Relevant bibliographies by topics / CL-20

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'CL-20'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "CL-20"

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Nair, U. R., R. Sivabalan, G. M. Gore, M. Geetha, S. N. Asthana, and H. Singh. "Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) and CL-20-based formulations (review)." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 41, no. 2 (2005): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10573-005-0014-2.

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Liu, Danyang, Lang Chen, Wang Chen, and Junying Wu. "Detonation Reaction Characteristics for CL-20 and CL-20-based Aluminized Mixed Explosives." Central European Journal of Energetic Materials 14, no. 3 (2017): 573–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22211/cejem/75114.

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Kon’kova, Tatiana S., Yury N. Matyushin, Eugeny A. Miroshnichenko, Alexey B. Vorob’ev, Oleg A. Luk’janov, and Gennady A. Smirnov. "THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TRINITROETHYL DERIVATIVES CL-20." Gorenie i vzryv (Moskva) — Combustion and Explosion 11, no. 01 (2018): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30826/ce18110114.

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Pavlov, Julius, Christos Christodoulatos, Mohammed Sidhoum, Steven Nicolich, Wendy Balas, and Agamemnon Koutsospyros. "Hydrolysis of Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20)." Journal of Energetic Materials 25, no. 1 (2007): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07370650601107245.

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Sinditskii, Valery P., Anton N. Chernyi, Viacheslav Y. Egorshev, Dmitriy V. Dashko, Tel'man K. Goncharov, and Nikolay I. Shishov. "Combustion of CL-20 cocrystals." Combustion and Flame 207 (September 2019): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2019.05.039.

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Xu, Xiao-Juan, He-Ming Xiao, Ji-Jun Xiao, Wei Zhu, Hui Huang та Jin-Shan Li. "Molecular Dynamics Simulations for Pure ε-CL-20 and ε-CL-20-Based PBXs". Journal of Physical Chemistry B 110, № 14 (2006): 7203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp060077v.

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Mao, Xiaoxiang, Yanchun Li, Yifan Li, Longfei Jiang, and Xiaoming Wang. "Thermal properties of decomposition and explosion for CL-20 and CL-20/n-Al." Journal of Energetic Materials 38, no. 1 (2019): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07370652.2019.1668875.

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Goncharov, T. K., Z. G. Aliev, S. M. Aldoshin, et al. "Preparation, structure, and main properties of bimolecular crystals CL-20—DNP and CL-20—DNG." Russian Chemical Bulletin 64, no. 2 (2015): 366–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11172-015-0870-1.

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Herrmannsdörfer, Dirk, Jörg Stierstorfer, and Thomas M. Klapötke. "Solubility behaviour of CL-20 and HMX in organic solvents and solvates of CL-20." Energetic Materials Frontiers 2, no. 1 (2021): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enmf.2021.01.004.

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Turcotte, Richard, Marie Vachon, Queenie S. M. Kwok, Ruiping Wang, and David E. G. Jones. "Thermal study of HNIW (CL-20)." Thermochimica Acta 433, no. 1-2 (2005): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2005.02.021.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "CL-20"

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Millar, David Iain Archibald. "Energetic materials at extreme conditions." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8213.

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In order to effectively model the behaviour of energetic materials under operational conditions it is essential to obtain detailed structural information for these compounds at elevated temperature and/or pressures. The structural characterisation of the high explosives RDX and CL-20 and a series of inorganic azides [Mn+(N3)n] at extreme conditions is described herein. In addition to the characterisation of a highly metastable β -form of RDX (1,3,5- trinitrohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine) at atmospheric pressure, the structure solution of a high-pressure/ high-temperature polymorph is described. This form, obtained above 4.3 GPa and 450 K, has been shown to be distinct from the β -form and has therefore been denoted - RDX. Furthermore, ε -RDX is sufficiently metastable to allow its recovery to ambient pressure at 150 K; it only transforms to the α -form upon warming to 230 K. Finally, the ambient-temperature compression of RDX has been investigated to a maximum pressure of 23.0 GPa, using methanol:ethanol (4:1) as the pressure-transmitting medium; no phase transition was observed under these conditions, other than the α → γ transition at 3.9 GPa. The structure of a high-pressure polymorph of CL-20 (2,4,6,8,10,12- hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane) has also been determined by a combination of powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compression of γ -CL-20 to above 0.7 GPa using Fluorinert (FC-77) as the pressure-transmitting medium results in a phase transition to the ζ -form, which has been found to display structural similarities with both theγ γ - and ε -forms. The high-pressure behaviour of CL-20, however, depends markedly on the starting polymorph and the pressure-transmitting medium selected. Compression of γ -CL-20 in MeOH:EtOH (4:1) results in the formation of a 2:1 CL-20:MeOH solvate at 0.5 GPa. This solvate is stable upon compression to P > 5.0 GPa. It may also be recovered to ambient pressure at 293 K. Meanwhile, no phase transition is observed during the compression of ε -CL-20 to a maximum pressure of 7.2 GPa. Finally, a series of inorganic azides [NaN3, CsN3, TlN3, NH4N3, AgN3 and Pb(N3)2] has been characterised under a range of pressure and temperature conditions. Of the six compounds studied, all displayed at least one polymorphic transition – 5 new forms have been structurally characterised in this work and evidence of another 5 is presented. The combined effect of pressure and temperature results in sodium azide adopting a tetragonal structure common to larger alkali metal azides. Caesium azide has been shown to undergo three phase transitions during compression to 6.0 GPa – the structure of the first high-pressure form is reported. A variable temperature X-ray powder diffraction study of TlN3 has allowed the structural characterisation of the low-temperature TlN3-IV (at 230 K) as well as providing evidence for a phase transition to a high-temperature form above 550 K. The high-pressure form III (obtained above 0.76 GPa) has also been determined by neutron powder diffraction. Silver, ammonium and lead(II) azides have all been shown to undergo a phase transition at high pressures. Compression of silver azide (P > 0.80 GPa) removes an orthorhombic distortion observed at atmospheric pressure, resulting in the tetragonal structure adopted by CsN3 and TlN3 under ambient conditions. Moreover, NH4N3 and Pb(N3)2 have been found to undergo phase transitions at 2.6 GPa, although their high-pressure structures have still to be determined.
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Pessina, Florent. "Toward particle size reduction by spray flash evaporation : the case of organic energetic crystals and cocrystals." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAE031/document.

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La cristallisation en continu de nanoparticules énergétiques est un défi de longue date. Le Spray Flash Evaporation (SFE) est une technique majeure développée et brevetée en interne, pour la production en continu de matériaux énergétiques submicroniques ou nanométriques ; la technologie se base sur la surchauffe d’un solvant pulvérisé dans le vide et s’évaporant de manière flash. Ce présent travail de recherche a pour but de comprendre et contrôler la cristallisation au sein du procédé SFE. Le RDX et le cocristal CL-20:HMX 2:1 sont étudiés. La sursaturation, concernant le SFE, est une fonction du temps et de l’espace liée aux tailles et vitesses de gouttes : elle fut variée par un anti-solvant et par l’amélioration du SFE avec un système double buse. Ensuite, PVP 40K et PEG 400 ont été utilisés afin de contrôler la nucléation et la croissance. Les particules ont pu être ajustées d’une taille de 160 nm à 5 µm, avec des morphologies facettées ou sphériques et avec des sensibilités moindres
The continuous formation of nanosized energetic material is a long-standing challenge. Spray Flash Evaporation (SFE) is a major technique, internally developed and patented, for continuously producing energetic materials at submicron or nano scale; it relies on the superheating of a solvent sprayed into vacuum and thus flashing. This present research project aims to understand and control the crystallisation occurring in the SFE process. RDX and the cocrystal CL-20:HMX 2:1 was studied overcome the limited in situ characterizations also. The supersaturation is a function of time and space in SFE, linked to the size distribution and velocity of droplets. Supersaturation was raised with an anti-solvent and by the enhancement of the SFE with a dual nozzle system. Then PVP 40K and PEG 400 were successfully used to alter the nucleation and the growth. The particles were subsequently tuned from 160 nm spheres to 5 µm grains and were less sensitive, especially toward electrostatic discharge
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Herrmannsdörfer, Dirk [Verfasser], and Thomas M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Klapötke. "Development of an efficient crystallisation scale up of incongruently soluble cocrystal coformers to produce high-quality crystals using the example of the CL-20/HMX cocrystal / Dirk Herrmannsdörfer ; Betreuer: Thomas M. Klapötke." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1241963851/34.

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Melin, Pontus. "Atomistic Modeling of Amorphous Energetic Materials." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Molekyl- och kondenserade materiens fysik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-359778.

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A majority of research within the field of energetic materials have been centered around the stable crystalline phase, whilst there has been less about the amorphous phase and the implications of these types of material. In this study, Molecular Dynamics simulations with the General Amber Force Field (GAFF) is used to predict fundamental properties of the nitramine explosives HMX and CL-20 in the amorphous phase. Amorphous structures are obtained by compressing a molecular gas to 4 GPa followed by relaxation and equilibration. The simulations indicate that the amorphous phases of HMX and CL-20 have lower densities than the corresponding crystal phases, 12.7% and 7.3% respectively. Both HMX and CL-20 was found to compress more easily when subject to external pressure, the difference was most significant for HMX.As a second part of this study an amorphous composition of CL-20/HMX/Polyvinylacetate(PVAc) (50/45/5 -wt%) was studied. This was obtained by compressing a molecular gas to varying pressures followed by relaxation and equilibration. Results indicate that the simulated density around 1.64 [g/cm3 ] fall close to experimental observations of 1.7 [g/cm3 ]. The density was observed to not vary significantly for pressures higher than 0.4 [GP a] in accordance to experimental data.
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Levchenko, Victor. "Studies of CA 2+ -signaling and CL-conductance changes in response to abscisic acid, voltage changes and cold, in the plasma membrane of guard cells." kostenfrei, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-45309.

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Bardai, Ghalib Karim. "Effets du CL-20 chez la caille japonaise (Coturnix coturnix japonica) et la purification d'une GST capable de métaboliser le CL-20." Mémoire, 2006. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/1673/1/M9202.pdf.

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L'hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane ou CL-20 est un nouveau composé énergétique présentement à l'étude pour fin d'utilisation militaire. Le RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) et le HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tétranitro-1,3,5,7-tétrazocine) sont des contaminants couramment retrouvés dans le sol des sites militaires. La toxicité de ces deux derniers nitramines sur les espèces de vertébrés terrestres, tel que les mammifères, les amphibiens et les oiseaux, est de plus en plus documentée. Le CL-20 est un nitramine polycyclique caractérisé par des liens N-NO₂, ce qui est comparable au RDX et au HMX qui sont deux composés nitramines monocycliques. Étant donné leurs structures chimiques similaires, nous avons émis l'hypothèse que les effets du CL-20 sur les oiseaux seraient aussi semblables à ceux du RDX. Au cours de la présente étude, nous avons évalué les effets toxiques du CL-20 sur un gallinacé, la caille japonaise (Coturnix coturnix japonica) exposée à des doses journalières et répétées de CL-20. En premier lieu, un test sub-aigu de 14 jours a été réalisé, durant lequel les oiseaux ont subi des gavages répétés pendant les premiers 5 jours suivis de 10 jours sans exposition au CL-20 (diluant seulement). Dans un deuxième temps, un test nutritionnel sub-chronique a été réalisé sur une période de 42 jours. Au cours de ces deux études, aucun effet toxique n'a été observé chez les oiseaux exposés au CL-20. Par contre, une augmentation du poids du foie, des niveaux du sodium plasmique et de la créatinine ont été observés chez les oiseaux ayant reçu les doses de CL-20 les plus élevées. L'analyse du plasma et de certains organes vitaux des cailles (foie, cerveau, coeur et rate) a montré que le CL-20 n'était pas présent dans ces tissus, suggérant que le CL-20 pourrait être biotransformé in vivo. Au cours de l'étude nutritionnelle sub-chronique, le poids des embryons a significativement et proportionnellement diminué en fonction de la dose de CL-20. Les embryons des oiseaux exposés au CL-20 présentaient plusieurs malformations congénitales (autant crâniennes que faciales), telles que des courbures du bec, l'hypertrophie du cerveau moyen et le développement d'un seul côté du visage couplé à une micro-opthalmie (comparaison non statistique avec les embryons contrôles). Le nombre d'oeufs pondus par femelle tendait aussi à diminuer avec l'augmentation de la dose. Ces résultats suggèrent que le CL-20 aurait un effet sur le foie des femelles adultes. Le développement des embryons d'oiseaux diffère de celui du foetus de mammifères en ce sens que 90% de l'énergie requise par l'embryon d'oiseau provient de la β-oxydation des acides gras dérivés des lipides vitellins. Les lipides vitellins sont produits par le foie maternel et transmis aux oocytes en croissance, servant de source d'acides gras pour l'embryon. Ainsi, il est possible que les effets du CL-20 sur le foie maternel (via le métabolisme des acides gras et des composés xénobiotiques) conduisent à des effets nuisibles sur le développement de l'embryon qui est intimement lié au vitellus maternel. Notre hypothèse principale de travail est que le foie de caille pourrait contenir une ou des enzymes capable de biotransformer le CL-20. Nos résultats avec le cytosol total indiquent que la disparition du CL-20 est inhibée in vitro par l'acide éthacrynique ou un produit analogue au GSH, le s-octylglutathione, qui est une enzyme GST. La purification et la caractérisation de la glutathione S-transférase cytosolique (GST) a été effectuée à partir du foie de caille. L'analyse partielle de la séquence N-terminale a montré que les deux classes de GST alpha et mu de la caille ont une homologie de 100% avec la GST du poulet. Cette enzyme purifiée a pu bio transformer le CL-20 en présence de la glutathione (GSH), un co-facteur obligatoire. Nos résultats suggèrent que la protéine purifiée a bio transformé le CL-20, tel que mis en évidence par la formation concomitante de nitrite (NO₂) et la disparition du CL-20. Nos résultats suggèrent que la biotransformation du CL-20 par GST in vitro, pourrait expliquer la faible toxicité et l'absence de CL-20 in vivo. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Caille japonaise, CL-20, GST, acide éthacrynique.
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Li, Hsueh-Ju, and 李學儒. "Metal complexes of 2-aza-2-(p-methylbenyl)-5, 10, 15, 20-tetraphenyl-21-carbaporphyrin : Ni(2-NCH2-p-C6H4CH3NCTPP) andCo(2-NCH2-p-C6H4CH3-21-CH2-o-C6H4CH3NCTPP)Cl." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/j9qkhz.

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碩士
國立中興大學
化學系所
102
We use 4-Methylbenzyl bromide as 2-N substituted alkylation to react with N-confused porphyrin to afford 2-aza-2-(p-methylbenyl)-5, 10, 15, 20-tetraphenyl-21-carbaporphyrin (2-NCH2-p-C6H4CH3NCTPPH) (2). After 2-N substituted alkylation, we use Ni(OAc)2∙4H2O, CoCl2∙6H2O to react seperately with 2-NCH2-p-C6H4CH3NCTPPH (2) to get two NCP metal complexes, diamagnetic of Ni(2-NCH2-p-C6H4CH3NCTPP) (3)、paramagnetic of Co(2-NCH2-p-C6H4CH3-21-CH2-o-C6H4CH3NCTPP)Cl (4). we use X-ray single-crystal diffractometer to study the crystal structures of NCP metal complexes The magnitudes of axial (D) and rhombic (E) zero-field splitting (ZFS) for the mononuclear Co(II) in 4 were determined approximately as 39.14 cm-1 and 8.61 cm-1 respectively by paramagnetic susceptibility measurements and conventional EPR spectroscopy.
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Pan, Shu-Ru, and 潘淑如. "Preparation, spectra and crystal structures of compounds MLn=Cr(CO)2(NO)19; Cr(NO)2(Cl)20; Cr(NO)2(I)21; W(CO)3(CH3)22 and MLn=Cr(CO)2(NO)23; Cr(NO)2(C1)24; Cr(NO)2(I)25 W(CO)3(CH3)26." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97110274796038443032.

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Bahadorani, Payam. "Evaporative heat and mass transfer with solubility driven solidification of aqueous droplet flows." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10155/20.

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Nuclear-based hydrogen production via thermochemical water decomposition using a copper-chlorine cycle consists of a series of chemical reactions that split water into hydrogen and oxygen. This is accomplished through reactions involving intermediate copper and chlorine compounds, which act as catalysts that are recycled in the process. In this thesis, analytical and numerical solutions are developed to predict the behaviour of aqueous cupric chloride droplets in a solution undergoing spray-drying in the Cu-Cl cycle. The aqueous CuCl2 is present as a slurry within the cycle, which will later generate oxygen and hydrogen as a net result. The efficiency of the cycle can be increased by utilizing low-grade waste heat from any industrial source or nuclear power plant to assist in the drying process. There are many different methods employed in industry for drying of solutions. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, depending on the application and conditions. In this thesis, analytical correlations of heat and mass transfer are developed for the aqueous solution, subject to various drying conditions. The analysis is performed for moist air in contact with a sprayed aqueous solution of CuCl2(2H2O). Validation of the model is performed by comparisons with experimental results obtained from a Niro-spray dryer for CuCl2 and previous experimental and theoretical data for different fluids, on the basis of non-dimensional analysis.
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Fiedler, Sebastian. "Strukturelle und elektronische Zusammenhänge von inversionsasymmetrischen Halbleitern mit starker Spin-Bahn-Kopplung; BiTeX (X =I, Br, Cl)." Doctoral thesis, 2018. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-155624.

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Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Untersuchung und Manipulation von Halbleitern, bei denen die Spin-Bahn-Kopplung (SBK) in Kombination mit einem Bruch der strukturellen Inversionssymmetrie zu einer impulsabhängigen Spinaufspaltung der Bandstruktur führt. Von besonderem Interesse ist hierbei der Zusammenhang zwischen der spinabhängigen elektronischen Struktur und der strukturellen Geometrie. Dieser wird durch eine Kombination komplementärer, oberflächensensitiver Messmethoden - insbesondere Rastertunnelmikroskopie (STM) und Photoelektronenspektroskopie (PES) - an geeigneten Modellsystemen untersucht. Der experimentelle Fokus liegt dabei auf den polaren Halbleitern BiTeX (X =I, Br, Cl). Zusätzliche Experimente werden an dünnen Schichten der topologischen Isolatoren (TI) Bi1,1-xSb0;9+xSe3 (x = 0. . . 1,1) und Bi2Te2Se durchgeführt. Die inversionsasymmetrische Kristallstruktur in BiTeX führt zur Existenz zweier nicht-äquivalenter Oberflächen mit unterschiedlicher Terminierung (Te oder X) und invertierter atomarer Stapelfolge. STM-Aufnahmen der Oberflächen gespaltener Einkristalle belegen für BiTeI(0001) eine Koexistenz beider Terminierungen auf einer Längenskala von etwa 100 nm, die sich auf Stapelfehler im Kristallvolumen zurückführen lassen. Diese Domänen sind groß genug, um eine vollständig entwickelte Banddispersion auszubilden und erzeugen daher eine Kombination der Bandstrukturen beider Terminierungen bei räumlich integrierenden Messmethoden. BiTeBr(0001) und BiTeCl(0001) hingegen zeichnen sich durch homogene Terminierungen auf einer makroskopischen Längenskala aus. Atomar aufgelöste STM-Messungen zeigen für die drei Systeme unterschiedliche Defektdichten der einzelnen Lagen sowie verschiedene strukturelle Beeinflussungen durch die Halogene. PES-Messungen belegen einen starken Einfluss der Terminierung auf verschiedene Eigenschaften der Oberflächen, insbesondere auf die elektronische Bandstruktur, die Austrittsarbeit sowie auf die Wechselwirkung mit Adsorbaten. Die unterschiedliche Elektronegativität der Halogene resultiert in verschieden starken Ladungsübergängen innerhalb der kovalent-ionisch gebundenen BiTe+ X- Einheitszelle. Eine erweiterte Analyse der Oberflächeneigenschaften ist durch die Bedampfung mit Cs möglich, wobei eine Änderung der elektronischen Struktur durch die Wechselwirkung mit dem Alkalimetall studiert wird. Modifiziert man die Kristallstruktur sowie die chemische Zusammensetzung von BiTeI(0001) nahe der Oberfläche durch Heizen im Vakuum, bewirkt dies eine Veränderung der Bandstruktur in zwei Schritten. So führt zunächst der Verlust von Iod zum Verlust der Rashba-Aufspaltung, was vermutlich durch eine Aufhebung der Inversionsasymmetrie in der Einheitszelle verursacht wird. Anschließend bildet sich eine neue Kristallstruktur, die topologisch nichttriviale Oberflächenzustände hervorbringt. Der Umordnungsprozess betrifft allerdings nur die Kristalloberfläche - im Volumen bleibt die inversionsasymmetrische Einheitszelle erhalten. Einem derartigen Hybridsystem werden bislang unbekannte elektronische Eigenschaften vorausgesagt. Eine systematische Untersuchung von Dünnschicht-TIs, die mittels Molekularstrahlepitaxie (MBE) erzeugt wurden, zeigt eine Veränderung der Morphologie und elektronischen Struktur in Abhängigkeit von Stöchiometrie und Substrat. Der Vergleich zwischen MBE und gewachsenen Einkristallen offenbart deutliche Unterschiede. Bei einem der Dünnschichtsysteme tritt sogar eine lokal inhomogene Zustandsdichte im Bindungsenergiebereich des topologischen Oberflächenzustands auf
This thesis is about the analysis and manipulation of semiconductor surfaces, for which Spin-Orbit-Coupling (SOC) in combination with a break of structural symmetry leads to a k-dependent spin separation in the electronic structure. Therefore, the relation between the spin-dependent electronic structure and the atomic geometry is of particular interest. Suitable model systems have been investigated by a combination of complementary surface-sensitive measuring methods, e.g. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES). In this work, the main experimental focus is on the BiTeX (X =I, Br, Cl) polar semiconductors. Additional experiments have been carried out on thin films of topological insulators (TI) Bi1,1-xSb0,9+xSe3 (X = 0. . . 1.1) and Bi2Te2Se. The non-centrosymmetric crystal structure of BiTeX results in two non-equivalent surfaces with different terminations (Te or X) and inverted layer structure. STM measurements of the surface of cleaved single crystals show a coexistence of both terminations for BiTeI(0001) on a length scale of around 100 nm, which is caused by bulk stacking faults. These domains are large enough to show a fully developed band dispersion and therefore yield a combined band structure of both terminations when investigated with spatially integrating methods. By contrast, BiTeBr(0001) and BiTeCl(0001) show homogeneous terminations on a macroscopic scale. Atomically resolved STM measurements on each of the three systems reveal different defect densities for each of the atomic layers as well as different structural influences of the halogens. PES measurements show a strong influence of the termination on several surface properties, e.g. electronic band structure, work function and absorbate interaction. The different electronegativities of the halogens result in a varying degree of charge transfer within the covalently-ionically bonded BiTe+ X- unit cell. A more detailed study of the surface properties has been facilitated by Cs deposition and the subsequent investigation of alterations of the electronic structure resulting from interactions with the alkali metal. A surface modification of the crystal structure and chemical properties of BiTeI(0001) by vacuum annealing results in a variation of the band structure in two steps. At first, the loss of I causes a disappearance of the Rashba-splitting, which might be caused by the loss of non-centrosymmetry of the unit cell. In a second step, a new unit cell forms at the surface, which generates non-trivial topological surface states. This reordering only affects the surface while the unit cells of the crystal bulk remain non-centrosymmetric. Hybrid systems like this are expected to exhibit novel electronic properties. A systematic analysis of thin _lm TIs grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) shows changes in morphology and electronic structure as a function of stoichiometry and substrate. The comparison of MBE and grown single crystals reveals a considerable difference between sample properties. One particular system even shows a locally inhomogeneous density of states within the binding energy regime of the topological surface state
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Books on the topic "CL-20"

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CL-20 Sensitivity Round Robin. Storming Media, 2003.

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Spiceland. Intermed Acctg Cl Tst 2 12-20. McGraw-Hill Education, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "CL-20"

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Viswanath, Dabir S., Tushar K. Ghosh, and Veera M. Boddu. "Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW, CL-20)." In Emerging Energetic Materials: Synthesis, Physicochemical, and Detonation Properties. Springer Netherlands, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1201-7_2.

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Pavlov, Julius, and Mohammed Sidhoum. "Biodegradation of Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20)." In Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01083-0_13.

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Millar, David I. A. "High-Pressure Structural Studies of CL-20." In Energetic Materials at Extreme Conditions. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23132-2_4.

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Singh, Baljinder, Jagdeep Kaur, and Kashmir Singh. "Degradation of TNP, RDX, and CL-20 Explosives by Microbes." In Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01083-0_5.

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Liu, Rong-qiang, Jian-xin Nie, and Qing-jie Jiao. "Study on Lee-Tarver Model Parameters of CL-20 Explosive Ink." In Advances in Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9710-3_22.

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Szecsody, Jim E., Steve Comfort, Herb L. Fredrickson, et al. "In Situ Degradation and Remediation of Energetics TNT, RDX, HMX, and CL-20 and a Byproduct NDMA in the Sub-Surface Environment." In Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01083-0_15.

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Kokke, Pepijn. "Strong and Weak Quantifiers in Focused NL $$_{\text {CL}}$$." In Logical Aspects of Computational Linguistics. Celebrating 20 Years of LACL (1996–2016). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53826-5_9.

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"Mechanisms and Kinetics of CL-20 Modes of Transformation via Alkali Hydrolysis and via Photolysis and Thermolysis Free Radical Reactions." In Energetic Materials. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b10475-8.

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Taber, Douglass F. "The Lee Synthesis of (−)-Crinipellin A." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190646165.003.0098.

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The crinipellins are the only tetraquinane natural products. The enone crinipellins, including crinipellin A 3, have anticancer activity. Hee-Yoon Lee of the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) envisioned (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 10274) the assembly of 2 and thus 3 by the intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of the diazoalkane derived from the tosylhydrazone 1. The initial cyclopentene was prepared from commercial 4 following the Williams procedure. Conjugate addition of the Grignard reagent 5 in the presence of TMS-Cl led to the silyl enol ether 6. Regeneration of the enolate followed by allylation gave 7. The preparation of the racemic ketone was completed by ozonolysis followed by selec­tive reduction and protection. Addition of hydride in an absolute sense led to separa­ble 1:1 mixture of diastereomers. Reoxidation of one of the diastereomers delivered enantiomerically enriched 8. A few steps later, after coupling with 10, the sidechain stereocenter was set by Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation. Oxidation of 11 gave the aldehyde, that was converted to the alkyne 12 by the Ohira protocol. Addition of the Grignard reagent 13 gave the allene 14 as an inconse­quential 1:1 mixture of diastereomers. Deprotection then led to the tosylhydrazone 1. The transformation of 1 to 2 proceeded by initial formation of the diazo alkane 15. Intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition gave 16, that lost N2 to give the trimethylene–methane diradical 17. The insertion into the distal alkene proceeded with remarkable stereocontrol, to give 2 as a single diastereomer—in 87% yield from 1. Direct α-hydroxylation of the ketone derived from 2 gave the wrong diastereo­mer, and hydride addition to 18 reduced the wrong ketone. As an alternative, the enantiomerically-pure sulfoximine anion was added to the more reactive ketone, and the product was reduced and protected to give 19. Allylic oxidation converted the alkene to the enone, and heating to reflux in toluene reversed the sulfoximine addi­tion, leading to 20. Epoxidation of 20 followed by α-methylenation delivered the enone 21, that proved to be particularly sensitive. Eventually, success was found with TASF. With a similarly sensitive substrate, Douglass F. Taber of the University of Delaware observed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 13285) that TBAF in THF buffered with solid NH4Cl worked well.
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Emmett, Stevan R., Nicola Hill, and Federico Dajas-Bailador. "Neurology." In Clinical Pharmacology for Prescribing. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199694938.003.0017.

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Cerebrovascular disease encompasses all disorders that temporarily or permanently affect the way oxygen and glucose are delivered to the brain via cerebral blood ves­sels. Stroke is a sudden focal event that leads to neuro­logical deficit, because of disturbed circulation. Ischaemic strokes account for around 80% of total numbers and are caused by inadequate blood flow secondary to occlusion by an atheroma, embolus, or less commonly, severe local vasospasm. The remaining 20% are haemorrhagic strokes that occur because of a bleed through ruptured vessels and may be defined by their location. Historically, symptomatology in stroke exceeds 24 hours and where symptoms resolve before this, i.e. a tran­sient vessel occlusion, is termed a transient ischaemic at­tack (TIA). More recently, however, a TIA has been defined by the American Heart Association and American Stroke Association (AHA/ ASA) as a ‘transient episode of neuro­logic dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord or ret­inal ischaemia without acute infarction’. TIAs occur more commonly in men, increasing with age and affecting 35 per 100 000 people. It is also associated with an increased risk of stroke. Stroke is a major health burden in the UK, with an an­nual incidence in excess of 150 000, accounting for ap­proximately 40 000 deaths/ year. Furthermore, there are approximately 1.2 million people in the UK living with the effects of a stroke. Modification of risk factors, rapid clinical diagnosis, and efficient early intervention is essential in re­ducing incidence and improving outcomes (see Figure 9.1). Ischaemic stroke, the most common form of cerebrovas­cular disease, results mainly from the enlargement or rup­ture of an atheromatous plaque, or from an embolus that travels from the systemic arterial system into the CNS vasculature. The subsequent reduction in oxygenated blood flow by 20– 30% deprives brain tissues, normally completely dependent on aerobic metabolism, of glucose and oxygen. At a cellular level the resultant anaerobic conditions trigger the ischaemic cascade, so that cells ultimately undergo apoptosis and die. Persistent ischaemia lasting more than 1 hour leads to local tissue necrosis, neuro-inflammation, and oedema. Prior to cellular apoptosis, the normally maintained electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane is disrupted, such that intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, and Cl<sup>-</sup> levels rise uncontrollably, bringing with it an inflow of water causing neurons and glia to swell.
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Conference papers on the topic "CL-20"

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BALKISHAN, PAL DINESH KUMAR, SHALLU GUPTA, DEEPIKA JINDAL, PUSHPA GUPTA, SANDEEP SHARMA, and ARUN AGARWAL. "Thin Flyer Impact Initiation Threshold Comparison of HNS-IV, CL-20, CL-20/HMX Co-Crystal in Slapper Detonator." In 31st International Symposium on Ballistics. DEStech Publications, Inc., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/ballistics2019/33232.

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Cooper, Marcia A., Aaron L. Brundage, Evan C. Dudley, et al. "STATIC AND DYNAMIC COMPACTION OF CL-20 POWDERS." In SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER 2009: Proceedings of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3295068.

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Rui, Zhang, Zhang Fan, and Xie Ruizhen. "Simulation Calculation Of Cl-20 Explosive Shock Initiation Reliability." In 2020 Asia-Pacific Conference on Image Processing, Electronics and Computers (IPEC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipec49694.2020.9115169.

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LI, Meng-Yao, Rong-Hui HUANG, and Shi YAN. "Preparation of NC/CL-20 composite fibers by electrospinning." In 2016 International Workshop on Material Science and Environmental Engineering (IWMSEE2016). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813143401_0018.

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Tarver, C. M., R. L. Simpson та P. A. Urtiew. "Shock initiation of an ɛ-CL-20-estane formulation". У Proceedings of the conference of the American Physical Society topical group on shock compression of condensed matter. AIP, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.50589.

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Brundage, A. L., Mark Elert, Michael D. Furnish, William W. Anderson, William G. Proud, and William T. Butler. "EOS DEVELOPMENT AND NUMERICAL MODELING OF CL-20 COMPACTION." In SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER 2009: Proceedings of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3295062.

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Gump, Jared C. "High-Pressure Structural Study of Epsilon HNIW (CL-20)." In SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER - 2003: Proceedings of the Conference of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter. AIP, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1780397.

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Gupta, Shallu, Deepika Jindal, Pushpa Gupta, Pal Dinesh Kumar, Arun Agarwal, and Prem Lata. "Characterization of CL-20 Explosive for Short Duration Shock Initiation." In Proceedings of the 32nd International Symposium on Shock Waves (ISSW32 2019). Research Publishing Services, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-11-2730-4_0251-cd.

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Demol, Gauthier. "Physical and chemical microstructural damage in pressed CL-20 explosives." In Shock compression of condensed matter. AIP, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1303573.

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Gump, Jared C., Chad A. Stoltz, Suhithi M. Peiris, et al. "PHASE STABILITY OF EPSILON AND GAMMA HNIW (CL-20) AT HIGH-PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE." In SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER - 2007: Proceedings of the Conference of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2832955.

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Reports on the topic "CL-20"

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Pavlov, Julius, Muhammad Sidhoum, Chris Christodoulatos, Wendy Balas, and Steven Nicolich. Hydrolysis of CL-20. Defense Technical Information Center, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada437522.

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Karakaya, P., M. Sidhourn, C. Christodoulatos, Wendy Balas, and Steven Nicolich. Alkaline Hydrolysis of CL-20. Defense Technical Information Center, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada436623.

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Karakaya, P., M. Sidhoum, C. Christodoulatos, Wendy Balas, and Steven Nicolich. Aqueous Solubility of CL-20. Defense Technical Information Center, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada436626.

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Johnson, Nancy C. CL-20 Sensitivity Round Robin. Defense Technical Information Center, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada415096.

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Phillips, Jason Joe. Various Recrystallizations of CL-20 (HNIW hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1227343.

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Chapman, Robert D., Richard A. Hollins, Thomas J. Groshens, and David A. Nissan. Benzylamine-Free, Heavy-Metal-Free Synthesis of CL-20. Defense Technical Information Center, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada608401.

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Yazici, R., and D. Kalyon. Microstrain and Defect Analysis of CL-20 Crystals by Novel X-Ray Methods. Defense Technical Information Center, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada311738.

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Szecsody, James E., Robert G. Riley, Brooks J. Devary, et al. Factors Effecting the Fate and Transport of CL-20 in the Vadose Zone and Groundwater: Final Report 2002 - 2004 SERDP Project CP-1255. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/969747.

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Todd T. Nichols and Dean D. Taylor. Thermodynamic Phase And Chemical Equilibrium At 0-110?C For The H+-K+-Na+-Cl--H2O System Up To 16 Molal And The HNO3-H2O System Up To 20 Molal Using An Association-Based Pitzer Model Compatible With ASPEN Plus. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/911440.

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Nichols, T. T., and D. D. Taylor. Thermodynamic Phase And Chemical Equilibrium At 0-110 C For The H+-K+-Na+-Cl--H2O System Up To 16 Molal And The HNO3-H2O System Up To 20 Molal Using An Association-Based Pitzer Model Compatible With ASPEN Plus. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/819868.

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