Journal articles: 'Clarke distribution'

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Kataev, B. M., M. A. Yeshitla, and J. Schmidt. "Systematic position of Omostropus rotundatus and notes on some other species of Harpalina (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from Ethiopia." Zoosystematica Rossica 29, no. 2 (2020): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2020.29.2.195.

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Omostropus rotundatus Clarke, 1973 from the Bale Mountains (Ethiopia) is transferred to the genus Harpalus Latreille, 1802. Since the name rotundatus was already used in the latter genus, the substitute name Harpalus clarkei Kataev et Schmidt, nom. nov. is proposed for Harpalus rotundatus (Clarke, 1973), comb. nov. (non Dejean, 1829; non Chaudoir, 1844). The diagnostic characters of Harpalus and Omostropus are discussed. Data on distribution and hind wing development of some additional Ethiopian species of Harpalina mostly from the Bale and Arsi Mountains are presented.

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Pauk, Jolanta, Mikhail Ihnatouski, and Bijan Najafi. "Assessing Plantar Pressure Distribution in Children with Flatfoot Arch." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 104, no. 6 (2014): 622–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/8750-7315-104.6.622.

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Background Flatfoot, or pes planus, is one of the most common foot posture problems in children that may lead to lower-extremity pain owing to a potential increase in plantar pressure. First, we compared plantar pressure distribution between children with and without flatfoot. Second, we examined the reliability and accuracy of a simple metric for characterization of foot posture: the Clarke angle. Third, we proposed a mathematical model to predict plantar pressure magnitude under the medial arch using body mass and the Clarke angle. Methods Sixty children with flatfoot and 33 aged-matched controls were recruited. Measurements included in-shoe plantar pressure distribution, ground reaction force, Clarke angle, and radiography assessment. The measured Clarke angle was compared with radiographic measurements, and its test-retest reliability was determined. A mathematical model was fitted to predict plantar pressure distribution under the medial arch using easy-to-measure variables (body mass and the Clarke angle). Results A high correlation was observed between the Clarke angle and radiography measurements (r &gt; 0.9; P &lt; 10−6). Excellent between- and within-day test-retest reliability for Clarke angle measurement (intraclass correlation coefficient, &gt;0.9) was observed. Results also suggest that pressure magnitude under the medial arch can be estimated using the Clarke angle and body mass (R2 = 0.95; error, &lt;0.04 N/cm2 [2%]). Conclusions This study suggests that the Clarke angle is a practical, reliable, and sensitive metric for quantification of medial arch height in children and could be recommended for research and clinical applications. It can also be used to estimate plantar pressure under the medial arch, which, in turn, may assist in the timely intervention and prognosis of prospective problems associated with flatfoot posture.

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Kataev, Boris M., Merene Abebe Yeshitla, and Joachim Schmidt. "Systematic position of Omostropus rotundatus and notes on some other species of Harpalina (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from Ethiopia." Zoosystematica Rossica 29, no. 2 (2020): 195–204. https://doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2020.29.2.195.

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Omostropus rotundatus Clarke, 1973 from the Bale Mountains (Ethiopia) is transferred to the genus Harpalus Latreille, 1802. Since the name rotundatus was already used in the latter genus, the substitute name Harpalus clarkei Kataev et Schmidt, nom. nov. is proposed for Harpalus rotundatus (Clarke, 1973), comb. nov. (non Dejean, 1829; non Chaudoir, 1844). The diagnostic characters of Harpalus and Omostropus are discussed. Data on distribution and hind wing development of some additional Ethiopian species of Harpalina mostly from the Bale and Arsi Mountains are presented.

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Hariati, Ayu, Nurul Huda Prasetya, and Hendra Cipta. "The Effectiveness of Clarke Wright and Sequential Insertion Algorithm in Distribution Routing Aqua." Quadratic: Journal of Innovation and Technology in Mathematics and Mathematics Education 1, no. 1 (2021): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/quadratic.2021.011-03.

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With the Multiple Trips condition, the results obtained for the optimal distance route that starts and stops at PT. Tirta Investama Medan with Clarke Wright Algorithm at t = 1 is 22 km and at t = t + 1 is 15.2 km. While the optimal travel distance route with the Sequential Insertion Algorithm at t = 1 is 15.05 km, and at t = t + 1 is 22.9 km. Clarke Wright Algorithm looks for an optimal solution to get the best route, while Sequential Insertion Algorithm has an excess in the election of a customer by considering customer position with available insertion track location until all customer have been assigned. The Clarke Wright Algorithm obtained a total distance of 37.2 km. In comparison, the Sequential Insertion Algorithm solution obtained a total distance of 37.95 km. It can be concluded that the route formed using the Clarke Wright Algorithm in this case is more effective than using the Sequential Insertion Algorithm.

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Ganesh Babu, N., Kaliamoorthy Ravikumar, R. Sankar, Devendra Ved, and R. Ganesan. "On the distribution and ethnobotany of Peucedanum dhana var. Dalzellii (Apiaceae), a little known endemic from southern India." Indian Journal of Forestry 30, no. 2 (2007): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2007-y8je9b.

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Peucedanum dhana Buch.-Ham. ex C.B. Clarke var. dalzellii C.B. Clarke (Apiaceae) is endemic to Central and Western India. The present collection from Bangalore extends its distribution further towards Southern part of Karnataka State. Hitherto unreported ethnobotanical uses of this plant are also provided.

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Pratiwi, Miftah, and Riri Syafitri Lubis. "Distribution Route Optimization Using Nearest Neighbor Algorithm and Clarke and Wright Savings." Sinkron 8, no. 3 (2023): 1638–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33395/sinkron.v8i3.12622.

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in the process of this research Problems that occur is an irregular delivery of goods that takes a lot of time and delivery distance, so the distribution delivery process is not optimal. Therefore, researchers will conduct research on how to determine the best distribution route in optimizing delivery distance and time. The purpose of this study is to find distribution routes that are more optimal by using the nearest neighbor and Clarke and Wright savings and do a comparison with the company's current route This. The company's current mileage route is 319.9 km while using the nearest neighbor algorithm, the total distance traveled so far is obtained 240.9 and experienced mileage savings of 79 km or 25.22% and with the Clarke and Wright savings algorithm, the distance traveled is obtained 239.2 km and experienced mileage savings of 80.7 km or 25.22 %. Therefore, the Clarke and Wright Savings algorithm is more

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Arif, Arif Chandra Setiawan, and Suseno Suseno. "USULAN RUTE PENDISTRIBUSI MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA CLARKE AND WRIGHT SAVINGS DAN SEQUENTIAL INSERTION." JURNAL ILMIAH TEKNIK INDUSTRI DAN INOVASI 2, no. 3 (2024): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.59024/jisi.v2i3.727.

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In this research, data was taken from the distribution route which was recorded by the cashier at the Cahaya Kristal Tube Ice Ice Factory which is located on Jl, Damai, Prujakan Tambakan Village, Sinduharjo, Ngaglik, Sleman Yogyakarta. Then the data is processed using the Clarke and Wright Savings Algorithm and Sequential Insertion with the aim of providing the best or most effective route suggestions and then comparing the two methods to produce the Travel Route Distance and Distribution Costs. By using the Clarke and Wright Saving Algorithm, we get 2 vehicle routes which produce a combined route of 72 km with a daily distribution cost of IDR 147,000, and for the sequential insertion algorithm method we also get 2 vehicle routes which produce a combined route of 107 km with a daily distribution cost of IDR 182,000. Thus it can be concluded that routes formed using the Clarke and Wright Savings Algorithm are more effective and economical compared to routes formed using the Sequential Insertion

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Popov, Sergey S. "Assessment of the Distribution of Heavy Metals in Soils of Severny Island (Novaya Zemlya)." Journal of Siberian Federal University. Biology 15, no. 1 (2022): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1997-1389-0379.

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Global warming occurs the fastest in polar latitudes, increasing their economic accessibility and, consequently, entailing risks of technogenic contamination. Heavy metals (HM) are among the most common technogenic pollutants that may negatively affect the functioning of the Arctic's soil-based terrestrial ecosystems. There is almost no research on the actual HM content in the soils of Novaya Zemlya (NZ), and the purpose of this work is to assess the HM content in the soils of Severny Island in the NZ archipelago. The study was performed at Russkaya Gavan, Ledyanaya Gavan, Blagopoluchiya Bay, and Cape Zhelaniya. The soil cover in the northern part of Severny Island has a mosaic structure. On Severny Island, Cryosols (Loamic) are the most common soils among the soils studied in this work. Soils of the study regions on Severny Island are mostly loamy and clayey. The proportion of physical clay increases down the profiles. All study soils of NZ are alkaline and highly alkaline. In general, study soils have an acceptable level of HM contamination. The weighted average HM gross content in them varies insignificantly; however, the following elements exceed their threshold concentrations: Fe (1.1 clarke) – Russkaya Gavan bay; Fe (1.2 clarke), Cr (1.1 clarke), V (1.1 maximum permissible concentration (MPC)), Ti (1.1 clarke) – Blagopoluchiya bay; Fe (1.3 clarke) – Ledyanaya Gavan bay. This, apparently, is caused by their high contents in the soil-forming rock. The results obtained confirm the necessity to monitor the study territories in order to be able to assess the degree of pollution and prevent the risk of an environmental disaster in the future

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DHATCHANAMOORTHY, NARAYANASAMY, and KRISHANAMOORTHY DEVANATHAN. "Reevaluating the infraspecific taxa of Maesa rugosa C.B. Clarke (Primulaceae): Taxonomic reassessment and typification update." Phytotaxa 683, no. 1 (2025): 53–62. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.683.1.6.

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Maesa rugosa C.B. Clarke is a tropical shrub belonging to the family Primulaceae. Despite its prevalent distribution and morphological variation, the infraspecific taxonomy of M. rugosa remains unclear. The present study reevaluates the infraspecific classification of M. rugosa based on a comprehensive analysis of the morphological characters. Our study results in reorganizing three infraspecific taxa including one new variety and one new combination. We also provide an update on the typification of two names M. rugosa C.B. Clarke and M. rugosa var. griffithii C.B. Clarke following Articles 9.2 and 9.17 of the ICN code.

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Damayanti, Dwi Kartika, Ika Purnamasari, and Wasono Wasono. "Penentuan Rute Terpendek dengan Menggunakan Metode Algoritma Clarke and Wright Savings." EKSPONENSIAL 12, no. 1 (2021): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/eksponensial.v12i1.762.

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Operations research is a method regarding retrieval optimal decisions in the modeling of systems, both deterministic or probabilistic orginating from real life. One of the operations research methods is The Clarke and Wright savings algorithm, which is an exchange procedure, where a set of route at each step is exchange to get a better set of routes. This method is often referred to as a method. In this research, the Clarke and Wright savings algorithm is used to find out the distribution route and the minimum costs incurred on saving. On distribution of Bottled Water (AMDK) to determine how large savings that occur on the distribution route AMDK. Bottled Water (AMDK) is drinking water that is ready to be consumed directly without having to go through the heating process first. To determine the distribution route using the Clarke and wright savings method, a depot distance matrix is made to customer and from the customer to the customer and then continues to make the clarke and wright savings matrix. After searching for the shortest route using the clarke and wright savings method, the savings value is obtained to determine the customer’s route by sorting from the largest to the smallest value. In region 1 there were 5 trips with a total distance of 210.21 km, in region 2 there were 4 trips with a total distance of 191.35 km, in region 3 there were 5 trips with a total distance of 143.85 km, in region 4 there were 5 routes with a total distance 108.24 km, and in region 5 6 trips were obtained with a total distance of 113.95 km. The total distance travelled to deliver gallons to all routes is 767.59 km.

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Morihito, Rondo, Chriestie Montolalu, and Benny Pinontoan. "Application Of Vehicle Routing Problem Using Clarke And Wright Algorithm For Distribution Of White Sugar By “Toko Bersama Trader”." d'CARTESIAN 7, no. 2 (2018): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/dc.7.2.2018.20627.

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The problem which is often experienced in the delivery of goods from distributor to the destination is the delivery route which is not sufficient with the capacity of the vehicle. This matter is very important because it can affect the trust of the clients on the shippers in the distributor. This problem can be analyzed using Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) with Clarke and Wright Algorithm. This research begins with determining the distance between all coordinates with Euclidean Distance, making the distance matrix between places to go. After that, the calculation CVRP using Clarke and Wright Algorithm is exected in this study, a calculate CVRP using Clarke and Wright algorithm can help of the computer. The study was conducted at 15 shop coordinates, the results obtained by 4 routes with total load 3750 kg and distance 29.8510 km. Route of delivery the first route 1100 kg load and distance 11.5963 km, second route 1000 kg load and distance 6.6493 km, third route 1000 kg load and distance 2.7549 km, and the fourth route 650 kg load and distance 8.8505 km.Keywords: Distributor, Vehicle Routing Problem, Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem, Clarke and Wright Algorithm

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Sheng, Yu Kui, and Wan Lian Lan. "Application of Clarke-Wright Saving Mileage Heuristic Algorithm in Logistics Distribution Route Optimization." Key Engineering Materials 474-476 (April 2011): 1538–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.474-476.1538.

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The cost of logistics distribution takes account for considerable proportion in logistics costs. Logistic distribution route is of of vital importance to reduce logistics cost. Clarke-Wright Saving Mileage Heuristic Algorithm is an effective method to optimize distribution route.

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Bannister, Neil J., and Peter J. Herring. "Distribution and Structure of Luminous Cells In four Marine Copepods." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 69, no. 3 (1989): 523–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400030939.

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Giesbrecht (1895) was the first to report that the luminescence produced by marine copepods was produced by certain ‘skin glands’. In Pleuromamma abdominalis he described specific sub-cuticular cells which were responsible for the production and secretion of luminous material; such cells always contained a greenish-yellow secretion whilst non-photogenic cells were colourless. The only published histological study of luminous cells in copepods is that by Clarke et al. (1962). These authors reported numerous paired cells in the head of Metridia longa, each pair opening through a common pore, the distribution of which was correlated with areas of fluorescence. Clarke et al. (1962) further showed that the cells in each pair had different staining characteristics, and suggested that each of the two cell types produced a different component of the luminescent system, proposed as ‘luciferin’ and ‘luciferase’ respectively. They hypothe-sized that when stimulated, each cell secreted its contents, generating light as the materials combined in the surrounding seawater. Although there has been much work carried out on the physical characteristics and kinetics of copepod luminescence (e.g. David & Conover, 1961; Clarke et al., 1962; Barnes & Case, 1972; Bityukov & Evstigneev, 1982; Herring, 1983, 1988; Evstigneev, 1983, 1984, 1986; Latz et al., 1988) there is still little known of the comparative distribution of luminous cells in a range of copepod species, and even less is known of their detailed structure.

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Kasanah, Yulinda Uswatun, Nabila Noor Qisthani, and Aswan Munang. "Solving the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with Heterogeneous Fleet Using Heuristic Algorithm in Poultry Distribution." Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Industri 21, no. 1 (2022): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jiti.v21i1.17430.

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The problem that is often experienced in the delivery of goods from distributor to the destination is the delivery route that is not sufficient with the vehicle's capacity. This matter is crucial because it can affect the clients' trust on the shippers in the distributor. This problem can be analyzed using Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) with Clarke and Wright Algorithm. This research begins with determining the distance between all coordinates with Euclidean Distance, making the distance matrix between places to go. After that, the calculation CVRP using Clarke and Wright Algorithm is exected in this study, a calculate CVRP using Clarke and Wright algorithm can help of Python. The study was conducted at 16 customers coordinates, the results obtained by 4 routes with total load 4751 kg and distance 436 km. Route of delivery the first route 924 kg load and distance 80 km, second route 962 kg load and distance 112 km, third route 1450 kg load and distance 144 km, and the fourth route 1415 kg load and distance 100 km.

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Marpaung, Lyoni Elisabet, Jauhari Arifin, and Winarno Winarno. "Optimalisasi Rute Distribusi Menggunakan Algoritma Clarke and Wright Savings." Jurnal Media Teknik dan Sistem Industri 6, no. 2 (2022): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.35194/jmtsi.v6i2.1784.

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One aspect that can affect a company's competitive advantage is the distribution of its products. CV. Sinar Sentosa is a glass distributor located in Medan, North Sumatra. One type of glass marketed by CV. Sinar Sentosa is A75 plain Glass. CV. Sinar Sentosa has difficulty in determining the allocation of vehicles due to limited vehicle capacity to meet the demands of each store. This causes delays in product delivery to consumers and expensive distribution costs. So it is necessary to optimize the distribution route of A75 plain glass using the Clarke and Wright Savings algorithm so that it can minimize distribution costs. This research is a descriptive type of research in the form of action research. Based on the research results obtained 2 distribution routes with a total distance of 110.02 km. The company's initial distribution routes consisted of five routes totaling 312.52 kms. The application of the Clarke and Wright Savings algorithm in this study resulted in an efficiency of distribution distance of 64.79% and saved fuel costs from Rp. 296,894 to Rp. 104,519. Salah satu aspek yang dapat memengaruhi suatu keunggulan bersaing perusahaan adalah kegiatan distribusi produknya. CV. Sinar Sentosa merupakan salah satu distributor kaca yang berlokasi di Medan, Sumatera Utara. Salah satu jenis kaca yang dipasarkan oleh CV. Sinar Sentosa adalah Kaca polos A75. CV. Sinar Sentosa mengalami kesulitan dalam menentukan alokasi kendaraan akibat keterbatasan kapasitas kendaraan dalam memenuhi permintaan setiap toko. Hal tersebut menyebabkan keterlambatan pengiriman produk di lokasi konsumen dan biaya distribusinya yang mahal. Maka perlu dilakukan pengoptimalan rute distribusi kaca polos A75 menggunakan algoritma Clarke and Wright Savings sehingga biaya distribusi dapat diminimalkan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian jenis deskriptif berbentuk action research. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan diperlukan 2 rute distribusi dengan total jarak sebesar 110,02 km. Rute distribusi awal perusahaan sebanyak 5 rute dengan total jarak 312,52 km. Penerapan algoritma Clarke and Wright Savings pada penelitian ini menghasilkan efisiensi jarak distribusi sebesar 64,79% dan menghemat biaya bahan bakar dari Rp 296.894 menjadi Rp 104.519.

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Kurniawati, Dwi Agustina, Rian Puji Kusuma, Dwi Kristanto, Noordin Mohd. Yusof, and Kuan Yew Wong. "OPTIMIZING DISTRIBUTION ROUTE OF PACKED DRINKING WATER WITH THE CLARKE AND WRIGHT SAVINGS AND NEAREST NEIGHBOR METHODS (Case Study of PT. GSI)." Journal of Industrial Engineering and Halal Industries 2, no. 2 (2022): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/jiehis.3422.

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In the business, distribution has a very important role. The distribution process must be able to deliver products on time while it also reduces the transportation costs which can consume around 50% of the company's total logistics costs. If distribution costs can be reduced, it can indirectly increase the company’s profit. PT. GSI, located in Yogyakarta, is a distributor of packed drinking water company with brand “PLG”. In determining the distribution route, PT. GSI does not use any scientific method and only uses the driver’s intuition. The purpose of this study is to optimize the distribution route of the “PLG” packed drinking water delivery to obtain the minimum mileage by using the Clarke and Wright Savings and Nearest Neighbor methods. The Clarke and Wright Savings method and the Nearest Neighbor method are used because the customer locations are far from each other and there are also customers whose delivery locations are centered on one delivery area, so that the calculation of distance savings is needed. Then the evaluation is done to determine which method is better. The comparison of the solution for data on 1st ,2nd ,3rd ,4th, and 6th March 2021 showed that the Nearest Neighbor method proposed best solution while data on 5th March 2021 showed that Clarke and Wright Savings giving the best solution. The results show that the Nearest Neighbor method provides better result in determining the distribution routes of PT. GSI.

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Razita, Firzanah, and Fransisca Tiur Basaria. "Optimizing Routes for Sustainability: A Comparative Analysis of Parcel Distribution Methods in South Jakarta." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1324, no. 1 (2024): 012078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1324/1/012078.

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Abstract This study focuses on improving the efficiency of PT. XYZ’s logistics services by examining the optimization of parcel distribution routes in South Jakarta. It compares the Nearest Neighbor Method and the Clarke and Wright Savings Method to determine the optimal strategy for delivering 53 packages to 8 locations. The Nearest Neighbor Method generates two routes, one encompassing 32 packages across four locations and the other encompassing 21 packages across four locations. This method significantly reduces travel distance, saving 27,3 kilometers in comparison to actual courier routes. The Clarke and Wright Savings Method generates two routes, one covering 35 packages across six locations and the other covering 18 packages across two locations. Compared to the actual van courier route, this method reduces the distance by 24,8 kilometers. The Nearest Neighbor Method reduces travel distances by 27.3 kilometers compared to actual routes, surpassing the Clarke and Wright Savings Method by 2.5 kilometers. Reduced travel distances reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, making logistics operations more sustainable on an environmental and economic level. This study concludes that the Nearest Neighbor Method is the optimal strategy for improving parcel distribution efficiency in South Jakarta, thereby substantially reducing the travel distances of PT. XYZ’s logistics operations.

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Noltie, H. J. "Notes relating to the Flora of Bhutan: XIX. Kobresia (Cyperaceae)." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 50, no. 1 (1993): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428600000640.

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The following new taxa, combinations and synonymy in the genus Kobresia from E Himalaya and SW China are proposed: K. pseuduncinoides Noltie sp. nov.; K. woodii Noltie sp. nov.; K. esenbeckii (Kunth) Noltie comb. nov. of which K. seticulmis Boeckeler, K. hookeri Boeckeler, K. angusta C.B. Clarke and the illegitimate K. trinervis Boeckeler become synonyms; K. esenbeckii var. fissiglumis (C.B. Clarke) Noltie comb. nov.; K. prattii C.B. Clarke and K. harrysmithü Kük. are reduced to synonymy of K. vidua (Boott ex C.B. Clarke) Kük.; K. williamsii is reduced to synonymy of K. gammiei; K. curvata is reduced to synonymy of K. fragilis; K. stiebrilziana is reported new to Bhutan and Sikkim and K. curticeps and K. gammiei new to Bhutan. Notes on K. nepalensis, K. vaginosa, K. vidua, K. gammiei and K. cercostachys are given. Observations on apparent dioecy and distribution of sex within the species K. esenbeckii, K. vidua, K. vaginosa and K. curticeps are reported.

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Kanakasabapathi Pradheep, Soyimchiten, Ganjalagatta Dasaiah Harish, et al. "Updated distribution of seven Trichosanthes L. (Cucurbitales: Cucurbitaceae) taxa in India, along with taxonomic notes." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 14 (2021): 20143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6313.13.14.20143-20152.

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In India, lack of revisionary work in the genus Trichosanthes L. (Cucurbitales: Cucurbitaceae) over the past 38 years had resulted in several taxonomic and nomenclatural issues, which had implications in determining actual distribution status of taxa. Based on field observations, collected specimens, data from various specimens in herbaria and critical study of all the resources available, here we confirm the extended distribution of T. anaimalaiensis Bedd. in the states of Manipur and Nagaland; T. cordata Roxb. in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar; T. cucumerina L. subsp. sublobata (Kundu) K. Pradheep, D.R. Pani & K.C. Bhatt in Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha; T. dicaelosperma C.B. Clarke in Nagaland; T. kerrii Craib in Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur; T. majuscula (C.B. Clarke) Kundu in Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Assam; and T. truncata C.B. Clarke in Nagaland. Two taxa, namely, Trichosanthes dicaelosperma and T. majuscula, earlier subsumed with T. ovigera Blume or T. cucumeroides (Ser.) Maxim., and T. dunniana H. Lév., respectively, have been resurrected at the rank of species. Lectotypes were designated for the names of above two species. For the first time, female plants of T. majuscula have been described. This communication provides an updated distribution status of seven taxa of Trichosanthes in India along with field and taxonomic notes, and additional taxonomic characters.

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Nurul Aina and James Piter Marbun. "Penyelesaian Vehicle Routing Problem Dengan Algoritma Clarke And Wright Savings Di Perumahan Umum Bulog Medan Amplas." JURNAL RISET RUMPUN MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM 2, no. 1 (2023): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/jurrimipa.v2i1.723.

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Distribution routes are generally a problem for every company, including in the public company BULOG Medan Amplas. Distribution to the Medan Amplas BULOG public company, namely having to serve every stall that is far from the warehouse with scattered locations, and limited vehicle capacity. So far, driver considerations in distributing products have only been based on random intuitions of driver and does not consider the efficiency of the route taken. Therefore, this research uses Clarke and Wright Savings algorithm to obtain optimal mileage by taking into account every consumer demand and vehicle capacity. Calculation results using the Clarke and Wright Savings Algorithm obtained the vehicle mileage of 695.08 km with a savings of 11 km or 1.56%.

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Nurcahyo, Rianto, Damar Aji Irawan, and Felia Kristanti. "The Effectiveness of the Clarke & Wright Savings Algorithm in Determining Logistics Distribution Routes (case study PT.XYZ)." E3S Web of Conferences 426 (2023): 01107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342601107.

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A good logistics system is one factor that affects the smooth running of company activities. Currently, transportation costs account for about two-thirds of total logistics costs, so to increase efficiency, companies try to maximize the use of transportation equipment and personnel by determining the optimal distribution route. Route optimization can be done using the Vehicle Routing Problem and the Clarke- Wright Method. PT. XYZ is a company engaged in maintaining ATM machines (Automated Teller Machines). The form of this activity can be in the form of installing air conditioners, TVs and repairing ATM machines. This company faces problems in the logistics section, where the installation target is often not achieved from the specified target. This is because the distance from one point to another is coupled with the congestion level in big cities, so this causes the company to pay large operational costs. Therefore, a distribution route is needed to save time and distribution costs. This study uses the Clarke and Wright Savings Algorithm to solve the problems faced by companies. The results showed that after using the Clarke and Wright Savings Algorithm, the total distance and shipping costs were reduced by saving 97.9 Km of distance and saving costs.

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Hafizah, Nur, and Ismail Husein. "Determining the Shortest Route for LPG Gas Cylinder Distribution Using the Clarke and Wright Savings Algorithm." ZERO: Jurnal Sains, Matematika dan Terapan 7, no. 2 (2023): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.30829/zero.v7i2.19269.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meminimalkan rute yang ditempuh sehingga mengurangi biaya transportasi yang dikeluarkan perusahaan. Hal ini diperlukan karena jalur yang ada di dalam perusahaan saat ini kurang optimal dan dapat menimbulkan kerugian finansial. Solusi yang diusulkan untuk mengatasi masalah penentuan rute distribusi terpendek adalah dengan memanfaatkan Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) dengan Algoritma Clarke And Wright Savings. Algoritma Clarke And Wright Savings dirancang untuk menyelesaikan berbagai masalah perutean kendaraan, yang biasa disebut dengan masalah perutean kendaraan klasik, berdasarkan konsep yang dikenal dengan konsep penghematan. Berdasarkan temuan penelitian, teridentifikasi tiga rute dengan total jarak 43,48 km dan biaya transportasi Rp. 88.699,2. Melalui penghematan yang diterapkan, diperoleh dua rute baru dengan total jarak 35,98 km dan biaya angkutan Rp. 73.399,2. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa Algoritma Clarke And Wright Savings efektif dalam mencapai tujuannya, mengoptimalkan jalur distribusi, dan meminimalkan biaya distribusi dengan lebih efisien dibandingkan jalur perusahaan saat ini .

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Tunnisaki, Fadlah, and Sutarman. "Clarke and Wright Savings Algorithm as Solutions Vehicle Routing Problem with Simultaneous Pickup Delivery (VRPSPD)." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2421, no. 1 (2023): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2421/1/012045.

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Abstract This study aims to establish the mathematical model Vehicle Routing Problem with Simultaneous Pickup and Delivery (VRPSPD) on 3 kg of LPG gas distribution and its solution using the method of Clarke and Wright Savings. Data used include a list of areas of consumers, service delivery company, the amount of consumer demand, vehicle type and vehicle capacity. The data is then processed to be modeled as hereinafter Vehicle Routing Problem with Simultaneous Pickup Delivery (VRPSPD) problems solved by the method of Clarke and Wright Savings[1]. Based on the calculation, the result for the total mileage of the vehicle is 160 km while the total mileage of the vehicle this company is 201km. Thus Clarke and Wright savings algorithm capable of providing mileage savings with a percentage of 20.03%.

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THOMAS, R., P. DAVIDSON, A. RERICHA, and D. K. VOZNYAK. "Water-Rich Melt Inclusion as "Frozen" Samples of the Supercritical State in Granites and Pegmatites Reveal Extreme Element Enrichment Resulting Under Non-Equilibrium Conditions." Mineralogical Journal 44, no. 1 (2022): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mineraljournal.44.01.003.

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In this contribution, we show that in miarolitic pegmatites during the crystallization of water-rich melts, samples of these mineral-forming melts were trapped in the form of water-rich melt inclusions, preserved primarily in quartz. The bulk concentration of water and the temperature are the system-determining parameters since from their analysis it follows that these melt inclusions depict pseudo-binary solvus curves in the coordinates of temperature and water concentration. Furthermore, using reduced coordinates (H2O/H2Ocrit vs. T/Tcrit) most melt inclusions of the studied pegmatites plot very well in a standardized and reduced solvus curve. The existence and formation of such uniform solvus curves is an expression of crystallization processes under nearly equilibrium conditions. However, many trace and some principal elements of the melt inclusions trapped near the solvus crest [H2O/H2Ocrit from 0.5 to 1.5 and T/Tcrit > 0.95] show unusual distributions, with very well-defined Gaussian and/or Lorentzian curves, characterized by defined area, width, offset, and height. This has been shown in many natural examples obtained from pegmatites. Only the offset values represent near-equilibrium conditions and corresponding element concentrations, which are equivalent to the regional Clarke number (Clarke number or Clark is the relative abundance of a chemical element, typically in the Earth's crust). We interpret these distributions as explanation for some extraordinary-chemical properties in this critical region: principally extremely high diffusion rates, low dynamic viscosity and extremely low surface tension. Near the critical point, we have both space and time-related non-equilibrium and equilibrium processes close together. Furthermore, we can show that the Gaussian and Lorentzian distribution are first approximations of the specific element distribution because at the critical point the enrichment of some elements reaches such an extent that the Gaussian and/or Lorentzian curves degenerate into a vertical line (are asymptotic to the concentration axis), which is determined by the maximum solubility of a species in the supercritical melt-water system. The highest concentration of Be, as an example, was observed in Ehrenfriedersdorf melt inclusions: 71490 ppm Be.

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Omer, Saood, and M. Qaiser. "The genus Ciminalis (Gentianaceae) in Pakistan and Kashmir." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 50, no. 1 (1993): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428600000676.

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The genus Ciminalis Adans. is being revised from Pakistan and Kashmir. The present investigation has revealed the presence of one new species: C. ballistanica Omer. Three specific combinations are made: C. harwanensis (G. Singh) Omer; C. karelinii (Griseb.) Omer and C. capitata (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Omer and two infraspecific combinations are made: C. capitata (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Omer var. strobiliformis (Clarke) Omer and C. capitata (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Omer var. andersonii (Clarke) Omer. A key to the taxa, geographical distribution, specimens examined and notes on typification are also provided.

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Puji Wianto, Wildan Faried Anshoriy, Juhari Juhari, and Achmad Nasichuddin. "Penentuan Rute Terpendek Di Kantor Pos Kabupaten Blitar Dalam Pendistribusian Paket Menggunakan Algoritma Clarke And Wright Savings." Jurnal Riset Mahasiswa Matematika 2, no. 6 (2023): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jrmm.v2i6.22413.

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Marketing strategy is a very important part in the execution of the overall corporate strategy, especially in a very tight competitor state. Route is a very important aspect considered by goods distribution companies. An effective and efficient distribution process is one of the factors whose conditions begin to align with other indicators in an effort to achieve customer satisfaction. The strategy that can be done is to involve calculating algorithms in contributing systematic and measurable solutions. The Clarke and Wright Savings algorithm is an effective method in determining the shortest route of distributing goods, because the Clarke and Wright Savings method has its own heuristics which make savings in the form of mileage or distribution time. This study aims to determine the shortest route at the Blitar checkpoint post office (KPRK) in distributing express service type bags to each branch post office point (KPC) using the Clarke and Wright Savings Algorithm. The results of the discussion on the application of the Clarke and Wright Savings method to determine the shortest route for the service bag distribution fleet from the KPRK Blitar post office to KPC can be concluded that, there are two initial routes owned by the company with a total delivery distance of 189.7 km. After calculation, two routes with the shortest distance will be traveled with a total delivery distance of 171 km. Route group 1 is Blitar Post Office à KPC Garum à KPC Nglegokà KPC Gandusarià KPC Talun KPC Wlingi à KPC Doko à KPC Kesamben à KPC Selopuroà KPC Binangun à KPC Kanigoro à KPC Lodoyo à KPC Kademangan à Post Office with a distance of 116.7 km. As for route 2, namely the blitar post office à KPC Sanan Kulon à KPC Ponggok à KPC Srengat à KPC Kademangan à KPC Udanawu à Blitar post office with a distance of 54.3 km. With the establishment of routes with the closest distance, the company can save mileage by 9.85%.

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Adianto, Hari, Adnan Ilman Riawan, and Edi Susanto. "Determination of liquid product distribution route using clark and wright saving and tabu seacrh algorithm for a milk industry in indonesia." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.29 (2018): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.29.13138.

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Distribution system is a bridge between producers and consumers where the level of importance is very high and the need for calculation of time and capacity of the determination of the route to be made. Therefore, it is necessary to propose effective and efficient distribution route determination by using Clarke & Wright and Tabu Search method and application proposal which must be in company. Based on the proposed distribution determination can determine the route of the achieved distribution channels, the efficiency of time and distance by taking into account the capacity, speed, route, and others. The Clarke & Wright and Tabu Search methods are used to determine the route of distribution routes and improvements on the routes route of distribution of ultra-liquid dairy products by considering the capacity aspect, vehicle speed, loading and unloading time, time matrix, distance matrix, distance saving, and iterations Contained in the method. Based on the calculation results can be concluded that the proposed determination of distribution feasible applied to the company because the comparison of time and distance performance resulting savings and improvements in time and distance by reducing the amount of time achieved on each route and tour contained in the applicable time horizon.

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Stopka, Ondrej. "Draft model of delivery routes at a city logistics scale when applying the Clarke-Wright method." Archives of Automotive Engineering – Archiwum Motoryzacji 87, no. 1 (2020): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14669/am.vol87.art6.

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The manuscript deals with the subject of determining the optimal delivery routes in terms of supplying urban distribution centers when minimizing the distance traveled in a particular region for the purpose of addressing city logistics issues using the specific Operations Research method, namely the Clarke-Wright method. Thus, the main paper objective is to examine the issue: what are the optimal transport journeys from the specific object among individual customers in a certain region in order to execute minimum transport performance? First two sections of the manuscript specify the relevant concepts regarding the issue of distribution tasks and vehicle routing problem, and presents data and methods in relation to this research study. The most significant part of the article models the individual routes to determine the optimal interconnections of urban distribution center and their supply from one logistics service center in a regional logistics network at a city logistics scale when applying the Clarke-Wright method. The last sections of the elaborated research study evaluate the major findings and discuss the possible future initiatives in the topic addressed.

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Putri, Nabila Fauziah, Eka Bambang Gusminto, Intan Nurul Awwaliyah, Handriyono, and Abdul Muhsyi. "Evaluation Of Blood Distribution Route in The Downstream Supply Chain of The Indonesian Red Cross Jember." International Journal of Scientific and Management Research 08, no. 03 (2025): 37–47. https://doi.org/10.37502/ijsmr.2025.8303.

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The PMI Blood Donor Unit (UDD) throughout Indonesia, including the UDD PMI Jember, has an important role in distributing blood to various hospitals quickly and precisely. Therefore, distribution route efficiency is needed so that the blood delivery process can be carried out more quickly, on time, and cost-effectively. This study aims to evaluate the blood distribution routes of PMI Jember using the Clarke-Wright Savings Algorithm (CWS) and Nearest Neighbor (NN). The analysis was conducted by comparing travel distance and operational costs before and after optimization. The findings show Clarke-Wright Savings algorithm demonstrated a higher efficacy than the Nearest Neighbor method on the 20th of November 2024, with cost savings ranging from 48% to 67% in each shift, when servicing seven hospital locations. Conversely, the Nearest Neighbor method exhibited superior efficiency on the 21st of November 2024 when the number of destination locations increased to 13 hospitals. The efficiency comparison indicates that the number of distribution destination locations has a significant impact on the performance of both methods.

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Shalini, S., P. Lakshminarasimhan, and D. Maity. "Argyreia lawii (Convolvulaceae), an addition to the flora of Tamil Nadu." Indian Journal of Forestry 41, no. 3 (2018): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2018-eo1955.

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Taxonomy and distribution of Argyreia lawii C.B. Clarke, an endemic species of Western Ghats, is discussed in detail with description and illustration. The record of its occurrence in the Western Ghats of Nilgiris during the present study forms an addition to the Flora of Tamil Nadu.

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THANH SON, NGUYEN, ZHELI LIN, SINH KHANG NGUYEN, and YUNFEI DENG. "Strobilanthes erecta (Acanthaceae), a newly recorded species from China and Vietnam." Phytotaxa 372, no. 4 (2018): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.372.4.5.

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Strobilanthes erecta C. B. Clarke is reported as a newly recorded species from Vietnam and China. Examination of type material revealed that Goldfussia laotica and Strobilanthes suborbicularis are conspecific with S. erecta. In addition, the pollen morphology, line drawing and distribution map of S. erecta are provided.

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32

Tsoy, V., and S. Sayitov. "Distribution of ore-forming elements and minerals in gold objects of the Western Uzbekistan." Vestnik of geosciences, no. 2 (April 20, 2023): 10–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/geov.2023.2.2.

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We have analyzed the mineralogical and geochemical properties of gold ore deposits in the Western Uzbekistan, characterized by multi-stage and heterogeneous structure along the section. The systems of clarke values for the concentration of ore-forming elements were used as criteria for assessing deposits. The features of CC distribution by depth gradations are determined and, on this basis, the prospects for gold in deep horizons of deposits are estimated.

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Pamosoaji, A. K., P. K. Dewa, and J. V. Krisnanta. "Proposed Modified Clarke-Wright Saving Algorithm for Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem." International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management 1, no. 1 (2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/ijieem.v1i1.2292.

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A multi-objective distribution routing algorithm by using modified Clarke and Wright Saving algorithm is presented. The problem to solve is to deliver loads to a number of outlets based load requirement. The objective function to minimize is the distance saving and traveling time of the resulted route started from depot to the outlets and return to the original depot. Problem to solve is generating a distribution route in a week considering traffic condition for each day. The original Clarke and Wright saving algorithm is modified such that the resulted routes (from a depot to some outlets) accommodates some constraints such as the maximum allowable traveling time, maximum number of delivery shifts, and maximum number of vehicles. The algorithm is applied to a distributor company with nine outlets, two vehicles, and two delivery shifts. In addition, the traffic condition on the outlet-to-outlet and the depot-to-outlet routes is considered. The simulation of the proposed algorithm shows that the algorithm can generate routes that comply with shift’s maximum delivery time and the vehicles’ capacities.

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Rana, C.S., and D.S. Rawat. "New floral distribution records of Aquilegia nivalis (Baker) Falc. ex B.D. Jacks and Doronicum falconeri C.B. Clarke ex Hook. f. from the Valley of Flowers National Park, Uttarakhand, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 4, no. 9 (2012): 2911–14. https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3036.2911-4.

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Rana, C.S., Rawat, D.S. (2012): New floral distribution records of Aquilegia nivalis (Baker) Falc. ex B.D. Jacks and Doronicum falconeri C.B. Clarke ex Hook. f. from the Valley of Flowers National Park, Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4 (9): 2911-2914, DOI: 10.11609/JoTT.o3036.2911-4, URL: http://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/794

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Clarke, Julia A., Daniel T. Ksepka, N. Adam Smith, and Mark A. Norell. "Combined phylogenetic analysis of a new North American fossil species confirms widespread Eocene distribution for stem rollers (Aves, Coracii)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157, no. 3 (2009): 586–611. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00550.x.

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Clarke, Julia A., Ksepka, Daniel T., Smith, N. Adam, Norell, Mark A. (2009): Combined phylogenetic analysis of a new North American fossil species confirms widespread Eocene distribution for stem rollers (Aves, Coracii). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (3): 586-611, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00550.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00550.x

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36

Chekin, G. V., A. L. Silaev, and E. V. Smolsky. "Distribution of Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, Cr, Cd, Pb, Co, Mo, As in alluvial soils of floodplain landscapes of the Sozh river basin." Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, no. 109 (December 25, 2021): 165–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2021-109-165-185.

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The studies were carried out in the western part of the Bryansk Region in the landscapes of the Sozh River basin (Iput’ River, tributary of the 1st order, south of the village of Perevoz; River Besed', tributary of the 1st order, northwest of the village of Baturovka; River Unecha, tributary 2nd order, west of the village of Lopatny). The aim of this work is to study the features of the vertical and horizontal distribution of the gross content of Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, Cr, Cd, Pb, Co, Mo, As in the alluvial soils of floodplain landscapes. The selection of soil samples for the determination of the gross content of trace elements was carried out in subsystems of the floodplain landscape, different in geomorphology and hydrology, by the method of soil springs. Each key soil plot was a full-profile soil pit and four reconnaissance pits. Samples were taken from the walls of the cuts every 5 cm, mixed and averaged by the quartering method. The gross content of trace elements was determined by the atomic absorption method, after preliminary decomposition of the samples with a mixture of concentrated nitric and hydrofluoric acids using a microwave system. Variations in the content of trace elements in the layers of alluvial soils were assessed using the coefficient of variation. To characterize the degree of concentration or dispersion of trace elements in soils, the concentration clarke was calculated. As a result of the research, it was found that the vertical distribution of trace elements in the 0–20 cm layer is determined by their chemical properties and the genesis of the soils of the floodplain subsystems, and can be uniform, decreasing/increasing with depth or with concentration in separate layers. Clarke concentrations of microelements and their content increase in the direction from the riverbed to the near-terrace subsystem of the floodplain. Concentrations of elements in the soils of floodplain landscapes do not exceed the clarke value. The exceptions are Cr, Zn and Cu in the soil of the near-terrace subsystem of the river Unecha, Cd – in the soil of the central subsystem of the river Besed’, as well as Cu and Cd – in the soil of the near-terrace subsystem of the river Besed’. An excess of the clarke value for some elements may indicate their anthropogenic origin.

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37

Kochmar, Iryna, and Vasyl Karabyn. "INVESTIGATION OF DEPORTMENT OF CHALCOPHILIC HEAVY METALS IN THE WASTE ROCK OF CENTRAL COAL ENRICHMENT PLANT "CHERVONOHRADSKA" FOR THE PURPOSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY OF LVIV-VOLYN COAL BASIN." Environmental Problems 7, no. 4 (2022): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ep2022.04.169.

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Iryna Kochmar Vasyl Karabyn 1 Lviv State University of Life Safety 2Lviv State University of Life Safety Mining areas are centres of increased environmental danger. This is due to the development and operation of mines and subsequent beneficiation of coal, as well as the storage of significant volumes of empty waste rock in landfills. An important component of ensuring environmental safety is the investigation of the factors and ways of the impact of rock dumps on the state of the environment. In this regard, the article examines the forms of heavy metals found in the rock of the waste heap of the central coal enrichment plant "Chervonohradska" of the Lviv-Volyn coal basin. The environmental hazard factors caused by the distribution of various forms of lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper, based on establishing the migration capabilities of these elements in the technogenesis zone, are analyzed. It was determined that the gross content of lead reaches 16.32 mg/kg, cadmium – 5.84 mg/kg (exceeding clarke up to 29.2 times in siliceous siltstone and siltstone), zinc – 421 mg/kg (exceeding clarke up to 5.26 times in sandstone, siltstone and siliceous siltstone), copper – 112.89 mg/kg (exceeding clarke by 2 times in siltstone). The concentration coefficients of heavy metals in the samples were determined in relation to the gross form. The results of the research give a reason to evaluate the rocks of the waste dump in terms of the distribution of various forms of Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu as dangerous for the environment and unsuitable for use because in all the samples an excess content was observed in one form or another.

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38

Feige, Uriel, Gil Kalai, and Moshe Tennenholz. "The Cascade Auction — A Mechanism for Deterring Collusion in Auctions." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 27, no. 1 (2013): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v27i1.8560.

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We introduce a sealed bid auction of a single item in which the winner is chosen at random among the highest k bidders according to a fixed probability distribution, and the price for the chosen winner is the Vickrey-Clarke-Groves price. We call such an auction a cascade auction. Our analysis suggests that this type of auction may give higher revenues compared to second price auction in cases of collusion.

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Dell'Olmo, Jacopo, Fabio Massimo Gatta, Alberto Geri, Marco Graziani, Stefano Lauria, and Marco Maccioni. "Clarke Transform Based Fast Assessment of Switching Overvoltages in an MV Distribution Network." Electric Power Systems Research 212 (November 2022): 108255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108255.

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40

WEBER, PHILIPY, and RAFAEL TREVISAN. "Rhynchospora caduciglumis a new species of Rhynchospora section Glaucae and neotypification of Rhynchospora gollmeri (Cyperaceae)." Phytotaxa 292, no. 2 (2017): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.292.2.7.

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Rhynchospora caduciglumis, a new species of Rhynchospora sect. Glaucae C.B. Clarke is described and illustrated. The new species is similar to R. polyantha Steud., but it has shorter spikelets (2.8–4.0 vs. 4.0–5.0 mm), fascicles with fewer spikelets, deciduous scales when the achenes are mature and narrower leaves (1.6–2.0 (–3) vs. 2.0–4.0 (–4.5) mm). Rhynchospora gollmeri Boeckeler is neotypified and its disjunct distribution between Venezuela and southeastern Brazil discussed.

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Baccelli, Francois, and William A. Massey. "A sample path analysis of the M/M/1 queue." Journal of Applied Probability 26, no. 2 (1989): 418–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3214049.

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The exact solution for the transient distribution of the queue length and busy period of the M/M/1 queue in terms of modified Bessel functions has been proved in a variety of ways. Methods of the past range from spectral analysis (Lederman and Reuter (1954)), combinatorial arguments (Champernowne (1956)), to generating functions coupled with Laplace transforms (Clarke (1956)). In this paper, we present a novel approach that ties the computation of these transient distributions directly to the random sample path behavior of the M/M/1 queue. The use of Laplace transforms is minimized, and the use of generating functions is eliminated completely. This is a method that could prove to be useful in developing a similar transient analysis for queueing networks.

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Baccelli, Francois, and William A. Massey. "A sample path analysis of the M/M/1 queue." Journal of Applied Probability 26, no. 02 (1989): 418–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002190020002742x.

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The exact solution for the transient distribution of the queue length and busy period of the M/M/1 queue in terms of modified Bessel functions has been proved in a variety of ways. Methods of the past range from spectral analysis (Lederman and Reuter (1954)), combinatorial arguments (Champernowne (1956)), to generating functions coupled with Laplace transforms (Clarke (1956)). In this paper, we present a novel approach that ties the computation of these transient distributions directly to the random sample path behavior of the M/M/1 queue. The use of Laplace transforms is minimized, and the use of generating functions is eliminated completely. This is a method that could prove to be useful in developing a similar transient analysis for queueing networks.

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43

Clarke, Allan J., Stephen Van Gorder, and Yvette Everingham. "Forecasting Long-Lead Rainfall Probability with Application to Australia’s Northeastern Coast." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 49, no. 7 (2010): 1443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jamc2373.1.

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Abstract The authors develop a method for the long-lead forecasting of El Niño–influenced rainfall probability and illustrate it using the economically important prediction, from the beginning of the year, of September–November (SON) rainfall in the coastal sugarcane producing region of Australia’s northeastern coast. The method is based on two probability distributions. One is the Gaussian error distribution of the long-lead prediction of the El Niño index Niño-3.4 by the Clarke and Van Gorder forecast method. The other is the relationship of the rainfall distribution to the Niño-3.4 index. The rainfall distribution can be approximated by a gamma distribution whose two parameters depend on Niño-3.4. To predict the rainfall at, say, the Tully Sugar, Ltd., mill on the north Queensland coast in SON 2009, the June–August (JJA) value of Niño-3.4 is predicted and then 1000 possible “observed” JJA Niño-3.4 values calculated from the error distribution. Each one of these observed Niño-3.4 values is then used, with the Niño-3.4-dependent gamma distribution for that location, to calculate 1000 possible SON rainfall totals. The result is one million possible SON rainfalls. A histogram of these rainfalls is the required probability distribution for the rainfall at that location predicted from the beginning of the year. Cross-validated predictions suggest that the method is successful.

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Strzałkowska, Ewa. "Ashes Qualified as a Source of Selected Critical Elements (REY, Co, Ga, V)." Energies 16, no. 8 (2023): 3331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16083331.

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The subject of the research involved fly ashes from several power plants in Poland, produced in the process of hard coal and lignite combustion. The objective of this article was to determine the concentration and distribution of elements strategic for the EU economy in ashes and in their two finest grain classes (below 20 µm and 45 µm). The differences in grain size of these ashes, as shown by granulometric tests, were significant. The concentrations of elements in the ashes and in grain classes were compared with the world average (Clarke value) for this raw material. For the majority of critical elements, a dependence of the concentration on the size of ash particles was observed. The content of REY (Rare earth elements and yttrium) and other critical elements in hard coal ashes increases with decreasing particle size. Despite the increase in the concentration of REY in the class below 20 µm, the Clarke value of these elements was not exceeded. Pearson’s correlation coefficients confirmed the interdependence between some elements of the ashes. The distribution of trace elements in grain classes of the ash was determined on the basis of observations using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) detector. Components of fly ashes that can be treated as an alternative source of strategic elements for the European Union were indicated.

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Fikejz, Jan, Markéta Brázdová, and Ľudmila Jánošíková. "Modification of the Clarke and Wright Algorithm with a Dynamic Savings Matrix." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2024 (March 29, 2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/8753106.

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The goods collection and delivery process often relates to distribution logistics problems. The task is to deliver goods from warehouses to customers under specific circumstances. Efforts to optimize the process are largely aimed at reducing overall costs of goods transportation. Among the prominent algorithms for solving the basic type of the delivery (or collection) problem, which includes a single depot and a homogeneous vehicle fleet, is the algorithm developed by Clarke and Wright in 1964. This algorithm minimizes transportation costs by maximizing the savings achieved through merging multiple routes into one. This paper primarily aims to solve the pickup and delivery problem where the goods must be delivered and empty packaging collected in a single process. The request of a customer can be routed from the depot or from another customer. Similarly, the destination of the request may be the depot or another customer. Unlike the original version of the Clarke and Wright algorithm, the initial routes are created to satisfy delivery orders, and therefore, the same customer can occur in multiple routes. Consequently, a situation may arise in which two routes containing one or more common vertices must be combined during the calculation. Furthermore, these vertices need not be the outermost vertices of the routes. This situation cannot be addressed by using the original version of the Clarke and Wright algorithm, and that is why we propose its modification. Merging routes through inner vertices means that the cost savings depend on the configurations of the routes, and therefore, they cannot be calculated a priori. Instead, the dynamic savings matrix must be used.

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Rachman Afandy, Fachri, and Reza Fayaqun. "OPTIMASI PENDISTRIBUSI BARANG DENGAN METODE CLARKE AND WRIGHT (SAVING HEURISTIC) DAN METODE NEAREST NEIGHBOUR." Jurnal Locus Penelitian dan Pengabdian 2, no. 8 (2023): 833–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.58344/locus.v2i8.1589.

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Perkembangan bisnis e-commerce dan jasa pengiriman tentunya tidak bisa lepas satu sama lain karena saling membutuhkan. PT. Pos Indonesia, memiliki unit operasi distribusi kiriman berupa Mail Processing Center (MPC), seperti MPC Bandung. Proses antaran yang terdapat di MPC Bandung sebagai ekspedisi yang mengirimkan barang hingga ke tangan pelanggan sangatlah panjang. Namun yang menjadi masalah adalah pendistribusian yang dilakukan MPC membutuhkan biaya yang besar oleh karena itu disusun rute pendistribusian untuk setiap Distribution Center (DC) menggunakan satu angkutan. Dalam penelitian ini peneliti ingin mengetahui bagaimana cara untuk memecahkan masalah penentuan rute yang optimal dari MPC Bandung ke setiap Distribution Center (DC). Dalam penelitian ini, penulis akan menganalisa masalah yang terjadi dengan menggunakan Metode Clarke and Wright Algorithm Saving Heuristic dan Metode Nearest Neighbour akan menghasilkan matriks jarak dari setiap titik atau lokasi, termasuk untuk pendistribusian kiriman di MPC Bandung ke setiap Distribution Center. Setelah dilakukan perhitung dengan Metode Saving Heuristic dan Algoritma Nearest Neighbour, maka selanjutnya hasil dari kedua metode dilihat mana yang memiliki jarak yang minimum. Dari kedua metode yang digunakan didapatkan Metode Algoritma Nearest Neighbour memiliki jarak yang minimum yakmi 238,1 km. Penghematan yang dilakukan apabila menggunakan Metode Nearest Neighbour adalah 21%.

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Daulay, Maeyra Sapani, and Hendra Cipta. "THE OPTIMALIZATION GARBAGE COLLECTION ROUTE BY USING CLARKE SAVING HEURISTIC METHOD IN MEDAN." ZERO: Jurnal Sains, Matematika dan Terapan 7, no. 1 (2023): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30829/zero.v7i1.17167.

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Waste is a classic problrm that occurs in metropolis such as Medan. As a city of trade and industry, the waste generated in Medan city is increasing every day. This research was made based on the problems that exist in Medan Marelan Sub-district. The problem of waste distribution in Medan Marelan does not yet have a fixed route and runs two routes or two rounds every day so that waste transportation is not optimal which results in piles of garbage at several points that are missed and ineffective time. Based on these problems, this research was made using the Clarke and Wright Saving Heuristic method. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal waste transportation route for waste distribution so as to minimize distribution costs. From the processing, the route that will be obtained can be determined by two methods, namely nearest neighbor and farthers insertion. From the observations of the two methods used, the total distance on each route is different. For example, on the first Typer Truck route, the Farthest Insert Method is 34.126 km and the Nearest Neighbor Method is 32.595 km with the required fuel of 6.8 liters and 6.5 liters. The second Typer Truck Farthest Insert Method is 13.275 km and the Nearest Neighbor Method is 13.506 km with 2.65 liters and 2.7 liters of fuel. And the third Typer Truck Farthest Insert Method is 13.075 km and Nearest Neighbor Method is 13.225 km with 2.6 Liters and 2.64 Liters offuel.

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Tausif, Muhammad, Brian Duffy, Sergei Grishanov, Hamish Carr, and Stephen J. Russell. "Three-Dimensional Fiber Segment Orientation Distribution Using X-Ray Microtomography." Microscopy and Microanalysis 20, no. 4 (2014): 1294–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927614000695.

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AbstractThe orientation of fibers in assemblies such as nonwovens has a major influence on the anisotropy of properties of the bulk structure and is strongly influenced by the processes used to manufacture the fabric. To build a detailed understanding of a fabric’s geometry and architecture it is important that fiber orientation in three dimensions is evaluated since out-of-plane orientations may also contribute to the physical properties of the fabric. In this study, a technique for measuring fiber segment orientation as proposed by Eberhardt and Clarke is implemented and experimentally studied based on analysis of X-ray computed microtomographic data. Fiber segment orientation distributions were extracted from volumetric X-ray microtomography data sets of hydroentangled nonwoven fabrics manufactured from parallel-laid, cross-laid, and air-laid webs. Spherical coordinates represented the orientation of individual fibers. Physical testing of the samples by means of zero-span tensile testing and z-directional tensile testing was employed to compare with the computed results.

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Cipta, Hendra, and May Fitriana Hasibuan. "Optimal Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) For The Distribution Of Medical Devices By Applying The Clarke-Wright Algorithm." International Journal of Science and Environment (IJSE) 3, no. 1 (2023): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.51601/ijse.v3i1.56.

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In the current era of modernization, the development of the need for medical devices is increasing,g so that the companies need goods distribution system with criteria that have speed, safety, and convenience to distribute various kinds of products according to optimal distribution routes. The aim of this study is to overcome the problem of the distribution route for medical devices from PT Alkes Medan because the number of demand for goods varies for each consumers, vehicle capacites, delivery time limits, average speed that can be reached on certain routes and times and the existence of the different conditions of multiple trips at the customer's location. A heuristic algorithm named Clarke-Wright Algorithm is applied in this problem. This algorithm will be later provide an optimal solution to route problem in the distribution of medical devices and provide effectiveness in finding the shortest optimal route of medical device goods distributed to consumers. The optimal route will be described in the results section of this study

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Alameen, Mamoon, Rasha Aljamal, and Sadeq Damrah. "A Clarke and Wright Improved Algorithm to Solve the Vehicle Routing and Traveling Salesman Problem." Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 8, no. 1 (2016): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2016/7288.

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Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) and Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) are well known transportation problems. The problems can be seen in all the industries that involves goods distribution and transportation scheduling. Finding the shortest distance with respect to the given constraint contribute highly to save money and energy consumption. This paper investigates the possibility of creating a cellular application that can provide an instant routing plan through a simple heuristic (Clarke and Wright) in order to avoid the usage of more complicated approaches as metaheuristics and exact methods that normally taking very long CPU time.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Clarke distribution'

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