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1
Griffiths, Scott, Carl H. Mesarich, Benedetta Saccomanno, Abraham Vaisberg, Pierre J. G. M. De Wit, Russell Cox, and Jérôme Collemare. "Elucidation of cladofulvin biosynthesis reveals a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase required for anthraquinone dimerization." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 25 (June 6, 2016): 6851–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1603528113.
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Anthraquinones are a large family of secondary metabolites (SMs) that are extensively studied for their diverse biological activities. These activities are determined by functional group decorations and the formation of dimers from anthraquinone monomers. Despite their numerous medicinal qualities, very few anthraquinone biosynthetic pathways have been elucidated so far, including the enzymatic dimerization steps. In this study, we report the elucidation of the biosynthesis of cladofulvin, an asymmetrical homodimer of nataloe-emodin produced by the fungusCladosporium fulvum. A gene cluster of 10 genes controls cladofulvin biosynthesis, which begins with the production of atrochrysone carboxylic acid by the polyketide synthase ClaG and the β-lactamase ClaF. This compound is decarboxylated by ClaH to yield emodin, which is then converted to chrysophanol hydroquinone by the reductase ClaC and the dehydratase ClaB. We show that the predicted cytochrome P450 ClaM catalyzes the dimerization of nataloe-emodin to cladofulvin. Remarkably, such dimerization dramatically increases nataloe-emodin cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines. These findings shed light on the enzymatic mechanisms involved in anthraquinone dimerization. Future characterization of the ClaM enzyme should facilitate engineering the biosynthesis of novel, potent, dimeric anthraquinones and structurally related compound families.
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Toniello, Ginevra, Dana Lepofsky, Gavia Lertzman-Lepofsky, Anne K. Salomon, and Kirsten Rowell. "11,500 y of human–clam relationships provide long-term context for intertidal management in the Salish Sea, British Columbia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 44 (October 14, 2019): 22106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905921116.
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Historical ecology can provide insights into the long-term and complex relationships between humans and culturally important species and ecosystems, thereby extending baselines for modern management. We bring together paleoecological, archaeological, and modern clam records to explore the relationship between humans and butter clams (Saxidomus gigantea) throughout the Holocene in the northern Salish Sea of British Columbia, Canada. We compare butter clam size and growth patterns from different temporal, environmental, and cultural contexts spanning 11,500 y to present. Butter clam size and growth were restricted in early postglacial times but increased over the next few millennia. During the early-Late Holocene, humans took increasing advantage of robust clam populations and after 3.5 ka, began constructing clam gardens (intertidal rock-walled terraces). Environmental and cultural variables, including coarse substrate, stabilized sea surface temperature, and the presence of a clam garden wall, increased clam growth throughout the Holocene. Measurements of clams collected in active clam gardens and deposited in middens suggest that clam gardens as well as other mariculture activities enhanced clam production despite increased harvesting pressure. Since European contact, decline of traditional management practices and increases in industrial activities are associated with reduced clam size and growth similar to those of the early postglacial clams. Deeper-time baselines that more accurately represent clam population variability and allow us to assess magnitudes of change throughout time as well as the complex interactions among humans and clams are useful for modern marine resource management.
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Singh, Yambem Tenjing. "Relationships between environmental factors and biological parameters of Asian wedge clam, Donax scortum, morphometric analysis, length-weight relationship and condition index: a first report in Asia." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 97, no. 8 (August 19, 2016): 1617–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531541600103x.
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Wedge clam, Donax scortum occurrence was studied from February 2009 to January 2010 in Padukere sandy beach, Karnataka (India). The following biological parameters were measured in 2367 individuals of the wedge clam, Donax scortum: length, breadth, width, total weight, shell weight, wet meat weight, dry meat weight and number of clams. The calculated linear equation of length-breadth and length-width relationships were B = 3.5968 + 0.5421L and W = 0.8191 + 0.4345L respectively. The length-total weight, length-wet meat weight, length-dry meat weight and length-shell weight relationships were 0.0001414L3.0224, W = 0.0000037L3.5204, W = 0.0000011L3.4513 and 0.0000852L2.9912 respectively. The values of correlation coefficient for different shell dimensional relationships were very close to unity. It was clear from the study that the most ideal period for clam harvest was April, June and December, especially when condition index was maximum. Length showed a strong correlation with silt and clay. Dry meat weight was negatively correlated with air temperature. Shell weight showed positive correlation with length, breadth, width and dry meat weight, and abiotic parameters, silt and clay. Condition index was positively correlated with electrical conductivity, whereas it was negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen. It showed a strong positive correlation with salinity. Seasonal fluctuation of condition index in D. scortum was probably related to reproductive activity. The harvesting of wedge clam could be carried out considering the maximum sustainable yield without over-exploitation
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Perri, Edward, Leslie Sturmer, Paul S. Wills, John Baldwin, and Susan Laramore. "Effect of Microalgal Diets on Sunray Venus Clam (Macrocallista nimbosa) Production and Fatty Acid Profile." Fishes 8, no. 2 (January 26, 2023): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020072.
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The sunray venus (sunray) clam, Macrocallista nimbosa, is an alternative clam species reared in hard clam hatcheries in Florida. Current feeding practices follow those used for hard clam culture. This study aimed to identify whether a hard clam bi-algal Tisochrysis lutea and Chaetoceros neogracile diet was an optimal diet for post-set sunray clams or whether other microalgal dietary combinations could improve production. Six dietary bi-, tri-, or tetra-algal combinations consisting of four microalgae species (Tisochrysis lutea, Diacronema lutheri, Chaetoceros neogracile, and Thalassiosira weissflogii) were fed for 6 weeks; the growth, survival, and fatty acid profiles of post-set clams were evaluated. Clams fed equal proportions of T. lutea, D. lutheri, C. neogracile, and T. weissflogii had higher growth, while those fed equal proportions of T. lutea and C. neogracile had higher survival. The poorest-performing diet consisted solely of diatoms. A contrasting polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) profile was found in post-set clams fed flagellate- or diatom-only diets. Clams fed the bi-algal flagellate diet had a higher percentage of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) but a lower percentage of (n-6) PUFA, whereas those fed the bi-algal diatom diet had a higher percentage of arachidonic acid (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) but a lower percentage of DHA. The percentages were similar and neither very high nor very low in clams fed the remaining dietary treatments. The results of this study show that sunray venus post-set clams can be successfully produced when fed a typical hard clam bi-algal flagellate and diatom diet, but they indicate that growth may be accelerated by the addition of other microalgae species.
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Geraci-Yee, Sabrina, Jackie L. Collier, and Bassem Allam. "Mucochytrium quahogii (=QPX) Is a Commensal, Opportunistic Pathogen of the Hard Clam (Mercenaria mercenaria): Evidence and Implications for QPX Disease Management." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 11 (October 26, 2022): 1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8111128.
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Mucochytrium quahogii, commonly known as QPX (Quahog Parasite Unknown), is the causative agent of QPX disease in hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria), but poor understanding of the relationship between host and pathogen has hindered effective management. To address this gap in knowledge, we conducted a two-year study quantifying the distribution and abundance of M. quahogii in hard clam tissue, pallial fluid, and the environment. M. quahogii was broadly distributed in clams and the environment, in areas with and without a known history of QPX disease. M. quahogii in clams was not strongly related to M. quahogii in the environment. M. quahogii was always present in either the tissue or pallial fluid of each clam, with an inverse relationship between the abundance in the two anatomical locations. This study suggests that the sediment–water interface and clam pallial fluid are environmental reservoirs of M. quahogii and that there is a host-specific relationship between M. quahogii and the hard clam, supporting its classification as a commensal, opportunistic pathogen. There appears to be minimal risk of spreading QPX disease to naïve clam populations because M. quahogii is already present and does not appear to be causing disease in hard clam populations in locations unfavorable for pathogenesis.
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Ulfa, Marya, Syafruddin Nasution, and Afrizal Tanjung. "KARAKTERISTIK HABITAT DAN STRUKTUR POPULASI KERANG BAMBU (Solen lamarckii, Chenu 1984) DI ZONA INTERTIDAL DESA APIAPI KECAMATAN BANDAR LAKSAMANA KABUPATEN BENGKALIS." Jurnal Perikanan dan Kelautan 25, no. 3 (November 23, 2020): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jpk.25.3.184-193.
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The study about habitat characteristics and population structure razor clam (Solen lamarckii, Chenu 1984) in intertidal zone Apiapi Village Bandar Laksamana District Bengkalis Regency conducted on January 2020. The purpose of this study was to analyze about habitat characteristics and population structure of razor clam and the correlation between substrate particle size and population density of razor clam. The habitat parameters measured include the physical and chemical parameters of sea waters. Determination of the station using purposive sampling method. Razor clam samples were collected by using a 1 x 1 m2 frame that laid along a transect. There were 4 plots and 3 subplots along the transect as replications. The result showed, the sediment tipe was sandy substrate, organic material was low, total suspended solid was high. Population density of razor clams was 3.3-23.3 Ind/m2. The distribution pattern of razor clams through each plot was uniform. While, the most common size of razor clam 5.04-5.62 cm. The correlation between particle size and population density of razor clam was strong.
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Tran-Nguyen, Quynh Anh, Tuan Quy Nguyen, Thao Linh Thi Phan, Minh Van Vo, and Mau Trinh-Dang. "Abundance of Microplastics in Two Venus Clams (Meretrix lyrata and Paratapes undulatus) from Estuaries in Central Vietnam." Water 15, no. 7 (March 27, 2023): 1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15071312.
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This study investigated the presence of microplastics in two common edible bivalves in Vietnam, the hard clam (Meretrix lyrata) and the undulate venus clam (Paratapes undulatus), from two estuaries in Da Nang city. Microplastics were detected in both species with relatively high concentrations—from 2.17 ± 0.43 to 2.38 ± 1.28 items g−1 in the undulate venus clams and from 4.71 ± 2.15 to 5.36 ± 2.69 items g−1 in the hard clams. Fibers were the most dominant form of microplastic in both clams, and a high proportion were fibers with sizes from 300 μm to 1500 μm. An estimation of microplastic intake in Vietnamese consumers’ bodies from clam consumption was made, which showed an average ingestion of 2489 items person−1 year−1. Our study is also the first global record of microplastic distribution characteristics in the undulate venus clam Paratapes undulatus.
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Abd Ebrah, Nor Anniera Binti, and Robert Francis Peters. "Preliminary Survey on Clam Based Tourism and Conservation in Sabah." Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC) 19 (October 15, 2022): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v19i.3944.
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One nature-based attraction for nature lovers and ecotourists in Sabah is the variety of clam resources where exotic species such as Giant clam are protected under CITES and the Sabah Department of Fisheries. Clams are highly distributed in Sabah, attracting tourists and providing food sources for local people. Despite the popularity of clams, the relationship between clam consumption by the local community and tourists are least documented and studied in Sabah, implicating the management and conservation of clam resources through the perspective of local people and tourists. This research is significant in improving policies and decision-making for the long-term ecological and socio-economic sustainability of clam-based tourism and conservation in Sabah. Online surveys and in-person interviews on local people and tourists were conducted in Sandakan, Kota Kinabalu, Tawau and Kudat. Descriptive statistical methods, Chi-squared analysis, and factor analysis were used for analysing data. Findings suggest a relationship between clam consumption by the respondents with clam as traditional food of the respondents and the popularity of clam in the visited area. Factor analysis yielded two factors on the involvement of the local community in clam conservation and utilization in the visited area, and another two factors on the respondent's expectation based on their trip experiences in Sabah. The results also suggest that tourists commonly viewed the involvement of the local community in their visited area as more traditional-like. These views contradict clam conservation efforts in Sabah that adopt modern approaches while excluding the role of local people. This information is crucial in understanding the consumption of clam resources in Sabah's tourism industry, integrating with local cultures and adding value to calm conservation in Sabah.
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Wu, Ching-Feng, Ching-Hung Chen, Ching-Yang Wu, Chen-Si Lin, Yao-Chi Su, Ching-Fen Wu, Hsiao-Pei Tsai, et al. "Quinolone and Organophosphorus Insecticide Residues in Bivalves and Their Associated Risks in Taiwan." Molecules 25, no. 16 (August 10, 2020): 3636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163636.
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Bivalves, such as freshwater clams (Corbicula fluminea) and hard clams (Meretrix lusoria), are the most extensive and widely grown shellfish in land-based ponds in Taiwan. However, few studies have examined the contamination of bivalves by quinolone and organophosphorus insecticides. Thus, we adapted an established procedure to analyze 8 quinolones and 12 organophosphorus insecticides using liquid and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Surveys in Taiwan have not noted high residual levels of these chemicals in bivalve tissues. A total of 58 samples of freshwater or hard clams were obtained from Taiwanese aquafarms. We identified 0.03 mg/kg of enrofloxacin in one freshwater clam, 0.024 mg/kg of flumequine in one freshwater clam, 0.02 mg/kg of flumequine in one hard clam, 0.05 mg/kg of chlorpyrifos in one freshwater clam, 0.03 mg/kg of chlorpyrifos in one hard clam, and 0.02 mg/kg of trichlorfon in one hard clam. The results indicated that 5.17% of the samples had quinolone insecticide residues and 5.17% had organophosphorus residues. However, the estimated daily intake (EDI)/acceptable daily intake quotient (ADI) indicated no significant risk and no immediate health risk from the consumption of bivalves. These results provide a reference for the food-safety screening of veterinary drugs and pesticides in aquatic animals. Aquatic products should be frequently screened for residues of prohibited chemicals to safeguard human health.
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Fahmia, Rani, Syafruddin Nasution, and Afrizal Tanjung. "POPULATION STRUCTURE AND REPRODUCTION OF THE RAZOR CLAMS Solen lamarckii (Chenu, 1843) IN THE INTERTIDAL ZONE OF API API VILLAGE WATERS, BENGKALIS REGENCY." Asian Journal of Aquatic Sciences 3, no. 3 (December 3, 2020): 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ajoas.3.3.271-285.
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Razor clam (Solen lamarckii) is a type of pelecypoda that has high economic value on the Api api village waters, Bengkalis Regency. This research aims to study the population structure and reproduction of razor clam. The study was carried out over 2 month period from September to October 2019 at Api api village waters, Bengkalis Regency. Razor clam samples were collected by using a 1 x 1 m2 frame that laid along transect. There were 5 plots and 5 subplots along the transect as replications. The result showed, the population density of razor clams is 3.12 species/m2 in September and 2.88 species/m2 in October 2019. The distribution pattern of razor clams was uniform. While, the most common size of razor clam is the medium size category (40-60 mm) both in September and in October 2019. The average value of gonado somatic index (GSI) was 2.28-8.60%. Histological analysis indicated that maturity gonad stage of razor clam was commonly found in September is maturity gonad stage I (60%), while in October is stage III (40%) and stage IV(30%).
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Crimaldi, J. P., J. R. Koseff, and S. G. Monismith. "Structure of mass and momentum fields over a model aggregation of benthic filter feeders." Biogeosciences 4, no. 3 (May 16, 2007): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-269-2007.
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Abstract. The structure of momentum and concentration boundary layers developing over a bed of Potamocorbula amurensis clam mimics was studied. Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) probes were used to quantify velocity and concentration profiles in a laboratory flume containing 3969 model clams. Model clams incorporated passive roughness, active siphon pumping, and the ability to filter a phytoplankton surrogate from the flow. Measurements were made for two crossflow velocities, four clam pumping rates, and two siphon heights. Simultaneous use of LDV and LIF probes permited direct calculation of scalar flux of phytoplankton to the bed. Results show that clam pumping rates have a pronounced effect on a wide range of turbulent quantities in the boundary layer. In particular, the vertical turbulent flux of scalar mass to the bed was approximately proportional to the rate of clam pumping.
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Crimaldi, J. P., J. R. Koseff, and S. G. Monismith. "Structure of mass and momentum fields over a model aggregation of benthic filter feeders." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 1 (February 9, 2007): 493–532. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-493-2007.
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Abstract. The structure of momentum and concentration boundary layers developing over a bed of Potamocorbula amurensis clam mimics was studied. Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) probes were used to quantify velocity and concentration profiles in a laboratory flume containing 3969 model clams. The model clams incorporated passive roughness, active siphon pumping, and the ability to filter a phytoplankton surrogate from the flow. Measurements were made for two crossflow velocities, four clam pumping rates, and two siphon heights. The simultaneous use of the LDV and LIF probes permits direct calculation of scalar flux of phytoplankton to the bed. The results show that clam pumping rates have a pronounced effect on a range of turbulent quantities in the boundary layer. In particular, the vertical turbulent flux of scalar mass to the bed was approximately proportional to the rate of clam pumping.
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Campbell, Dana L. M., Jane E. Link, Amber H. Lester-Saenz, and Steven J. Bursian. "Feed intake, growth, and behavioral assessment of mink fed a clam-based diet." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 96, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2014-0171.
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The objective of this study was to assess the acceptance and safety of two species of food-grade clams, ocean quahog (Arctica islandica) and Atlantic surf clam (Spisula solidissima), for consumption by fur-farmed American mink (Neovison vison). These clams contained thiaminase that can lead to weight loss, paralysis, and death. Across 19 wk, 39 black, adult female mink divided into three groups were fed a standard chicken-based control diet, 10% clam diet, or 20% clam diet and assessed for feed consumption rates, body weights, locomotor stereotypic behavior, overall activity levels, and ability to complete a novel tunnel climbing task. The 20% clam group consumed significantly less metabolizable energy compared with the control group, but there was no significant difference in weight gain between groups. There were some inconsistent group differences in stereotypy and overall activity with all groups showing significant behavioral differences across study weeks; possibly related to ambient weather and photoperiod. There were no significant group differences in their ability to complete the tunnel task. Based on our results, no negative effect of clam consumption was observed in adult female mink, but further studies are needed to determine clam safety to both male and female mink from all life stages.
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Ambarwati, Reni, Tarzan Purnomo, Herlina Fitrihidajati, Fida Rachmadiarti, and Dwi Anggorowati Rahayu. "Nutrient and Heavy Metal Contents of Meretrix sp. from Bancaran Estuary, Indonesia." MATEC Web of Conferences 372 (2022): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202237203007.
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People in South East Asia region have consumed hard clam for a long time. This clam also actively collected and traded by local people around beaches and estuaries in Indonesia. The purposes of this research were to analyze protein and content of hard clam (Meretrix sp.) collected from Bancaran Estuary, Indonesia and to evaluate the content of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). The sample of clams was collected by hand picking during low tide. Fresh samples of clams were kept in a cool box. Fresh samples of the flesh were taken for analysis of nutrient and heavy metal content as well. The content of fat was analyzed using soxhlet method; meanwhile the protein content was analyzed using Kjeldahl method. In addition, the content of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in the flesh of hard clam were tested using atomic adsorption spectroscopy. The results indicated of the flesh of hard clam contained fat and protein, namely 3.25±0.42% and 10.26±0.46% respectively. Meanwhile, the content of Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) were 0.0306±0.0053 ppm and 0.0458±0.0035 ppm respectively. The level of Cd and Pb were lower than the level of maximum acceptable limit. Therefore, it can be concluded that the flesh of hard clam was safe for consumption.
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GOULLETQUER, P., R. ROBERT, and G. TRUT. "Manila clam culture: Sediment-clam interactions." Aquatic Living Resources 12, no. 1 (January 1999): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0990-7440(99)80014-x.
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Sandhu, Sumer, Aarav Sandhu, Akshay Jakkidi Reddy, and Himanshu Wagh. "An Investigative Study into the C. flumenia and its Interactions with its Surrounding Ecosystem." Applied Cell Biology 9, no. 2 (July 25, 2021): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.53043/2320-1991.acb90007.
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his research focused on the physical characteristics of Corbicula flumenia, an invasive species of clam found in the American River, and how these characteristics give it a possible survival advantage over native clam species of the river. Clams were collected from the American River and dissected, while river water and soil samples were also collected. The water and soil were analyzed for levels of coliforms such as E. coli, since this could be a food source that gives the Asian Clam an advantage over native species. The Asian clams were analyzed for their feeding efficiency of E. coli compared to algae and also compared for anatomical differences to the native species by measuring cirri size, which could increase feeding rates within these clams, giving them a competitive edge over their native competitors. It was found that there was much E. coli in the water and soil, but no significant correlation was found between clam cirri size and feeding rate. The Asian clam’s DNA and protein expression was analyzed for genetic mutations that contribute to the species’ invasive advantage.
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Martin, Michael G., John S. Welch, Kristan Augustin, Lindsay Hladnik, and Camille N. Abboud. "Cladribine in the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 4032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.4032.4032.
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Abstract Despite advances in supportive care and post-remission therapy, the outcome of elderly and relapsed/refractory AML patients (pts) remains poor. These pts commonly present with high risk features including antecedent myelodysplastic syndrome and unfavorable cytogenetics. In addition, such pts are often unable to tolerate standard induction chemotherapy (IC) or myelotoxic salvage chemotherapy (SC), limiting clinical options. Between 1/2007 and 5/2008, we treated 24 pts with two cladribine based regiments designed to limit hematologic and non-hematologic toxicities, while maintaining cytotoxic activity. Treatment consisted of Cladribine (5 mg/m2 d1–5) and Cytarabine (2 g/m2 d1–5) in combination with G-CSF (300mcg sc d0–5) (CLAG) or mitoxantrone (10mg/m2 d1–3) (CLAM). IC pts had a median age of 63 (range 23–80). SC pts had a median age of 56 (range 25–68). No pt had favorable cytogenetics. 40% (IC) and 56% (SC) of patients had unfavorable cytogenetics. Prior anthracycline/topoisomerase inhibitor therapy, myelodysplastic syndrome or other antecedent hematologic disorder was common (53% IC and 11% SC) and prior remission had been brief among SC pts (median 165 days). Complete response occurred in 53% of IC and 44% of SC patients lasting a median of 73 days (IC) and 222 days (SC). The median duration of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in IC pts (CLAG/CLAM) was 22 and 24 days, respectively. The median duration of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in SC pts (CLAG/CLAM) was 25 days and 21 days, respectively. Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia contributed to significant rates of documented infection (53% IC and 78% SC) and severe bleeding (33% IC and 11% SC). Significant cardiac, hepatic or renal toxicities were not noted in any group. Examining subgroups, those that received IC CLAG were elderly (median age 70) and fared poorly (14%CR, 43%PD, 43%TRM). In contrast the younger IC CLAM cohort did well with 7/8 pts achieving CR with a median duration of 126 days despite poor risk features (38% high-risk cytogenetics/63% AHD). This is the first report of front-line CLAM in AML. Both CLAG and CLAM performed similar to other salvage regimens reported in the literature though in a less favorable population than has been previously reported with CLAG and CLAM (median age 45 and 17–25% unfavorable cytogenetics in the Polish experience compared to median age 56 and 56% unfavorable cytogenetics in this report) (Wierzbowska A et al. Eur J Haematol2007; 80: 115–26, Wrzesien-Kus A et al. Eur J Haematol2003; 71: 155–62). CLAM warrants further study, especially in the context of other agents as both induction and salvage therapy for high-risk AML. New Diagnosis Relapsed (xx/xx)=data from CLAG and CLAM, respectively. Patients (CLAG/CLAM) 15 (7/8) 9 (5/4) Median Age 63 (range 23–80) (70/56) 56 (range 25–68) (56/53) Median WBC count 18,000 (1000–157,600) 15,400 (200–83,000) Favorable cytogenetics 0% 0% High risk cytogenetics or FLT3-ITD positive 40% (43%/38%) 56% (60%/50%) Prior tAML, MDS or AHD 53% (43%/63%) 11% (20%/10%) Duration of first remission NA 165 days (30–263) CR 53% (14%/88%) 44% (40%/50%$) PD 27% (43%/12%) 56% (60%/50%) Death during aplasia 20% (43%/0%) 0% CLAG/CLAM Duration of CR (days) 73 (range 73)/126# (range 96–∞) 222 (range 219–224)/164 (range 61@-267) % of CR going on to receive allogeneic transplant 13% (0%/14%) 11% (20%/0%) Median duration of neutropenia <500 (days) 20 (range 11–33) (24*/18) 25 (range 11–35)! Median duration of neutropenia <1000 (days) 22 (range 12–33) (27*/22) 25 (range 12–35)! Median duration of thrombocytopenia <50,000 23 (range 7–27) (25*/20) 15 (range 13–22)! Median duration of thrombocytopenia <100,000 24 (range 13–35) (26*/24) 21 (range 14–46)! Documented infection 53% (57%/50%) 78% (60%/100%) Severe bleeding 33% (57%/13%) 11% (0%/25%)
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Hinch, Scott G., and Linda A. Stephenson. "Size- and age-specific patterns of trace metal concentrations in freshwater clams from an acid-sensitive and a circumneutral lake." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 10 (October 1, 1987): 2436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-368.
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We collected freshwater clams (Elliptio complanata) from an acid-sensitive and a circumneutral lake in south central Ontario and compared tissue metal concentrations. Clams from the acid-sensitive lake had higher concentrations of Cu and Cd and lower concentrations of Zn and Mn than clams from the circumneutral lake. Tissue concentrations did not reflect metal levels in the water. Competition may be occurring between metals for binding substrate in clam tissue. Clam size and (or) age successfully predicted tissue metal concentrations, but in a metal-specific and tissue-specific manner. Clam biomonitoring studies should therefore control for size and age variability. Lake buffering capability was not very important in influencing size- and age-specific patterns of tissue metal concentrations. However, this conclusion is based solely on data from two lakes.
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Gao, Yongwen, Joseph Gilbertson, and Hongyan Zhang. "The isotopic differences and implications for Pacific razor clams along the Washington coast." E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 12005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199812005.
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The Pacific razor clam fishery in Washington State has been co-managed by the coastal Indian Tribes and the state, but little is known about the growth and population structure of the clams due to difficulties of tagging and monitoring. Here we report the results of a pilot study using stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ18O) of razor clam shells collected in two groups (juvenile vs. adult) and from two sites (Kalaloch Beach and Roosevelt Beach) where distinct biological differences in clam growth and survival rates were observed. The δ13C values of razor clam shells ranged from -2.9 to -0.3‰, whereas δ18O values of the same samples ranged from -2.2 to +1.4‰. Between the two sites there were significant differences in δ13C values especially for juvenile clams. The δ18O profiles from two representative shells demonstrated similar patterns of rapid growth as juveniles and seasonal patterns throughout the life span. Profiles of δ13C were sinusoidal but did not show seasonality and signatures of ocean acidification. We concluded that stable isotope analysis of razor clam shells is a potential new tool in shellfish research and management.
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Saputra, Renda Sandi. "Application Education as a Place to Increase Community Income During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Parungponteng." International Journal of Research in Community Services 2, no. 3 (July 7, 2021): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.46336/ijrcs.v2i3.222.
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Blood clams (Anadara granosa) are endemic clams found in Southeast Asia and East Asia. Blood clams are widely consumed by the public as seafood dishes in coastal food stalls. The great potential of blood clams will increase the waste of clam shells produced. The accumulation of shellfish waste will cause pollution and reduce environmental aesthetics. The chitin content in blood clam shells can be used as chitosan. Chitosan is a polymer of -(1-4) glucosamine which is formed when the acetyl group in chitin is substituted by hydrogen to become an amine group. Chitosan has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Isolation of chitosan was carried out through the stages of demineralization, deproteination, and deacetylation. The limited use of laboratories during the pandemic is a major obstacle in the isolation process of chitosan. This study aims to process blood clam shell waste into chitosan in a simple way on a home scale. Processing includes deproteination, demineralization, and deacetylation were done using tools and materials available at home. Laboratory equipment such as beakers could be replaced with pots, the reflux process was replaced by using a cloth to filter, and measuring cups were replaced with glasses. The research used 1500 grams of blood clam shell powder and produced 1050 grams of white chitosan with a slightly hard texture.
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Salsabila, Chiesa, Candra Wahyuningsih, Diana Ayu Fitriana, Rina Sari Asih, Khoirin Nida, and Rejeki Siti Ferniah. "Semi-Manual Processing Of Blood Clamps Waste into Chitosan Powder." International Journal of Research in Community Services 3, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46336/ijrcs.v3i1.185.
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Blood clams (Anadara granosa) are endemic clams found in Southeast Asia and East Asia. Blood clams are widely consumed by the public as seafood dishes in coastal food stalls. The great potential of blood clams will increase the waste of clam shells produced. The accumulation of shellfish waste will cause pollution and reduce environmental aesthetics. The chitin content in blood clam shells can be used as chitosan. Chitosan is a polymer of -(1-4) glucosamine which is formed when the acetyl group in chitin is substituted by hydrogen to become an amine group. Chitosan has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Isolation of chitosan was carried out through the stages of demineralization, deproteination, and deacetylation. The limited use of laboratories during the pandemic is a major obstacle in the isolation process of chitosan. This study aims to process blood clam shell waste into chitosan in a simple way on a home scale. Processing includes deproteination, demineralization, and deacetylation were done using tools and materials available at home. Laboratory equipment such as beakers could be replaced with pots, the reflux process was replaced by using a cloth to filter, and measuring cups were replaced with glasses. The research used 1500 grams of blood clam shell powder and produced 1050 grams of white chitosan with a slightly hard texture
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Deur, Douglas, Adam Dick, Kim Recalma-Clutesi, and Nancy J. Turner. "Kwakwaka’wakw “Clam Gardens”." Human Ecology 43, no. 2 (April 2015): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10745-015-9743-3.
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Abstract The indigenous peoples of the Northwest Coast of North America actively managed natural resources in diverse ways to enhance their productivity and proximity. Among those practices that have escaped the attention of anthropologists until recently is the traditional management of intertidal clam beds, which Northwest Coast peoples have enhanced through techniques such as selective harvests, the removal of shells and other debris, and the mechanical aeration of the soil matrix. In some cases, harvesters also removed stones or even created stone revetments that served to laterally expand sediments suitable for clam production into previously unusable portions of the tidal zone. This article presents the only account of these activities, their motivations, and their outcomes, based on the first-hand knowledge of a traditional practitioner, Kwakwaka’wakw Clan Chief Kwaxistalla Adam Dick, trained in these techniques by elders raised in the nineteenth century when clam “gardening” was still widely practiced.
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Viet, Tran Tuan. "DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS IN SURFACE WATER, SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER, SEDIMENT AND CLAM (MERETRIX LYRATA) FROM DOWNSTREAM OF SAIGON-DONG NAI RIVER, VIETNAM." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 54, no. 2A (March 19, 2018): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/54/2a/11932.
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This study aimed to evaluate distribution of selected heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd) in clams Meretrixlyrata (clam), suspended particulate matter (SPM), water and sediment in the downstream area of Saigon – Dong Nai (SG-DN) River. During March to September 2015, the contamination of those metals at four sampling sites from fresh water to brackish water zone and Meretrix Lyrata clams, which were cultured at many clam farms at Can Thanh beach at Can Gio District, were monitored. The concentrations of metals in clam samples were also determined at a comparative sampling site at Tan Thanh beach (Tien Giang province). Generally, the order of metal concentrations in all environmental components along the SG-DN River was Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb>Cd while the metal concentrations in different environmental components at Can Thanh area were in different orders. According to the results, the increasing tendency of only Cu, Zn and Cd concentrations in SPM and sediment from river upstream to estuary were found. All trace metal concentrations in clam samples were higher than in water and smaller than in sediment and SPM at Can Thanh. Only Cr concentrations in medium and small clam samples had positive significant correlations with those in sediment and SPM (medium size only). In comparison with concentrations of trace metals in water, sediment, SPM and clams at Tan Thanh, those at Can Thanh were higher.
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HARUN, NOR OMAIMA, NIK NUR SHAHIERA CHE ABDULLAH, and MHD IKHWANUDDIN ABDULLAH. "PEA CRAB DISTRIBUTION AND ITS MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS STUDIED IN BIVALVES FROM SETIU WETLANDS, TERENGGANU." Malaysian Applied Biology 49, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v49i4.1598.
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Pea crab is a small crustacean known as kleptoparasite and belongs to the family Pinnotheridae, inhabit bivalves, gastropods, and other species. Nonetheless, pea crab is one of the unfamiliar species to the Malaysia citizen and the information is limited. This study aimed to determine the distribution of pea crab from four bivalves species (mud clam, oyster, hard clam and cockle) in Setiu Wetlands, Terengganu. Sampling was conducted twice, in October 2018 and February 2019, in which mud clam, oyster, cockle and hard clam were collected. In this study, the distribution of pea crab was observed by collecting randomly fifty samples of each bivalve at four sites and checked for any presence of pea crab. The size shell length of mud clams measured was 40 to 75 mm, oysters were 30 to 80 mm, marine clams and cockles were 20 to 40 mm. Pea crab presence was analysed and identified for the genus identification based on the microscopic and macroscopic methods. The result showed that, pea crab only present in the mud clam but none in other bivalves. Fifteen pea crabs were isolated from the first sampling (mean=0.3) with 11 females, whilst 13 pea crabs from the second sampling (mean=0.26) with 10 females- identified. The size of the pea crab measured was between 10 mm to 15 mm and belongs to the genus of Arcotheres sp. However, there were other none pea crab species were found in the oyster. On the other hand, the correlation between the carapace width of pea crab and mud clam shell length were analysed using linear regression (r²=0.0699, p=0.341) from first sampling, while (r²=0.2885, p=0.058) from second sampling. The size range of mud clams without pea crab was 35 to 60 mm shell length.
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Ji, Nanjing, Mingyang Xu, Junyue Wang, Junjia Li, Shishi Liu, Xueyao Yin, Xin Shen, and Yuefeng Cai. "Physiological and Transcriptomic Response of Asiatic Hard Clam Meretrix meretrix to the Harmful Alga Heterosigma akashiwo." Fishes 8, no. 2 (January 22, 2023): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes8020067.
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The ichthyotoxic raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo is associated with harmful algal blooms (HABs). Although the influence of H. akashiwo on fish has been reported, little is known of its effects on other marine organisms, such as shellfish. In this study, the physiological and transcriptomic responses of the Asiatic hard clam Meretrix meretrix to H. akashiwo were investigated. The results showed that clam survival was not influenced by H. akashiwo (at a concentration of 2 × 104 cells/mL), and M. meretrix eliminated the alga effectively after 48 h in co-culture. H. akashiwo did not alter the antioxidant capacity of the clams. However, 544 unigenes were found to be differentially expressed between the control and H. akashiwo-treated clams. Interestingly, the significant up-regulation of lysosome-related genes and transport proteins suggested remodeling of the clam metabolism possibly for digestion of H. akashiwo. In summary, our results indicate that the clam M. meretrix can effectively feed on H. akashiwo, and intensification of shellfish farming may be helpful to control and mitigate H. akashiwo blooms.
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Hao, Do Manh, Do Trung Sy, Dao Thi Anh Tuyet, Le Minh Hiep, Nguyen Tien Dat, Do Thi Thu Huong, Do Cong Thung, Dang Hoai Nhon, Tran Dinh Lan, and Nguyen Van Quan. "Distribution and density of Lutraria rhynchaena Jonas, 1844 relate to sediment while reproduction shows multiple peaks per year in Cat Ba-Ha Long Bay, Vietnam." Open Life Sciences 15, no. 1 (September 21, 2020): 721–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2020-0072.
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AbstractLutraria rhynchaena Jonas, 1844 is of great commercial interest, but its reserves have dramatically declined over recent decades. Therefore, there is an urgent need of scientific basis to propose effective fishery management measures and improve artificial aquaculture of the clam. In this study, we investigated the distribution and density of L. rhynchaena, sediment characteristics, and established the clam’s reproductive cycle through monthly observations from August 2017 to July 2018. The study results showed that distribution and density of clams are related to sediment types, and the sediment type of medium sand is likely the best benthic substrate for the clams. The spawning of clams occurred throughout the year with three spawning peaks in January, April and September. For the sustainable management of the clam resource in Cat Ba-Ha Long Bay, the fishery authorities can issue a ban on harvest of the clam in spawning peak months in January, April and September.
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Arathi, Anitha R., P. Graham Oliver, Raveendhiran Ravinesh, and Appukuttannair Biju Kumar. "The Ashtamudi Lake short-neck clam: re-assigned to the genus Marcia H. Adams & A. Adams, 1857 (Bivalvia, Veneridae)." ZooKeys 799 (November 28, 2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.799.25829.
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The economically valuable bivalve mollusc, known as the short-neck clam, is the major fishery resource of the brackishwater Ashtamudi Lake in Kerala, India. This fishery carries a Marine Stewardship Council certification for sustainability wherein it and all hitherto published reports identify the short-neck clam or yellow-foot clam as Paphiamalabarica (Dillwyn, 1817). It is noted that this name does not conform with current nomenclature and is now correctly referred to Protapesgallus (Gmelin, 1791). Furthermore, it is shown that the identification is also incorrect. Comparative shell morphology of venerid clams of the subfamily Tapetinae from the south Indian coast demonstrates that the short-neck clam in Ashtamudi Lake is Marciarecens (Holten, 1802). Small numbers of M.opima (Gmelin, 1791) were found in Ashtamudi Lake but appear not to be part of, or contribute significantly to, the fishery. The venerid clams Protapesgallus and P.ziczac (Linnaeus, 1758) are not found in Ashtamudi Lake but are inhabitants of the shallow coastal waters of south India. Descriptions of the four confused species M.recens, M.opima, P.gallus, and P.ziczac are given. On the basis of this study, the species involved in Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification may be better considered at the generic level of Marcia or at the species level as Marciarecens, the most dominant species in the Ashtamudi Lake clam fishery zone.
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Wijerathna, Hitihami Mudiyanselage Sarath Mahinda, Kumudu Radampola, and Hewa Waduge Cyril. "Potential use of mud clam (Geloina coaxans) in producing sauce with papaya crude extraction as a protein hydrolysing agent." Journal of Fisheries 9, no. 1 (March 17, 2021): 91402. http://dx.doi.org/10.17017/j.fish.269.
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Mud clam (Geloina coaxans) are underutilised food source due to the lack of consumer preference in Sri Lanka. Hence, this study was conducted to produce clam sauce as a value added product using the muscle of mud clams by means of accelerated fermentation method. Specimens were collected from Tambalagam Bay, Sri Lanka. Shell length, height, inflation, total weight with shell and without shell were 6.3 ± 0.4 cm, 5.3 ± 0.3 cm, 3.5 ± 0.3 cm, 83.1 ± 13.4 g and 14.9 ± 1.3 g respectively. The extracted mean meat yield was 14.9 ± 1.3% per mud clam. Moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash (dry weight) content of raw meat were 80.45 ± 0.89%, 64.14 ± 0.96%, 3.55 ± 0.39% and 7.54 ± 0.61% respectively. Final sauce product shows liquid yield, energy value, 0Brix value, pH, % NaCl, total nitrogen, moisture and ash content as 98.3 ± 5.5 ml 100g–1, 2124 ± 133 J g–1, 24.3 ± 0.9%, 5.02 ± 0.04, 14.53 ± 0.27%, 0.27 ± 0.01%, 74.06 ± 0.56% and 19.66 ± 1.99% respectively. The study concluded that the mud clam meat is a possible candidate as a raw material for the production of clam sauce.
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Claus, C. Anne. "Beyond Merroir: The Okinawan Taste for Clams." Gastronomica 17, no. 3 (2017): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2017.17.3.49.
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In southwestern Okinawa, local residents are reinvigorating their culinary heritage through a clam restoration project that began in 2009. The clams—giant clams, locally known as geera—have declined recently due to overharvesting on the reef. This article examines intersecting notions of heritage and community by contrasting the clam mariculture project with other heritage foods. The clams do not fit within prevalent images of Okinawan foods as nutritious and multicultural, and they are not among the Okinawan tastes that are celebrated outside of Okinawa. For islanders, the clams encapsulate place through their actual taste, the way they are acquired, and the social landscape of their consumption. Amidst the increasing influx of mainlanders in Okinawa, the clams become symbols that distinguish native islanders from newcomers.
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Beier-Holgersen, Randi, Lene T. Kirkeby, and Jørgen Nordling. "‘Clam’ Ileocystoplasty." Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology 28, no. 1 (March 1994): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365599409180471.
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&NA;. "Clam extract." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1254 (May 2009): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200912540-00048.
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GEORGE, V. K., G. L. RUSSELL, A. SHUTT, C. G. C. GACHES, and M. H. ASHKEN. "Clam Ileocystoplasty." British Journal of Urology 68, no. 5 (November 1991): 487–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.1991.tb15391.x.
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Lokman, Kees, and Karen Tomkins. "Clam Gardens." Journal of Architectural Education 74, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10464883.2020.1693840.
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Jordan, Helen Labun. "Clam Digging." Gastronomica 13, no. 2 (2013): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2013.13.2.22.
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Hayashi, Tsuyoshi, Yoko Yamaoka, Atsushi Ito, Takashi Kamaishi, Ryuichi Sugiyama, Mary K. Estes, Masamichi Muramatsu, and Kosuke Murakami. "Evaluation of Heat Inactivation of Human Norovirus in Freshwater Clams Using Human Intestinal Enteroids." Viruses 14, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14051014.
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Foodborne disease attributed to the consumption of shellfish contaminated with human norovirus (HuNoV) is one of many global health concerns. Our study aimed to determine the conditions of the heat-inactivation of HuNoV in freshwater clams (Corbicula japonica) using a recently developed HuNoV cultivation system employing stem-cell derived human intestinal enteroids (HIEs). We first measured the internal temperature of the clam tissue in a water bath during boiling at 90 °C and found that approximately 2 min are required for the tissue to reach 90 °C. Next, GII.4 HuNoV was spiked into the center of the clam tissue, followed by boiling at 90 °C for 1, 2, 3, or 4 min. The infectivity of HuNoV in the clam tissue homogenates was evaluated using HIEs. We demonstrated that HuNoV in unboiled clam tissue homogenates replicated in HIEs, whereas infectivity was lost in all boiled samples, indicating that heat treatment at 90 °C for 1 min inactivates HuNoV in freshwater clams in our current HIE culture system. To our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the thermal tolerability of HuNoV in shellfish using HIEs, and our results could be informative for developing strategies to inactivate HuNoV in shellfish.
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Lee, Yi-Chen, Chung-Saint Lin, Wei-Han Zeng, Chiu-Chu Hwang, Kuohsun Chiu, Tsung-Yin Ou, Tien-Hsiang Chang, and Yung-Hsiang Tsai. "Effect of a Novel Microwave-Assisted Induction Heating (MAIH) Technology on the Quality of Prepackaged Asian Hard Clam (Meretrix lusoria)." Foods 10, no. 10 (September 28, 2021): 2299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10102299.
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The microwave-assisted induction heating (MAIH) method—an emerging thermal technique—was studied to heat the prepackaged raw hard clam (Meretrix lusoria). The cooking effects on microbial and physiochemical qualities of clam were investigated. After the heating of the clam meat samples, the aerobic plate count (APC), psychrotrophic bacteria count (PBC), and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) levels decreased with increasing heating time, but the shucking ratio, area shrinkage, and texture (hardness, cohesiveness, and chewiness) increased. In addition, the L* (lightness) and W (whiteness) of the clam meat samples increased significantly at the beginning of the heating period, whereas they decreased significantly with extended heating time. However, a* (redness) had the opposite trend. This study found that when clams were heated for more than 120 s at 130 °C or 150 s at 90 °C, they displayed obvious shrinking and a yellow-brown appearance, indicating that they are overcooked. After heating by MAIH for at least 110 s at 130 °C or 130 s at 90 °C, the samples were cooked well and gains a completely shucking, along with no microbial count detected. Therefore, the results indicated that the optimum heating conditions for prepackaged hard clams subjected to an MAIH machine were 130 °C for 110 s or 90 °C for 130 s.
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Findra, Muhammad Nur, Isdradjad Setyobudiandi, Nurlisa Alias Butet, and Dedy Duryadi Solihin. "Genetic Profile Assessment of Giant Clam Genus Tridacna as a Basis for Resource Management at Wakatobi National Park Waters." ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 22, no. 2 (June 5, 2017): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.22.2.67-74.
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Giant clam population has been decreased in a few years. Resource management requires information from various aspects, such as ecological, population, and other aspects. This study was aimed at assessing the genetic profile of Tridacna giant clam in Wakatobi National Park waters using Cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) genetic marker. Sample collection was conducted around the three main islands, i.e., Wangi-wangi, Kaledupa, and Tomia. Genetic analysis using COI gene may contribute in identifying giant clams up to the species level and showed the relationship among species. The research found 41 specific nucleotide sites for the clams. T. crocea, T. squamosa and T. maxima had 2, 15 and 24 sites, respectively. COI gene as a biological marker was able to separate groups of giant clam by species. Nucleotide variation of T. crocea from Wakatobi was the highest among other locations, so it could be used as a genetic source for translocation and domestication. Keywords: cytochrome oxidase subunit I, specific nucleotide, Tridacna, Wakatobi National Park
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Matozzo, Valerio, Luisa Da Ros, Loriano Ballarin, Francesca Meneghetti, and Maria Gabriella Marin. "Functional responses of haemocytes in the clam Tapes philippinarum from the Lagoon of Venice: fishing impact and seasonal variations." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60, no. 8 (August 1, 2003): 949–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f03-084.
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In the last few years, the Manila clam (Tapes philippinarum) has been subjected to intense fishing effort in the Lagoon of Venice owing to their commercial importance. Because of the lack of data concerning fishing-induced immunomodulation in bivalves, the consequences of fishing impact on functional responses of clam haemocytes were investigated. Clams were seasonally collected from September 2000 to July 2001 from three sites: S. Angelo, a free-fishing area, and Chioggia, inside a licensed area for clam culture, in two zones characterised by fishing and non fishing, respectively. Haematocrit, phagocytosis, Neutral Red retention time, and lysozyme and superoxide dismutase activities were evaluated. No clear fishing effect was recorded, whereas a seasonal pattern of the cell para meters analysed was revealed. Alterations in functional responses of haemocytes seem to be more closely dependent on seasonal variations in both environmental parameters and physiological status of clams than on stress caused by fishing, and they may also be related to adaptation strategies of bivalves.
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Baeta, Marc, Claudia Rubio, and Françoise Breton. "Impact of mechanized clam dredging on the discarded megabenthic fauna on the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 101, no. 3 (May 2021): 545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315421000369.
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AbstractThere is an important small-scale fishery using mechanized dredges and targeting clams (mainly wedge clam Donax trunculus and striped venus clam Chamelea gallina) along the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean Sea). This study evaluated for the first time the discards and impact of mechanized clam dredging on the Catalan coast. To this end, three surveys were performed on board standard clam vessels (September and November 2016 and January 2017). Surveys were conducted in the three main clam fishing areas (Rosas Bay, South Barcelona and Ebro Delta). The composition of discards and the impact caused to discarded species was assessed using a three-level scale (undamaged; minor or partial damage; and lethal damage). Our study revealed that a large proportion of the catch (between 67–82% weight) is discarded. Even though about 63% of the discarded species were undamaged, 11% showed minor or partial damage and 26% lethal damage. Infaunal and epifaunal species with soft-body or fragile shells were the most impacted by the fishing activity (e.g. the sea urchin Echinocardium mediterraneum (~89%) and the bivalve Ensis minor (~74%)). Our results showed different levels of impact by target species and fishing area.
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Zheng, Sichen, Tianshi Zhang, Kang Tu, Li Li, Zhihong Liu, Biao Wu, Liqing Zhou, and Xiujun Sun. "Population Genetics of Manila Clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) in China Inferred from Microsatellite Markers." Biology 12, no. 4 (April 6, 2023): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12040557.
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The Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) is one of the most commercially important bivalves along the coast of China. With the continuous expansion of clam farming scale, it may lead to some serious problems, including loss of genetic variation, inbreeding depression, and reduced effective population size (Ne). In the present study, eleven microsatellite markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity and differentiation among 13 clam populations along the coast of China. As a result, 150 alleles were detected according to the genotyping results of eleven microsatellite loci. The observed heterozygosity (Ho) was estimated to be ranging from 0.437 to 0.678, while the expected heterozygosity (He) was calculated to be varying from 0.587 to 0.700. Fst values between populations ranged from 0.0046-0.1983. In particular, the Laizhou population had the highest genetic variability, which was significantly different from the others (all Fst values > 0.1). For all the clam populations, there was no significant linear regression between genetic and geographic distance, indicating that these populations do not follow a pattern of isolation by distance (IBD). Genetic structure was estimated according to NJ, principal coordinates (PCoA), and structure-based clustering. Estimates of effective population size range from dozens to thousands among different populations, based on linkage-disequilibrium and molecular coancestry methods. The results reveal the genetic diversity of clams and verify the hypothesis that clam population differentiation may be influenced by the mode of southern breeding and northern culture, providing guiding information for natural resource conservation and genetic breeding of clams.
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O’Connell-Milne, Sorrel, Candida Savage, and William Rayment. "The influence of commercial harvesting on parasite infection in the bivalve Austrovenus stutchburyi." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 73, no. 6 (June 2016): 982–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0401.
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Commercial harvesting often reduces densities of target species, potentially affecting transmission of parasites within the population. Rates of parasitic infection not only impact the hosts directly, but can result in wider ecosystem effects through influences on host behaviour. Commercial harvesting may therefore have important ecological consequences beyond the direct effects of removal of biomass. Clams (Austrovenus stutchburyi) are commonly infected by trematode parasites (Acanthoparyphium spp. and Curtuteria australis) and have been commercially harvested in Otago, New Zealand, since 1983. To assess the effects of harvesting on the abundance of trematodes in A. stutchburyi, the number of parasites per clam was compared in harvested and unharvested areas. The mean number of parasites per clam was 36% higher at commercially harvested sites, suggesting that harvesting enhances the local transmission of parasites. Harvesters may be able to reduce their influence on parasite infection levels in clam populations by harvesting less intensively and allowing more time between harvests for clam biomass to regenerate.
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Bahtiar, Bahtiar, Ermayanti Ishak, and Latifa Fekri. "Kepadatan dan Preferensi Habitat Kerang Pokea di Muara Sungai Laeya, Sulawesi Tenggara." Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia 28, no. 3 (May 16, 2023): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18343/jipi.28.3.449.
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Freshwater clams or also known as pokes in tribal languange is clams to Sulawesi which posses high market value. However, their density and habitat preferences in Laeya River Estuary is currently unknown. This study aims to determine the density and habitat preferences of pokea clams in the Laeya River, Southeast Sulawesi. This research was conducted for 1 year from March 2016-February 2017. Pokea samples were taken every month in three stations using tangge (traditional fishing gear) with a total sample size of 2908 individuals. The density of pokea clam was analyzed using Mann Whitney test. Habitat preferences were analyzed by correspondence analysis using XLstat. The study showed that the density of pokea clams in 3 stations were similar. The clam density at stations I, II, and III were 85,47±66,44, 97,03± 81,70, and 59,84±82,31, respectively. The highest density was found during April-July 2016 with the peak density in May 2016 with a value of 268,78±29,23. The lowest density occurred during September 2016-February 2017. The lowest density was found in December 2016 with a value of 15,12±7,08. The density of pokea clams in the Laeya River was influenced by TDS. Pokea clams prefer habitats with deeper water and low brightness caused by organic matter and high TOM.
Keywords: clam, Indonesia, pokea, preference, Sulawesi
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SLAYTON, R. B., A. E. NEWTON, A. DEPAOLA, J. L. JONES, and B. E. MAHON. "Clam-associated vibriosis, USA, 1988–2010." Epidemiology and Infection 142, no. 5 (August 7, 2013): 1083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813001830.
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SUMMARYInfections with Vibrio spp. have frequently been associated with consumption of bivalve molluscs, especially oysters, but illness associated with clams has also been well documented. We describe the 2312 domestically acquired foodborne Vibrio infections reported to the Cholera and Other Vibrio Illness Surveillance system from 1988 to 2010. Clams were associated with at least 4% (93 persons, ‘only clams’) and possibly as many as 24% (556 persons, ‘any clams’) of foodborne cases. Of those who consumed ‘only clams’, 77% of infections were caused by V. parahaemolyticus. Clam-associated illnesses were generally similar to those associated with other seafood consumption. Clams associated with these illnesses were most frequently harvested from the Atlantic coastal states and eaten raw. Our study describes the contribution of clams to the overall burden of foodborne vibriosis and indicates that a comprehensive programme to prevent foodborne vibriosis need to address the risks associated with clams.
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Harahap, Syawaludin Alisyahbana, Yogi Yanuar, and Yuwanda Ilham. "Diversity and abundance of giant clams in Anambas Islands, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 47 (2018): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184703005.
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Giant clam is one of the most common types of bivalves found in coral ecosystem. Geographically, these clams have limited distribution in the Indo-Pacific tropics, from the Red Sea to the Pacific Islands of Tuamotu. Ecologically, the clam acts as bio-filtration and natural bio-deposition. The presence of clams becomes a marker that the waters are still good and the absence of harmful pollutants. The population of this clam in Indonesian waters continues to decline. Anambas archipelago are known for its rich diversity of marine life. Since the establishment of this area became NACA as an ATP in 2014, marine tourism activities grew rapidly. Therefore it is necessary to do this research which aims to know the diversity of species and abundance of clams in the waters of Anambas Islands. Field survey was conducted in August 2015 by using Belt Transect method. The research results found 6 species with D1 value is 0.593. The overall abundance is 0.144 indv.m-2. Tridacna crocea has the highest abundance and relative abundance of the highest species of the other species of 60.54%. Meanwhile, the smallest relative abundance is Tridacna gigas which is only 2.36%.
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Belanger, Scott E., Jerry L. Farris, Donald S. Cherry, and John Cairns Jr. "Validation of Corbicula fluminea Growth Reductions Induced by Copper in Artificial Streams and River Systems." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 904–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f90-104.
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Studies designed to evaluate impacts of copper (Cu) on Asiatic clams, Corbicula fluminea, in artificial stream and field environments were conducted. Adult and juvenile responses (survival and growth) to Cu, relevance to Cu bioaccumulation, site-specific comparisons, and the relation to observed densities of resident clams at an impacted site were assessed. Juveniles were more sensitive than adults; however, clam tissue and shell growth were significantly impaired (p < 0.001) for both juveniles and adults at 8.4–26.7 μg Cu/L in artificial streams. Tissue levels of Cu were 2.5–6 times greater at 8.4–26.7 μg/L exposure concentrations compared with background body burdens in unexposed clams. In studies conducted at the Clinch River, Virginia power plant, clam growth was reduced at 22.5–104.8 μg/L at a water hardness (180 mg/L) that was more than two times the hardness in artificial streams. Clam population densities in the river were well correlated with outcomes of field growth studies. Corbicula fluminea growth patterns are a clear and interpretable indicator of Cu contamination in natural and artificial streams and represent a viable alternative to contemporary chronic testing protocols.
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Merfa, Marcus Vinícius, Eduarda Regina Fischer, Mariana de Souza e Silva, Carolina Sardinha Francisco, Helvécio Della Coletta-Filho, and Alessandra Alves de Souza. "Probing the Application of OmpA-Derived Peptides to Disrupt the Acquisition of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ by Diaphorina citri." Phytopathology® 112, no. 1 (January 2022): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-06-21-0252-fi.
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Huanglongbing (HLB) is currently the most devastating disease of citrus worldwide. Both bacteria ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas) and ‘Candidatus Liberibacter americanus’ (CLam) are associated with HLB in Brazil but with a strong prevalence of CLas over CLam. Conventionally, HLB management focuses on controlling the insect vector population (Diaphorina citri; also known as Asian citrus psyllid [ACP]) by spraying insecticides, an approach demonstrated to be mostly ineffective. Thus, development of novel, more efficient HLB control strategies is required. The multifunctional bacterial outer membrane protein OmpA is involved in several molecular processes between bacteria and their hosts and has been suggested as a target for bacterial control. Curiously, OmpA is absent in CLam in comparison with CLas, suggesting a possible role in host interaction. Therefore, in the current study, we have treated ACPs with different OmpA-derived peptides, aiming to evaluate acquisition of CLas by the insect vector. Treatment of psyllids with 5 µM of Pep1, Pep3, Pep5, and Pep6 in artificial diet significantly reduced the acquisition of CLas, whereas increasing the concentration of Pep5 and Pep6 to 50 µM abolished this process. In addition, in planta treatment with 50 µM of Pep6 also significantly decreased the acquisition of CLas, and sweet orange plants stably absorbed and maintained this peptide for as long as 3 months post the final application. Together, our results demonstrate the promising use of OmpA-derived peptides as a novel biotechnological tool to control CLas.
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Andréfouët, Serge, Kim Friedman, Antoine Gilbert, and Georges Remoissenet. "A comparison of two surveys of invertebrates at Pacific Ocean islands: the giant clam at Raivavae Island, Australes Archipelago, French Polynesia." ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, no. 9 (May 22, 2009): 1825–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp148.
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Abstract Andréfouët, S., Friedman, K., Gilbert, A., and Remoissenet, G. 2009. A comparison of two surveys of invertebrates at Pacific Ocean islands: the giant clam at Raivavae Island, Australes Archipelago, French Polynesia. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1825–1836. An assessment of invertebrate fisheries is currently taking place at several Pacific Ocean islands. The objectives are to obtain either detailed information on certain stocks at limited sites or to assess more broadly a variety of benthic resources across different islands. In French Polynesia, giant clam (Tridacna maxima) populations were surveyed by Service de la Pêche and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (SPE/IRD). Sampling was optimized to determine stock abundance as a tool to enhance management of the clam fishery. Currently, the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) is investigating throughout the Pacific the status of invertebrate resources; a large-scale study not necessarily establishing a precise stock estimate for resources such as clams, but comparing resource status for several target species using coverage, density, and size measures. Raivavae Island (French Polynesia) was investigated by both programmes and offered an opportunity to verify whether the different sampling schedules provided consistent perspectives of the status of the T. maxima resource. The different strategies that SPE/IRD and SPC adopted resulted in no direct spatial overlap between the locations investigated: nevertheless, the ranges of densities and clam sizes recorded were generally consistent between surveys, and both programmes described similar spatial variation in clam presence at an island scale. SPE/IRD provided a detailed map of clam densities per habitat using a high-resolution satellite image, which yielded an estimated standing stock of 8.16 ± 0.91 million clams, representing a flesh biomass of 354 ± 41 t. SPC's study delivered coverage, density, and clam length, but no stock estimate. Unavailable from SPE/IRD, SPC also described the status of a variety of important invertebrate species targeted by fishers in the Pacific. Both programmes independently made similar fishery management recommendations. The relative merits and complementarities of the two approaches in the context of Pacific Ocean Island resource management are discussed.
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Kim, A. Ch. "STATE OF RESOURCES AND FISHERY OF MANILA CLAM RUDITAPES PHILIPPINARUM (ADAMS ET REEVE, 1848) IN THE LOSOS BIGHT AND BUSSE LAGOON (ANIVA BAY, OKHOTSK SEA) IN 2010–2016." Izvestiya TINRO 197 (July 5, 2019): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2019-197-108-117.
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Landings of manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum were steady high in 2010–2016 and exceeded the recommended volume that caused deterioration of its resources in the areas of large aggregations. Any significant growth of the clam colonies in the surveyed area could not be expected in the nearest future because of continuing press of fishery. Total stock of Ruditapes philippinarum in the Aniva Bay is estimated as 240 t, including 203 t of clams with commercial size.
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Graczyk, Thaddeus K., Ronald Fayer, Michael R. Cranfield, and David Bruce Conn. "Recovery of Waterborne Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts by Freshwater Benthic Clams (Corbicula fluminea)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 427–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.2.427-430.1998.
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ABSTRACT Asian freshwater clams, Corbicula fluminea, exposed for 24 h to 38 liters of water contaminated with infectiousCryptosporidium parvum oocysts (1.00 × 106 oocysts/liter; approximately 1.9 × 105 oocysts/clam) were examined (hemolymph, gills, gastrointestinal [GI] tract, and feces) on days 1, 2, 3, 7, and 14 postexposure (PE). No oocysts were detected in the water 24 h after the contamination event. The percentage of oocyst-containing clams varied from 20 to 100%, depending on the type of tissue examined and the technique used—acid-fast stain (AFS) or immunofluorescent antibody (IFA). The oocysts were found in clam tissues and feces on days 1 through 14 PE; the oocysts extracted from the tissues on day 7 PE were infectious for neonatal BALB/c mice. Overall, the highest number of positive samples was obtained when gills and GI tracts were processed with IFA (prevalence, 97.5%). A comparison of the relative oocyst numbers indicated that overall, 58.3% of the oocysts were found in clam tissues and 41.7% were found in feces when IFA was used; when AFS was used, the values were 51.9 and 48.1%, respectively. Clam-released oocysts were always surrounded by feces; no free oocysts or oocysts disassociated from fecal matter were observed. The results indicate that these benthic freshwater clams are capable of recovery and sedimentation of waterborne C. parvum oocysts. To optimize the detection of C. parvum oocysts in C. fluminea tissue, it is recommended that gill and GI tract samples be screened with IFA (such as that in the commercially available MERIFLUOR test kit).
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Kang, Hee Yoon, Changseong Kim, Dongyoung Kim, Kee-Young Kwon, Won Chan Lee, and Chang-Keun Kang. "Dietary Changes in the Ark Clam (Anadara kagoshimensis) Is Associated with Phytoplankton Community Patterns in a Temperate Coastal Embayment." Water 14, no. 21 (November 1, 2022): 3497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14213497.
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The monthly phytoplankton communities and dietary items of the filter-feeding ark clam (Anadara kagoshimensis) in cultivation were examined in a shallow temperate coastal embayment of Yeoja Bay in Korea, to identify dietary changes in clams associated with phytoplankton community patterns. A self-organizing map (SOM) algorithm was applied to shape the community structures of phytoplankton. Clam δ13C and δ15N values were determined monthly and compared with those of phytoplankton, microphytobenthos, suspended particulate organic matter (SPOM), sedimentary organic matter (sedimentary OM), and Phragmites australis. Our SOM clustered monthly phytoplankton communities, revealing a seasonal shift in the dominance of large-sized diatoms (sporadically together with dinoflagellates), which were detected almost year-round, to small-sized taxa (chlorophytes, prasinophytes, and prymnesiophytes), which were observed in May–June. The δ13C and δ15N measurements revealed that pelagic and benthic diatoms serve as the main contributors to the clam diets. A reduction in their dietary contribution accompanied a considerable increment in the contribution of Phragmites detritus in association with the dominance of small-sized phytoplankton during the late spring. Our results suggest that the dominance of small-sized phytoplankton during the critical spring period of the clam life cycle may decrease the availability of preferred items (i.e., size-related food quality) and lead to dietary changes in the clams in relation to climate forcing in this warming sea.