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Chingis Ts., Tsyrenov. "The Four Highest Clans of the Eastern Jin Era." Humanitarian Vector 15, no. 6 (December 2020): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2020-15-6-189-197.
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The article shows the history of the heyday and decline of the four highest clans of the Southern Chinese Eastern Jin dynasty (Wang, Xie, Yu and Huan clans), which alternately with varying degrees of success acted as the second most powerful clan in the entire Eastern Jin Empire when the central power ceased to be a self-sufficient force and badly needed the support of noble clans (strong houses). The purpose of the study is to identify the main factors of the political longevity of the highest clans of the period under review. The methodology of this study includes the method of prosopographic and historical-genetic analysis of the four highest clans of the Eastern Jin era, between which there was a continuous and merciless political struggle for the highest civil and military posts in the Eastern Jin Empire. The perspective of clan issues and inter-clan relations in Jin history lies in the possibility of a detailed reconstruction of the specific historical context of the most important events in the history of China in the 4th‒5th centuries AD and will contribute to the development of elitology of early medieval China. As a result of the analysis of the history of the development of the four clans, it was concluded that the Wang clan achieved the greatest success during the Eastern Jin period, which was able to move from the local level of politics to the level of the Eastern Jin Empire. The very factor of the clan structures of Chinese society had a significant double impact on the historical and political process of the period of the Jin Empire, as well as the era of the Southern and Northern dynasties in general. The duality lies in the fact that, on the one hand, the continuous strife between the regional branches of the Sima clan (the revolt of the eight princes) undermined the basis of the power of the all-Chinese empire of Western Jin from the inside, and on the other hand, the same clan structures in combination with rather strong compatriot ties (the alliance of the regional branch of the ruling Clan Sima and the local noble clan Wang) allowed the ruling house of Sima to retain supreme power and minimized the loss of the Chinese ethnos in a troubled and turbulent era. The system of the highest clans of the Jin era, in fact, developed as a result of the abandonment of the Han institute of examinations for officials, which prevented the highest clans from distributing among themselves the most important posts in the empire. Keywords: Western Jin, Eastern Jin, South China, higher clans, examination institute, nine-rank report card, prosopographic analysis
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Pyatt, T. Roger. "Chinese Business Networks and Entrepreneurial Clans in Thailand." Asia Pacific Business Review 3, no. 2 (January 1996): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13602389600000080.
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Kim Ujin. "The Collectivization of Kazak Clans in the Chinese Altai." CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES 24, no. 1 (June 2019): 125–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29174/cas.2019.24.1.005.
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Shiue, Carol H. "Human capital and fertility in Chinese clans before modern growth." Journal of Economic Growth 22, no. 4 (October 3, 2017): 351–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10887-017-9148-9.
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XU, YIQING, and YANG YAO. "Informal Institutions, Collective Action, and Public Investment in Rural China." American Political Science Review 109, no. 2 (April 23, 2015): 371–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055415000155.
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Do informal institutions, rules, and norms created and enforced by social groups promote good local governance in environments of weak democratic or bureaucratic institutions? This question is difficult to answer because of challenges in defining and measuring informal institutions and identifying their causal effects. In the article, we investigate the effect of lineage groups, one of the most important vehicles of informal institutions in rural China, on local public goods expenditure. Using a panel dataset of 220 Chinese villages from 1986 to 2005, we find that village leaders from the two largest family clans in a village increased local public investment considerably. This association is stronger when the clans appeared to be more cohesive. We also find that clans helped local leaders overcome the collective action problem of financing public goods, but there is little evidence suggesting that they held local leaders accountable.
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Bo-wei, Chiang. "A Special Intermittence and Continuity in Local History: The Chinese Diaspora and Their Hometown in Battlefield Quemoy during 1949-1960s." Journal of Chinese Overseas 7, no. 2 (2011): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325411x595396.
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Abstract From 1949, Quemoy became the battlefront between the warring Nationalists and Communists as well as the frontline between Cold War nations. Under military rule, social and ideological control suppressed the community power of traditional clans and severed their connection with fellow countrymen living abroad. For 43 long years up until 1992, Quemoy was transformed from an open hometown of the Chinese diaspora into a closed battlefield and forbidden zone. During the war period, most of the Quemoy diasporic Chinese paid close attention to the state of their hometown including the security of their family members and property. In the early 1950s, they tried to keep themselves informed of the situation in Quemoy through any available medium and build up a new channel of remittances. Furthermore, as formal visits of the overseas Chinese were an important symbol of legitimacy for the KMT, Quemoy emigrants had been invited by the military authority to visit their hometown since 1950. This was in fact the only channel for the Chinese diaspora to go home. Using official files, newspapers and records of oral histories, this article analyzes the relationship between the Chinese diaspora and the battlefield, Quemoy, and takes a look at the interactions between family and clan members of the Chinese diaspora during 1949-1960s. It is a discussion of a special intermittence and continuity of local history.
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Tsyrenov, Chingis Ts. "Ruling Clans of the Eastern Jin Era (317–420 AD) and Early Chinese Buddhism." Humanitarian Vector 14, no. 6 (2019): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2019-14-6-150-155.
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Pulleyblank, Edwin G. "Ji 姬 and Jiang 姜: The Role of Exogamic Clans in the Organization of the Zhou Polity." Early China 25 (2000): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362502800004259.
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AbstractsThe rule of surname exogamy, which has been an important feature of Chinese social organization down to recent times, seems to have originated with the Zhou dynasty. Its importance is symbolized in the myth of Jiang Yuan姜媚 or 姜原, the mother of Hou Ji后稷, Lord Millet, the ancestor of the Zhou kings, whose surname was Ji姬. Contrary to a view that has become popular, it is argued that Ji and Jiang could not have been the names of two originally separate peoples with different geographical origins that came together and formed an intermarrying alliance but were the names of the two leading, intermarrying, clans of a single people. After the Zhou conquest of Shang, marriage politics, which required the rulers of originally non-Chinese states to have clan names of the same kind, played an important part in gradually incorporating such states into the Zhou, Hua-Xia華夏, polity. The fact that the surnames Ji and Jiang were also found among peoples known as Rong 戎 who were not recognized as Hua-Xia but were probably also Sino-Tibetan in language seems to be consistent with traditional accounts of Zhou's northwestern origins. The words Ji and Jiang are probably etymologically related and although yang羊 “sheep” plays a phonetic role in the graphs of both the surname Jiang and the ethnic name Qiang 羌, Jiang and Qiang are two separate words and need not have anything to do with one another.
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Guanglin, Jin. "A Comparison of the Korean and Japanese Approaches to Foreign Family Names." Journal of Cultural Interaction in East Asia 5, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 15–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jciea-2014-050103.
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Abstract There are many foreign family names in Korean and Japanese genealogies. This paper is especially focused on the fact that out of approximately 280 Korean family names, roughly half are of foreign origin, and that out of those foreign family names, the majority trace their beginnings to China. In Japan, the Newly Edited Register of Family Names (新撰姓氏錄), published in 815, records that out of 1,182 aristocratic clans in the capital and its surroundings, 326 clans-approximately one-third-originated from China and Korea. Does the prevalence of foreign family names reflect migration from China to Korea, and from China and Korea to Japan? Or is it perhaps a result of Korean Sinophilia (慕華思想) and Japanese admiration for Korean and Chinese cultures? Or could there be an entirely distinct explanation? First I discuss premodern Korean and ancient Japanese foreign family names, and then I examine the formation and characteristics of these family names. Next I analyze how migration from China to Korea, as well as from China and Korea to Japan, occurred in their historical contexts. Through these studies, I derive answers to the above-mentioned questions.
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Kuznetsova, Natalia V. "Сакральный характер власти в Цинской империи и его проявление во внешней политике по отношению к Джунгарскому государству и казахам." Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 13, no. 1 (April 26, 2021): 22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2021-1-22-40.
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Introduction. The sacred nature of power is one of the main features of the empire. Since ancient times in the Chinese state the sacralization of power is presented in the religious-philosophical doctrine of the Emperor as the Son of Heaven who rules the Celestial Empire. This doctrine differs from the Sinocentrism conception in its understanding of the nature of power. Goals. The present paper examines foreign policy of the Qing Empire towards the Dzungar state and the Kazakhs with due regard of the manifestation of the sacred nature of power in foreign policies conducted by the Chinese government. The article also addresses the issue of the number of Oirats slaughtered by the Qing Empire. Materials. The research analyzes scientific works on the history of the Qing Empire, Chinese-Kazakh, Chinese-Oirat, Kazakh-Oirat relations, as well as published Chinese sources. Results. The paper shows that the sacral nature of power in the Qing Empire manifested itself in foreign policy as well. The rulers of the Dzungar state and Kazakh clans became nominal subjects of the Empire without coercion from the Chinese side. And this fact did not oblige them to become real subjects, tributaries. There was a ritual interaction that was beneficial for both sides. If a non-Chinese ruler became a nominal subject of Bogdykhan, the Empire showed soft power in relation to his people. Even in the case of a deliberate violation of its decrees, which happened in the episode of Sino-Kazakh relations under consideration. When the ruler stopped the established interaction and began to contradict the Emperor, the Empire sought to destroy him, like the case with Galdan Boshogtu Khan and his successors.
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Korsun, V. A. "THE SOCIAL PROTEST «WITH CHINESE PARTICULARITY»: THE SHIFTING VECTOR." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(43) (August 28, 2015): 229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-4-43-229-241.
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The article analyzes current spiritual-political and socio-economic situation in postreform China with the emphasis on newest tendencies in the social feeling and conscience. Such a gigantic socio- cultural laboratory as China, with the processes of modernization and archaization proper to it, gives much material disproving conceptions of unilinear historical progress and brining to light the Chinese particularity. The content of China elite identity and the reasons of its stability and continuity are analyzed on the basis of a profound excursus into history of the evolution of the «Confucians way of governance», that quite differs from the European model. In consequence of thousands years of selective breeding through the examination system and the stratagem mentality there was created, in the author’s opinion, not the political culture, but some type of the specific Chinese administrative behavior mode, based on «the moral consensus» between different clans of elite, this time leaded by Xi Jinping, and composed by the «shanghai» and the «komsomol» factions. Contemporary partocracy regime of PRC inherited all the negative characteristics of soviet «nomenclature» such as hierarchy career based on loyalty, bureaucracy privileges, special rations and advantages, nepotism, corruption and so on, but has created specific Chinese system of «soft» succession of power from generation to generation. At the same time, the confluence of political and business elites is taking place and the state and society interests are more and more subordinated to their corporative Ames, that provoke so called «new leftist» movement against the irrational redistribution system. The CCP new leadership exploits the «Chinese dream» rhetoric and anticorruption assault to get the national consensus and conserve its monopoly on political power. However, the social-economic structures sophistication and the new social contradictions and conflicts intensification, the now days economic crisis evidences about, draw attention to the crucial importance of democratization and creation of the new nontraditional political system for up to date diagnosis, softening and salvation of such conflicts.
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Huang, Xu, and Yuanyuan Gu. "Revisiting the spatial form of traditional villages in Chaoshan, China." Open House International 45, no. 3 (September 4, 2020): 297–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-05-2020-0027.
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Purpose Compared to other areas in China, Chaoshan region in Guangdong province has a more developed clan system set within a rural landscape. This paper aims to explore the relationship between the social structure (family–clan) and spatial form (housing settlement) of clan-organized rural China to understand the spatial form represented by “family and clan.” Design/methodology/approach By examining Dongli village and Huayao village, this paper outlines the typical path of spatial representation: dwelling of individual’s core family → mansion of the big family → settlement of a single clan → co-settlement of several clans. Moreover, it identifies three critical elements of the spatial representation: prototype (the spatial representation of the etiquette system); order (a hierarchical space set by the patriarchal system); and boundary (constructed on both physical and mental facts). Findings All elements indicate that descendants of migrants from the North maintain their self-identity and discipline clan members by planning the ideal space. Research limitations/implications The findings contribute to the ongoing discussions regarding how local cultural and historical experiences can influence renewed designs of traditional settlement areas (Aksulu and Eryildiz, 2003) and how digital means can facilitate updating designs of traditional buildings (Han et al., 2017). Such planning and design should involve greater public participation, considering the impact on residents’ daily lives (Pandya, 2005). Originality/value This paper contributes to the understanding of the relationship between cultural values and the spatial form of residential settlements in Chinese history.
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Jiang, Xiaoli. "Did the Imperially Commissioned Manchu Rites for Sacrifices to the Spirits and to Heaven Standardize Manchu Shamanism?" Religions 9, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel9120400.
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The Imperially Commissioned Manchu Rites for Sacrifices to the Spirits and to Heaven (Manzhou jishen jitian dianli), the only canon on shamanism compiled under the auspices of the Qing dynasty, has attracted considerable attention from a number of scholars. One view that is held by a vast majority of these scholars is that the promulgation of the Manchu Rites by the Qing court helped standardize shamanic rituals, which resulted in a decline of wild ritual practiced then and brought about a similarity of domestic rituals. However, an in-depth analysis of the textual context of the Manchu Rites, as well as a close inspection of its various editions reveal that the Qing court had no intention to formalize shamanism and did not enforce the Manchu Rites nationwide. In fact, the decline of the Manchu wild ritual can be traced to the preconquest period, while the domestic ritual had been formed before the Manchu Rites was prepared and were not unified even at the end of the Qing dynasty. With regard to the ritual differences among the various Manchu clans, the Qing rulers took a more benign view and it was unnecessary to standardize them. The incorporation of the Chinese version of the Manchu Rites into Siku quanshu demonstrates the Qing court’s struggles to promote its cultural status and legitimize its rule of China.
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ZHANG, Haihong. "當代中國的公共衞生——基於儒家家庭觀的一點想法." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.71471.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.在中國，無論是對公共衞生內涵的理解還是公共衞生建設的相應理念等在很大程度上都存在因襲、甚至照搬西方模式的問題。在公共衞生責任主體的界定問題上，中國政府強調其對公共衞生的有限責任，認為公共衞生建設是需要政府、社會、團體和民眾的廣泛參與、共同努力的系統工程；學者們卻對政府提出了更高的期望。基於政府應當在公共衞生中承擔主要責任的立場，筆者強調各責任主體在公共衞生中的合作關係。相比於西方社會，中國缺少第三部門 (或非牟利團體) 的社會現實決定了我們必須找尋適合中國自己的出路。通過對傳統儒家家庭觀的批判繼承，筆者認為應當借鑒指導中國家庭的組織與建構，進一步重塑家庭在當代中國公共衞生中的角色。筆者希望借助家庭作為中國社會傳統資源的優勢，讓其在當代轉型社會中充當連接政府和個人的橋樑。一方面，筆者試圖從傳統儒家思想出發建構其理論基礎，另一方面，筆者亦希望該努力能為中國的公共衞生建設找到一條有效途徑，以期為構建中國自己的公共衞生找尋到一條現實而合理的出路。The SARS epidemic in China in 2003 highlighted the significant role played by public health in contemporary society. It also stimulated public health research in Chinese academia. Although the area is too complex to be concisely defined, it is widely recognized that public health focuses mainly on prevention, protection, and promotion. In China, we have usually attempted to copy Western models to deal with Chinese problems in general and public health issues in particular. A serious problem, however, is that such models may fit Chinese contexts well. Chinese scholars have engaged in Western theoretical debates without considering China’s unique conditions. I think that this is not an effective way to conduct public health research in China.China faces three major problems in public health services. First, different kinds of chronic diseases severely affect people’s everyday lives, and there is wide regional disparity in public health. Second, it is very difficult to carry out public health services in many regions in the absence of a decent nation-wide minimum healthcare system and a trust relationship between physicians and patients. Finally, because of the one-child policy, the Chinese population has become old before the nation becomes wealthy.It is impossible for the government alone to deal with all of these difficult problems. Although public participation has been suggested, little has been done to encourage it. It is high time that China adopted a suitable strategy that is based on its unique traditional resources. The family is the key to public health in China. For more than five thousand years, Chinese society has been family based. Although the structure and functions of the family have greatly changed in contemporary times, the resources of the family cannot be overlooked in addressing public health in China. Confucian ethics, which underlie contemporary Chinese society, stem from ideas of proper family life, relationships, and management. If we seriously consider certain public health areas, including health education, disease prevention, and health promotion, then the role of the family is inevitably highlighted. The various elements of Confucianism, such as human flourishing, harmonious family life, filial duty, and mutual respect among family members, constitute the ethical guidelines for the construction of a theory of Chinese public health services and the practical application of such a theory. In addition, compared with Western countries, China still has a long way to go regarding third parties or nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) contributing to public health work. Perhaps family-based associations, such as traditional family clans, will be able to act as Confucianist NGOs and play a significant role in promoting Chinese public health.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 642 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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Shi, Yuanyuan, Shengxiang Zhang, Daiyin Peng, Chenkai Wang, Derui Zhao, Kelong Ma, Jiawen Wu, and Luqi Huang. "Transcriptome Analysis of Clinopodium chinense (Benth.) O. Kuntze and Identification of Genes Involved in Triterpenoid Saponin Biosynthesis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 11 (May 29, 2019): 2643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112643.
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Clinopodium chinense (Benth.) O. Kuntze (C. chinense) is an important herb in traditional Chinese medicine. Triterpenoid saponins are a major class of active compounds in C. chinense with broad pharmacological activities and hemostatic, antitumor, and anti-hyperglycemic effects. To identify genes involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis, transcriptomic analyses of leaves, stems, and roots from C. chinense were performed. A total of 135,968 unigenes were obtained by assembling the leaf, stem, and root transcripts, of which 102,154 were annotated in public databases. Differentially expressed genes were determined based on expression profile analysis and analyzed for differential expression of unique genes related to triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis. Multiple unigenes encoding crucial enzymes or transcription factors involved in triterpenoid saponin synthesis were identified and analyzed. The expression levels of unigenes encoding enzymes were experimentally validated using quantitative real-time PCR. This study greatly broadens the public transcriptome database for this species and provides a valuable resource for identifying candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins and other secondary metabolites.
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Lee, Seung-hyeon. "Chinese Writing Class by the Chinese Writing Teacher’s Utilizing Chinese Characters Etymology." Han-Character and Classical written language Education 22 (May 30, 2009): 55–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15670/hace.2009.22.1.055.
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Hai and Ho. "Two Chinese Working-Class Poems." World Literature Today 95, no. 2 (2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7588/worllitetoda.95.2.0036.
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LU, CHUNLONG. "China's Middle Class: Unified or Fragmented?" Japanese Journal of Political Science 14, no. 1 (February 5, 2013): 127–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109912000370.
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AbstractBased on data collected from a representative-sample survey conducted in five Chinese cities (Shanghai, Guangzhou, Wuhan, Chengdu, and Hangzhou) in the middle of 2008, this study examines the behavioral orientations of Chinese middle class toward the local elections which are held in urban areas, and the attitudinal orientations of Chinese middle class toward the current regime. The results indicate that there is a strong division within the group of the middle class, especially along the lines of the relationship with the state. Therefore, this study suggests that the Chinese middle class is a class without a shared class identity.
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Feng, Nancy Chun, and Ross D. Fuerman. "Securities class actions of Chinese companies." Corporate Ownership and Control 15, no. 4 (2018): 107–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv15i4art10.
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This paper provides the first empirical evidence documenting the determinants and outcomes of private securities class action lawsuits filed in the US and Canada against Chinese companies and their auditors. Our findings show that, in the global context, Chinese companies are positively associated with their auditors being defendants and experiencing an adverse outcome (for example, related government enforcement actions and/or settlement payments to terminate class actions). A group of companies from outside the US with low country level audit quality, the Chinese companies, and the overall global sample were compared. For the low country level audit quality comparison group, we found that a restatement was negatively associated with auditors being defendants; this is a new finding. Two unique Chinese characteristics are that reverse mergers are positively associated with auditor litigation and bankruptcy has no association with auditor litigation. Aggregate Chinese companies’ settlements are positively associated with the occurrence of an auditor settlement and with class period length. Auditor settlements are associated with several factors. No mainland China CPA firm has ever paid to settle a private securities class action filed in the US or Canada; this also is a new finding. Several factors explain this last result.
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Na, Wei. "Chinese Traditional Costumes of Class Consciousness." Advanced Materials Research 821-822 (September 2013): 746–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.821-822.746.
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The artifacts design and usage have been evolving since preliminary civilization period from to satisfy pure physical needs gradually to also meet psychological needs. As the evolution result, some artifacts are designed and produced not only with practical or decorative value, but also with purpose to demonstrate the consciousness of rank difference. This article, from social class consciousness perspective, with the analysis on decoration methods, clothing color and materials, demonstrates the explicit and implicit class ideological connotation in Chinese traditional dress. The dress color and pattern are strictly defined for and associated with social classes, where any violation is prohibited. As a conclusion, most artifacts especially Chinese traditional dresses which clearly represent all social classes are the intended product by ruling class.
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Kozjek-Gulyás, Anett. "The Chinese middle class in China." Társadalomkutatás 31, no. 3 (September 2013): 284–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/tarskut.31.2013.3.6.
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Epstein, Irving. "Class and Inequality in Chinese Education." Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 23, no. 2 (January 1993): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0305792930230204.
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Weil, Robert. "Class Bases of Chinese “Marxisms” Today*." Science & Society 73, no. 2 (April 2009): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/siso.2009.73.2.221.
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Qi, Xiwu, Xu Yu, Daohua Xu, Hailing Fang, Ke Dong, Weilin Li, and Chengyuan Liang. "Identification and analysis of CYP450 genes from transcriptome of Lonicera japonica and expression analysis of chlorogenic acid biosynthesis related CYP450s." PeerJ 5 (September 12, 2017): e3781. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3781.
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Background Lonicera japonica is an important medicinal plant that has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. The pharmacological activities of L. japonica are mainly due to its rich natural active ingredients, most of which are secondary metabolites. CYP450s are a large, complex, and widespread superfamily of proteins that participate in many endogenous and exogenous metabolic reactions, especially secondary metabolism. Here, we identified CYP450s in L. japonica transcriptome and analyzed CYP450s that may be involved in chlorogenic acid (CGA) biosynthesis. Methods The recent availability of L. japonica transcriptome provided opportunity to identify CYP450s in this herb. BLAST based method and HMM based method were used to identify CYP450s in L. japonica transcriptome. Then, phylogenetic analysis, conserved motifs analysis, GO annotation, and KEGG annotation analyses were conducted to characterize the identified CYP450s. qRT-PCR was used to explore expression patterns of five CGA biosynthesis related CYP450s. Results In this study, 151 putative CYP450s with complete cytochrome P450 domain, which belonged to 10 clans, 45 families and 76 subfamilies, were identified in L. japonica transcriptome. Phylogenetic analysis classified these CYP450s into two major branches, A-type (47%) and non-A type (53%). Both types of CYP450s had conserved motifs in L. japonica. The differences of typical motif sequences between A-type and non-A type CYP450s in L. japonica were similar with other plants. GO classification indicated that non-A type CYP450s participated in more molecular functions and biological processes than A-type. KEGG pathway annotation totally assigned 47 CYP450s to 25 KEGG pathways. From these data, we cloned two LjC3Hs (CYP98A subfamily) and three LjC4Hs (CYP73A subfamily) that may be involved in biosynthesis of CGA, the major ingredient for pharmacological activities of L. japonica. qRT-PCR results indicated that two LjC3Hs exhibited oppositing expression patterns during the flower development and LjC3H2 exhibited a similar expression pattern with CGA concentration measured by HPLC. The expression patterns of three LjC4Hs were quite different and the expression pattern of LjC4H3 was quite similar with that of LjC3H1. Discussion Our results provide a comprehensive identification and characterization of CYP450s in L. japonica. Five CGA biosynthesis related CYP450s were cloned and their expression patterns were explored. The different expression patterns of two LjC3Hs and three LjC4Hs may be due to functional divergence of both substrate and catalytic specificity during plant evolution. The co-expression pattern of LjC3H1 and LjC4H3 strongly suggested that they were under coordinated regulation by the same transcription factors due to same cis elements in their promoters. In conclusion, this study provides insight into CYP450s and will effectively facilitate the research of biosynthesis of CGA in L. japonica.
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Ching-Hwang, Yen. "Class Structure and Social Mobility in the Chinese Community in Singapore and Malaya 1800–1911." Modern Asian Studies 21, no. 3 (July 1987): 417–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x0000915x.
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The social history of the Chinese community in Singapore and Malaya in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries cannot be fully understood if aspects of class structure and social mobility are not examined. Of course, the social relations of the Chinese were principally determined by kinship and dialect ties, but they were also affected by class affiliations. Class status, like kinship and dialect relations distanted Chinese immigrants from one another. This paper seeks to examine the nature and structure of Chinese classes, class relations and the channels of social mobility in the Chinese community in Singapore and Malaya during the period between 1800 and 1911. The findings of this paper may be applicable to other overseas Chinese communities in the same period outside this region.
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강용중. "A Questionnaire Study on Chinese Medium Instruction in Cultural Chinese Class." Journal of Chinese Cultural Studies ll, no. 24 (May 2014): 385–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.18212/cccs.2014..24.016.
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Elfick, Jacqueline. "Class Formation and Consumption among Middle-Class Professionals in Shenzhen." Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 40, no. 1 (March 2011): 187–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810261104000107.
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This paper explores the role of consumption in defining Chinese middle-class identity by examining the consumption practices of urban professionals. It is widely agreed that China has a thriving middle class. The exact definition of this middle class, however, is disputed by scholars and the Chinese popular press. Debates about class are also manifest in the daily lives of urban professionals. One of the most interesting areas in which identity is contested is that of consumption. The research is based on 60 in-depth interviews among professionals conducted in Shenzhen in the period 2004–2010. New wealth means that the myriad of goods on offer is accessible to large sections of the urban population. Professionals have become keen and selective shoppers. Many describe their consumption practices as informed by their own highly individualistic taste. This paper argues that professional consumption practices sometimes express individual taste but, more importantly, serve to articulate a collective social identity.
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Li, Yun, and Rong Rong. "A Middle-Class Misidentification." positions: asia critique 27, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 773–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10679847-7726981.
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Through the autobiographical poetry of contemporary Chinese female peasant workers, this article studies how Chinese migrant workers are dis-identified by the identifying hukou system and thus become bodies of non-identity drifting in cities. Driven by the urban desire intrigued by national discourses on modernization, peasants deidentify themselves by abandoning their officially recognized rural identity only to see that they are disidentified by the authority that rejects their urban citizenship. The double dispossession leaves them no way to identify themselves. To deradicalize the nonidentity, postsocialist ideologies invent a middle-class dream, attempting to reshape migrant workers into a “working class” misidentified with a class image beyond its financial reach as well as social function. It thus disunites the working class by throwing migrant workers into constant search for identities.
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LO, ALBERT Y. "WEIGHTED CHINESE RESTAURANT PROCESSES." COSMOS 01, no. 01 (May 2005): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219607705000073.
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A class of distributions on partitions of a finite collection of objects is defined. The probability of a specific partition is a product of functions of clusters of the partition with the product running over all clusters. This class contains Chinese restaurant processes as a special case. The simulation of a distribution in this class is described through the seating probability that gives the conditional probability of joining a new object to an existing cluster. Examples in Bayesian mixture models are given.
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Lok, Peter. "Lost in Hong Kong." Social Transformations in Chinese Societies 13, no. 2 (September 5, 2017): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/stics-04-2017-0011.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how a neo-liberal nationalist discourse of China imagines the spatial identity of the post-1997 Hong Kong with reference to Lost in Hong Kong, a new Chinese middle-class film in 2015 with successful box office sales. Design/methodology/approach Textual analysis with the aid of psychoanalysis, postcolonial studies and semiotics is used to interpret the meaning of the film in this study. The study also utilizes the previous literature reviews about the formation of the Chinese national identity to help analyze the distinct identity of the Chinese middle class today. Findings The discussion pinpoints how the new Chinese middle class as neo-liberal nationalists take Hong Kong as a “bizarre national redemptive space”. While Hong Kong is cinematically constructed as such a national other, this paper argues that the Hong Kong in question stands not for itself but in a form of “reverse hallucination” for pacifying the new Chinese middle class’ trauma under the rapid neo-liberalization of China in the 1990s. Originality/value This paper shows the new of formation of the Chinese nationalist’s discourse, especially the new Chinese middle-class discourse on Hong Kong after 1997.
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Zha, Qiang. "China Calls for Smarter Standards for Its World-Class Universities." International Higher Education, no. 86 (May 25, 2016): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2016.86.9363.
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China recently launched a new stage of world-class university campaign, and emphasized developing the “Chinese characteristics” this time. Arguably, global rankings remain the most powerful illustration of who can claim world-class standing, which in turn renders the “Chinese characteristics” in question. This article argues that China would benefit from a kind of explicit “Chinese standards” to help establish a clearer direction for higher education development in the country.
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Xing, Guoxin. "Urban Workers’ Leisure Culture and the ‘Public Sphere’: A Study of the Transformation of the Workers’ Cultural Palace in Reform-Era China." Critical Sociology 37, no. 6 (January 11, 2011): 817–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920510392078.
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This article looks into urban Chinese working-class leisure culture through a case study of the transformed Workers’ Cultural Palace in Zhengzhou in Henan province. Making timely and engaging contribution to the discussion on changing working-class subjectivities in post-Mao China, the author investigates Zhengzhou workers’ cultural and communicative activities, including songs, dramas and political discussions in an urban space. The case study provides hints of a re-politicized space which constitutes a public sphere, attended by the working class, of free discussion on class inequalities and related issues. In the emergent public sphere inhabited by urban workers, class consciousness is nurtured as distinct from the Chinese middle class. The findings point to contested public spheres in China’s increasingly class-divided society and the return of class politics at the bottom rungs, taking issue with seemingly conventional wisdom purporting to declare the end of class in practical Chinese politics and scholarly Chinese studies.
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Su, Huanan. "Attempts of PAD Teaching Methodology in Modern Chinese College English Writing Class: A Grounded Theory Based Perspective." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 12, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 696–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1205.08.
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This research paper attempts to have an in-depth understanding of PAD (presentation-assimilation-discussion) teaching methodology applied in a modern Chinese college course, which is College English Writing class, from the perspective of the Grounded Theory. Based on a detailed introduction and analysis of the Grounded Theory, this research makes efforts to answer such a question that how PAD teaching methodology is applied in modern Chinese College English Writing class as well as how it helps Chinese college students learn in their College English Writing class. The PAD teaching methodology in modern Chinese College English Writing class is a new type of teaching mode, being divided into three processes: presentation, assimilation and discussion (which is the co-called PAD). The key innovation in the PAD teaching methodology in modern Chinese College English Writing class is to stagger the lectures and discussions in time, so that students have a week time for personalized assimilation, which mobilizes students’ interest in learning, promotes students’ enthusiasm, cultivates students’ learning autonomy, and improves the quality of the teaching of College English Writing class. As a qualitative research, this paper employs methods of literature synthesis and comparative analysis to reach such a conclusion that PAD teaching methodology does help and facilitate modern Chinese college students in their learning of College English Writing class. An important perspective from the Grounded Theory has provided a strong support to further verify the necessary role that PAD teaching methodology has played in modern Chinese College English Writing class.
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Lee, Si-chan. "A Case Study on 'Chinese Writing' Class." Journal of Chinese Literature 71 (May 30, 2018): 85–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.31985/jcl.71.5.
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박경신. "Student-centered class model for Chinese Literature." Journal of Chinese Characters Education in Korea ll, no. 34 (June 2010): 177–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.17963/ccek.2010..34.177.
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Selden, Mark. "The Making of the Chinese Working Class." International Labor and Working-Class History 37 (1990): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900009923.
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Huang, Philip C. C. "Rural Class Struggle in the Chinese Revolution." Modern China 21, no. 1 (January 1995): 105–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009770049502100105.
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Nathan, Andrew J. "The Puzzle of the Chinese Middle Class." Journal of Democracy 27, no. 2 (2016): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jod.2016.0027.
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Wright, Tim. "The Chinese working class: new historical approaches." Asian Studies Association of Australia. Review 12, no. 1 (July 1988): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03147538808712543.
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Cheung, Chau-kiu, and Kwan-kwok Leung. "Chinese Migrants' Class Mobility in Hong Kong." International Migration 53, no. 2 (September 11, 2012): 219–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2012.00778.x.
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Pun, Ngai. "The new Chinese working class in struggle." Dialectical Anthropology 44, no. 4 (August 1, 2019): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10624-019-09559-0.
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Yang, Ning. "Teacher’s Code-switching to L1 in Chinese College EFL Class." Review of Educational Theory 2, no. 2 (May 9, 2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/ret.v2i2.742.
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The paper tries to explore teachers’ code-switching to Chinese in EFL classroom. Quantitative and qualitative research methods are adopted in the study. The case study centers on showing the attitude of teachers and that of students towards the CS to L1. It indicated that both teachers and students had positive attitude toward CS to Chinese in EFL classroom. The results in the classroom recording showed that students’ English proficiency level influenced the frequency of teachers’ CS; teachers alternate to Chinese mainly to facilitate students’ understanding or to emphasize some key points.
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Wijaya, Wiliam. "Research Summary of Teaching Basic Chinese Conversation Class." Humaniora 4, no. 2 (October 31, 2013): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v4i2.3556.
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Basic Chinese Conversation is a foundation for beginner learners. Beginner learners will learn how to pronounce voice and tone with aspirated and unaspirated sounds. Then they will learn vocabulary and basic grammar. Nevertheless in this step there are many problems in learning pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar including other issues. With these problems, the writer has intensively read and analyzed materials about Indonesian Chinese language learners’ speech difficulties and problems, then searched for the solution.
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Trémon, Anne-Christine. "From “Voluntary” to “Truly Voluntary” Associations: The Structure of the Chinese Community in French Polynesia, 1865–2005." Journal of Chinese Overseas 3, no. 1 (2007): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325407788639489.
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AbstractThis article presents a historical overview of the Chinese community in French Polynesia, from its initial structuring into associations at the end of the 19th century until the restructuring that occurred at the end of the 20th century. The use of a combination of models brings into relief the correlation between class differentiation and the relative importance of sharing the same surname and ties of affinity. The analysis highlights the link between the community's internal structure and the mode of organization of Chinese associations in the guise of real estate holdings. Until recently, leadership was entrusted to a limited number of wealthy merchants and their families who were shareholders in these holdings. The termination of this system in the 1990s was linked to the change in the mode of membership to the associations and to the wider Chinese community. The shift from compulsory membership to voluntary membership is evident with the emergence of new types of associations aimed at preserving Chinese cultural identity in French Polynesia, but it is also true in the case of clan associations. The way in which modes of affiliation to the associations changed over time reveals a correlative change in the way Chinese identity is expressed today.
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Auerbach, Sascha. "Margaret Tart, Lao She, and the Opium-Master's Wife: Race and Class among Chinese Commercial Immigrants in London and Australia, 1866–1929." Comparative Studies in Society and History 55, no. 1 (January 2013): 35–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417512000576.
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AbstractWhat little has been written about Chinese immigrants in the British Empire has focused mainly on laborers, commonly known as “coolies,” and their roles in imperial society, culture, and industry. Chinese commercial immigrants, though they loomed large in public dialogues about race, migration, and empire, have been virtually ignored. This article examines how such immigrants were represented, and how two prominent individuals represented themselves, in London and metropolitan Australia, respectively, during a high tide of British imperialism and Chinese global migration. By the 1920s, the ardent pro-British sentiment expressed by Mei Quong Tart, thede factorepresentative of the Chinese merchant class in Australia, had been superseded by the anti-colonial critique of Lao She, one of China's foremost modern novelists. Lao She's semi-autobiographical depiction of Chinese life in London condemned the violent and emasculating character of British imperialism, while also excoriating Chinese society's failure to modernize, cohere as a nation, and overcome internecine class conflicts. Both authors were concerned with social relations between Chinese men and white British women, as were British commentators throughout this period, and with differentiating themselves from laboring Chinese immigrants. Contrary to Stuart Hall's famous assertion that “race is the modality through which class is lived,” for these Chinese commercial immigrants class and gender proved to be more essential than were crude concepts of race to their experiences and self-identification, and ultimately to British society's rejection of their attempts to assimilate.
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Yu, Qun, and Jan Van Maele. "Fostering Intercultural Awareness in a Chinese English Reading Class." Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 41, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 357–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cjal-2018-0027.
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Abstract Since the turn of the century, higher education policy in China has highlighted the importance of cultivating students’ intercultural competences, particularly in the context of English language teaching. In spite of this, studies show that to this day Chinese ELT classrooms in higher education have rarely taken a cultural turn and teachers’ understanding of interculturalism remains insufficient. This paper reports an action research study on how intercultural awareness was developed in the context of an English reading course at an independent college of a major Chinese university. The study followed a teaching flow that integrates intercultural learning with critical thinking by challenging students to select, analyze, and raise questions about English texts on aspects of Chinese culture. Mapping the outputs of a cohort of 77 second-year undergraduate students onto Baker’s (2012; 2015) model of intercultural awareness, the study shows that a majority of participants demonstrated a level beyond basic awareness. The paper concludes that reading courses can be used to help foster intercultural awareness among Chinese students, and it offers some pedagogical and theoretical reflections on integrating intercultural learning with ELT, and formulates a number of suggestions for further studies.
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Конончук, Д. В. "О РОДОВОМ ИЕРОГЛИФЕ КОНФУЦИЯ." Гуманитарные исследования в Восточной Сибири и на Дальнем Востоке 54, no. 4 (2020): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24866/1997-2857/2020-4/25-32.
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В статье освещается вопрос об изначальном семантическом поле иероглифа кун 孔 – родового иероглифа Конфуция, выявляется происхождение и ранняя история знака 孔, проясняется его генетическая смысловая связь со знаком цзы 子 «ребенок», семантическая связь со знаком цзя 嘉 «превосходный», а также общая его встроенность в культурный паттерн чжоуского ритуала. Автор приходит к выводу об исходных значениях знака кун 孔 «отличать» («отмечать», «выделять из») и «отменно» («отлично», «отличительно»), что и обусловило частое употребление знака кун 孔 в качестве именного иероглифа в эпоху Чуньцю, включая факт пожалования данного имени правителем Сун предку Конфуция Кун-фу Цзя 孔父嘉, в результате чего знак кун 孔 стал у будущих предков Конфуция родовым именем-ши. Ключевые слова: Конфуций, иероглиф, род, этимология, семанитика The paper deals with the initial semantic field of the character kong (孔) known as Confucius’ ancestral character. The author describes the features of its integration into the cultural pattern of the Zhou ritual and explains the origin and early history of the character, its semantic connection with the character zi (子) and jia (嘉). It is concluded that the initial meanings of the character kong are «to differ» («to mark», «to emphasize») and «excellent» («different», «selected»). Such semantics explains the frequent usage of this character during Spring and Autumn period and the fact that it was given by the leader of Song to Kong-fu Jia (孔父嘉), the ancestor of Confucius, with the result that the character kong became a new clan name or shi among the forefathers of Confucius. Keywords: Confucius, Chinese characters, etymology, semantics
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Sharma, Bishnu Prasad, and Chang Xin. "Comparative Cephalometric Analysis of Angle Class II Division 1 Malocclusion between Chinese Male and Female Subjects." Orthodontic Journal of Nepal 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v4i2.13892.
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Objective: To compare the craniofacial features of male and female Chinese samples with Angle Class II Division 1 malocclusion.Materials & Method: The cephalometric radiographs were obtained from 39 Chinese subjects (mean age17.18 ± 7.1 years) with Angle Class II Division 1 malocclusion. Ten skeletal, nine dental and three soft tissue variables were investigated.Result: The craniofacial features between Chinese genders showed statistical significant differences among only one of the twenty-two variables studied.Conclusion: Chinese males have anteriorly long face compare to females.
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Choudhry, Taufiq, and Yuan Wu. "Momentum phenomenon in the Chinese Class A and B share markets." Review of Behavioral Finance 7, no. 2 (November 9, 2015): 116–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rbf-06-2014-0032.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the momentum phenomenon in two market segments of the Chinese stock market – the Class A share market and Class B share market over time period spanning from January 1996 to December 2010. Design/methodology/approach – The authors largely follow Jegadeesh and Titman (1993) paper; the authors decompose the momentum returns following the procedure first proposed by Jegadeesh and Titman (1995). In addition, a liquidity factor (Pastor and Stambaugh, 2003) and a share ownership factor (Wang and Xu, 2004) are incorporated in the procedure to gauge the contribution of liquidity and the dynamics of share ownership towards the momentum returns, respectively in the two segments of the Chinese stock market. Findings – The authors find compelling evidence showing distinctively different momentum phenomena exist in the two market segments of the Chinese stock market. Specifically, the momentum phenomenon is more pronounced in the Chinese Class A share market compared to those found in the Chinese Class B share market. Through decomposing the momentum returns, the authors find evidence showing the dismal momentum returns observed in the Class B share market can be attributed to markedly weakened contributions of the liquidity factor and the share ownership factor. Research limitations/implications – Relatively short sample time horizon compared to the most of major financial markets such as USA and UK. The number of B shares has been rather limited. Practical implications – Subsequent to the opening of the Chinese Class B share market to domestic investors in 2001 and the opening of the Chinese Class A share market to qualified foreign institutional investors (QFII) in 2003, the empirical evidence found in this study provides a crucial reference point for domestic and foreign portfolio strategists in guiding them to form suitable portfolio strategies concerning investments in a nascent financial market such as the Chinese stock market, fraught with volatility and speculative trading behaviour. Social implications – It offers a comprehensive view of the momentum phenomenon in the Chinese Class A and B share markets over the sample period from January 1996 to December 2010. Second, the reasons behind the dichotomy of the momentum returns found in the two market segments were investigated through decomposing the momentum returns based on Jegdeesh and Titman’s (1995) method while incorporating three new explanatory factors – the liquidity factor, share ownership factor and the under reaction towards firm-specific news factor. Originality/value – A couple of extant papers have visited the topic before. yet this paper offers more comprehensive view on the existence of momentum premium in both Chinese Class A and B share markets and investigates the driving forces behind the subdued momentum returns observed in the B share market.
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Rothenberg, Mel. "Who Rules China?" Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 14, no. 1-2 (January 5, 2015): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341331.
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A new and powerful capitalist class has arisen in China since 1976. Has this capitalist class achieved sufficient domination of Chinese social, economic and political life to qualify as a ruling class? We attempt to clarify this question within the context of current Chinese reality that has resulted from the turbulent historical events and processes shaking China over the last 28 years. The question is difficult to settle definitively because of the atypical, even peculiar, basis of the emergence of capitalism in China, and in particular the crucial, guiding role of the Chinese Communist Party. Given the control of political life in China by the Party, it appears that command of the Party by the new capitalist class would be a pre-requisite for capitalist class rule. A brief examination of the composition, leadership, and politics of the Chinese Communist Party suggests that while a line promoting capitalism has great influence within the Party, such command has not yet been fully achieved.