Academic literature on the topic 'Clarke distribution'

Omostropus rotundatus Clarke, 1973 from the Bale Mountains (Ethiopia) is transferred to the genus Harpalus Latreille, 1802. Since the name rotundatus was already used in the latter genus, the substitute name Harpalus clarkei Kataev et Schmidt, nom. nov. is proposed for Harpalus rotundatus (Clarke, 1973), comb. nov. (non Dejean, 1829; non Chaudoir, 1844). The diagnostic characters of Harpalus and Omostropus are discussed. Data on distribution and hind wing development of some additional Ethiopian species of Harpalina mostly from the Bale and Arsi Mountains are presented.

Background Flatfoot, or pes planus, is one of the most common foot posture problems in children that may lead to lower-extremity pain owing to a potential increase in plantar pressure. First, we compared plantar pressure distribution between children with and without flatfoot. Second, we examined the reliability and accuracy of a simple metric for characterization of foot posture: the Clarke angle. Third, we proposed a mathematical model to predict plantar pressure magnitude under the medial arch using body mass and the Clarke angle. Methods Sixty children with flatfoot and 33 aged-matched controls were recruited. Measurements included in-shoe plantar pressure distribution, ground reaction force, Clarke angle, and radiography assessment. The measured Clarke angle was compared with radiographic measurements, and its test-retest reliability was determined. A mathematical model was fitted to predict plantar pressure distribution under the medial arch using easy-to-measure variables (body mass and the Clarke angle). Results A high correlation was observed between the Clarke angle and radiography measurements (r > 0.9; P < 10−6). Excellent between- and within-day test-retest reliability for Clarke angle measurement (intraclass correlation coefficient, >0.9) was observed. Results also suggest that pressure magnitude under the medial arch can be estimated using the Clarke angle and body mass (R2 = 0.95; error, <0.04 N/cm2 [2%]). Conclusions This study suggests that the Clarke angle is a practical, reliable, and sensitive metric for quantification of medial arch height in children and could be recommended for research and clinical applications. It can also be used to estimate plantar pressure under the medial arch, which, in turn, may assist in the timely intervention and prognosis of prospective problems associated with flatfoot posture.

<em>Omostropus rotundatus</em>&nbsp;Clarke, 1973 from the Bale Mountains (Ethiopia) is transferred to the genus&nbsp;<em>Harpalus</em>&nbsp;Latreille, 1802. Since the name&nbsp;<em>rotundatus</em>&nbsp;was already used in the latter genus, the substitute name&nbsp;<em>Harpalus clarkei</em><strong>&nbsp;</strong>Kataev et Schmidt,&nbsp;<strong>nom. nov.</strong>&nbsp;is proposed for&nbsp;<em>Harpalus rotundatus</em>&nbsp;(Clarke, 1973),&nbsp;<strong>comb. nov.</strong>&nbsp;(non Dejean, 1829; non Chaudoir, 1844). The diagnostic characters of&nbsp;<em>Harpalus</em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>Omostropus&nbsp;</em>are discussed. Data on distribution and hind wing development of some additional Ethiopian species of Harpalina mostly from the Bale and Arsi Mountains are presented.

With the Multiple Trips condition, the results obtained for the optimal distance route that starts and stops at PT. Tirta Investama Medan with Clarke Wright Algorithm at t = 1 is 22 km and at t = t + 1 is 15.2 km. While the optimal travel distance route with the Sequential Insertion Algorithm at t = 1 is 15.05 km, and at t = t + 1 is 22.9 km. Clarke Wright Algorithm looks for an optimal solution to get the best route, while Sequential Insertion Algorithm has an excess in the election of a customer by considering customer position with available insertion track location until all customer have been assigned. The Clarke Wright Algorithm obtained a total distance of 37.2 km. In comparison, the Sequential Insertion Algorithm solution obtained a total distance of 37.95 km. It can be concluded that the route formed using the Clarke Wright Algorithm in this case is more effective than using the Sequential Insertion Algorithm.

Peucedanum dhana Buch.-Ham. ex C.B. Clarke var. dalzellii C.B. Clarke (Apiaceae) is endemic to Central and Western India. The present collection from Bangalore extends its distribution further towards Southern part of Karnataka State. Hitherto unreported ethnobotanical uses of this plant are also provided.

in the process of this research Problems that occur is an irregular delivery of goods that takes a lot of time and delivery distance, so the distribution delivery process is not optimal. Therefore, researchers will conduct research on how to determine the best distribution route in optimizing delivery distance and time. The purpose of this study is to find distribution routes that are more optimal by using the nearest neighbor and Clarke and Wright savings and do a comparison with the company's current route This. The company's current mileage route is 319.9 km while using the nearest neighbor algorithm, the total distance traveled so far is obtained 240.9 and experienced mileage savings of 79 km or 25.22% and with the Clarke and Wright savings algorithm, the distance traveled is obtained 239.2 km and experienced mileage savings of 80.7 km or 25.22 %. Therefore, the Clarke and Wright Savings algorithm is more

In this research, data was taken from the distribution route which was recorded by the cashier at the Cahaya Kristal Tube Ice Ice Factory which is located on Jl, Damai, Prujakan Tambakan Village, Sinduharjo, Ngaglik, Sleman Yogyakarta. Then the data is processed using the Clarke and Wright Savings Algorithm and Sequential Insertion with the aim of providing the best or most effective route suggestions and then comparing the two methods to produce the Travel Route Distance and Distribution Costs. By using the Clarke and Wright Saving Algorithm, we get 2 vehicle routes which produce a combined route of 72 km with a daily distribution cost of IDR 147,000, and for the sequential insertion algorithm method we also get 2 vehicle routes which produce a combined route of 107 km with a daily distribution cost of IDR 182,000. Thus it can be concluded that routes formed using the Clarke and Wright Savings Algorithm are more effective and economical compared to routes formed using the Sequential Insertion

Global warming occurs the fastest in polar latitudes, increasing their economic accessibility and, consequently, entailing risks of technogenic contamination. Heavy metals (HM) are among the most common technogenic pollutants that may negatively affect the functioning of the Arctic's soil-based terrestrial ecosystems. There is almost no research on the actual HM content in the soils of Novaya Zemlya (NZ), and the purpose of this work is to assess the HM content in the soils of Severny Island in the NZ archipelago. The study was performed at Russkaya Gavan, Ledyanaya Gavan, Blagopoluchiya Bay, and Cape Zhelaniya. The soil cover in the northern part of Severny Island has a mosaic structure. On Severny Island, Cryosols (Loamic) are the most common soils among the soils studied in this work. Soils of the study regions on Severny Island are mostly loamy and clayey. The proportion of physical clay increases down the profiles. All study soils of NZ are alkaline and highly alkaline. In general, study soils have an acceptable level of HM contamination. The weighted average HM gross content in them varies insignificantly; however, the following elements exceed their threshold concentrations: Fe (1.1 clarke) – Russkaya Gavan bay; Fe (1.2 clarke), Cr (1.1 clarke), V (1.1 maximum permissible concentration (MPC)), Ti (1.1 clarke) – Blagopoluchiya bay; Fe (1.3 clarke) – Ledyanaya Gavan bay. This, apparently, is caused by their high contents in the soil-forming rock. The results obtained confirm the necessity to monitor the study territories in order to be able to assess the degree of pollution and prevent the risk of an environmental disaster in the future

Maesa rugosa C.B. Clarke is a tropical shrub belonging to the family Primulaceae. Despite its prevalent distribution and morphological variation, the infraspecific taxonomy of M. rugosa remains unclear. The present study reevaluates the infraspecific classification of M. rugosa based on a comprehensive analysis of the morphological characters. Our study results in reorganizing three infraspecific taxa including one new variety and one new combination. We also provide an update on the typification of two names M. rugosa C.B. Clarke and M. rugosa var. griffithii C.B. Clarke following Articles 9.2 and 9.17 of the ICN code.

Operations research is a method regarding retrieval optimal decisions in the modeling of systems, both deterministic or probabilistic orginating from real life. One of the operations research methods is The Clarke and Wright savings algorithm, which is an exchange procedure, where a set of route at each step is exchange to get a better set of routes. This method is often referred to as a method. In this research, the Clarke and Wright savings algorithm is used to find out the distribution route and the minimum costs incurred on saving. On distribution of Bottled Water (AMDK) to determine how large savings that occur on the distribution route AMDK. Bottled Water (AMDK) is drinking water that is ready to be consumed directly without having to go through the heating process first. To determine the distribution route using the Clarke and wright savings method, a depot distance matrix is made to customer and from the customer to the customer and then continues to make the clarke and wright savings matrix. After searching for the shortest route using the clarke and wright savings method, the savings value is obtained to determine the customer’s route by sorting from the largest to the smallest value. In region 1 there were 5 trips with a total distance of 210.21 km, in region 2 there were 4 trips with a total distance of 191.35 km, in region 3 there were 5 trips with a total distance of 143.85 km, in region 4 there were 5 routes with a total distance 108.24 km, and in region 5 6 trips were obtained with a total distance of 113.95 km. The total distance travelled to deliver gallons to all routes is 767.59 km.

The sacoglossan sea slug Elysia clarki is able to photosynthesize for three to four months using chloroplasts sequestered from its algal food sources. Furthermore, the slug is able to store multiple chloroplasts from different algal species within the same cell. This research, consisting of several related studies, explores the role that provision of organic nutrients via photosynthesis plays in the biology of the slug. The first chapter demonstrates that, under conditions of starvation, photosynthetic activity in E. clarki remains fully functional for one month after which it then declines. During the first month of starvation the slug exhibits similar feeding behavior as slugs provided a continuous supply of food, suggesting that photosynthesis delays the onset of starvation-induced behavioral changes. The second chapter explores E. clarki's spatial relationships with algae known to be food sources in the field. In areas with high slug density, edible algal populations were very low. DNA barcoding was employed to demonstrate that the algae found near slugs were poor predictors of which foods were actually consumed by slugs. Generally, there was a mismatch between algae available in the field and slug diets. The third chapter explores how E. clarki is able to maintain photosynthesis. After labeling with a C14 ALA incubation process, then chlorophyll was extracted from slugs and purified using HPLC. Results indicate that recently collected E. clarki are able to synthesize chlorophyll, whereas slugs starved for 3 months were not. Photosynthesis plays a very important role for E. clarki and its relationships with food algae.

This study investigates combined clause constructions for ten distinct semantic relations in a cross-section of Austronesian languages. The relations are of a temporal or co-varying nature, the former commonly expressed in English by such markers as when, then, until, etc. and the latter by if, so, because, etc. The research falls into three main sections. First, the study provides an overview of the semantic domain covered by the relevant relations in the Austronesian languages. Several subdistinctions are found to be made within the relations investigated. The study also explores polysemic relation markers, and a number of patterns are identified. The most common pattern is the overlap between open conditional and non-past co-occurrence relations, for which many Austronesian languages employ the same relation marker. Second, the study develops a morpho-syntactic typology of Austronesian clause combining based on three parameters related to features common to clause combining constructions. The typology divides the constructions into five different types that are ranked with regard to structural tightness. Some additional constructions, cutting across several types, are also discussed; in particular, asymmetric coordination, which involves the use of a coordinator to connect a fronted topicalized adverbial clause to the rest of the sentence. Finally, the study explores the distributional patterns of the morpho-syntactic types across the semantic relations, as well as across three geographical areas in the Austronesian region. In the former case, a clear correlation is found between posteriority and result relations on the one hand and looser structural types on the other. The distribution of types across the Austronesian region reveals few differences between the areas, although two tendencies could be detected: the Oceanic languages tend to employ slightly looser morpho-syntax, while the Formosan and Philippine languages employ slightly tighter morpho-syntax.

Distribution and abundance of Yellowstone cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri, has declined across the historic range because of anthropogenic influences. Habitat has been fragmented and non-native species have been introduced that compete with, feed upon, or interbreed with cutthroat trout. As a result, many cutthroat trout populations are now isolated in headwater streams and life-history forms are lost or reduced. The upper Yellowstone River basin, above Yellowstone Lake, offers a rare opportunity to study Yellowstone cutthroat trout in a large, intact, river system with few anthropogenic influences. Understanding of life-history forms present in the upper Yellowstone River basin assist in proper conservation and management of the watershed. To determine cutthroat trout life-history forms present, their abundance, and habitat preferences, a combination of radio-telemetry, electrofishing, underwater census, habitat assessment, and age and growth were used. Movements of 151 cutthroat trout were tracked by aircraft, 2003-2005. Most relocated fish (98%) followed a lacustrine-adfluvial life history migration pattern, spending an average 24 days in the river. Cutthroat began entering the river in April and most emigrated by August. Fish migrated as far as 67 km to spawn and spawning aggregations within the system were found in only 11 locations. Underwater census and electrofishing surveys were used to determine fish distribution and abundance in the Yellowstone River and its tributaries. Main stem cutthroat trout densities were low and not evenly distributed. A mean of 8 fish/500 m reach were sampled with the majority in 8 reaches. Juvenile (&lt;150 mm, &lt;2 years old) and large adult (&gt;330 mm, &gt;4 years old) cutthroat trout were found in the main stem, but fish from 151-330 mm (age 3) were absent. Within tributaries, fish densities ranged from 1.7-49.5 fish/100 m reach. Fish up to 305 mm were sampled and ranged 1 to 4 years in age. Data from this study suggest most cutthroat trout in the upper Yellowstone River express a lacustrine-adfluvial life history, however, some fluvial fish are present in tributaries. These findings will be important in driving conservation and management decisions in this drainage and provide critical information in future ESA listing considerations.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-01T12:46:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciano Souza.pdf: 1424173 bytes, checksum: 75d7ff2adb5077203e1371925327b71e (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-01T12:46:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciano Souza.pdf: 1424173 bytes, checksum: 75d7ff2adb5077203e1371925327b71e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-13<br>In this thesis, four new probabilistic distribution classes are presented and investigated: sine, cosine, tangent and secant. For each of which a new kind of distribution was created, which were used for modelling real life data.By having an exponential distribution to compare the biases, a numerical simulation was obtained, making it possible to verify that the bias tends to zero as the sample size is increased. In addition to that, some numerical results for checking maximum likelihood estimates, as well as the results for finite samples, were obtained, just as much as several class properties and their respective distributions were also obtained, along with the expansions, maximum likelihood estimates, Fisher information, the first four moments, average, variance, skewness, and kurtosis, the generating function of moments and Renyi’s entropy. It was evidenced that all distributions have shown good fit when applied to real life data, when in comparison to other models. In order to compare the models, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), the Corrected Akaike Information Criterion (CAIC), the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), the Hannan Quinn Information Criterion (HQIC) were used, along with two other main statistic sources: Cramer-Von Mises and Anderson-Darling. As a final step, the results of the analyses and the comparison of the results are brought up, as well as a few directions for future works.<br>Nesta tese apresentamos e investigamos quatro novas classes trigonométricas de distribuições probabilísticas. As classes seno, cosseno, tangente e secante. Para cada uma das novas classes foi criada uma nova distribuição. Estas quatro novas distribuições foram usadas na modelagem de dados reais. Obtivemos uma simulação numérica, usando como base a distribuição exponencial, para se comparar os vicios (bias) e verificamos que, a medida que aumentamos o tamanho da amostra, o bias tende a zero. Alguns resultados numéricos para ver estimativas de máxima verossimilhança e os resultados para amostras finitas foram obtidos. Várias propriedades das classes e as suas distribuições foram obtidos. Obtemos as expansões, as estimativas de máxima verossimilhança, informações de Fisher, os quatro primeiros momentos, média, variância, assimetria e curtose, a função geradora de momentos e a entropia Rényi. Mostramos que todas as distribuições têm proporcionado bons ajustes quando aplicadas a dados reais, em comparação com outros modelos. Na comparação dos modelos foram utilizados: o Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), o Akaike Information Criterion Corrigido (CAIC), a informação Bayesian Criterion (BIC), o critério de informação Hannan Quinn (HQIC) e duas das principais estatísticas também foram utilizadas: Cramer -von Mises e Anderson-Darling. Por fim, apresentamos os resultados da análise e comparação dos resultados, e orientações para trabalhos futuros.

Le contrat de distribution entité juridique dynamique, est régi au moment de sa formation par une construction légale et jurisprudentielle portant sur l'avant-contrat, et lors de son exécution par les dispositions du Code civil, du Code de commerce et des règles du droit de la concurrence. La question se pose cependant de ce qui le gouverne au-delà de son terme. Cette période particulière est nommée l'après-contrat de distribution. Peu importe la raison de son extinction, le contrat de distribution ainsi terminé, il faudra s'interroger sur la nature des règles applicables aux rapports post-contractuels entre ex-contractants. Aujourd'hui le droit commun des contrats ne suffit plus pour la liquidation du passé contractuel entre distributeur et fournisseur, un autre droit émerge influencé d'une part, par l'économie et de l'autre, par l'internationalisation du contrat de distribution impliquant l'inspiration des droits étrangers, du droit communautaire et international, mais également, des nombreux projets de réforme du droit des obligations à différents niveaux. Toutes ces réflexions permettront d'établir une approche plus pratique du régime des règles applicables à cette période complexe de l'après contrat de distribution<br>The distribution contract, legal framework, governed at the time of its formation by a legal and jurisprudential construction at the preliminary contract, and during its execution by the Civil Code, the Commercial Code and the rules of competition law. The question arises, however, what governs beyond its end. This particular period is named : the post-contract distribution. Whatever the reason for termination, when the distribution contract is over, it is necessary to consider the nature of the rules governing post-contractual relationship between contractors. Today, the general law of contracts is insufficient about the liquidation of the contractual past between distributor and supplier. Another right emerge, influenced in part, by the economy and the internationalization of the distribution contract involving the inspiration of foreign laws; Community and international law, but also, many reform projects of obligations laws. All these reflexions will establish a more practical approach to the legal regime applies to this complex period of the post-contract distribution

Mestrado em Economia Internacional e Estudos Europeus<br>O declínio das classes médias Ocidentais está associado à crescente polarização entre uma pequena mas poderosa elite e uma classe trabalhadora progressivamente maior e mais pobre, esta última enfrentando tendências de deterioração das suas condições materiais e laborais. À erosão e empobrecimento da classe média estão associadas outras dimensões, que agravam este preocupante cenário: o aumento das desigualdades dentro dos países, a hereditariedade patrimonial e de oportunidades (oposta ao sistema meritocrático), a destruição do modelo social, e o enfraquecimento das perspectivas de ascensão socioeconómica. Embora focando essencialmente os contextos Europeu e Norte-Americano, revelou-se crucial, para a arquitectura de uma boa visão geral das tendências globais com impacto na classe média, abranger as novas classes média em desenvolvimento hoje geograficamente dispersas. No mundo em desenvolvimento observa-se a diminuição das taxas de pobreza absoluta. Não subestimando o êxito da contracção da pobreza extrema, nesses mesmos países o aumento das desigualdades é igualmente visível, e poderá estar a contribuir para a criação de bases perigosas e instáveis que minem, a médio ou longo prazo, o desenvolvimento sustentável dessas economias.<br>The declining Western middle-classes' trend is associated with the increasing polarization between a small but powerful elite and a growing lower class facing the deterioration of material and labor conditions. Other dimensions are at stake in this worrying scenario of a poorer and diminishing middle-class: the rise of inequality within-countries, the inheritance of wealth and opportunities opposing to a meritocratic system, the farewell of the social model and the weakening of economic and social upward mobility. While focusing on the European and North-American contexts, and in order to provide a good overview of the global trends that impact on this group, it seemed important to connect the development of the rise of new middle classes from all around the world. In the non-Western part of the world we call "the rest", the absolute poverty rates are declining. Such accomplishment may present itself to the world as a challenge surpassed but also masking the reality of a rising inequality, maybe building dangerous foundations for a sustainable development of societies and economies. This paper focuses on an analysis of what being middle-class means and why it is a class with major importance to the full success of nations, considering the ongoing international trends and prospects.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The systematics, morphology, and distributions are reviewed for the New World Adelidae. Four genera (Ceromitia, 51 species; Nemophora, 1 species; Adela, 19 species; Cauchas, 16 species) are currently recognized for North, Central, and South America. Keys to all New World genera and species are provided, as are diagnoses, illustrations, and distributional data. The following species are described as new: Adela atrata, Adela austrina, Adela powelli, Adela stenoptera, Adela striata, Cauchas alaskae, Cauchas clarkei, Cauchas elongata, Cauchas excavata, Cauchas lobata, Cauchas recurvata, Cauchas spinulosa, Cauchas suffusa, Cauchas trifascia, Cauchas vittata, Cauchas wielgusi, Ceromitia aphyoda, Ceromitia barilochensis, Ceromitia beckeri, Ceromitia bicornuta, Ceromitia braziliensis, Ceromitia brevipectinella, Ceromitia capitanea, Ceromitia cerastia, Ceromitia concava, Ceromitia convexa, Ceromitia costaricaensis, Ceromitia elongata, Ceromitia exserta, Ceromitia fasciata, Ceromitia flagellata, Ceromitia furcata, Ceromitia fuscata, Ceromitia inaequalis, Ceromitia karsholti, Ceromitia latapicula, Ceromitia laticlavia, Ceromitia latibasis, Ceromitia latijuxta, Ceromitia lobata, Ceromitia nielseni, Ceromitia nigrifasciata, Ceromitia ovata, Ceromitia pachyphalla, Ceromitia pallidofascia, Ceromitia paraguayensis, Ceromitia parvipectena, Ceromitia petila, Ceromitia sinuata, Ceromitia truncata, Ceromitia unicornuta, and Ceromitia unipectinella. The known world fauna of the monotrysian family Adelidae previously consisted of approximately five genera and 294 species (Nieukerken et al. 2011), occurring in all major geographical regions except Antarctica and New Zealand. Prior to this study, four of these genera, Adela (14 species), Cauchas (5 species), Ceromitia (15 species), and Nemophora (1 species), were known to occur in North and South America, totaling slightly less than 12% of the global diversity of the family. In this study, we are reporting 52 new species, most of which are (36 species) within the large pantropical genus Ceromitia. Additionally, we present gene trees for Adela, Cauchas, Ceromitia, and Nemophora and discuss their phylogenetic relationships.

AbstractWe combine remote sensing (RS) measurements of temperature and precipitation with phylogenetic and distribution data from three plant clades with different life forms, i.e., shrubs and treelets (tribe Miconieae, Melastomes), epiphytes (Ronnbergia-Wittmackia alliance, Bromeliaceae), and lianas (“Fridericia and Allies” clade, Bignoniaceae), to predict the distribution of biodiversity in a tropical hot spot: the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We assess (i) how well RS-derived climate estimates predict the spatial distribution of species richness (SR), phylogenetic diversity (PD), and phylogenetic endemism (PE) and (ii) how they compare to predictions based on interpolated weather station information. We find that environmental descriptors derived from RS sources can predict the distribution of SR and PD, performing as well as or better than weather station-based data. Yet performance is lower for endemism and for clades with a high number of species of small ranges. We argue that this approach can provide an alternative to remotely monitor megadiverse groups or biomes for which species identification through RS are not yet feasible or available.

Similar to Romance and Balkan languages, Persian makes a formal distinction between indicative and subjunctive moods in its complement clauses. This paper proposes several generalizations about the distribution of the two moods, and evaluates the current theories of mood selection against Persian data. The proposal is that indicative appears when the complement is propositional, i.e., of type , and when one of the two other conditions holds: (1) the matrix predicate entails the content of the complement clause is in attitude holder’s context set, in which case the indicative mood makes no special semantic contribution, OR (2) the content of the complement clause or its negation is in speaker’s context set, in which case indicative signals the epistemic commitment of the speaker. Subjunctive, on the other hand, is selected when the conditions for the indicative are not met. As such, I argue that mood selection in complement clauses in Persian makes references to (1) the semantic type of the complement, (2) the semantics of the matrix predicate in terms of (non)veridicality, and (3) the speaker’s stand about the complement.

Abstract The chapter focuses on deontic infinitives, i.e., free infinitives not governed by a matrix clause or an auxiliary; such clauses have not been treated in German reference grammars because they are considered syntactically incomplete. This chapter shows that in contrast to similar practices for requests, directives, and instructions (Gubina &amp; Deppermann frthc.), deontic infinitives implement instructions of a normatively proper procedure or rule, which, in most cases, applies both now and each time this procedure is accomplished. The chapter discusses which features (e.g., sequence and activity context, distribution of agency, epistemic and deontic positionings, etc.) should be included in reference grammars of talk-in-interaction and in current curricula of German as Foreign/Second Language. The chapter concludes by discussing possible challenges for creating a comprehensive grammar of spoken language.

It has been shown that Greek and Italian vary in the use of null subjects (Torregrossa, Bongartz &amp; Tsimpli 2015; Torregrossa, Andreou &amp; Bongartz 2020): while Italian null subjects tend to refer to the subject of the preceding clause, Greek null subjects show a less restricted distribution. The aim of this study is to show how this cross-linguistic difference is reflected in the use of null subjects by Greek-Italian bilingual children. Thirty-seven (N = 37) children ranging in age from 8;0 to 12;0 participated in the study. The production of null subjects was observed in narrative context and analyzed according to syntactic and discourse factors. The results show that the Greek pattern of use of null subjects is transferred to Italian and this effect is modulated by dominance, as measured by means of a sentence repetition task administered in both languages and background questionnaires.

AbstractThe nowadays hyper-diverse clade of Actinopterygii (ray-finned bony fishes) is characterized by a long evolutionary history and an extremely rich global fossil record. This work builds upon 170 years of research on the fossil record of this clade in Greece. The taxonomy and spatiotemporal distribution of the ray-finned fish record of Greece are critically revisited and placed in an updated systematic and stratigraphic framework, while some new fossil data and interpretations are also provided. Greece hosts diverse ray-finned fish assemblages, which range in age from Lower Jurassic to Quaternary. Most known assemblages are of Miocene–Pliocene age and of marine affinities. A minimum of 32 families, followed by at least 34 genera and 22 species, have been recognized in Greece. From originally two named genera and seven species, only two fossil species, established on Greek material, are accepted as valid. Additional taxonomic diversity is anticipated, pending detailed investigations. From a taxonomic perspective, previous knowledge lies on preliminary or authoritative assessments of fossils, with many decades-old treatments needing revision. Little is known about Mesozoic–early Cenozoic occurrences or freshwater assemblages. Given the proven potential of the Greek fossil record, this chapter stresses the need for additional exploration and the establishment of permanent, curated collections of fossil fishes in Greek institutions. Directions for future research are discussed.

Environmental monitoring in specially protected areas is a vital problem, especially in places subject to anthropogenic impacts. The Tunkinskaya Valley (190 km long) is the western extension of the Baikal rift zone. On the territory of the valley there is a national park of federal significance. At the same time, the territory is subject to intensive anthropogenic load. The Tunkinskaya Valley is an attractive place for tourists. The local population (20,000 people) is engaged in cattle breeding. Industrialized areas of the Baikal region may also have an impact on the valley ecosystems. The paper presents the results of ecological monitoring of soils and vegetation of valley from 2018 to 2022. During the field research, soil profiles were laid out, and vegetation communities in the reference areas were described. More than 100 soil and plant samples were collected. During laboratory studies the organic matter content, mechanical composition of soils, acidity, content of heavy metals (Ba, Cd, Co, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) in soil samples and pine bark (a proven bioindicator of atmospheric pollution) were determined within the atomic emission method. Statistical processing of the data was carried out. Acidity in samples of pine bark varies from 3.89 to 5.43, the environment is acidic, which indicates the entry of sulfur compounds into the atmospheric air. Exceedances relative to clarks were obtained for Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb. Such exceedances are caused by the wood burning and motor transport using. Exceedances of standards for �u were found in soils. During our research, the fact that the soils and vegetation of the Tunkinskaya Valley have a great diversity and mosaic distribution was found out. Thus, regular ecological monitoring of changes in the natural environment should be carried out in this park.

The goal of our research effort is to derive the vertical and horizontal structure of aerosol scatter in the lower marine boundary layer. Our approach is to use a multi-wavelength 3-D scanning lidar to measure the aerosol backscatter. Realistic aerosol size distributions are assumed in order to derive the wavelength dependent aerosol scattering and backscattering coefficient. At the same time we use an instrumented aircraft to simultaneously measure in situ aerosol size distributions for validation purposes. Both coarse mode sea salt and accumulation mode sulfate aerosols contribute to the atmospheric scatter in the marine boundary layer. Typically sea salt dominates under clean conditions but sulfate rapidly becomes the major scatterer as polluted conditions are approached. On average, the accumulation mode aerosols are well mixed with altitude and sea salt variations cause the vertical gradients in atmospheric scatter. Models of the average sea salt size distribution have been made (Porter and Clarke, 1996; Garthman, 1983; Woodcock, 1953) but the vertical gradients remain insufficiently well characterized. Vertical profiles of the total salt aerosol mass remains equally uncertain. Although vertical profiles of salt concentration have been measured successfully, natural atmospheric dynamics cause a wide range of vertical and horizontal variability. Measurements of sea salt vertical concentration have been measured using both kites and aircraft (Blanchard et al., 1984; Daniels, 1989; Woodcock, 1953). On average these measurements show a strong gradient in the lowest 30 m and a gradual decrease above that. Individual measurements show strong variability with altitude with pronounced maxima and minima. While these studies provide us with an initial idea of the structure of sea salt in the marine boundary layer, they do not provide a large enough data set from which to make statistical inferences.

Parliamentary debates are an important source for political discourse research as well as research in other disciplines. The ParlaMint project aims to create comparable corpora of parliamentary debates which, through unified encoding, provide a comprehensible resource to support such research. Within these corpora, speeches are attributed to speakers, and speaker metadata, including temporal affiliations with different organizations such as parliamentary groups and political parties. This paper discusses the addition of metadata on the political orientation of parties and parliamentary groups to the ParlaMint corpora. The paper explains our two sources for this information, namely the Chapel Hill Expert Survey Dataset and Wikipedia, the process of data collection and its subsequent encoding in the corpora. Furthermore, the paper presents an analysis of the extent of the added metadata, along with an example of exploratory data analysis. It also outlines the distribution of utterances across political orientation categories within ParlaMint, offering a comprehensive overview of the diverse perspectives and ideologies within the corpora. The inclusion of this supplementary metadata could prove valuable for parliamentary data research, while the methodology developed could be used to add further metadata to the ParlaMint corpora.

We study a more general model to generate random instances of Propositional Satisfiability (SAT) with n Boolean variables, m clauses, and exactly k variables per clause. Additionally, our model is given an arbitrary probability distribution (p_1, ..., p_n) on the variable occurrences. Therefore, we call it non-uniform random k-SAT. The number m of randomly drawn clauses at which random formulas go from asymptotically almost surely (a.a.s.) satisfiable to a.a.s. unsatisfiable is called the satisfiability threshold. Such a threshold is called sharp if it approaches a step function as n increases. We identify conditions on the variable probability distribution (p_1, ..., p_n) under which the satisfiability threshold is sharp if its position is already known asymptotically. This result generalizes Friedgut’s sharpness result from uniform to non-uniform random k -SAT and implies sharpness for thresholds of a wide range of random k -SAT models with heterogeneous probability distributions, for example such models where the variable probabilities follow a power-law.

Clouds and their radiative effects strongly influence climate (Ramanathan et al., 1989). High priority has been assigned (CES, 1989) to research the role of clouds’ radiative properties in climate change, especially as feedback mechanisms, and on how to incorporate these effects properly in climate models. Measurements of climate-significant properties of clouds, such as height, optical density, and particle size distribution, are needed in intensive process studies and also in extended studies to observe the large variety of cloud conditions that occur.

América Latina vive actualmente un proceso de polarización en muchos países que constituye sin lugar a dudas un reto para incrementar los rasgos más cohesivos de la convivialidad. ¿Cómo actúan los factores económico-distributivos y culturalesmorales en los escenarios actuales de polarización? En este paper mostramos, primero, que el proceso general de secularización está extendido en la mayor parte de los países estudiados, aunque persisten segmentos conservadores resilientes y muy activos. Segundo, que los issues culturales-morales adquieren saliencia en conflictos polarizados en virtud de la relación entre la aceleración de los cambios en las posiciones en temas culturales (secularización acelerada) y la acción de variables asociadas con la politización de estos issues: ideología y religión. Tercero, que los issues económico-distributivos siguen estructurando preferencias políticas y se mantienen como escenario de polarización en América Latina, aunque las posiciones en este campo son menos consistentes y correlacionan más con la clase que con la ideología. Nuestro paper estudia los casos de Argentina, Brasil, Colombia y México, que reúnen el 80 % de la población del continente. Se apoya en un análisis de las series históricas (desde los años 1980 hasta la actualidad) de la encuesta World Values Survey e incorpora datos provenientes de un estudio comparado basado en grupos focales.

Este trabajo analiza el sistema ecuatoriano de finanzas gubernamentales desde una perspectiva de equidad territorial. Para ello, se valoran las reformas que se adoptaron en ese ámbito durante la última década desde la óptica de la literatura sobre igualación fiscal. Asimismo, se cuantifica la desigual capacidad de los municipios ecuatorianos para generar ingresos propios y se calcula el efecto ecualizador que tienen los distintos componentes de las transferencias actuales. Finalmente, se exploran varias opciones de reforma para introducir una transferencia explícita de igualación, simulándose los efectos que las mismas tendrían. Los resultados de este ejercicio evidencian que la introducción de una transferencia explícita de igualación reforzaría la equidad del sistema ecuatoriano de finanzas subnacionales, beneficiando a los municipios más pobres y menos urbanizados del país. Sin embargo, dado que una reforma con estas características no sería neutral desde un punto de vista distributivo, es clave tener en cuenta la economía política que conlleva tal reforma y eventualmente acompañarla de mecanismos amortiguadores y compensatorios.

Las tensiones en torno a la actividad minera en el Perú son indicativas de muchos de los problemas que resultan del insuficiente diálogo intercultural en el diseño e implementación de políticas y proyectos. Ello es visible en la compleja y muchas veces tensa relación de empresas, gobiernos y comunidades en los territorios donde se realiza la minería, que incluyen indígenas, campesinos y poblaciones nativas. Se contraponen en esos espacios distintas visiones sobre justicia distributiva y sobre desarrollo económico, social y ambiental sostenible. Este documento hace una revisión del estado de la cuestión y marcos teóricos sobre la relación de poblaciones locales rurales y/o indígenas con las empresas mineras, partiendo por su identificación geográfica y la superposición de territorios indígenas y proyectos. Se presentan datos de fuentes oficiales y sugerencias para mejorar las estrategias de relacionamiento e implementar acciones para promover el crecimiento sostenible e inclusivo para el Estado, las empresas mineras y las comunidades de Perú. Los resultados de este trabajo resultan de un trabajo de campo enfocado en analizar prácticas y poner en valor la pluralidad de perspectivas como insumo clave para el desarrollo. Se proponen acciones y políticas públicas y privadas que permitan fortalecer colectivamente la visibilidad de la diversidad cultural como un elemento complejo y positivo en la gestión social para la minería y el desarrollo territorial.

A fundamental responsibility of the National Park Service (NPS) is to ensure that park resources are preserved, protected, and managed in consideration of the resources themselves and for the benefit and enjoyment by the public. Through the inventory, monitoring, and study of park resources, we gain a greater understanding of the scope, significance, distribution, and management issues associated with these resources and their use. This baseline of natural resource information is available to inform park managers, scientists, stakeholders, and the public about the conditions of these resources and the factors or activities which may threaten or influence their stability and preservation. There are several different categories of geologic or stratigraphic units (supergroup, group, formation, member, bed) that form a hierarchical system of classification. The mapping of stratigraphic units involves the evaluation of lithologies (rock types), bedding properties, thickness, geographic distribution, and other factors. Mappable geologic units may be described and named through a rigorously defined process that is standardized and codified by the professional geologic community (North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature 2021). In most instances, when a new geologic unit (such as a formation) is described and named in the scientific literature, a specific and well-exposed section or exposure area of the unit is designated as the stratotype (see “Definitions” below). The type section is an important reference exposure for a named geologic unit that presents a relatively complete and representative example for this unit. Geologic stratotypes are important both historically and scientifically, and should be available for other researchers to evaluate in the future. The inventory of all geologic stratotypes throughout the 423 units of the NPS is an important effort in documenting these locations in order that NPS staff recognize and protect these areas for future studies. The focus adopted for completing the baseline inventories throughout the NPS was centered on the 32 inventory and monitoring (I&amp;M) networks established during the late 1990s. The I&amp;M networks are clusters of parks within a defined geographic area based on the ecoregions of North America (Fenneman 1946; Bailey 1976; Omernik 1987). These networks share similar physical resources (geology, hydrology, climate), biological resources (flora, fauna), and ecological characteristics. Specialists familiar with the resources and ecological parameters of the network, and associated parks, work with park staff to support network-level activities (inventory, monitoring, research, and data management). Adopting a network-based approach to inventories worked well when the NPS undertook paleontological resource inventories for the 32 I&amp;M networks. The planning team from the NPS Geologic Resources Division who proposed and designed this inventory selected the Greater Yellowstone Inventory and Monitoring Network (GRYN) as the pilot network for initiating this project. Through the research undertaken to identify the geologic stratotypes within the parks of the GRYN methodologies for data mining and reporting on these resources were established. Methodologies and reporting adopted for the GRYN have been used in the development of this report for the North Coast and Cascades Inventory &amp; Monitoring Network (NCCN). The goal of this project is to consolidate information pertaining to geologic type sections that occur within NPS-administered areas, in order that this information is available throughout the NPS to inform park managers and to promote the preservation and protection of these important geologic landmarks and geologic heritage resources. The review of stratotype occurrences for the NCCN shows there are currently no designated stratotypes for Fort Vancouver National Historic Site (FOVA), Lewis and Clark National Historical Park (LEWI), or San Juan...

Seton Lake is a freshwater fiord located in southwestern British Columbia, roughly 4 km west of Lillooet and 250 km north-northeast of Vancouver. Located in the Coast Mountains, it is an alpine lake about 22-km long and roughly 1-1.5 km wide. It is separated from nearby Anderson Lake, located to the west, by a large pre-historic rock avalanche deposit at Seton Portage. The lake stands at about 243 m above sea level and is up to about 150 m deep (BC gov., 1953). Water level is controlled by a hydroelectric dam (i.e., Seton dam) located at the eastern end of the lake. Here, the lake drains east into Seton Canal, a 5 km diversion of the flow of the Seton River, which begins at the Seton dam. The Seton Canal pushes water to the Seton Powerhouse, a hydroelectric generating station at the Fraser River, just south of the community of Sekw'el'was and confluence of the Seton River, which drains into the Fraser River at Lillooet. Seton Portage, Shalatlh, South Shalatlh, Tsal'alh (Shalath), Sekw'el'was (Cayoosh Creek), and T'it'q'et (Lillooet) are communities that surround the lake. Surrounded by mountainous terrain, the lake is flanked at mid-slope by glacial and colluvial sediments deposited during the last glacial and deglacial periods (Clague, 1989; Jakob, 2018). The bedrock consists mainly of mafic to ultramafic volcanic rocks with minor carbonate and argillite from the Carboniferous to Middle Jurassic periods (Journeay and Monger, 1994). As part of the Public Safety Geoscience Program at the Geological Survey of Canada (Natural Resources Canada), our goal is to provide baseline geoscience information to nearby communities, stakeholders and decision-makers. Our objective was to see what kind of sediments were deposited and specifically if we could identify underwater landslide deposits. Thus, we surveyed the lake using a Pinger SBP sub bottom profiler made by Knudsen Engineering Ltd., with dual 3.5 / 200 kHz transducers mounted to a small boat (see photo). This instrument transmits sound energy down through the water column that reflects off the lake bottom surface and underlying sediment layers. At the lake surface, the reflected sound energy is received by the profiler, recorded on a laptop computer, and integrated with GPS data. These data are processed to generate a two-dimensional image (or profile) showing the character of the lake bottom and underlying sediments along the route that the boat passed over. Our survey in 2022 recorded 98 profiles along Seton Lake. The red transect lines show the locations of the 20 profiles displayed on the poster. The types of sediments observed are mostly fine-grained glaciolacustrine sediments that are horizontally bedded with a subtle transition between glaciolacustrine to lacustrine (e.g., profiles A-A'; C-C'; F-F'; S-S'). Profile S-S' displays this transition zone. The glaciolacustrine sediments probably were deposited as the Cordilleran Ice Sheet retreated from the local area (~13,000-11,000 years ago; Clague, 2017) and the lacustrine sediments, after the ice receded to present-day conditions. Some of the parallel reflections are interrupted, suggesting abrupt sedimentation by deposits that are not horizontally bedded; these are interpreted as landslide deposits (see pink or blue deposits on profiles). The deposits that show disturbance in the sedimentation found within the horizontal beds are thought to be older landslides (e.g., blue arrows/deposits in profiles C-C'; E-E'; F-F'; G-G'; I-I'; J-J'; K-K'; N-N'; P-P'; Q-Q'; R-R'; T-T'; U-U'), but the ones that are found on top of the horizontally laminated sediments (red arrows/pink deposits), and close to the lake wall, are interpreted to be younger (e.g., profiles B-B'; C-C'; H-H'; K-K'; M-M'; O-O'; P-P'; Q-Q'). At the fan delta just west of Seton dam, where there was no acoustic signal penetration, it is interpreted that the delta failed and brought down coarser deposits at the bottom of the lake (e.g., profiles H-H'; M-M'; and perhaps K-K'). However, these could be glacial deposits, bedrock, or other coarser deposits. Some of the deposits that reflect poor penetration of the acoustic signal, below the glaciolacustrine sediments, could represent glacial deposits, old landslide deposits, or perhaps the presence of gas (orange arrows; e.g, B-B'; D-D'; J-J'; O-O', T-T'). The preliminary results from sub bottom profiling reveal that there are underwater landslides deposits of widely varying ages buried in the bottom of the lake. However, the exact timing of these is not known. Hence our preliminary survey gives an overview of the distribution of landslides where there seems to be a larger number of landslides recorded in the narrower eastern portion of the lake.

Cette étude porte sur une des innovations contemporaines liées à l’économie de la publication scientifique : les accords dits transformants, un objet relativement circonscrit au sein des relations entre consortiums de bibliothèques et éditeurs scientifiques, et temporellement situé entre 2015 et 2020. Ce type d’accords a pour objectif affiché d’organiser la transition du modèle traditionnel de l’abonnement à des revues (souvent proposées par regroupements thématiques ou collections) vers celui de l’accès ouvert en opérant une réaffectation des budgets qui y sont consacrés. Notre travail d’analyse sociologique constitue une première étude systématique de cet objet, fondée sur la recension de 197 accords. Le corpus ainsi constitué inclut des accords caractérisés par la coprésence d’une composante d’abonnement et d’une composante de publication en accès ouvert, même minimale (« jetons » de publication offerts, réduction sur les APC...). En conséquence, ont été exclus de l’analyse les accords portant uniquement sur du financement centralisé de publication en accès ouvert, que ce soit avec des éditeurs ne proposant que des revues avec paiement par l’auteur (PLOS, Frontiers, MDPI...) ou des éditeurs dont une partie du catalogue est constitué de revues en accès ouvert. L’accord le plus ancien de notre corpus a été signé en 2010, les plus récents en 2020 – les accords ne commençant qu’en 2021, même annoncés au cours de l’étude, n’ont pas été retenus. Plusieurs résultats se dégagent de notre analyse. Tout d’abord, on note une grande diversité des acteurs impliqués avec 22 pays et 39 éditeurs, même si certains consortiums (Pays-Bas, Suède, Autriche, Allemagne) et éditeurs (CUP, Elsevier, RSC, Springer) en ont signé beaucoup plus que d’autres. Ensuite, la durée des accords, comprise entre une et six années, révèle une distribution très inégalitaire, avec plus de la moitié des accords (103) signés pour 3 ans, ainsi qu’une faible proportion pour 4 ans ou plus (22 accords). Enfin, en dépit d’appels répétés à la transparence, moins de la moitié des accords (96) ont un texte accessible au moment de cette étude, sans qu’on puisse observer une tendance récente à une plus grande disponibilité. L’analyse montre également des degrés d’ouverture très variables, allant d’une simple information sur le répertoire ESAC en passant par la mise à disposition d’un format annotable jusqu’à l’attribution d’un DOI et d’une licence de réutilisation (CC-BY), en incluant le détail des sommes monétaires. Parmi les 96 accords disponibles, dont 47 signés en 2020, 62 ont fait l’objet d’une analyse en profondeur. C’est à notre connaissance la première analyse à cette échelle, sur un type de matériel non seulement inédit, mais qui était auparavant soumis à des clauses de confidentialité. Fondée sur une lecture minutieuse, l’étude décrit de manière fine leurs propriétés, depuis la matérialité du document jusqu’aux formules financières, en passant par leur morphologie et l’ensemble des droits et devoirs des parties. Les contenus des accords sont donc analysés comme une collection dont nous cherchons à déterminer les points communs et les variations, à travers des codages explicites sur certaines de leurs caractéristiques. L’étude pointe également des incertitudes, et notamment leur caractère « transitionnel », qui demeure fortement discuté. D’un point de vue morphologique, les accords montrent une grande diversité en matière de taille (de 7 à 488 pages) et de structure. Néanmoins, par définition, ils articulent tous deux objets essentiels : d’une part, les conditions de réalisation d’une lecture d’articles de revues, sous forme d’abonnement, mêlant des préoccupations d’accès et de sécurité ; d’autre part, les modalités de publication en accès ouvert, articulant la gestion d’un nouveau type de workflow à toute une série d’options possibles. Parmi ces options, mentionnons notamment le périmètre des revues considérées (hybrides et/ou accès ouvert), les licences disponibles, le degré d’obligation de cette publication, les auteurs éligibles ou le volume d’articles publiables. L’un des résultats les plus importants de cette analyse approfondie est la mise au jour d’un découplage presque complet, au sein même des accords, entre l’objet abonnement et l’objet publication. Bien entendu, l’abonnement est systématiquement configuré dans un monde fermé, soumis à paiement qui déclenche des séries d’identification des circulations légitimes tant du contenu informationnel que des usagers. Il insiste notamment sur les interdictions de réutilisation ou même de copie des articles scientifiques. À l’opposé, la publication en accès ouvert est attachée à un monde régi par l’accès gratuit au contenu, ce qui induit des préoccupations de gestion du workflow et des modalités d’accessibilité. De plus, les différents éléments constitutifs de ces objets contractuels ne sont pas couplés : d’un côté, les lecteurs sont constitués de l’ensemble des membres des institutions abonnées, de l’autre, seuls les auteurs correspondants (« corresponding authors ») sont concernés ; les listes de revues accessibles à la lecture et celles réservées à la publication en accès ouvert sont le plus souvent distinctes ; les workflows ont des objectifs et des organisations matérielles totalement différentes, etc. L’articulation entre les deux objets contractuels relève uniquement d’une formule de distribution financière qui, outre des combinaisons particulières entre l’un et l’autre, permet d’attribuer des étiquettes distinctes aux accords (offset agreement, publish &amp; read, read &amp; publish, read &amp; free articles, read &amp; discount). Au-delà de cette distribution, l’étude des arrangements financiers montre une gamme de dispositions allant d’une prévisibilité budgétaire totale, donc identique aux accords d’abonnement antérieurs, à une incertitude sur le volume de publication ou sur le montant définitif des sommes échangées. Les modalités concrètes de calcul des montants associés à la publication en accès ouvert sont relativement variées. S’il existe effectivement des formules récurrentes (volume d’articles multiplié par un prix individuel, reprise de la moyenne des sommes totales d’APC des années précédentes...), le calcul des sommes en jeu est toujours le résultat d’une négociation singulière entre un consortium et un éditeur scientifique, et aboutit parfois à des formules originales et complexes. À ce titre, l’espace des possibles en matière de formules financières n’est jamais totalement clos. Par ailleurs, la volonté des consortiums d’opérer une « transformation » de leurs accords vers la publication à coût constant renvoie à des définitions diversifiées du « coût » (inclusion ou non des dépenses d’APC préexistantes) et de la constance (admission ou pas d’une « inflation » à 2 ou 3%). De plus, nous n’avons observé aucune disposition contractuelle permettant d’anticiper les sommes en jeu au-delà de l’horizon temporel de l’accord courant. La grande diversité des accords provient d’une part des conditions initiales des relations entre consortiums et éditeurs scientifiques – les sommes dépensées en abonnement étant le point de départ des nouveaux accords –, d’autre part des objectifs de chaque partie. Même si cette étude excluait volontairement les négociations, les accords portent des traces de ces objectifs. Ainsi, de nombreux accords sont de nature explicitement expérimentale, quand certains visent un contrôle budgétaire strict, ou d’autres ambitionnent, dans la période plus récente, la publication du plus grand nombre possible d’articles en accès ouvert. C’est dans ce dernier cas qu’on touche à l’ambiguïté des attentes générales sur les accords transformants. En effet, pour les consortiums, la dimension « transformante » consiste essentiellement à transférer les sommes traditionnellement allouées à l’abonnement vers la publication en accès ouvert. Mais l’objectif n’est jamais de transformer le modèle économique des revues, c'est-à-dire de faire basculer des revues sous abonnement ou hybrides en revues entièrement en accès ouvert. D’ailleurs, aucune clause ne vise une telle fin – à l’exception du modèle d’accord proposé par l’éditeur ACM. Du côté des éditeurs, et notamment de Springer, le caractère cumulatif des accords nationaux passés vise à projeter un monde de la publication où l’accès ouvert devient de fait quantitativement très dominant, sans pour autant modifier de manière pérenne le modèle économique de leurs revues. Notre étude montre que les accords transformants actuels ne permettent pas d’assurer de manière durable une transition de l’économie de la publication vers l’accès ouvert, dans la mesure où ils n’offrent pas de garantie sur le contrôle des dépenses ni sur la pérennité de l’ouverture des contenus. L’avenir des relations entre consortium et éditeur demeure largement indéterminé.Cette étude porte sur une des innovations contemporaines liées à l’économie de la publication scientifique : les accords dits transformants, un objet relativement circonscrit au sein des relations entre consortiums de bibliothèques et éditeurs scientifiques, et temporellement situé entre 2015 et 2020. Ce type d’accords a pour objectif affiché d’organiser la transition du modèle traditionnel de l’abonnement à des revues (souvent proposées par regroupements thématiques ou collections) vers celui de l’accès ouvert en opérant une réaffectation des budgets qui y sont consacrés. Notre travail d’analyse sociologique constitue une première étude systématique de cet objet, fondée sur la recension de 197 accords. Le corpus ainsi constitué inclut des accords caractérisés par la coprésence d’une composante d’abonnement et d’une composante de publication en accès ouvert, même minimale (« jetons » de publication offerts, réduction sur les APC...). En conséquence, ont été exclus de l’analyse les accords portant uniquement sur du financement centralisé de publication en accès ouvert, que ce soit avec des éditeurs ne proposant que des revues avec paiement par l’auteur (PLOS, Frontiers, MDPI...) ou des éditeurs dont une partie du catalogue est constitué de revues en accès ouvert. L’accord le plus ancien de notre corpus a été signé en 2010, les plus récents en 2020 – les accords ne commençant qu’en 2021, même annoncés au cours de l’étude, n’ont pas été retenus. Plusieurs résultats se dégagent de notre analyse. Tout d’abord, on note une grande diversité des acteurs impliqués avec 22 pays et 39 éditeurs, même si certains consortiums (Pays-Bas, Suède, Autriche, Allemagne) et éditeurs (CUP, Elsevier, RSC, Springer) en ont signé beaucoup plus que d’autres. Ensuite, la durée des accords, comprise entre une et six années, révèle une distribution très inégalitaire, avec plus de la moitié des accords (103) signés pour 3 ans, ainsi qu’une faible proportion pour 4 ans ou plus (22 accords). Enfin, en dépit d’appels répétés à la transparence, moins de la moitié des accords (96) ont un texte accessible au moment de cette étude, sans qu’on puisse observer une tendance récente à une plus grande disponibilité. L’analyse montre également des degrés d’ouverture très variables, allant d’une simple information sur le répertoire ESAC en passant par la mise à disposition d’un format annotable jusqu’à l’attribution d’un DOI et d’une licence de réutilisation (CC-BY), en incluant le détail des sommes monétaires. Parmi les 96 accords disponibles, dont 47 signés en 2020, 62 ont fait l’objet d’une analyse en profondeur. C’est à notre connaissance la première analyse à cette échelle, sur un type de matériel non seulement inédit, mais qui était auparavant soumis à des clauses de confidentialité. Fondée sur une lecture minutieuse, l’étude décrit de manière fine leurs propriétés, depuis la matérialité du document jusqu’aux formules financières, en passant par leur morphologie et l’ensemble des droits et devoirs des parties. Les contenus des accords sont donc analysés comme une collection dont nous cherchons à déterminer les points communs et les variations, à travers des codages explicites sur certaines de leurs caractéristiques. L’étude pointe également des incertitudes, et notamment leur caractère « transitionnel », qui demeure fortement discuté. D’un point de vue morphologique, les accords montrent une grande diversité en matière de taille (de 7 à 488 pages) et de structure. Néanmoins, par définition, ils articulent tous deux objets essentiels : d’une part, les conditions de réalisation d’une lecture d’articles de revues, sous forme d’abonnement, mêlant des préoccupations d’accès et de sécurité ; d’autre part, les modalités de publication en accès ouvert, articulant la gestion d’un nouveau type de workflow à toute une série d’options possibles. Parmi ces options, mentionnons notamment le périmètre des revues considérées (hybrides et/ou accès ouvert), les licences disponibles, le degré d’obligation de cette publication, les auteurs éligibles ou le volume d’articles publiables. L’un des résultats les plus importants de cette analyse approfondie est la mise au jour d’un découplage presque complet, au sein même des accords, entre l’objet abonnement et l’objet publication. Bien entendu, l’abonnement est systématiquement configuré dans un monde fermé, soumis à paiement qui déclenche des séries d’identification des circulations légitimes tant du contenu informationnel que des usagers. Il insiste notamment sur les interdictions de réutilisation ou même de copie des articles scientifiques. À l’opposé, la publication en accès ouvert est attachée à un monde régi par l’accès gratuit au contenu, ce qui induit des préoccupations de gestion du workflow et des modalités d’accessibilité. De plus, les différents éléments constitutifs de ces objets contractuels ne sont pas couplés : d’un côté, les lecteurs sont constitués de l’ensemble des membres des institutions abonnées, de l’autre, seuls les auteurs correspondants (« corresponding authors ») sont concernés ; les listes de revues accessibles à la lecture et celles réservées à la publication en accès ouvert sont le plus souvent distinctes ; les workflows ont des objectifs et des organisations matérielles totalement différentes, etc. L’articulation entre les deux objets contractuels relève uniquement d’une formule de distribution financière qui, outre des combinaisons particulières entre l’un et l’autre, permet d’attribuer des étiquettes distinctes aux accords (offset agreement, publish &amp; read, read &amp; publish, read &amp; free articles, read &amp; discount). Au-delà de cette distribution, l’étude des arrangements financiers montre une gamme de dispositions allant d’une prévisibilité budgétaire totale, donc identique aux accords d’abonnement antérieurs, à une incertitude sur le volume de publication ou sur le montant définitif des sommes échangées. Les modalités concrètes de calcul des montants associés à la publication en accès ouvert sont relativement variées. S’il existe effectivement des formules récurrentes (volume d’articles multiplié par un prix individuel, reprise de la moyenne des sommes totales d’APC des années précédentes...), le calcul des sommes en jeu est toujours le résultat d’une négociation singulière entre un consortium et un éditeur scientifique, et aboutit parfois à des formules originales et complexes. À ce titre, l’espace des possibles en matière de formules financières n’est jamais totalement clos. Par ailleurs, la volonté des consortiums d’opérer une « transformation » de leurs accords vers la publication à coût constant renvoie à des définitions diversifiées du « coût » (inclusion ou non des dépenses d’APC préexistantes) et de la constance (admission ou pas d’une « inflation » à 2 ou 3%). De plus, nous n’avons observé aucune disposition contractuelle permettant d’anticiper les sommes en jeu au-delà de l’horizon temporel de l’accord courant. La grande diversité des accords provient d’une part des conditions initiales des relations entre consortiums et éditeurs scientifiques – les sommes dépensées en abonnement étant le point de départ des nouveaux accords –, d’autre part des objectifs de chaque partie. Même si cette étude excluait volontairement les négociations, les accords portent des traces de ces objectifs. Ainsi, de nombreux accords sont de nature explicitement expérimentale, quand certains visent un contrôle budgétaire strict, ou d’autres ambitionnent, dans la période plus récente, la publication du plus grand nombre possible d’articles en accès ouvert. C’est dans ce dernier cas qu’on touche à l’ambiguïté des attentes générales sur les accords transformants. En effet, pour les consortiums, la dimension « transformante » consiste essentiellement à transférer les sommes traditionnellement allouées à l’abonnement vers la publication en accès ouvert. Mais l’objectif n’est jamais de transformer le modèle économique des revues, c'est-à-dire de faire basculer des revues sous abonnement ou hybrides en revues entièrement en accès ouvert. D’ailleurs, aucune clause ne vise une telle fin – à l’exception du modèle d’accord proposé par l’éditeur ACM. Du côté des éditeurs, et notamment de Springer, le caractère cumulatif des accords nationaux passés vise à projeter un monde de la publication où l’accès ouvert devient de fait quantitativement très dominant, sans pour autant modifier de manière pérenne le modèle économique de leurs revues. Notre étude montre que les accords transformants actuels ne permettent pas d’assurer de manière durable une transition de l’économie de la publication vers l’accès ouvert, dans la mesure où ils n’offrent pas de garantie sur le contrôle des dépenses ni sur la pérennité de l’ouverture des contenus. L’avenir des relations entre consortium et éditeur demeure largement indéterminé.