Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Classical Grammar'

Since the fifth century, the theatre has been a place for seeing. In spite of this, blind figures repeatedly appear on the stage, from Oedipus, Polymestor, Tiresias and the Cyclops to Shakespeare's Gloucester, Beckett's Hamm, Friel's Molly Sweeney and Kane's Ian. These blind characters have an important role to play in articulating the task of the spectator, both in their aural and imaginative construction of the fictional world in pre-naturalistic theatre, and also in their ability to see through the dramatic illusion in later drama. These scenes of blindness and blinding also have consequences for reception studies, since the relationship between them is not straightforwardly a textual reception history. Instead, these blind characters and the scenes in which they appear are read as what Deleuze and Guattari term an 'assemblage': a heterogenous multiplicity that is produced at the moment of reading / watching with reference to other scenes of blindness and blinding. This thesis sketches out a grammar for such an assemblage, and each chapter focuses on a rule in this grammar. When read as part of an assemblage of blindness, blind characters always have a special relationship with death (Chapter 2), showcase their own performance (Chapter 3), undermine the fictional setting that has been established onstage (Chapter 4), have access to a kind of superhuman knowledge (Chapter 5) and alter the position of their spectators (Chapter 6). Each chapter is structured around a particular moment when the theatre's interest in blind characters resurges, as a response to changes in the social, cultural or scientific understanding of vision and visual impairment. In each chapter, the grammar that is outlined in Chapter 1 with reference to ancient plays returns to the fore, but is refracted through the historical period back on to the grammar of the assemblage.

Diverging explanations of local multiparametric schemata are found in music of the common practice period (c. 1600–c. 1900). Associative statistical theories describe schemata as situated structures in particular times and places, whereas generative theories present these constructions as features formed through stability in universal and general rule systems. Associative-statistical theories of schemata elucidate the culturally conditioned relationships between features (distinctive attributes commonly used in grammars and schemata), but do not show the influence of universal psychological constraints; generative theories reveal the implicit structure of music, but do not formalise particular grammatical features and contexts. A synthesis of generative and associative-statistical approaches is necessary to model the interaction between universal and particular constraints of grammars and schemata. This dissertation focuses on a novel localised schema formed in the Classical instrumental grammar, termed the butterfly schema. It is posited that the butterfly schema is generated by a tendency for congruence that is manifest in and between the particular features of this grammar. Computational musicology and psychology provide interdisciplinary insight on the formal possibilities and limitations of grammatical structure. Computational models of schemata and grammars show how the congruent features of musical structure can be represented and formalised. However, they also highlight the difficulties found in the automatic analyses of multiparametric relationships, and may be limited on account of their inductive frameworks. Psychological approaches are important for establishing universal laws of cognition, but are limited in their potential to account for the diversity of musical structuring in grammars. The synthesis of associative-statistical and generative approaches in the present dissertation permits modelling the combination of the universal and particular attributes of butterfly schemata. Butterfly schemata are dependent on the particular grammars of periods of history, but are constrained by the tendency for congruence, which is proposed to be a cognitive universal. The features of the butterfly schema and the Classical instrumental grammar are examined and compared against the features of the Baroque and Romantic grammars, showing how they are formed from diverse types of congruent structuring. The butterfly schema is a congruent grammatical category of the Classical instrumental grammar that comprises: chords that are close to the tonic in pitch space (with a chiastic tension curve starting and ending on the tonic); a textural and metrical structure that is regular and forms a regular duple hierarchy at the level of regular functional harmonic change and at two immediately higher levels; and simple harmonic-rhythm ratios (1:1 and 3:1). A survey conducted using arbitrary corpora in European instrumental music, c. 1750–c.1850, shows the distribution of butterfly schemata. Butterfly schemata are more common in the Classical-period sample (c. 1750–c. 1800) than in the Romantic-period sample (c. 1800–c.1850), suggesting that the tendency for congruence manifest in and between the features common in the Classical grammar generates butterfly schemata. A second component to the statistical analysis concerns the type of schemata observed, since the tendency for congruence is presumed to also apply to the type of features that form in butterfly schemata. Maximally congruent features are generated more commonly than minimally congruent features, indicating the influence of the tendency for congruence. This dissertation presents a formulation of the Classical instrumental grammar as a multiparametrically congruent system, and a novel explanation and integration of the concepts of grammars and schemata. A final component to the dissertation poses that the features of the Classical instrumental grammar and butterfly schema follow a distinct order of dependency, governed by the mechanism of selection in culture. Although the tendency for congruence governs all features of a grammar, features are also formed by the top-down action of culture which selects those features. Thus, a top-down hierarchical selection model is presented which describes how the butterfly schema is formed through the order of selection of features in the Classical instrumental grammar.

Orientador: João Batista Toledo Prado<br>Resumo: O presente trabalho consiste em um estudo da arte gramatical intitulada Terentiani Mauri de litteris, de syllabis, de metris, do autor latino Terenciano Mauro (TM), que se ocupa da descrição e técnica de uso dos versos da lírica latina. Composto pelos livros De litteris, De syllabis e De metris, o tratado técnico perpassa os mais variados tópicos: desde o estudo das letras latinas e da formação de sílabas, até o emprego de diferentes metros na composição dos versos de renomados poetas latinos. O estudo volta-se à investigação das principais características do Prefácio e do livro De Metris de TM, a fim de evidenciar as diferentes camadas que constituem o texto, uma vez que é possível identificar, em algumas passagens, a emergência de uma função poética, ainda que em segundo plano. Nesse sentido, observou-se que TM demonstra certo cuidado na elaboração do plano de expressão de sua obra, na medida em que compõe o texto empregando metros do acervo da poesia clássica latina. Verificou-se também que o metricista constrói o ritmo de seu texto mantendo um movimento constante dos versos, além de explorá-lo por meio de um arranjo regular dos elementos na oração. Trata-se, portanto, de uma arte métrica com aspectos metapoéticos. Assim, pretendeu-se comprovar que esse aspecto indica certa performatividade do texto, uma vez que ele demonstra a matéria por meio do arranjo dos versos que compõem o arranjo do plano de expressão. À luz de estudos antigos e recentes, dispôs-se não apenas a apr... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: The present work consists of a study of the ars grammatica named Terentiani Mauri de litteri, de syllabis, de metris, written by the Latin author Terentianus Maurus (TM) and which focuses on the description and technique used in the verses of the Latin lyric. It is composed of the books: De litteris, De syllabis and De metris, covering varied topics - from the study of the Latin letters and the formation of the syllables to the usage of different metric in the composition of renowned Latin poets. This study aims to investigate the main characteristics of the Preface and the book De Metris, by TM, highlighting the different parts that constitute the text, since it is possible to identify in some excerpts the presence of a poetic function. It is observed that the grammarian was quite careful in the elaboration of the plan of expression of his work as far as he uses meters of the classic Latin poetry catalogue while he writes his text. Furthermore, it is noticed he develops the rhythm of his text maintaining a constant movement of his verses besides exploring it through a regular arrangement of the elements in the sentence. It is, thus, a metrical treatise with metapoetic features. Therefore, it was intended to prove that this aspect suggests some performativity of the text as it shows the subject through the arrangement of the verses which form the arrangement of the plan of the expression. In the light of past and present studies, not only was it desired to submit an overview ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre

Notre thèse étudie les phénomènes de subordination relative au long des 16e et 17e siècles. Il s'agit d'interroger les cadres et les contraintes entourant le pronom lequel au moment où ce dernier subit une diminution fréquentielle marquante de son emploi relatif en discours, après « l'âge d'or » du Moyen français et le raffinement qu'il pouvait représenter. Cette problématique engage la concurrence entre les pronoms relatifs simples (qui, que, quoi, dont et où), et les pronoms relatifs composés (lequel et ses dérivés). Le caractère atypique du pronom-déterminant relatif lequel nous a invité à effectuer une étude sur corpus en interrogeant les paramètres syntaxiques, mais également sémantiques et référentiels, qui favorisent l'emploi en discours du pronom-déterminant lequel pour introduire des subordonnées. Nous cherchons à mettre ces paramètres en relation d'une part avec la morphologie du pronom-déterminant, d'autre part avec les caractéristiques de la subordonnée relative et notamment son statut sémantique.L'analyse du co(n)texte élargi entourant lequel nous a permis d’observer que son rôle au long de la période classique engage également des questions touchant à la perspective fonctionnelle de l'énoncé, soit à l'organisation de l'information. Le pronom-déterminant lequel est interprété comme un marqueur périodique et il permet d'organiser les différents mouvements du texte. Nous avons étudié les occurrences où nous pouvons trouver le pronom lequel aux côtés de différents marqueurs périodiques, et nous avons décrit les effets de sens produits par le pronom-déterminant et les différents types de hiérarchisation du continuum textuel qu'il permet de construire. Cela nous permet de mieux comprendre comment l'énoncé était construit et perçu avant « l'invention de la phrase », d'étudier la répartition de l'information et la construction des chaînes de référence dans une perspective relevant d'une grammaire textuelle diachronique<br>We study the relative subordination in french language along the 16th and 17th centuries. Our thesis explores the frameworks and constraints surrounding the use of the pronoun lequel, which undergoes a marked frequency decrease in its relative use in discourse after the "golden age" of the French Middle Ages and the refinement that it could represent. This problematic entails competition between simple relative pronouns (qui, que, quoi, dont et où) and relative compound pronouns (lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles…). The atypical character of the relative pronoum lequel invited us to carry out a corpus study by interrogating the syntactic, semantic and referential parameters, which favor the use in discourse of the pronoun-determinant lequel to introduce subordinates clauses. We put these parameters in relation with the morphology of the pronoun-determinant and the properties of the relative clause and its semantic status.The analysis of the cotext surrounding lequel allowed us to observe that its role during the classical period also involves problematics related to the informational perspective of the discourse, namely its organization. The pronoun-determinant lequel is interpreted as a periodic marker and it organizes the different movements of the text. We study the occurrences where we can find the pronoun alongside different periodic markers, and we have described the meaning effects produced by the pronoun-determinant and the different types of hierarchization of the textual continuum that it builds. This allows us to better understand how the discourse was constructed and perceived before the "sentence invention", to study the distribution of information and the construction of reference chains from a perspective that can be qualified as a diachronic textual grammar

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá zkoumáním nových verzí automatů a gramatik a je proto rozdělena do dvou částí. První část definuje a studuje čisté více zásobníkové automaty a navíc zavádí úplná uspořádání nad jejich zásobníky nebo zásobníkovými symboly. Práce dokazuje, že zavedená omezení snižují vyjadřovací sílu automatů. Ve druhé části práce jsou definovány a popsány nové derivační módy gramatik s rozptýleným kontextem, které zobecňují relaci přímé derivace. Je dokázáno, že jejich použití nesnižuje vyjadřovací sílu gramatik.

Orientador: Charlotte Marie Chambelland Galves<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T02:52:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes_AnaLuizaAraujo_M.pdf: 520095 bytes, checksum: dbb4f565b8b57a9bfbeb809370397a20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010<br>Resumo: A dissertação investiga a ênclise em orações dependentes na história do PE - entre os séculos 16 e 19. A colocação pronominal é um dos assuntos mais estudados da língua portuguesa, mas sempre priorizando as orações principais finitas onde há grande variação na colocação dos clíticos, com a mudança gramatical ocorrida no século 18 (Galves, Brito e Paixão de Sousa 2005, Galves, Namiuti e Paixão de Sousa2005; Paixão de Sousa, 2004). As orações dependentes sempre foram consideradas como contexto de próclise categórica. No entanto, nos dados extraídos do Corpus Histórico Tycho Brahe, apesar da predominância proclítica, foram atestados dados de ênclise em dependentes. A ênclise ocorre em orações dependentes nas gramáticas do Português - Clássico e Europeu moderno- sempre que há pelo menos um constituinte entre o complementador e o verbo. A ênclise ocorre em todo o período - Português Clássico ao Português Europeu moderno - em vários tipos de oração: relativas, completivas, dependentes iniciadas em porque. Mostro ainda que há uma estabilidade ao longo do tempo na colocação de clíticos em orações dependentes, ao contrário do que acontece nas orações principais A pergunta a ser respondida foi: como estas duas gramáticas geram a ênclise nas dependentes? Analiso o fenômeno com base no CP expandido de Rizzi (1997), e ainda retomando a proposta de Galves e Sandalo 2009 para a colocação de clíticos no PCl e no PE<br>Abstract: The aim of this work is to investigate the enclisis on subordinate clauses in the history of the European Portuguese. The clitic placement is one of the most popular subjects about the Portuguese language, but these researches always focus on the main clauses, there is a large variation on the clitics placement, after the language change around 18 century (Galves, Brito e Paixão de Sousa 2005; Paixão de Sousa 2004). The subordinate clauses were always considered as categorical proclisis context. Nevertheless, despite the high rates of proclisis on subordinates clauses, there are enclisis data from Tyhco Brahe Parsed Corpus of historical Porutuguese. The enclisis is only possible on subordinate clauses in Classical Portuguese and European Portuguese, when there is at least on constituent between the complement and the verb. The enclisis occurs in all type of subordinate clauses: relatives, completives, dependent clauses beginning with porque (because), during all the period - from Classical Portuguese to European Portuguese, and there are a stability during time. The aim of this work was to answer the question: How these two grammar produce the enclisis on subordinates? The phenomena was analyzed based on expanded CP proposed by Rizzi (1997), and the proposal from Galves and Sandalo (2009) for clitic placement on Classical Portuguese and European Portuguese<br>Mestrado<br>Linguistica<br>Mestre em Linguística

This study identifies and describes constituents, patterns and distribution of the system –or systems- of demonstratives of a representative selection of early Greek dialects, namely the “Arcado-Cyprian” group: Arcadian and Cyprian, including a short analysis of Pamphylian as well as a discussion of the particle νι/νυ and a brief note on Mycenaean; the “Aeolic” group: Lesbian, Boeotian and Thessalian; and a selection of West Greek dialects, including both “Doric” and “Northwest Greek” dialects: Elean, Cretan, Laconian, Cyrenaean and Theran. It also examines, describes and compares the syntactic functions and, where possible, pragmatic uses of the series of demonstratives in operation in the selected dialects, providing a classification capable of accounting for all uses cross-dialectically, as well as a succinct account of the evolution of the system of demonstratives from Indo-European to “Ancient Greek”. Additionally, it offers a glimpse of the way in which deixis and anaphora seem to have worked in early Greek dialectal inscriptions, addressing the issue of defining demonstrative pronouns, as well as deixis and anaphora in general terms. Finally, this thesis provides the basis for a cross-dialectal comparison of the structure and operation of the different systems of demonstratives, and corrects some general misconceptions about the scope, usage and inter-dialectal connections of some series of demonstratives, particularly with regard to Arcadian and Cyprian. The results of such a study might contribute towards the discussion of the classification and history of the evolution of early Greek dialects.

The purpose of this thesis is to describe the grammatical system of Classical Ch'olti', the language of the Classic Maya hieroglyphic inscriptions, as attested in inscriptions of the Early Classic (approximately AD 200-600). Around 300 Lowland Maya Hieroglyphic inscriptions have been dated to the Early Classic or before, nearly one third of these remain unpublished. Previous work on the monumental inscriptions of the Early Classic (Mathews 1985; Proskouriakoff 1950) has examined Early Classic monuments primarily as works of art. Mora-Marin (2001) examined the language of inscriptions found on early portable texts, a small subset of the corpus here examined. In great part, however, this study of the language of Early Classic inscriptions breaks new ground. The body of the thesis consists of a description of the linguistic system attested in Early Classic texts, with particular emphasis on morphology. The corpus is divided into three general sections according to date: Cycle 8 Texts, including all texts which date prior to the end of the Eighth Baktun in AD 435; Early Ninth Baktun Texts, covering the years between AD 435 and AD 534 (9.0.0.0.0-9.5.0.0.0 in the Maya Long Count), and ‘Terminal Early Classic’ Texts, which includes texts from between AD 534 and AD 633 (9.5.0.0.0-9.10.0.0.0). With these divisions it is possible to track the development of the attested linguistic system of the Early Classic inscriptions. It is discovered that the core elements of that system are already in place by the end of the Baktun 8. The morphological features first attested during the Eighth Baktun continue in use for the duration of the Early Classic, though in both of the subsequent time periods new features are added to the inventory of Early Classic morphemes. The static nature of the language, as suggested by its apparent continuity throughout the centuries which comprise the Early Classic, is consistent with the prestige status proposed for that language by Houston et al. (2000).

Efficiency in the presentation of a Latin text and its study-aids is the key to assisting intermediate students, who frequently become overwhelmed with the amount of vocabulary and grammar that needs to be simultaneously understood in order to read with any accuracy. This text breaks down the first book of Caesar's Bellum Gallicum in both a visual and a conceptual manner to aid students in learning intermediate Latin efficiently. The text is comprised of five parts. The first section contains the text as found in DuPontet's edition of Caesar's Bellum Gallicum. The second section has grammar notes that explain tense and case uses that are necessary for grasping the text, as well as citations for further reading. The third section displayes the text segmented into clauses and is positioned in such a way that the student can, at a glance, visualize what is part of the main clause, and what is subordinate to it. This segmentation assists the reader in learning to follow the order of Caesarian clauses when translating. The fourth section provides a list of vocabulary, not previously memorized by students, that happens to appear in that specific section. The final component is a list of all words that first appear in Book 1 of Caesar's Bellum Gallicum and that appear throughout Caesar's text five or more times.

Orientador: Charlotte Marie Chambelland Galves<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T20:46:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cavalcante_SilviaReginadeOliveira.pdf: 705251 bytes, checksum: 03b5546f8db580f0ad6dbcc37df82172 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006<br>Resumo: A análise sincrônica da variação 0 j se com infinitivo em amostras de fala (NurcjRJ e Português Fundamental) e de escrita (jornais) do Português Brasileiro (PB) e do Português Europeu (PE) revela uma diferença no percentual do uso de se com infinitivo: PE apresenta uma média de 8% de presença de se nas amostras de fala e de escrita, ao passo que PB apresenta uma média de 25% e de .50% de se na fala e na escrita respectivamente. partir de tais resultados, esta tese procura entender a evolução diacrônica de se com infinitivo que dá lugar a esse uso diferenciado em PE e PB. Para isso, trata da variação 0 j se numa amostra de textos de autores portugueses nascidos entre os séculos 16 e 19, que compõem o Corpus Anotado do Português Histórico - Corpus Tycho Emhe. Nesta amostra, a média de se com infinitivo sofre uma mudança: até o século 18 (período do Português Clássico - PCI), há 20% de presença de se nas infinitivas; a partir do século 18 (Português Europeu), há 10% de presença de se nas sentenças infinitivas. A análise se fundamenta (a) no tipo de se que pode aparecer junto ao infinitivo: sepassivo, se-indefinido e se-impessoal (cj. Raposo e U riagereka 1996 e Martins 2003), e (b) na natureza de AGR não finito em PB e PE (cj. Moreira da Silva 1983, Galves 1993 e Figueiredo Silva 1996). Com base neste quadro teórico e nos resultados de um conjunto de mudanças ocorridas na gramática do PB, é possível argumentar a favor de que, enquanto no PE, um sistema em que AGR é forte, capaz de licenciar e identificar sujeitos nulos, aparecem o se-indefinido e o se-impessoal; no PB, um sistema de AGR fraco no traço [pessoa], o se é o se-impessoal e aparece para identificar o referente indeterminado da posição sujeito de infinitivo, em variação com os pronomes a gente e você. No PCI, diferentemente, aparece o se-passivo nas infinitivas. Com esses resultados, procuro contribuir para uma descrição mais acurada das diferenças paramétricas existentes entre PE e PB. Esses resultados, aliados às pesquisas desenvolvidas dentro do quadro teórico gerativista, contribuem para se postular que estamos diante de três gramáticas distintas: a do PCI, a do PE e PB<br>Abstract: The synchronic analysis of 0/ se variation in infinitival sentences in spoken and written dialects of both Brazilian and European Portuguese samples reveals a different rate of se: Brazilian Portuguese presents a higher rate of se in infinitival clauses than European Portuguese. Taking in consideration this difference, this dissertation tries to explain the diachronic evolution of se in infinitival clauses that causes this different usage in EP and BP. Thus, this research deals with the variation 0/ se in a sample of portuguese writers bom between the 16th and 19th centuries, which makes Tycho Brahe Parsed Corpus of Historical Portuguese - Tycho Brahe Corpus. In this sample, the avarage of se in infinitivals undergoes a change: up to the 18th century (the sq-called Classical Portuguese period), there is 20% of se in infinitivals: whereas from the 18th century on (European Portuguese), there is 10% of se in infinitival clauses. The analysis is based on (a) the kind of se that may appear with infinitive: passive-se, indefinite-se and impersonal-se (cf Raposo e Uriagereka (1996), Martins (2003)), and (b) the nature of non-finite AGR in BP and EP (cf Moreira da Silva (1983), Galves (1993) and Figueiredo Silva (1996)). Based on this theoretical framework and on the results of the changes undertaken on the grammar of BP, it is possible to argue that, in EP, with a rich AGR system, able to licence and identify null subjects, we find indefinite-se and impersonal-se. ln BP, a weak AGR system with regards to the [person] feature, there is only impersonal-se and this pronoun appears to identify the indeterminate referent to the subject position of the infinitive, in variation with the arbitrary pronouns a gente and você. ln Classical Portuguese, we find the passive-se in infinitival sentences<br>Tese (doutorado) - Univers<br>Doutor em Linguística

Dans l’histoire de la langue française, bon nombre de lexèmes verbaux se sont déclinés en tours pronominaux et non pronominaux (se + V./V.) ayant entretenu des rapports de concurrence contextuelle. La nature de ces rapports n’a pas jusqu’ici fait l’objet d’une étude systématique pour la période du long XVIIe siècle, connue dans l’historiographie comme une période de standardisation du français. Cette époque, incluant les français appelés préclassique et classique, est cependant marquée par l’apparition non seulement de grands dictionnaires et d’une riche gamme de nouvelles grammaires, mais aussi des observations sur la langue française – les remarques – commentant, entre autres, les différents emplois des tours pronominaux et non pronominaux correspondants. Au travers d’une étude, d’un côté, d’ouvrages métalinguistiques, et, de l’autre, d’occurrences effectives dans des textes de divers genres et statuts, nous procédons dans cette thèse à une analyse linguistique des comportements de certains de ces tours en vue de mettre au jour des lois syntaxiques, sémantiques et syntagmatiques présidant à l’apparent flottement entre les emplois pronominal et non pronominal d’un lexème, ainsi que les enjeux du regard porté sur ces tours par les savants au XVIIe siècle. Nous nous intéressons, par ce biais, à l’éventualité du phénomène de variation lors d’une période de normalisation linguistique, tout en prêtant une attention particulière aux choix opérés par les auteurs des textes analysés. Ce faisant, nous nous interrogeons enfin sur le rôle du clitique se et sur la fonction qu’il remplit au sein du tour pronominal et dans la proposition en français de l’Âge classique<br>Throughout the history of the French language, many verbal lexemes have been broken down into reflexive and non-reflexive structures (se + V./V.) that have maintained contextual competitive relationships. The nature of these relationships has not yet been the subject of systematic study for the long period of the 17th century, known in historiography as a period of standardization of French. This period, which includes the French known as preclassical and classical, is, however, marked by the appearance not only of extensive dictionaries and a rich array of new grammars, but also of observations on the French language – remarques – commenting, among other things, on the different uses of the corresponding pronominal and non-pronominal structures. Through a study of both metalinguistic works and of actual occurrences in texts of various genres and statuses, this thesis proceeds in a linguistic analysis of the behaviour of some of these structures in order to uncover syntactic, semantic and syntagmatic laws governing the apparent wavering between the pronominal and non-pronominal uses of a lexeme, as well as the challenges in the way these structures were viewed by scholars in the 17th century. We are thus interested in the possibility of the phenomenon of variation during a period of linguistic standardization, while paying close attention to the choices made by the authors of the texts analyzed. Finally, we examine the role of the se clitic and the function it fulfils within the pronominal structure and in the French proposition of the Classical Age

This thesis investigates the diachronic evolution of directional constructions found in Mandarin and other modern varieties of Chinese. What I call directional constructions are usually called 'directional complements' in most work on Chinese grammar. They consist of a series of particles and their associated syntactic constructions. The particles follow after verbs and typically indicate a direction of motion associated with the event expressed by a verb. For example, in the sentence 'ta zouchulai' 'He walks out hither', the verb 'zou' 'walk' expresses the action of walking and the directional particle 'chulai' indicates that the action is performed going from inside to outside and in the direction of the speaker. Directional particles can also have a variety of abstract senses that are derived from their basic directional senses through metaphor. I trace the diachronic evolution of the directional particles and their associated syntactic constructions from their origins as independent verbs in various syntactic constructions in pre-Qin varieties of Chinese up to their present state in Modern Mandarin. I identify the various formal and functional properties of the constructions at each stage in the history of the language and show how these properties change from one stage to another. I also investigate the factors that condition these changes. My research is based on a corpus of vernacular texts that cover each period in the development of the constructions from pre-Qin times up to the present. I present my analysis of each stage in the development of the constructions within the Construction Grammar framework.

The theme of the dissertation is the reception of the Classical Antiquity in the Czech Literature between 1880 and 1910. The aim was to analyse the ways in which Czech culture related to the Classical Antiquity in the period of increased concern with Classical topics, motifs and forms. The first, largest part, methodologically inspired by the demythicizing perspective of Vladimír Macura and Jiří Rak, concerns with stereotypical views of the Classical Antiquity particularly prominent in the contemporary discourse: the antithetical image of noble Greece and corrupted Rome, the topos of bright Hellenic Sun and clear Sky, the ideology behind the common opinion that Ancient sculptures were all white (and the reactions to the discovery that they were, in fact, polychrome), the topos of a Greek athletic body and its employment in the policy of the Czech sports movement 'Sokol' (Falcon), and last but not least the topos of a man unspoilt by civilization and living in accordance with the Nature. Separate chapters are also devoted to two then important intermediaries of reception, grammar schools and translation. In the second part, attention is drawn to the representation of the Classical Antiquity in dramatic plays by Jaroslav Vrchlický, especially the dramatic trilogy Hippodamie, and their reception in...

Relatório de estágio de mestrado em Ensino da Música<br>As competências funcionais relacionadas com a apropriação da gramática tonal são reconhecidas pelos autores de referência da pedagogia musical como decisivas na formação de um músico. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho pretende ser um contributo à investigação das vantagens e desvantagens da inclusão de novos elementos de carácter criativo no âmbito da aula de instrumento no ensino especializado da música que visem desenvolver tais competências. Para tal efeito, elaborou-se um programa de introdução à prática da improvisação rítmico-tonal constituído por dezasseis pequenas atividades que se pudessem incluir, como complemento ao currículo atual, no âmbito das aulas de guitarra clássica. Este conjunto de atividades tem como objetivo, por um lado, aprofundar o programa curricular atual segundo outras perspetivas e, por outro, desenvolver o estudo, a familiaridade e a apropriação da gramática tonal. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o programa de atividades aqui proposto se adequa satisfatoriamente à estrutura curricular da aula de guitarra clássica e que pode, de facto, servir como forma de desenvolvimento das competências referidas.<br>Functional competencies related with the appropriation of tonal grammar are acknowledged by major authors in musical pedagogy as decisive in the training of any musician. As such, the present work is intended as a contribution to the research into the advantages and disadvantages of introducing new elements of a creative nature into instrument classes in the context of specialized music education, elements aimed at the development of such skills. For this purpose, an introductory program to the practice of tonal-rhythmic improvisation was devised, consisting of sixteen small activities that could be added to the current curriculum, in the context of classical guitar lessons. This set of activities aims, firstly, to enrich the current curriculum with a widening perspective, and secondly, to improve the study and mastery of tonal grammar. The end results suggest that the program of activities proposed here is suited to the curriculum of classical guitar class and can indeed serve as a means of developing the abovementioned skills.

The aim of the present thesis is translation, detailed analysis and interpretation of the Coffin Texts of the Late-period tomb of Iufaa at Abusir. The corpus of these texts is unique, because except for a few text sequences, which were common in the Late Period, there are texts that are not preserved elsewhere in the Late Period and sometimes only exist in highly fragmentary Middle Kingdom versions. The Coffin Texts found on Iufaa's outer sarcophagus and on the walls of his burial chamber consist only of such uncommon texts. Some of these are also placed on the inner sarcophagus, whereall theremaining Coffin Texts spells are also located. The thesis presents a translation and analysis of the individual texts, focusing on their development, tradition and changes between the Middle Kingdom and the Late Period, including commentaries on grammar and language use as well as on the content. Iufaa's versions of these texts significantly contribute to our understanding and interpretation of some Coffin Texts spells and present a wider view on Egyptian religious texts and their interpretation, as well as on the textual transmission and work of Egyptian priests and scribes themselves.

The introductory study presents overall Apollonius Dyscolus, the most significant ancient greek grammarian. It deals with his person, important technical issues of his work, and particularly with his grammar study, focusing on fundamental grammar classifications and thougt structure. The introductory study is accopanied by the translation of a few introductory chapters (GG II,1,1,3.1-17.17) of Apollonius' treatise Περὶ ἀντωνυμίας (Peri antonymias, On Pronouns), and by scholarly commentary to the translation.

Ce mémoire portera sur un aspect négligé de la querelle analogie-anomalie, la position des soi-disant anomalistes. On s'appliquera en effet à confronter le portrait de l'anomaliste présenté par Varron dans son De Lingua Latina, qui passe souvent pour être Cratès de Mallos, à ce que nous connaissons du grammairien à travers les scholies homériques. En un premier temps seront résumés et analysés les livres 8 à 10 du De Lingua Latina, seul témoignage positif au sujet de la querelle. Au deuxième chapitre seront examinés puis rejetées les sources grecques que la critique moderne a jugées perninentes à la reconstruction de la querelle. Une attention particulière sera accordée à l'école empiriste, à laquelle on a voulu associer la supposée école anomaliste. L'attaque de la grammaire par Sextus Empiricus (Adversus Mathematicos I) sera aussi abordée en détail et ce traité antigrammatical sera mis en parallèle avec le livre 8 du De Lingua Latina. Au troisième chapitre la querelle sera enfin remise dans son contexte original, celui des éditions alexandrines et pergaméennes des auteurs classiques, en particulier Homère. Après une historique du développement de la diorthose (correction des manuscrits d'Homère) de Zénodote à Aristarque, un survol des leçons qui sont attribuées à Cratès montrera le désaccord entre les deux protagonistes de la querelle sur la pratique de l'analogie dans l'édition d'un nouveau texte de la poésie homérique. L'apparition d'anomalies grammaticales dans les leçons de Cratès s'explique par la théorie littéraire euphoniste dont il était partisan.<br>In this thesis a neglected aspect of the analogist-anomalist controversy will be addressed, that is, the position of the so-called anomalists. Namely, we will compare the anomalist sketched by Varro in his De Lingua Latina, who is often taken to be Crates of Mallos, to what we know of this grammarian through the Homeric scholia. First, books 8-10 of the De Lingua Latina, the only positive evidence about the quarrel, will be summarized and analyzed. In the second chapter we will examine and reject the Greek sources which some modern scholars have thought to be useful for the reconstruction of the controversy. Special attention will be paid to the empirical school, to which some have tried to associate the alleged anomalist school. Sextus Empiricus' attack on grammar (Adversus Mathematicos I) will also be addressed in detail. In the third chapter, the controversy will finally be contextualized in its original context, that of the Alexandrian and Pergamene editions of classical authors, especially Homer. After sketching the development of diorthosis (the «correction» of Homer's manuscripts) from Zenodotus to Aristarchus, a survey of the readings attributed to Crates will show the disagreement between the two opponents of the quarrel about the practice of analogy in the editing of a new text of the Iliad and the Odyssey. The appearance of grammatical anomalies in the readings of Crates will be explained by the literary theory of euphony, of which he was a proponent.