Academic literature on the topic 'Classic bicycle'
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Journal articles on the topic "Classic bicycle"
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Smith, N. "Classic Project: Penny Farthing Bicycle." Engineering & Technology 9, no. 7 (August 1, 2014): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2014.0738.
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Verbeek, Anna J. M., Janneke de Valk, Ditmar Schakenraad, Jan F. M. Verbeek, and Anna A. Kroon. "E-bike and classic bicycle-related traumatic brain injuries presenting to the emergency department." Emergency Medicine Journal 38, no. 4 (January 20, 2021): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2019-208811.
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BackgroundE-bike usage is increasingly popular and concerns about e-bike-related injuries and safety have risen as more injured e-bikers attend the emergency department (ED). Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the main cause of severe morbidity and mortality in bicycle-related accidents. This study compares the frequency and severity of TBI after an accident with an e-bike or classic bicycle among patients treated in the ED.MethodsThis was a prospective cohort study of patients with bicycle-related injuries attending the ED of a level 1 trauma centre in the Netherlands between June 2016 and May 2017. The primary outcomes were frequency and severity of TBI (defined by the Abbreviated Injury Scale head score ≥1). Injury Severity Score, surgical intervention, hospitalisation and 30-day mortality were secondary outcomes. Independent risk factors for TBI were identified with multiple logistic regression.ResultsWe included 834 patients, of whom there were 379 e-bike and 455 classic bicycle users. The frequency of TBI was not significantly different between the e-bike and classic bicycle group (respectively, n=56, 15% vs n=73, 16%; p=0.61). After adjusting for age, gender, velocity, anticoagulation use and alcohol intoxication the OR for TBI with an e-bike compared with classic bicycle was 0.90 (95% CI 0.56 to 1.45). Independent of type of bicycle, TBI was more likely if velocity was 26–45 km/hour, OR 8.14 (95% CI 2.36 to 28.08), the patient was highly alcohol intoxicated, OR 7.02 (95% CI 2.88 to 17.08) or used anticoagulants, OR 2.18 (95% CI 1.20 to 3.97). TBI severity was similar in both groups (p=0.65): eight e-bike and seven classic bicycle accident victims had serious TBI.ConclusionThe frequency and severity of TBI among patients treated for bicycle-related injuries at our ED was similar for e-bike and classic bicycle users. Velocity, alcohol intoxication and anticoagulant use were the main determinants of the risk of head injury regardless of type of bicycle used.
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Smith, N. "Classic Project: 'F-Frame' or Mouton Bicycle." Engineering & Technology 12, no. 10 (November 1, 2017): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2017.1036.
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Lucas, Shelley. "The Red Zinger/Coors Classic Bicycle Race: Commemorations and Re-Cycled Narratives." Sport History Review 50, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/shr.2019-0033.
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The Red Zinger Bicycle Classic, later renamed the Coors International Bicycle Classic, is renowned for its influence on the development of men’s and women’s cycle racing in the United States. Recent efforts to create a United States Cycling Monument in Boulder, Colorado, centered on commemorating what is commonly referred to as the Coors Classic. I use the proposed monument as a starting point for exploring how the Coors Classic is being remembered, particularly with respect to the women’s competition. Where do women cyclists and their contests fit into the commemoration of this race? My analysis illuminates gendered aspects of this race and what I refer to as re-cycled narratives. I conclude with a concern about the impact of re-cycled narratives on present-day women’s cycling and consider historian Beverly Southgate’s call for thinking about histories for the future.
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POSMYK, Andrzej, and Mateusz JEZUSEK. "INFLUENCE OF BICYCLE BRAKE SYSTEM ON USERS SAFETY." Tribologia 278, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.6983.
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In many big cities, for example, Silesia Conurbation, in order to limit the negative results of automotive vehicles operation, toll bicycle rental stations have been actuated. Their users are incidental persons. Therefore, the safety of a traffic participant on bicycle ways and on areas with bicycle traffic depends on the sufficiency of braking systems. In the bicycle industry, there are many of types of brake systems from mechanical to hydraulic. A common part of the brake systems is a friction contact. In this paper, the results of tribological examination of materials used for bicycle brakes have been presented. Tribological investigation (coefficient of friction, wear rate) of classic (the oldest) rubber pad/AW-6061 alloy wheel band, composite with thermoplastic matrix/steel and AW-6061 alloy wheel band as well as friction composite with duroplastic matrix/steel brake disc contacts have been conducted. Microscopic observations of examined materials surfaces have been done and the wear mechanisms have been explained. A preliminary estimation of the influence of used materials on the safety of a traffic participant has been done.
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WEINBERGER, STEPHEN. "The Cyclist (Bicycleran)." Film Quarterly 59, no. 4 (2006): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2006.59.4.47.
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ABSTRACT Mohsen Makhmalbaf, onetime Iranian revolutionary and self-taught filmmaker and humanist, has made a series of highly acclaimed and deeply personal films. The Cyclist has much in common with the style and content of Vittorio De Sica's neorealist classic, The Bicycle Thief. However, despite the similarities, Makhmalbaf, like his fellow filmmakers, has made neorealism distinctively Iranian.
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Francese, Joseph. "Of shame and humiliation in Ladri di biciclette: 'Ciccio formaggio' and 'Tammurriata nera'." Journal of Italian Cinema & Media Studies 8, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jicms_00019_1.
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Abstract In what follows I analyse how two Neapolitan songs enhance viewer perspective of the personalities of the protagonists of the classic film of Italian neorealism, Ladri di biciclette (Bicycle Thieves) by De Sica (1948), Antonio Ricci and his son Bruno. The first, 'Ciccio formaggio', casts into relief Antonio's masculine self-image, particularly his reaction to the impact of unemployment on his traditional role of pater familias and to the possibility of public humiliation, should he fail to retrieve his bicycle. While 'Ciccio' sheds light on the tension in the marital relationship, 'Tammurriata' allows the viewer to consider Bruno's marginalization within a self-perpetuating cycle of poverty, thus shifting focus, at least partially, from the father to the long-term effects on the son (for which Antonio feels shame born of inadequacy).
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Wideberg, J. P. "Dynamic effect of the non-rigid modified bicycle model." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 216, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 717–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070260340817.
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In this paper a method to add elastic effects to the classic ‘bicycle model’ for the simulation of the dynamic behaviour of vehicles is presented. The obtained results show that, in the simulations, dynamic effects such as lateral acceleration are more severe when non-rigid models of the vehicle frame are used. This work demonstrates that the modified bicycle model is a useful instrument to predict the response of a vehicle. At present, much effort is dedicated to simulation with rigid body dynamic programs. The proposed method offers an easy way to evaluate the dynamic effects in models with flexible frames. The elasticity of the frame has an important impact on the directional response (yaw gain and lateral velocity) of the vehicles. This method is useful for analysis from the behaviour of vehicles with modifications made after their manufacture. In the design phase the manufacturer has the suitable tools and the experience to avoid designing frames of low rigidity. Nevertheless, in the second-hand market it is very common for trucks and their structure to be modified. The change in rigidity of the frame could have considerable effects on directional stability and handling.
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Eaton, Steve. "To Catch a Bicycle Thief: David O. Selznick’s Failed Attempt to Co-Opt the Neorealist Classic." Italianist 39, no. 2 (May 4, 2019): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02614340.2019.1591694.
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Bláha, Milan. "Extracorporeal LDL-Cholesterol Elimination in the Treatment of Severe Familial Hypercholesterolemia." Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic) 46, no. 1 (2003): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2019.1.
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The extracorporeal elimination of LDL-cholesterol could be performed using the classic non-selective centrifuge or membrane plasmapheresis. The modern methods are more selective and effective. The atherogenic particules are removed from plasma by active colon or capsula. The methods include: cascade filtration, imunoadsorbtion, heparin-induced precipitation of LDL, thermofiltration, dextran-induced precipitation of LDL and direct adsorption of lipids (DALI). The regular LDL-apheresis is the life-saving technique in the treatment of homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. It is used in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia when the patients do not respond to diet and drugs therapy, too. The regular LDL-apheresis treatment may be followed by the decreased frequency of angina pain episodes, the reduction of ECG changes during the bicycle ergometry and significant disappearance of tendinous xantomas. Some prospective randomised studies has shown even in this group of patients, resistant to conventional treatment, a significant regression of atherosclerotic changes.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Classic bicycle"
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Ranalli, Ramona Renee. "The Structure of the 2-Sylow Subgroups of the Ideal Class Groups of Imaginary Bicyclic Biquadratic Fields." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29790.
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In this dissertation class groups of imaginary bicyclic biquadratic fields are considered. In chapter 1 we develop a method for determining the structure of the 2-class group of K. In chapters 3, 4, and 5 this method is applied to determine all imaginary bicyclic biquadratic extensions of Q with class number 4, 8, and 16, as well as to determine the specific structure of each.Ph. D.
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Hensienne, Raphaël. "Nouvelles classes d’iminosucres bicycliques : approche synthétique des squelettes 5-azaspiro[3.4]octane et 6-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAF049/document.
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Des études antérieures conduites par notre groupe ont permis d’identifier l’α-1-C-nonyl-1,5-didésoxy-1,5-imino-D-xylitol en tant que puissant inhibiteur de la β-glucocérébrosidase – enzyme impliquée dans la maladie de Gaucher. La conformation inhabituelle (chaise inversée) de ce composé nous a incités à étudier plus avant la relation entre conformation et activité biologique des iminosucres. L’objectif de ces travaux de thèse consistait ainsi en la synthèse d’analogues conformationnellement contraints d’iminosucres. Dans un premier temps, trois spiro-iminosucres basés sur un squelette 5-azaspiro[3.4]octane ont été obtenus via une séquence comportant trois étapes clés : formation du cyclobutane par cyclisation radicalaire, introduction de l’azote par C-H amination et formation de la pyrrolidine par métathèse. Dans un second temps, une séquence a été développée pour la synthèse stéréodivergente d’iminosucres bicycliques accolés basés sur un squelette 6-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane via l’enchaînement de deux étapes clés : formation de la structure azabicyclique par aldolisation de type Mukaiyama puis oxydation de la cétone résultante en énonePrevious studies performed by our group led to the identification of α-1-C-nonyl-1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-xylitol as a powerful inhibitor of β-glucocerebrosidase, the enzyme involved in Gaucher disease. This compound’s unusual (inverted chair) conformation prompted us to further study the relationship between iminosugars’ conformation and biological activity. The aim of this PhD work was thus the synthesis of conformationally restricted iminosugar analogues. Firstly, three spiro-iminosugars based on a 5-azaspiro[3.4]octane scaffold were synthesized through a sequence including three key steps: cyclobutane formation by way of radical cyclisation, nitrogen introduction by mean of C-H amination and pyrrolidine formation by way ofmetathesis. Secondly, we developed a sequence dedicated to the stereodivergent synthesis of fused bicyclic iminosugars based on a 6-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane scaffold through a succession of two key steps: azabicyclic scaffold formation by mean of Mukaiyama aldol reaction followed by ketone to enone oxidation
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Salhi, Fouad. "Les tétrathiapentalènes disubstitués : nouvelle classe d'hétérocycles soufrés pour l'obtention de polymères conducteurs à motifs TTF." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10034.
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L'elaboration d'une nouvelle classe d'heterocycles soufres 2 12, bases sur le motif tetrathiapentalenes (ttp) est decrite. La synthese des tetrathiapentalenes disubstitues se deroule en une seule etape par couplage de la thiapendione avec dix differents aldehydes (rcho, r = phenyle, thienyle, furyle, etc) dans le phosphite de triethyle. Les monomeres sont caracterises par leurs proprietes spectroscopiques : uv-visible, ir, rmn, rpe, spectroscopie de masse, et leur proprietes electrochimiques. Excepte pour le compose 10, l'oxydation electrochimique des composes 2 12 conduit a la formation de polymeres a hauts potentiels. Les composes 2 (r = ph) et 7 (r = th) ont ete plus particulierement etudies. Les polymeres correspondants ont ete obtenus, ici encore en une seule etape, soit par voie chimique soit par voie electrochimique. Ces polymeres sont conducteurs : le poly-2 a une conductivite de 10##5 s/cm et le poly-7 a une conductivite de 10##2 cm. L'ensemble des proprietes spectroscopiques (uv-visible, ir, rpe) indique que le poly-2 est un polymere base sur le motif ttf vinylogue. Le mecanisme d'electropolymerisation du poly-2 met en jeu la dimerisation du monomere et la formation a haut potentiel du radical trication du dimere. Des experiences de voltamperometrie cyclique couplees d'une part a la rpe et d'autre part a la conductivite ont montre que l'oxydation du poly-2 donne naissance a trois systemes polarons bipolarons et que l'etat conducteur correspond au polymere a demi-charge presentant le maximum de spins. En revanche, le poly-7, motif alterne ttp et bithienyle, a montre deux systemes polarons bipolarons. Enfin, les etudes saxs (source synchrotron esrf) ont mis en evidence la nature polymerique de ces materiaux.
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Němcová, Klára. "Rekonstrukce silnice II/605 Holoubkov – Rokycany (Borek)." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-409816.
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The topic of the master’s thesis is reconstruction of the the road II/605 between municipality of Holoubkov and municipality of Rokycany (Borek) including local adjustments of the road in urban area of municipality of Svojkovice. The reasons for this reconstruction are insufficient parameters of current condition of the road. In Svojkovice are solved adjustments of crossroads, bus stops, parking bays, pavements and bicycle paths.
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Zhang, Hao, and 張皓. "A Study of the Learning Effectivenessof the Bicycle Education Classes for the Junior High School Students." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16107482896826595139.
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碩士國立臺灣師範大學
運動休閒與餐旅管理研究所
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The research aimed to explore the relationships among student’s learning motivation, satisfaction and effectiveness for the bicycle education of school. The study was done with 517 valid questionnaires completed by the students of Taoyuan city bicycle education school in fall semester of 2014. Based on the descriptive statistical analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA and correlation analysis, the results were as follows: The majority students of school bicycle education were first grade male. The percentage of students who didn’t join bicycle education was 75.2%, and students with bicycle at home was 86.7%. The main way to school was on foot. Among the aspects of learning motivation, satisfaction and effectiveness of bicycle education operate in school students, healthy of learning motivation is the highest. Satisfaction of teacher’s profession and peer relationship is equal. In effectiveness aspect, skill is the highest. Besides, students in different genders, grades, and join the bicycle education or not have highly correlated relationship among learning motivation, satisfaction and effectiveness. Also, learning motivation, satisfaction and effectiveness indicate a significant positive correlation. According to the results of this study, the research suggested schools should Increase more students to join the bicycle education and encourage students to join related activities held by school, community and government in the future. By familiar with bicycles recognition, riding skills, repair methods and form students’ interests to continue students learning satisfaction and effectiveness.
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Ronald, Kirsten Marie. "Biketivists, hipsters, and spandex queens : bicycle politics and cultural critique in Austin." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3150.
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This paper uses an interdisciplinary, multiperspectival approach to analyze biketivism and various anticapitalist biketivist projects in Austin, Texas, in the hopes that a “glocalized” exploration of past and current biketivist struggles can help locate potential sites for political agency in ways that more placeless rhetorical studies cannot. Because the form and content of present-day bike politics in Austin are heavily dependent on biketivism’s historically tense articulations with capitalism, a historical analysis of biketivism as an outgrowth of Progressive Era and Appropriate Technology narratives reveals its crystallization around issues of technological, spatial, and social politics. Three case studies then apply this framework to different sites within the Austin bike community: the sales rhetoric of pro-custom bike shops, the debates over installing a Bike Boulevard in downtown Austin, and the missions and forms of several bike-related cultural organizations. Together, these perspectives on Austin’s bike community indicate that the incorporation (and sometimes outright co-optation) of biketivists’ technological and spatial demands and practices into mainstream culture may fragment the movement into physical and social agendas, but this fragmentation does not necessarily silence biketivism’s more radical social politics. At least in Austin, co-optation of biketivism may paradoxically be helping biketivists meet their goal of bringing (pedal) power to the people.text
Books on the topic "Classic bicycle"
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Geser, Rudolf. Classic cycle races of Europe: 23 race routes to ride yourself. Denby Dale: Springfield Bks., 1993.
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Mountain bike rides of the West: Twenty classic tours. Flagstaff, AZ: Northland Pub., 1989.
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Hale, Sarah L. Mountain bike! Atlantic Canada: A guide to the classic trails. Birmingham, Ala: Menasha Ridge Press, 1999.
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Mountain bike! Mid-Atlantic states: A guide to the classic trails. Birmingham, Ala: Menasha Ridge Press, 1998.
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Cameron, Ward. Mountain bike! southwestern British Columbia: A guide to the classic trails. Birmingham, Ala: Menasha Ridge Press, 1999.
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Richard's New Bicycle Book: A fully revised edition of the classic cyclist's manual. London, England: Pan Books, 1990.
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1961-, Gibbs David, ed. Mountain bike! Maine: A guide to the classic trails. Birmingham, Ala: Menasha Ridge Press, 1998.
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Chris, Leman, Leman Laurie, and Leman Laurie, eds. Mountain bike! Washington: A guide to the classic trails. Birmingham, Ala: Menasha Ridge Press, 1999.
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Laurie, Leman, and Leman Laurie, eds. Mountain bike! Oregon: A guide to the classic trails. Birmingham, Ala: Menasha Ridge Press, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Classic bicycle"
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Eisenmann, Christine, Johannes Gruber, Mascha Brost, Amelie Ewert, Sylvia Stieler, and Katja Gicklhorn. "Fields of Applications and Transport-Related Potentials of Small Electric Vehicles in Germany." In Small Electric Vehicles, 127–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65843-4_10.
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AbstractThe possible applications of small electric vehicles, i.e., electric cargo bikes and three- and four-wheeled L-class vehicles in transport, are discussed, and potential business models are presented. Moreover, transport-related potentials are analyzed. Therefore, we have utilized a multi-method approach: we conducted qualitative interviews with experts and professionals in the field of light and small electric vehicles and carried out quantitative analyses with the national household travel survey mobility in Germany 2017. Our results show that, theoretically, small electric vehicles could be used for 20–50% of private trips (depending on the model). On these trips, however, they would not only replace car trips, but also trips on public transport or by bicycle and on foot. In commercial transport, these vehicles are particularly suitable for service trips and some last-mile deliveries. If small electric vehicles were to replace a significant share of the transport volumes of motorized passenger and commercial transport, they could contribute to climate protection.
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Colpus, Eve. "A Bicycle Tour of Memories." In Classes, Cultures, and Politics, 309–10. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199579884.003.0020.
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Limebeer, David J. N., and Matteo Massaro. "Precursory Vehicle Modelling." In Dynamics and Optimal Control of Road Vehicles, 158–94. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825715.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 considers a number of precursory car and bicycle models, as well as an important oscillatory phenomenon commonly referred to as shimmy. The chapter begins by considering a classical single-track car model that will be used to analyse such things as yaw stability, the effects of acceleration and braking, and some of the influences of cornering. After that, the Timoshenko–Young bicycle model that has steering and rolling freedoms is considered. Bicycle stability is then considered with the help of a point-mass bicycle model. Shimmy, including gyroscopic shimmy, is discussed in the concluding part of the chapter. The reader will also be introduced to the fundamental notions of oversteer and understeer.
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Wånggren, Lena. "The ‘Freedom Machine’: The New Woman and the Bicycle." In Gender, Technology and the New Woman. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474416269.003.0004.
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The third chapter examines the specific technology most commonly associated with the New Woman: the safety bicycle. When the safety bicycle first came into widespread use in the late 1880s it became connected with the New Woman and her ‘unsexing’ potential, with the loosening of social restrictions and with geographic mobility. Engaging first with medical as well as public debates around the perceived physical and social effects of the bicycle, along with guidebooks for female cyclists, the chapter moves on to consider how the bicycle through literature becomes a symbol of emancipation. Reading H. G. Wells Wheels of Chance (1897) and Grant Allen’s Miss Cayley’s Adventures (1899), the chapter complicates the notion of the bicycle as a democratising ‘freedom machine’, by insisting on the class specifics of the New Woman and the commercialism of the late-Victorian literary market.
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Withers, Jeremy. "Messenger Skateboards and Messenger Bikes in Postcyberpunk." In Futuristic Cars and Space Bicycles, 129–58. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789621754.003.0005.
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This chapter focuses on several important postcyberpunk works from the 1990s by Neal Stephenson, William Gibson, and Bruce Sterling. All these works celebrate transportation technologies such as skateboards and bicycles, technologies that challenge the car and its dominance over the road. Furthermore, an interest in transport machines helps these texts demonstrate some of the key features that scholars have identified as setting postcyberpunk apart from the classic cyberpunk of the 1980s, as well as some of the features they see as building continuity between the two.
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Campbell, Gordon. "Bicycles, Centaurs, and Man-faced Ox-creatures: Ontological Instability in Lucretius." In Classical Constructions, 39–62. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218035.003.0003.
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Sanford, A. Whitney. "Rethinking Abundance." In Living Sustainably. University Press of Kentucky, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813168630.003.0008.
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This chapter illustrates how intentional communities rethink abundance and ask how much we need to be happy. Sharing resources, from car sharing to food, provide access to goods and services without formal ownership and offers residents a form of freedom; for example, performing labor in bulk offers efficiencies that free residents from time-consuming tasks. Residents demonstrate that sustainable buildings such as strawbale houses can be comfortable and beautiful and that practices such as riding a bicycle for transportation can be fun and social. Some have critiqued intentional communities and the voluntary simplicity movement which hails primarily from the white, middle-class.
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Ahmed, Omar. "Neo-realist Aesthetics." In Studying Indian Cinema, 33–50. Liverpool University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906733681.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the neo-realist masterpiece Do Bigha Zamin (Two Acres of Land, 1953) directed by Bengali film-maker Bimal Roy. Prior to the emergence of a distinctive art cinema led by Satyajit Ray and Ritwik Ghatak, the aesthetics and ideologies of neo-realism as a distinctive cinematic approach were reflected sporadically in the socialist agenda of films such as Do Bigha Zamin. While Ghatak was busy filming his first film, Nagarik (The Citizen, 1952), and Ray was still struggling with the first part of The Apu Trilogy, it was Bimal Roy, a film-maker now considered part of populist cinema, who made the earliest attempt to integrate neo-realist aesthetics into the framework of a mainstream project. The chapter considers the state of Indian cinema before the emergence of neo-realism; the influence of the IPTA (Indian People's Theatre Association); Bimal Roy as a film-maker; and the wider context including the Bengal famine of 1943–44. It also looks at Balraj Sahni's status as one of Indian cinema's first method actors; the links to Italian neo-realist classics such as Bicycle Thieves (1948); and, finally, the various Marxist ideologies that underpin such a despairing narrative.
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Davies, G. H. M., and S. R. Wisniewski. "6.1.43 Product Subclass 43: Azaborines (Borazines)." In Knowledge Updates 2021/2. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-106-00205.
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AbstractAzaborines (or borazines) represent an interesting class of heterocycles incorporating a boron–nitrogen structural motif within an aromatic ring system. This creates a system that is isosteric to traditional all-carbon ring systems, as the lone pair on nitrogen can donate into the empty orbital at boron to afford aromatic properties. Reviewed herein are synthetic strategies to access mono- and bicyclic azaborine cores, along with subsequent functionalization strategies, some of which are uniquely applicable due to the inherent dipole imparted on these ring systems.
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Taber, Douglass. "The Takayama Synthesis of (-)-Cernuine." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199764549.003.0094.
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(-)-Cernuine 3 falls in the subset of the Lycopodium alkaloids that feature a bicyclic aminal core. There had not been a total synthesis of this class of alkaloids until the recent (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 1987) work of Hiromitsu Takayama of Chiba University. The key step in this synthesis was a diastereoselective intramolecular reductive amination, converting 1 to 2. As is apparent from the 3-D projection, (-)-cernuine 3 has a tricyclic trans-anti-trans aminal core, with an appended six-membered ring, both branches of which are axial on the core. While the branch that is part of the aminal could be expected to equilibrate, the other branch had to be deliberately installed. The synthesis began with (+)-citronellal 4, each enantiomer of which is commercially available in bulk. After protection and ozonolysis, the first singly-aminated stereogenic center was installed by enantioselective, and therefore diastereoselective, addition of 5 to the azodicarboxylate 6, mediated by the organocatalyst 7. Reductive cleavage of the N-N bond followed by acetal methanolysis converted 8 to 9. Ionization followed by allyl silane addition then delivered 11, having the requisite axial alkyl branch. The next two tasks were the assembly of the second of the four rings of 3, and the construction of the second single-aminated stereogenic center. The ring was assembled by deprotection of 11 followed by acylation with acryloyl chloride, to give 12. Grubbs cyclization followed by hydrogenation then led to 13. Homologation of 13 to the aldehyde 14 set the stage for condensation with the camphor-derived tertiary amine 15, following the protocol developed by Kobayashi. Sequential imine formation, aza-Cope rearrangement, and hydrolysis led to 1 in 94% de. One could envision reduction of the lactam carbonyl of 1 to an aldehyde equivalent, that would then, under acidic conditions, condense to form the desired aminal 2. This approach was, however, not successful. As an alternative, conditions were developed to convert 1 to the amidine 16. Reduction then proceeded with the expected high diastereocontrol, to give the cis 1,3-fused aminal 2. This was not isolated, but was directly acylated with acryloyl chloride, to 17.
Conference papers on the topic "Classic bicycle"
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Guo, F., and J. K. Gershenson. "Comparison of Modular Measurement Methods Based on Consistency Analysis and Sensitivity Analysis." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/dtm-48634.
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Most modularity measures center on quantifying dependencies with components external to modules. Some modularity measures include an accounting of component similarity. What is measured as dependencies and similarities varies by measure and by context. Additionally, there is some subjectivity in the measures. Noticeably, the measures lack rigorous verification and validation. There is also a lack of quantitative comparison among the various measures. This research highlights the consistencies among the measures of modular product design and attempts to select a single measure for use in future applications. A list of eight alternative modularity measures was developed from available literature. The goal was to compare these measures to find the most representative measure with high similarity to the mainstream of all measures but also with a high sensitivity to changes in modularity. Our hypothesis is that, since many measures look somewhat similar, we are looking for one measure that is in agreement with most measures and therefore performs reliably; it should also be significantly more sensitive. Similarity was defined via consistency analysis — similar measurements rank the different product modularities in the same sequence. Sensitivity was compared by slightly changing the product architecture of example products and then quantifying which measures are more sensitive to these changes. Analysis was based on 11 products: a Fisher-price Chatter Radio, a Proctor Silex automatic drip coffeemaker, a Johnson fishing reel with pre-spooled line, a Sunbeam home hair trimmer, a Farberware ice cream scoop, a Regent halogen clamp lamp, a Bell classic portable bicycle pump, a Pur faucet mount water filter, an ANCO premium wiper blade, a Kodak single-use camera, and an Adhesive Tech mini glue gun.
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Doval, Peter N., and Ilya V. Avdeev. "Investigation of Riding Position Effects on Time-Trial Bicycle Drag Coefficient at Different Yaw Angles." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88247.
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Time-trial bicycle racing is highly influenced by aerodynamics, perhaps more so than any other form of bicycle racing. Companies competing in this class of racing spend millions of dollars trying to optimize the geometry of the bicycles and the gear each rider wears in order to reduce aerodynamic drag. The idea behind this project was to investigate other ways to optimize the aerodynamic efficiency of the rider, considering that the rider contributes the majority of the drag force of the bicycle-rider system. A large contributor to drag is the frontal area of the object of interest (a silhouette of the object in the fluid flow direction). This illustrates how much the rider’s body contributes to overall drag. If small riding adjustments could be made to the rider’s body during riding, drag may be significantly reduced. This idea and the fact that the direction of wind impacting the rider can vary influenced the concept of this project. It was hypothesized that adjusting the time-trial handlebars on the bicycle to place one of the rider’s hands further aft than the other would influence the upper body to rotate slightly. This could then reduce the frontal area of the rider in the wind direction, therefore reducing the aerodynamic drag. To simulate this situation, a non-contact 3-D digitizer was used to scan a rider aboard a bicycle in a normal riding position and in the above-mentioned, asymmetric position. This 3-D scan was then imported into the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program Star-CCM+ and several simulations were run. Each of the two riding positions was simulated at differing yaw angles, ranging from −45° to 45°. The initial simulations seem to prove the theory as the asymmetrical riding position experiences decreased drag at significant yaw angles while the normal riding position does not. These results are encouraging and it is desired to continue refinement of the scanning and simulation methods as well as to validate these findings in a wind tunnel.
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Dressel, Andrew E., and Adeeb Rahman. "Benchmarking Bicycle and Motorcycle Equations of Motion." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47344.
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In 2007, Meijaard, et al. [1] presented the canonical linearized equations of motion for the Whipple bicycle model along with test cases for checking alternative formulations of the equations of motion or alternative numerical solutions. This paper describes benchmarking three other implementations of bike equations of motion: the linearized equations for bicycles written by Papadopoulos and Schwab [2] in JBike6, the non-linear equations for bicycles outlined by Schwab [3] and implemented in MATLAB as a Cornell University class project, and the non-linear equations for motorcycles implemented in FastBike from the Motorcycle Dynamics Research Group at the University of Padua. [4] Some implementations are easier to benchmark than others. For example, JBike6 is designed to produce eigenvalues and easily exposes the coefficients of its linearized equations of motion. At the other extreme, the class project non-linear equations were not originally intended to generate eigenvalues and are implemented in a single 48×48 matrix. Finally, while FastBike does generate eigenvalues, its equations of motion incorporate tire and frame compliance, which cannot be completely disabled. Instead, the tire stiffness parameters must be increased, but not so much as to cause convergence errors in FastBike. In the end, all three implementations generate eigenvalues that match the published benchmark values to varying degrees. JBike6 comes the closest, with agreement of 12 digits or more. The class project is second, with agreement of 12 digits for most forward speeds, but with a loss of measurable agreement near the capsize speed due to a peak in the eigenvalue condition number. Unfortunately, FastBike is limited at this time to exporting eigenvalues with no more than two decimal places, and so agreement can only be found to ±0.005.
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Luecke, Greg R., and Chris Walck. "Classical Control Design for a Gyroscopically Stabilized Inverted Pendulum." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65721.
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This work reports on the design and development of an inverted pendulum using a control moment gyro as a stabilizing mechanism. A common educational demonstration calls for a person to stand on a pivoting platform, and hold a spinning bicycle tire with one hand on each side of the axle. As the person rotates their arms, they begin to spin on the platform. This is due to the interesting effect of the control moment gyro. Similarly, this paper suggests the use of control moment gyros as a compact way of dynamically controlling objects. This paper will first discuss some of the current applications of control moment gyro systems, and how they could be used to improve existing technologies. This paper derives the dynamics of a particular gyroscope influenced pendulum, and shows a simple way to design a controller that stabilizes the pendulum. With the theory and background in place, experimental results are presented to verify the predicted response and validate the control approach. Finally, this paper will evaluate some of the strengths and weakness of this control approach, compared to other balancing techniques.
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Foust, Emine Celik. "Incorporating Student-Led Design Projects in Instrumentation and Measurements Laboratory." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86055.
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Proposal-based design projects are an effective tool for teaching and reinforcing fundamental concepts. These projects require significant time investment for both students and faculty. Studies have shown that execution of these projects leads to larger knowledge retention. This paper illustrates the examples of student-led projects developed during instrumentation and measurement laboratory class. The Instrumentation and Measurement Laboratory is a requirement of the Mechanical Engineering program at York College of Pennsylvania. The class features an introduction to experimental design, measurement and data analysis. The number of credits dedicated to this class is one laboratory credit. Description of the course, student outcomes, class exercises and examples of student-led design projects are illustrated. In the current paper, these projects include the study of water hammer characteristics in a pipe, force measurements on two types of bicycle helmets, and light intensity measurements for five different light bulbs. Outcomes of student surveys and recommendations for future class offerings are also included.
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Archibald, Mark. "Analysis of Light Alternative-Powered Vehicle Use and Potential in the United States." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64714.
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Potential benefits of light alternative-powered vehicles are analyzed along with technical, social, and political factors affecting their widespread adoption in the United States. Light alternative-powered vehicles (LAV) include human-powered vehicles such as bicycles and velomobiles, electric bicycles, light electric vehicles, hybrid human-electric, and similar vehicles. Currently bicycles comprise the vast majority of this class of vehicle. Widespread adoption of light alternative-powered vehicles can result in reduced transportation energy consumption, reduced greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, reduced urban noise, and reduced user costs. Annually, the average US driver could reduce gasoline consumption by 2000 liters, greenhouse gas emissions by 4 metric tonnes, and realize an annual savings of $5,000. In the United States the use of light alternative vehicles is quite low, due primarily to a combination of social, economic, and political factors, including transportation regulations. While dramatic increases in the use LAVs is not likely without changes in these factors, technological factors may significantly affect perception and use. Significant technical factors include improved batteries and control systems, reduced manufacturing cost, improved usability, and improved infrastructure. Scale is an important factor. Most of the technical factors are solvable with current or emerging technologies, but the demand for LAVs the United States does not justify the investment required. Light alternative-powered vehicles have the potential be a significant part of energy and GHG policy in the United States, but are limited more by political factors than by technology.
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Ghosh, Angshuman, Karan Deshmukh, and Gracious Ngaile. "Database for Real-Time Loading Path Prediction for Tube Hydroforming Using Multidimensional Cubic Spline Interpolation." In ASME 2010 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2010-34099.
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Tube Hydroforming (THF) is a metal-forming process that uses a pressurized fluid in place of a hard tool to plastically deform a given tube into a desired shape. In addition to the internal pressure, the tube material is fed axially toward the die cavity. This process has various applications in the automotive, aerospace, and bicycle industries. Accurate coordination of the fluid pressure and axial feed, collectively referred to as a loading path, is critical to THF. Workable loading paths are currently determined by trial and error, which can be time consuming. This paper discusses an innovative technique for developing an interactive, real-time database that would be able to predict loading paths for typical classes of THF products and hence, reduce the computational time required. By classifying most of the commercial THF parts into families, parameters such as material properties, part geometry, and tribological factors were simulated by category and stored in the database. Multidimensional cubic spline interpolation was implemented to enable an end user to request from the database a loading path for a wide range of conditions. Test results from the database for different THF families were shown to approximate the simulated results. In addition, by reducing the computation time, the use of interpolation techniques eliminates the need for carrying out multiple simulations for similar THF parts.
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Ivanova, Veronika, and Galina Semenova. "Skiers Training Management Based on Integrated Control." In The Public/Private in Modern Civilization, the 22nd Russian Scientific-Practical Conference (with international participation) (Yekaterinburg, April 16-17, 2020). Liberal Arts University – University for Humanities, Yekaterinburg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35853/ufh-public/private-2020-66.
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The article focuses on the issues of embracing integrated control in sports as a tool for athlete training management. Currently, in order to determine the functional state and physical fitness of athletes, conventional control methods are currently widely complemented with diagnostic equipment. Its application in athlete training management has been proven quite efficient. Owing to modern approaches to integrated control, it becomes feasible to prevent the overtraining of athletes. The significance of integrated control increases with the growth of performance in all sports, including skiing. At that, the training process becomes more intense and the workload increases. Hence, it is clear that the matter of integrated control has been growing in relevance. In the course of the study of top-class skiers, functional status and physical fitness were monitored using modern diagnostic equipment. In particular, testing was carried out with the MARG device, which revealed the body’s functional state, impaired regulation of the cardiovascular system and overtraining. The skiers’ speed and power abilities were also assessed using a Techno Gym Bike Forma vertical ergometer (Italy). Cardiovascular system adaptation to physical loads was tested via a bicycle ergometer with a sequentially increasing load. The test findings enabled the evaluation of the athletes’ preparedness, which consequently allowed for further training sessions to be planned. The coronavirus epidemic outbreak has affected all aspects of the athlete’s training, including the implementation of comprehensive controls. The possibility of conducting comprehensive online monitoring should be sought.
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Moore, Preston, Chase Vande Velde, Richard Wagner, and Christopher Depcik. "Design and Analysis of Electric Bikes for Local Commutes." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52135.
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In today’s society, those who do not take advantage of public transportation services typically drive personal vehicles to school, work, and other locations of interest. Due to the required amount of physical exertion, walking or riding a bike is often avoided. This is concerning given that a large percentage of carbon and hazardous emissions emanate from motor vehicles. This creates a need for an alternative means of travel for shorter commutes with electric bikes (e-bikes) one potential solution. They have zero tailpipe emissions and significantly lower overall emissions relative to motorized vehicles; however, their cost often prevents them from being readily marketable. In order to address this issue, two undergraduate capstone design teams have constructed e-bikes using recycled and donated parts over the past two years. In the first year, the runner from a pickup truck was scavenged from a junkyard and employed as the frame to provide for the greatest environmental benefit. However, this resulted in an odd bicycle shape because of limited material availability. As a result, the second years team decided to use a donated chrome moly tube as the frame while focusing on ergonomics and aesthetics. This second bike was designed so that a male rider of average height (5′10″ – 1.78 m) could complete commutes of several miles in relative comfort. Both e-bikes employ a direct drive motor (first year – front wheel; second year – back wheel) to provide assistance when needed, leaving the rider less fatigued. To promote further development in electric bike design, each team has made a considerable effort to record the design process with highlights presented in this effort. Furthermore, e-bike testing results are presented including center of mass calculations, braking distances, turning radii, and overall efficiencies quantified by the miles traveled using the same battery pack. This information will be used to compare the bikes against each other in order to illustrate bike attributes that are desired when an electric motor is employed. The result is an appealing, cost-effective, and efficient electrical bike that will greatly reduce traffic related emissions should it become widely implemented. Given the issues related to transportation at a university (e.g., available parking) including the reticence of students to traverse long distances across campus to attend classes, it is believed that this effort can serve as a model example to other universities who might see e-bikes as a potential solution to reducing congestion and improving student attendance.