implantadas en el Mediterráneo Occidental a partir de la colonización fenicia, que supusieron la rápida adopción en las costas del mediodía y el sureste peninsular de estos novedosos sistemas de fortificación que pronto se generalizaron en todo el territorio peninsular de influencia oriental.La muralla de La Fonteta, erigida en torno al 600 a. C., presenta elementos característicos de una obra de carácter oriental, como su construcción mediante cajones macizos ajustada a parámetros métricos establecidos, la presencia de torres cuadrangulares o el uso de mampostería de piedra y alzados de adobe y tierra, rematados con almenas. Además, se han identificado forros ataludados, una rampa o glacis y un foso en “V”, algunos de indudable origen oriental, pero otros de claro influjo indígena. Palabras Clave: muralla, foso, glacis, antemural, FeniciosTopónimos: La Fonteta (Guardamar del Segura, Alicante),Periodo: Período orientalizante ABSTRACTIn this paper, the La Fonteta defensive system, one of the best-known Phoenician fortifications on the Iberian Peninsula, is analyzed within the framework of the new polyorcetic tactics introduced in the Western Mediterranean following Phoenician colonization. This involved the rapid deployment on the shores of Southern and Southeastern Iberia of these new fortification systems, which soon spread across throughout the entire Near Eastern influenced territory of the peninsula.The wall of La Fonteta, built around 600 BC., presents characteristic elements of a Near Eastern construction, such as the use of solid caissons adjusted to established metric parameters, the presence of quadrangular towers, or the employment of stone masonry and elevations of mudbricks and earth, topped with battlements. In addition, attached sloped walls, a ramp or glacis and a 'V'-shaped ditch have been identified, some of these features undoubtedly of Near Eastern origin, but others of clear indigenous influence. Keywords: wall, ditch, glacis, avant-mur, PhoeniciansPlane names: La Fonteta (Guardamar del Segura, Alicante),Period: Orientalizing Period REFERENCIASAlmagro-Gorbea, M.; Lorrio, A. J. y Torres, M. (2021), “Los focenses y la crisis de c. 500 a. C. en el Sudeste: de La Fonteta y Peña Negra a La Alcudia de Elche”, Lucentum, 40, pp. 63-110.Almagro-Gorbea, M. y Torres, M. (2007), “Las fortificaciones tartésicas en el Suroeste peninsular”, en L. Berrocal y P. Moret (eds.), Paisajes fortificados de la Edad del Hierro. Las murallas protohistóricas de la Meseta y la vertiente atlántica en su contexto europeo, Bibliotheca Archaeologica Hispana, 28, pp. 35-55.Arancibia, A. y Escalante M. M. (2006a), “La Málaga fenicio-púnica a la luz de los últimos hallazgos”, Mainake, 28, pp. 333-360.— (2006b), “Génesis y consolidación de la ciudad de Malaka”, en Memoria Arqueológica del Museo Picasso Málaga. Desde los orígenes hasta el siglo V d.C., pp. 41-78.— (2010), “Aportaciones a la arqueología urbana de Málaga, de la Málaga fenicia a la Málaga bizantina a través de los resultados de la excavación de C/. Císter 3–San Agustín 4“, en Anuario Arqueológico de Andalucía 2006, pp. 3636-3656.Barrionuevo, F., Ruiz Mata, D. y Pérez, C. J. (1999), “Fortificaciones de casernas del Castillo de Doña Blanca (El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz)”, en Actas del XXIV Congreso Nacional de Arqueología (Cartagena, 1997), 3. Impacto colonial y Sureste ibérico, pp. 115-123.Berrocal, L. (2004), “La defensa de la comunidad. Sobre las funciones emblemáticas de las murallas protohistóricas en la península ibérica“, Gladius, 24, pp. 27-98.Blánquez, J. (2007), “Novedades arqueológicas en los asentamientos feniciopúnicos del Cerro del Prado y Carteia”, en J. L. López Castro (ed.), Las ciudades fenicio-púnicas en el Mediterráneo occidental, pp. 257-279.Bueno, P. (2014), “Un asentamiento del Bronce Final-Hierro I en el Cerro del Castillo, Chiclana, Cádiz. Nuevos datos para la interpretación de Gadeira”, en M. Botto (ed.), Los Fenicios en La Bahía de Cádiz, Collezione di Studi Fenici 46 (Pisa-Roma), pp. 225-251.Bueno, P. y Cerpa, J. (2008), “Un nuevo enclave fenicio descubierto en la Bahía de Cádiz. El Cerro del Castillo, Chiclana”, Spal, 17, pp. 169-206.Bueno, P., García Menárguez, A. y Prados, F. (2013), “Murallas fenicias de Occidente. Una valoración conjunta de las defensas del Cerro del Castillo (Chiclana, Cádiz) y del Cabezo Pequeño del Estaño (Guardamar, Alicante)”, Herakleion, 6, pp. 27-75.Cecchini, S. M. (1995), “Architecture militaire, civile et domestique partim Orient”, en V. Krings (ed.), La civilisation phénicienne et punique. Manuel de recherche, pp. 389-396.Cobos, L. (2010), “Actividad arqueológica puntual en bastión norte y muralla del yacimiento arqueológico de Doña Blanca (El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz)”. Anuario Arqueológico de Andalucía de 2005, Cádiz, pp. 390-406.Díes Cusí, E. (2001), “La influencia de la arquitectura fenicia en las arquitecturas indígenas de la Península Ibérica (s. VIII-VII)”, en D. Ruiz Mata y S. Celestino (eds.), Arquitectura oriental y orientalizante en la Península Ibérica, Lenguas y culturas del antiguo Oriente Próximo, 4, pp. 69-122.Escacena, J. L. (2002), “Murallas fenicias para Tartessos. Un análisis darwinista”, Spal 11, pp. 69-105.Gailledrat, E. (2007), “La stratigraphie”, en P. Rouillard; E. Gailledrat y F. Sala (eds.), L’établissement protohistorique de La Fonteta (fin VIIIe-fin VIe siècle av. J.-C.), Collection de la Casa Velázquez, 96, pp. 23-98.Gal, Z. y Alexandre, Y. (2000), Ḥorbat Rosh Zayit. An Iron Age storage fort and village, IAA Reports 8, Jerusalén.García Alfonso, E. (2018), “Malaka en los siglos VII-VI a. C. Los orígenes de una ciudad-estado fenicia-occidental”, en D. García, S. López y E. García Alfonso (eds.), La tumba del guerrero. Un enterramiento excepcional en la Málaga fenicia del siglo VI a. C., pp. 25-74.García Menárguez, A. (1994), “El Cabezo Pequeño del Estaño, Guardamar del Segura. Un poblado protohistórico en el tramo final del río Segura”, en M. Molina, J. L. Cunchillos y A. González Blanco (coords.), El mundo púnico. Historia, sociedad y cultura (Cartagena, 17-19 de noviembre de 1990), pp. 269-280.García Menárguez, A. y Prados, F. (2014), “La presencia fenicia en la Península Ibérica. El Cabezo Pequeño del Estaño (Guardamar del Segura, Alicante)”, Trabajos de Prehistoria, 71.1, pp. 113-133.— (2017), “Las defensas y la trama urbana del Cabezo del Estaño de Guardamar. Un encuentro fortificado entre fenicios y nativos en la desembocadura del río Segura (Alicante)”, en F. Prados y F. Sala (eds.), El Oriente de Occidente. Fenicios y Púnicos en el área ibérica, pp. 51-78.García Menárguez, A., Prados, F. y Jiménez Vialás, H. (2020), “Del primer impacto fenicio a la consolidación del fenómeno urbano en la costa de Alicante: El Cabezo Pequeño del Estaño y el santuario del Castilo de Guardamar”, en J. L. López Castro (ed.), Entre Útica y Gadir. Navegación y colonización en el Mediterráneo occidental a comienzos del I milenio aC., pp. 293-313.González Prats, A. (2001), “Arquitectura orientalizante en el Levante peninsular”, en D. Ruiz Mata y S. Celestino, S. (eds.), Arquitectura oriental y orientalizante en la península ibérica, pp. 173-192.— (2002), “Los fenicios en la fachada oriental hispana”, en B. Costa y J. H. Fernández (coords.), La Colonización fenicia de Occidente: estado de la investigación en los inicios del siglo XXI, XVI Jornadas de Arqueología Fenicio-Púnica (Eivissa, 2001), Treballs del Museu Arqueológic d’Eivissa e Formentera, 50, pp. 127-143.— (2005), “Balanç de vint-i-cinc anys d’investigació sobre la influència i presència fenícia a la província d’Alacant”, en Fenicis i púnics als Països Catalans, Fonaments, 12, pp. 41-64.— (2007), “Rasgos arquitectónicos y urbanísticos de La Fonteta”, en J. L. López Castro (ed.), Las ciudades fenicio-púnicas en el Mediterráneo Occidental, pp. 69-82.— (2010), “La colonia fenicia de La Fonteta, en Guardamar del Segura”, Arqueología y museo: museos municipales en el MARQ [MARQ, diciembre 2010-febrero 2011], pp. 66-79.— (2011), La Fonteta. Excavaciones de 1996-2002 en la colonia fenicia de la actual desembocadura del río Segura (Guardamar del Segura, Alicante), vol. I, Seminarios Internacionales sobre Temas Fenicios. Alicante.— (2014), La Fonteta-II. Estudio de los materiales arqueológicos hallados en la colonia fenicia de la actual desembocadura del río Segura (Guardamar del Segura, Alicante), vol. I y II, Alicante.González Prats, A. y Ruiz Segura, E. (2000), El yacimiento fenicio de La Fonteta (Guardamar del Segura, Alicante, Comunidad Valenciana), Serie Popular núm. 4, Valencia.Kempinski, A. (1992), “Middle and Late Bronze Age Fortifications”, en A. Kempinski, R. Reich y H. Katzenstein (eds.), The Architecture of Ancient Israel. From the Prehistoric to the Persian Periods. In Memory of Immanuel (Manya) Dunayevsky. Jerusalén, pp. 127-142.Leriche, P. (1992), “Fortifications 1. Orient”, en E. Lipinski (ed.), Dictionnaire de la civilization phénicienne et punique. Bruselas-París, pp. 172-175.López Castro, J. L., Alemán, B. y Moya, L. (2010), “Abdera y su territorio. Descubrimientos recientes”, Mainake, 32, pp. 91-107.López Castro, J. L., Manzano, F. y Alemán, B. (2010), “Altos de Reveque: un asentamiento fortificado fenicio-púnico en el litoral de Andalucía oriental”, Archivo Español de Arqueología, 83, pp. 27-46.López Castro, J. L. y Mora, B. (2002), “Malaka y las ciudades fenicias en el occidente del Mediterráneo. Siglos VI a.C.-I d.C.”, Mainake 24, pp. 181-214.Lorrio, A. J., López Rosendo, E. y Torres, M. (2021), “El sistema defensivo de la ciudad fenicia de La Fonteta (Guardamar del Segura, Alicante). Campaña de 2018-2019”, Madrider Mitteilungen, 62, pp. 330-386.Maia, M. G. P. (2000), “Tavira fenícia. O território para Ocidente do Guadiana, nos inícios do I milénio a.C.”, en A. González Prats (ed.), Fenicios y territorio. Actas del II Seminario Internacional sobre temas fenicios, pp. 121-150.Maia, M. G. P. y Fraga da Silva, L. (2004), “O culto de Baal en Tavira”, Huelva Arqueológica, 20, pp. 171-194.Montanero, D. (2008), “Los sistemas defensivos de origen fenicio-púnico del Sureste peninsular (siglos VIII-III a.C.). Nuevas interpretaciones”, en B. Costa y J. H. Fernández (eds.), Arquitectura defensiva fenicio-púnica. XXII Jornadas de Arqueología Fenicio-Púnica (Eivissa, 2007). Treballs del Museu Arqueològic d'Eivissa i Formentera, 61, pp. 91-144.— (2020), “Demolishing Casemate Walls. Pasos hacia una primera clasificación tipológica de las murallas de la Edad del Hierro IIA-IIB en Fenicia y en el norte de Israel”, en S. Celestino y E. Rodríguez (eds.), Un viaje entre Oriente y el Occidente del Mediterráneo. IX Congreso Internacional de estudios Fenicios y Púnicos, Mytra, 5, pp. 443-459.Moret, P. (1996), Les fortifications ibériques. De la fin de l’Âge du Bronze à la conquête romaine, Collection de la Casa de Velázquez 56. Madrid.— (2007), “L’enceinte”, en P. Rouillard, E. Gailledrat y F. Sala (eds.), L’établissement protohistorique de La Fonteta (fin VIIIe-fin VIe siècle av. J.-C.), Fouilles de la Rábita de Guardamar 2, Collection de la Casa de Velázquez, 96, pp. 126-140.Niemeyer, H. G. (1986), “El yacimiento fenicio de Toscanos: urbanística y función”, en G. del Olmo y M. E. Aubet, Los fenicios en la península ibérica, 1, pp. 109-126.Pappa, E. (2013), Early Iron Age exchange in the West: Phoenicians in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, Leuven-París-Walpole.Prados, F. y Blánquez, J. (2007), “Las fortificaciones coloniales de la península ibérica: de los modelos orientales a los sistemas púnico-helenísticos”, en L. Berrocal y P. Moret (eds.), Paisajes fortificados de la Edad del Hierro. Las murallas protohistóricas de la Meseta y la vertiente atlántica en su contexto europeo, Bibliotheca Archaeologica Hispana, 28, pp. 57-74.Prados, F., García Menárguez, A. y Jiménez Vialás, H. (2018), “Metalurgia fenicia en el sureste ibérico: el taller del Cabezo Pequeño del Estaño (Guardamar, Alicante)”, Complutum, 29.1, pp. 79-94.Recio, A. (1988), “Consideraciones acerca del urbanismo de Malaka fenicio-punica”, Mainake, 10, pp. 75-82.— (1990), La cerámica fenicio-púnica, griega y etrusca del sondeo de san Agustín, Málaga.Rodero, V. y Berrocal, L. (2011-12), “Análisis morfoestructural de la arquitectura defensiva en el ámbito indígena y colonial de la protohistoria antigua peninsular (ca. 1000-600 A. C.)”, Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la UAM, 37-38, pp. 223-239.Roldán, L., Bendala, M.; Blánquez, J. y Martínez Lillo, P. (dirs.) (2006), Estudio histórico-arqueológico de la ciudad de Carteia (San Roque, Cádiz) 1994-1999. Madrid.Rouillard, P., Gailledrat, E. y Sala, F. (2007), L’établissement protohistorique de La Fonteta (fin VIIIe-fin VIe siècle av. J.-C.), Fouilles de la Rábita de Guardamar 2, Collection de la Casa de Velázquez, 96, Madrid.Ruiz Mata, D. (2001), “Arquitectura y urbanismo en la ciudad protohistórica del Castillo de Doña Blanca (El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz)”, en D. Ruiz Mata y S. Celestino (eds.), Arquitectura oriental y orientalizante en la Península Ibérica, Madrid, pp. 261-274.Ruiz Mata, D. y Pérez, C. (1995), El poblado fenicio del Castillo de Doña Blanca (El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz), Biblioteca de Temas Portuenses, 5. El Puerto de Santa María.— (2020), “Fenicios en la Bahía gaditana: su construcción política, económica e ideológica (siglo VIII a.C.). El caso del Castillo de Doña Blanca”, en J. L. López Castro (ed.), Entre Útica y Gadir. Navegación y colonización en el Mediterráneo occidental a comienzos del I milenio aC., pp. 405-431.Sánchez Sánchez-Moreno, V. M., Galindo, L., Juzgado, M. y Dumas, M. (2012), “El asentamiento fenicio de “La Rebanadilla” a finales del siglo IX a.C.”, en E. García Alfonso (ed.), Diez años de arqueología fenicia en la provincia de Málaga, pp. 137-170.Sánchez Sánchez-Moreno, V. M., Galindo, L. y Juzgado, M. (2020), “El santuario fenicio de La Rebanadilla”, en J. L. López Castro (ed.), Entre Utica y Gadir. Navegación y colonización fenicia en el Mediterráneo occidental a comienzos del I milenio AC, pp. 189-200.Schubart, H. (1988), “Vorbericht über die Grabungskampagne 1984 im Bereich der phönizischen Siedlung und der Befestigungsmauer, en Forschungen zur Archäologie und Geologie im Raum von Torre del Mar 1983/1984, MB, 14 (Maguncia 1988), pp. 172-188.— (2000), “Alarcón. El yacimiento fenicio y las fortificaciones en la cima de Toscanos”, en A. González Prats (ed.), Fenicios y territorio. Actas del II Seminario Internacional sobre temas fenicios. Alicante, pp. 263-294.Suárez, J., Escalante, M. M., Cisneros, M. I., Mayorga, J. y Fernández Rodríguez, L. E. (2007), “Territorio y urbanismo fenicio-púnico en la Bahía de Málaga. Siglos VIII-V a.C.”, en J. L. López Castro (ed.), Las ciudades fenicio-púnicas en el Mediterráneo occidental, pp. 209-232.Wagner, C. G. (2007), “El barco negro en la costa. Reflexiones sobre el miedo y la colonización fenicia en la tierra de Tarsis“, en D. Plácido, F. J. Moreno Arrastio y L. Ruiz Cabrero (eds.), Necedad, sabiduría y verdad: el legado de Juan Cascajero, Gerión Extra, pp. 121-131.

In this paper we explore how Civilization, one of the most popular turn based strategy games, enhances public administration (PA) education for entry level students. We pose the research question, how computer games in PA studies can be aligned systematically with curriculum design, and how they make educational experiences and processes more successful than standard teaching. We present an experiment which ran at the National University of Public Service in Budapest during the academic year of 2017/18 written up in a case study format. We describe the learning objectives of the Government Studies program and the objectives of the Information Society and System Analysis courses, where the students had been exposed to playing Civilization. Our findings suggest promising results using computer games in four aspects of PA: a) effectiveness and efficiency of learning, b) implications of advanced technologies in government studies, c) further applications of computer games (different uses of Civilization and others), d) PA problems that can be solved by games and how this idea is being receipt.

Human telomerase is a specialized DNA polymerase whose catalytic core includes both TERT and human telomerase RNA (hTR). Telomerase in humans, which is silent in most somatic cells, is activated to maintain the telomere length (TEL) in various types of cancer cells, including melanoma. In the vast majority of tumor cells, the TERT promoter is mutated to promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis. Here, we exploited NG-ABEmax to revert TERT -146 T to -146 C in melanoma, and successfully obtained TERT promoter revertant mutant cells. These TERT revertant mutant cells exhibited significant growth inhibition both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, A375−146C/C cells exhibited telomere shortening and the downregulation of TERT at both the transcription and protein levels, and migration and invasion were inhibited. In addition, TERT promoter revertant mutation abrogated the inhibitory effect of mutant TERT on apoptosis via B-cell lymphoma 2 (Blc-2), ultimately leading to cell death. Collectively, the results of our work demonstrate that reverting mutations in the TERT promoter is a potential therapeutic option for melanoma.

The article provides a detailed summary of a large deposit, primarily of pottery, from the 1978–82 Stratigraphical Museum Excavations at Knossos. The deposit is assigned to the Middle Minoan III B – Late Minoan I A transition. The material is used as the basis of a re-examination of this difficult stage in the Minoan ceramic sequence and a wide range of deposits, notable among them the seismic destruction level at Akrotiri on Thera, is able to be linked to the Knossos material in order to define the phase more fully. The wide destruction level thus documented may then be set within the historical development of Minoan civilization.

This two-year study evaluated the effect of Pennisetum purpureum genotypes under rainfed or irrigated conditions, during the dry and rainy seasons, on herbage, leaf, and stem dry matter (DM) accumulation rates, nutritive value, and carbohydrate and protein fractionation. Treatments were tall (Iri 381 and Elefante B) or dwarf (Mott and Taiwan A-146 2.37) genotypes under rainfed or irrigated conditions. Taiwan A-146 2.37 (146 kg DM ha per day) showed similar herbage accumulation rate (HAR) to tall genotypes during the rainy season (124 and 150 kg DM/ha per day, respectively). Dwarf genotypes showed differences in leaf accumulation rate (LAR) (66 and 49 kg DM/ha per day). Mott leaf had less neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (589 g/kg DM) than Taiwan A-146 2.37 (598 g/kg DM), and tall genotypes had generally greater NDF (668 g/kg DM) than the dwarf genotypes. Irrigation increased fiber deposition in the leaf. Stems of all genotypes had lower in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) (378 g/kg DM) under rainfed conditions in the rainy season. Leaf from irrigated plots had 23% more carbohydrate C fraction (160 g/kg CHO) than those from rainfed plots (122 g/kg CHO). Dwarf genotypes had generally greater nutritive value than tall genotypes. These genotypes show promise under irrigation to fill forage gaps during dry periods.

Biochemical markers (allozymes) were used to identify third-stage larvae of nematodes from the Contracaecum osculatum s.l. – Phocascaris sp. complex found in five marine fish species (Hippoglossoides platessoides, Gadus morhua, Mallotus villosus, Myoxocephalus scorpius, Pleuronectes americanus) collected off Newfoundland and Labrador. Three taxonomic groups, genetically identical to adult C. osculatum A, C. osculatum B, and Phocascaris sp. previously reported from North Atlantic seals, were found. Among the 859 larvae examined, C. osculatum B was most common (74.2%), particularly in H. platessoides (79.4% of 501 larvae), G. morhua (88.8% of 160), M. scorpius (87.5% of 32), and P. americanus (100.0% of 20), but Phocascaris sp. was more numerous in M. villosus (66.4% of 146). Contracaecum osculatum A was found only in H. platessoides (15% of 501). Discriminant function analysis revealed differences in shape among the nematode species. Larvae of Phocascaris sp. and C. osculatum B can generally be distinguished using three measurements and classified according to coefficients for quadratic discriminant functions, but larvae of C. osculatum A could not be reliably distinguished from the other two species. A simpler, more rapid method of screening biochemical markers, employing a cellulose acetate support medium, is also described.

Bahasa Muna (BM) memiliki bentuk pronomina persona yang berbeda dengan bahasa Indonesia atau bahasa daerah lain di Indonesia. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk pronomina persona dalam BM. Untuk memperoleh data digunakan metode simak, cakap, dan intropeksi. Data yang ada dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode padan intralingual. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa bentuk pronomina persona dalam BM ada dua. Pertama, pronomina persona yang bisa berdiri sendiri sebagai morfem bebas, yang terdiri atas 3, yaitu (a) pronomina persona I (inodi/ indodi/idi ‘saya’; intaidi ‘kita berdua’; dan intaidi: mu ‘kita semua’);(b) pronomina persona II (ihintu ‘kamu’ atau ‘engkau’ dan ihintuumu atau ihintoomu ‘kamu sekalian’); (c)pronomina persona III (anoa ‘ia’ atau ‘dia’ dan andoa ‘mereka’). Kedua, pronomina persona yang dibubuhkanpada bentuk dasar verba, adjektiva, dan nomina sebagai morfem terikat. Pronomina ini ada ... yaitu (a) ae-, a-, ao-, -ku, dan -kanau yang berarti ‘saya’; (b) dae-, da-, dao-, da-e, dan -nto yang berarti ‘kita berdua’; (c) tae-, tao-, ta-, ta- ... -e, -mani, dan -kasami yang berarti ‘kami’; (d) omo-, ome-, o-, -gho, o-... -e, dan -mu yang berarti ‘kamu’ atau ‘engkau’; (e) omo- ... -mu, ome- ... -mu, o- ... -e:mu, -gho:mu, dan -omu yang berarti‘kalian semua’; (f) nae-, ne-, -no, -ane, dan no- ... -e yang berarti ‘ia/dia’; (g) dae-, do-, de-, -nda, -ndo, dando- ... -e yang berarti ‘mereka’. Pronomina persona yang berupa morfem terikat itu dibubuhkan pada bentuk dasar verba, adjektiva, dan nomina seperti prefiks, sufiks, dan simulfiks.

Pembangunan kawasan perkotaan dan pemukiman oleh pemerintah dan swasta menimbulkan dampak bagi lingkungan hidup, untuk itu mereka perlu menyusun rencana tata kota berbasis sustainable eco city. Isu pokok dari penelitian ini adalah latar belakang, parameter, dan urgensi pembangunan tata kota yang berbasis sustainable eco city. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan sosiolegal, dan bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan, serta menjelaskan berbagai faktor yang menjadi pertimbangan bagi penetapan kebijakan rencana tata kota yang berbasis sustainable eco city. Hasil penelitian: a) kondisi geografis, topografis, isu-isu sosial, ekonomi, dan lingkungan adalah dasar pertimbangan pembangunan tata kota berbasis sustainable eco city; b) prinsip-prinsip demokrasi, keadilan, dan keberlanjutan merupakan parameter pembangunan tata kota berbasis sustainable eco city; dan c) urgensi tata kota berbasis sustainable eco city adalah terwujudnya kesejahteraan umum. Rekomendasi penelitian ini adalah: a) perencanaan kegiatan pembangunan dan pengembangan kawasan pemukiman harus memenuhi syarat-syarat perijinan, analisis dampak lingkungan dan aspirasi masyarakat; b) perlu adanya penguatan kapasitas lembaga pengawasan yang melibatkan publik dalam semua kegiatan pelaksanaan kebijakan pembangunan dan pengembangan kawasan pemukiman.

For quantitatively understanding the influences of the welded lap joint forms on the stress concentration, six different forms of overlap joints were designed, and then the stress distribution characteristics of these overlap joints were carried out in this paper. The results show that, the stress concentration of the model (a) and (b) are the highest level; and the stress concentration of the model (c) and (d) are significantly lower; the stress concentration of the model (e) is even lower than that of model (c) and (d); the stress concentration of the model (f) is zero.

Objective: To assess frequency of Hepatitis B and C infection in patients undergoing cataract surgery.
 Study Design: Cross sectional study.
 Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, from Jan 2018 to Jan 2020.
 Methodology: Pre operatively patients were subjected to detail ocular examination for cataract evaluation.Patient under 20 years of age, complicated cataract, uveitis, retinal detachment, previous history of ocular surgery or neurosurgery, treatment with systemic medication causing ocular side effects were excluded from study. Preoperatively hepatitis B and C screening was performed for all enrolled patients. The findings were recorded on data sheets and analyzed through statistical software system (SPSS) version 20.
 Results: Out of 4671 patients, 35 (0.74%) were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and 146 (3.1%)were positive for hepatitis C antibody (HCVAb). Eight (22.8%) females and 27 (77.17%) males were positive forHBsAg. Fifty seven (39.04%) females and 88 (60.96%) males were found to be HCVAb positive. It clearly showshigher prevalence of hepatitis in males. Twenty three (65%) of patient with hepatitis B virus and 80 (54.8%) ofpatients with hepatitis C virus had nuclear sclerosis cataract as compared to 51% of non-infected patients.
 Conclusion: Screening of hepatitis B and C is mandatory in order to prevent health care associated hepatitisinfection. There has been a role of inflammation due to hepatitis in development of cataract. Further studies may elaborate it vividly.

Foram analisados a distribuição de medula, cerne e casca em fustes de quatro diferentes materiais de Eucalyptus de sete anos de idades, plantados em três diferentes espaçamentos na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Foram utilizadas três árvores para cada um dos três espaçamentos (1058, 546 e 404 árvores.ha-1) e para cada um dos quatro clones (três materiais genéticos de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis e um de Eucalyptus saligna) , totalizando 32 árvores. Cinco discos extraídos de cada árvore foram analisados para se determinar as espessuras das cascas, diâmetro do cerne e deslocamento da medula. Os clones A e B (ambos de E. urophylla x E. grandis) se mostraram com a maior porcentagem de cerne e menor espessura de casca, seguido pelo material genético D (E. saligna), o qual teve a maior espessura de casca, e C (E. urophylla x E. grandis), com a menor porcentagem de cerne. Maiores densidades de plantio resultaram em maiores porcentagem, assim como maiores espessuras de casca, com exceção do clone C de E. urophylla x E. grandis, que não apresentou maiores quantidades de cerne independente da densidade do plantio. A quantidade de cerne até 25% de altura se manteve constante para todos os clones, enquanto a espessura de casca ia diminuindo da base para o topo. Independendo do material genético, espaçamento entre árvores e posição longitudinal no fuste não houve alterações significativas para a excentricidade da medula.

Purpose We conducted a prospectively randomized clinical trial to compare the efficacy of three outpatient therapy regimens in 341 patients with progressive metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Patients and Methods Patients were stratified according to known clinical predictors and were subsequently randomly assigned. Treatment arms were: arm A (n = 132), subcutaneous interferon alfa-2a (sc-IFN-α-2a), subcutaneous interleukin-2 (sc-IL-2), and intravenous (IV) fluorouracil; arm B (n = 146): arm A treatment combined with per oral 13-cis-retinoic acid; and arm C (n = 63), sc-IFN-α-2a and IV vinblastine. Results Treatment (according to the standard 8-week Hannover Atzpodien regimen) arms A, B, and C yielded objective response rates of 31%, 26%, and 20%, respectively. Arm B, but not arm A, showed a significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) compared with arm C (P = .0248). Both arm A (median overall survival, 25 months; P = .0440) and arm B (median overall survival, 27 months; P = .0227) led to significantly improved overall survival (OS) compared with arm C (median OS, 16 months). All three sc-IFN-α-2a–based therapies were moderately or well tolerated. Conclusion Our results established the safety and improved long-term therapeutic efficacy of sc-IL-2 plus sc-INF-α-2a–based outpatient immunochemotherapies, compared with sc-INF-α-2a/IV vinblastine.

Abstract This paper addresses the following questions about Plato’s concept of ‘history’: (a) is there a ‘philosophy of history’ in Plato’s thought?; (b) if this concept exists, do the dialogues lay out a single, cohesive understanding of ‘history’ or does it vary from text to text?; (c) how does Plato understand the word ‘history’? This inquiry also addresses the role of ‘progress’ in some of the main Platonic dialogues. An in-depth analysis of these texts can also help us find a solution to the problem of the end of ‘history’, when a civilization either physically collapses (due to a catastrophic event) or morally decays (because of the corruption of its citizens and politicians). I argue that Plato’s ‘philosophy of history’ is not necessarily Sisyphean, but that it attempts to work out how to avoid the entropic decay of civilization and to preserve cultural – almost ‘genetic’ – ‘memory’ in order to counter the danger of cyclical regression.

AbstractThe institution of mulāzama, or the harassment of the debtor through the constant pursuit of him, could obtain in three situations: (a) the pursuit of a penniless debtor who has been released from prison and declared bankrupt by a judge, (b) the pursuit of a debtor capable of paying his debt, and (c) the pursuit of a debtor before trial, lest he flee, pending the production of witnesses. Only Abū Hanīfa, and, following him, the dominant opinion of his school, supported the first. Some later Hanafīs as well as jurists of other schools supported the other two in varying degrees, until relatively modern times when the institution was declared inoperative or has been completely ignored. The harshness of the early Hanafī position suggests an origin in a preceding civilization: possibly the Roman, because of similarities in terminology; possibly the Indo-Iranian, because of the provenance of early Hanafīs in territories influenced by that civilization; or both.

Thermoplastic starch (TPS) hybrid bio-composite films containing microcrystalline cellulose (C) and nano-bentonite (B) as hybrid fillers were studied to replace the conventional non-degradable plastic in packaging applications. Raw oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) was subjected to chemical treatment and acid hydrolysis to obtain C filler. B filler was ultra-sonicated for better dispersion in the TPS films to improve the filler–matrix interactions. The morphology and structure of fillers were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). TPS hybrid bio-composite films were produced by the casting method with different ratios of B and C fillers. The best ratio of B/C was determined through the data of the tensile test. FTIR analysis proved the molecular interactions between the TPS and the hybrid fillers due to the presence of polar groups in their structure. XRD analysis confirmed the intercalation of the TPS chains between the B inter-platelets as a result of well-developed interactions between the TPS and hybrid fillers. SEM images suggested that more plastic deformation occurred in the fractured surface of the TPS hybrid bio-composite film due to the higher degree of stretching after being subjected to tensile loading. Overall, the results indicate that incorporating the hybrid B/C fillers could tremendously improve the mechanical properties of the films. The best ratio of B/C in the TPS was found to be 4:1, in which the tensile strength (8.52MPa), Young’s modulus (42.0 MPa), elongation at break (116.4%) and tensile toughness of the film were increased by 92%, 146%, 156% and 338%, respectively. The significantly improved strength, modulus, flexibility and toughness of the film indicate the benefits of using the hybrid fillers, since these features are useful for the development of sustainable flexible packaging film.

This research is aimed to investigate the students’ problem-solving competency after learn by using discovery learning model and students’ problem-solving ability after learn by using problem-based learning model. Therefore, this research is aimed to investigate differences problem-solving ability of mathematics between students who get discovery learning model and problem-based learning model. The population used in this research was a student in grade VII in one of junior high school in West Bandung Regency. The sample was student class VII B for the first experiment class and VII C for the second experiment class with 35 students in every class. The method in this research was a quasi experiment by using two group post-test only design. The instrument in this research is post-test about problem-solving of mathematics. Based on the research, it can be concluded that there is a difference between the mathematical problem-solving competency of students who get discovery learning model and problem-based learning model. Nevertheless, the qualification of problem-solving competency between of students who gets discovery learning model and problem-based learning model, are including the medium category

The German sociologist Norbert Elias developed a wide-ranging sociological analysis of the interconnections between processes of state formation, institutional dynamics, and individual subjectivity, or habitus, and the logic of their processes of transformation over time. His work has had significant impact on social scientific thought in a wide variety of fields, including the historical sociology of the self, violence, crime and punishment, organizations, emotions, sexuality, social control, and sport. His influence in legal scholarship, however, has concentrated in criminology, with only sporadic use of his ideas in relation to other topics in law and social science research. This review highlights the ways in which Elias can be read as a theorist of regulation by outlining ( a) the core elements of Elias's “process-figurational” sociology and his analysis of processes of civilization and decivilization; ( b) Elias's observations on law and state formation; ( c) a selection of the sociolegal research related to his sociological approach, in fields such as crime and punishment, evolving modes of regulation, and international relations; and ( d) the potential future directions in which Elias's process-figurational approach might move in sociolegal research and scholarship. These include the emotional dimensions of family law, human rights and humanitarianism, the intersections of legal evolution and broader processes of social change, legal pluralism and legal culture, tort law, constitutionalism, and the rule of law.

The field of bereavement and grief has been expanding to recognise the potential for growth following the loss of a loved one. This study sought to examine the effect of the relationship to the deceased and perceptions of the severity of the trauma on dimensions of posttraumatic growth. Participants were 146 people who had lost either: a) a first degree relative, b) a second degree relative, or c) a non-related friend. Results demonstrated that both severity and the relationship to the bereaved differentiate posttraumatic growth outcomes. For example, participants who had lost a first degree relative reported higher levels of growth than those who had lost a second degree relative. Consistent with previous research in general trauma populations, the more severe the loss was rated, the higher the levels of growth. Implications for practice are discussed.