Journal articles: 'Classical Grammar'

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Kaye, Alan S., and Wolfdietrich Fischer. "A Grammar of Classical Arabic." Journal of the American Oriental Society 123, no. 1 (January 2003): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3217851.

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Miller, Stephen D. "Classical Japanese: A Grammar (review)." Monumenta Nipponica 61, no. 4 (2006): 583–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mni.2007.0012.

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Cervelle, Julien, Rémi Forax, and Gilles Roussel. "A simple implementation of grammar libraries." Computer Science and Information Systems 4, no. 2 (2007): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis0702065c.

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This paper presents an extension of the Tatoo compiler compiler that supports separate compilation and dynamic linking of formal grammars. It allows the developer to define reusable libraries of grammars such as those of arithmetic expressions or of classical control operators. The aim of this feature is to simplify the development of domain specific languages especially for non specialists in grammar writing.

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Petrovitz, Walter. "The Cambridge grammar of classical Greek." WORD 65, no. 3 (July 3, 2019): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00437956.2019.1650453.

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McCarron, Alexander. "Classical Ethiopic: A Grammar of Ge'ez." Journal of Jewish Studies 74, no. 2 (October 1, 2023): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18647/3594/jjs-2023.

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van Emde Boas, Evert, Albert Rijksbaron, Luuk Huitink, and Mathieu de Bakker. "The Cambridge Grammar of Classical Greek. A new reference grammar for Classical Greek: aims and principles." Journal of Classics Teaching 20, no. 40 (2019): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2058631019000308.

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We are grateful to the editor of JCT for offering us the opportunity of outlining our views on the need for a new Greek reference grammar, to discuss our methodological principles, and to offer some thoughts on how the book may be useful as a teaching resource.

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DEVRIESE, DOMINIQUE, and FRANK PIESSENS. "Finally tagless observable recursion for an abstract grammar model." Journal of Functional Programming 22, no. 6 (July 10, 2012): 757–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796812000226.

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AbstractWe define a finally tagless, shallow embedding of a typed grammar language. In order to avoid the limitations of traditional parser combinator libraries (no bottom-up parsing, no full grammar analysis or transformation), we require object-language recursion to be observable in the meta-language. Since existing proposals for recursive constructs are not fully satisfactory, we propose new finally tagless primitive recursive constructs to solve the problem. To do this in a well-typed way, we require considerable infrastructure, for which we reuse techniques from the multirec generic programming library. Our infrastructure allows a precise model of the complex interaction between a grammar, a parsing algorithm and a set of semantic actions. On the flip side, our approach requires the grammar author to provide a type- and value-level encoding of the grammar's domain and we can provide only a limited form of constructs like many. We demonstrate five meta-language grammar algorithms exploiting our model, including a grammar pretty-printer, a reachability analysis, a translation of quantified recursive constructs to the standard one and an implementation of the left-corner grammar transform. The work we present forms the basis of the grammar-combinators parsing library1, which is the first to work with a precise, shallow model of abstract context-free grammars in a classical (not dependently typed) functional language and which supports a wide range of grammar manipulation primitives. From a more general point of view, our work shows a solution to the well-studied problem of observable sharing in shallowly embedded domain-specific languages and specifically in finally tagless domain-specific languages.

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Vidro, Nadia. "Grammars of Classical Arabic in Judaeo-Arabic." Intellectual History of the Islamicate World 8, no. 2-3 (July 30, 2020): 284–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2212943x-20201010.

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Abstract This article presents an overview of medieval Classical Arabic grammars written in Judaeo-Arabic that are preserved in the Cairo Genizah and the Firkovich Collections. Unlike Jewish grammarians’ application of the Arabic theoretical model to describing Biblical Hebrew, Arabic grammars transliterated into Hebrew characters bear clear evidence of Jewish engagement with the Arabic grammatical tradition for its own sake. In addition, such manuscripts furnish new material on the history of the Arabic grammatical tradition by preserving otherwise unknown texts. The article discusses individual grammars of Classical Arabic in Judaeo-Arabic and tries to answer more general questions on this little known area of Jewish intellectual activity. An analysis of the corpus suggests that Jews who copied and used these texts were less interested in the intricacies of abstract theory than in attaining a solid knowledge of Classical Arabic. Court scribes appear to have been among those interested in the study of Classical Arabic grammar.

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Mastronarde, Donald J. "A New Greek Grammar for Students and Teachers." Mnemosyne 73, no. 3 (March 6, 2020): 510–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12342854.

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Abstract This article reviews The Cambridge Grammar of Classical Greek, a major resource for learners and teachers that incorporates many insights from modern linguistics. While not a full replacement for older reference grammars of ancient Greek, it is particularly valuable for its up-to-date approach to topics such as verbal aspect and the tenses, particles, and word order.

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McCormack, Jay P., and Jonathan Cagan. "Supporting Designers' Hierarchies through Parametric Shape Recognition." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 29, no. 6 (December 2002): 913–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b12839.

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The need to implement shape grammars efficiently, rather than hardcode them, in a way that supports creativity through shape emergence is an ongoing research challenge. This paper introduces a shape grammar interpreter that supports parametric subshape recognition, and thereby shape emergence. The approach divides shapes into hierarchies of subshapes based on specified geometric relationships within the shape. A default hierarchy based on geometric relations often found in engineering and architectural designs is presented as an efficient example of one appropriate hierarchy. The interpreter's shape recognition and generation abilities are demonstrated with two examples: a new engineering shape grammar for the design of vehicle inner panels and a modified version of the classical ice-ray shape grammar.

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Yang, Lei. "Comprehensible narratives and connected grammar." Chinese as a Second Language (漢語教學研究—美國中文教師學會學報). The journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, USA 55, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/csl.20010.yan.

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Abstract Classical Chinese is an integral component of the Chinese language curriculum at many American universities. However, which texts should be taught and how their grammar should be introduced in a textbook, are questions that have seldom been discussed. This article focuses on the selection of original texts and the mode of grammar explanation in an introductory-level textbook for undergraduate students who study Chinese as a second language. In the United States, more and more students study Classical Chinese for Mandarin-proficiency improvement and Chinese cultural perceptions. Responding to the trend, I argue that narrative texts and comparative grammar explanation would not only render a textbook more comprehensible and engaging, but also advance the learner’s practice of Classical Chinese knowledge in Modern Chinese production. This new design thus effectively connects Classical and Modern Chinese in both “content” and “form,” providing a new perspective to the curriculum development of overseas Chinese programs.

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Redziejowski, Roman R. "Applying Classical Concepts to Parsing Expression Grammar." Fundamenta Informaticae 93, no. 1-3 (2009): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-2009-0105.

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Swiggers, Pierre. "Nicolaus Clenardus’ Institutiones grammaticae Latinae (1538)." Latin Grammars in Transition, 1200 - 1600 44, no. 2-3 (December 31, 2017): 430–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.00011.swi.

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Summary In 1538 the Flemish humanist language scholar Nicolaus Clenardus (1493–1542) published a grammar of Latin in Braga (Portugal), the Institutiones grammaticae Latinae. The grammar, the fruit of his public teaching in Braga, was the third in a series of grammars written by Clenardus: while active in Louvain (until 1531) he had published grammars of Hebrew (1529) and of Greek (1530). Clenardus’ Latin grammar is basically a didactic grammar, closely linked to his teaching in Portugal, for which he introduced an innovative methodology. It essentially consists of a morphological and syntactic part, followed by a series of mostly syntactic remarks and by a survey of principles of prosody and versification. Clenardus’ exposition is marked by a strong focus on formal markings (lists of nominal and verbal endings), and by the extensive integration of lexical information into the grammatical frame. Clenardus generally refrains from giving definitions of terms and concepts, and theoretical explanations are eschewed in favour of empirical exemplification. The Institutiones grammaticae Latinae provides its users with a large amount of examples, the majority of which stem from colloquial humanist Latin usage, but there are also various examples taken from classical Latin authors.

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Murphy, M., E. Meegan, G. Keenaghan, A. Chenaux, A. Corns, S. Fai, L. Chow, et al. "SHAPE GRAMMAR LIBRARIES OF EUROPEAN CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS FOR HISTORIC BIM." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-M-1-2021 (August 28, 2021): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-m-1-2021-479-2021.

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Abstract. This paper proposes a design for libraries of European Classical architectural elements based on shape grammars. This design is based on a workflow which develops library objects from 3D CAD primitives using architectural rules to construct parametric representations of architectural elements. In the case of Classical architecture, the design and detail for the parametric objects are based on manuscripts ranging from Vitruvius to Palladio to the architectural pattern books of the eighteenth century. The generation of 3D objects for virtual reconstruction necessitates the application of computer algorithms and rules introduced by the user to generate objects, buildings and spaces from a grammar and vocabulary of shapes. Both the use of graphicly constructed and coded parametric libraries in formal and open-source platforms will be considered here.

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Gerstenberg, Annette, and Carine Skupien-Dekens. "A Grammar of Authority?" Journal of Historical Pragmatics 22, no. 1 (November 16, 2021): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhp.17006.ger.

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Abstract Directive Speech Acts (dsas) are a major feature of historical pragmatics, specifically in research on historical (im)politeness. However, for Classical French, there is a lack of research on related phenomena. In our contribution, we present two recently constructed corpora covering the period of Classical French, sermo and apwcf. We present these corpora in terms of their genre characteristics on a communicative–functional and socio-pragmatic level. Based on the observation that, both in sermo and apwcf, dsas frequently occur together with terms of address, we analyse and manually code a sample based on this co-occurrence, and we compare the results with regard to special features in the individual corpora. The emerging patterns show a clear correspondence between socio-pragmatic factors and the linguistic means used to realise dsas. We propose that these results can be interpreted as signs of an underlying “grammar of authority”.

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D’Anna, Luca. "Language Practice and Language Description among Arabic Grammarians from Sībawayhi to al-Šidyāq: the Case of Agreement." Quaderni di Studi Arabi 15, no. 1-2 (December 22, 2020): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667016x-15010204.

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Abstract Agreement in Arabic has received, in the last few decades, considerable interest, resulting in a satisfactory illustration of the system obtaining in pre-Classical varieties of the language, Classical / Modern Standard Arabic and the spoken dialects. On the other hand, the descriptions of agreement in traditional Arabic grammars have not yet been the object of detailed analysis. The present paper represents a first step in that direction, analyzing agreement in two grammarians situated at the chronological extremes of traditional Arabic grammar, i.e. Sībawayhi (d. 180/796) and al-Šidyāq (1805-1887). The approach adopted in this paper is twofold. The grammatical treatises in which the descriptions of agreement are provided, in fact, are considered as both a source of metalinguistic reflection and as a written text from which samples of agreement are collected, in order to gauge the consistency between language description and language usage at the dawn and sunset of traditional Arabic grammar.

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Lee, Goon seon. "Retrospect and Prospect of Classical Chinese Grammar Education." Han-Character and Classical written language Education 2015, no. 38 (September 30, 2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15670/hace.2015.38.1.1.

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K, Joshi, Patil N, Hosalli A, and Venkatesh S. "CLASSICAL, MULTIMODAL, SYMBIOTIC INFORMATION FOR CONTEXT-FREE GRAMMAR." International Journal on Information Sciences and Computing 4, no. 1 (2010): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.18000/ijisac.50058.

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Field, Stephen L. "Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar (review)." China Review International 4, no. 2 (1997): 336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.1997.0000.

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Ababou, Nabil, Azzeddine Mazroui, and Rachid Belehbib. "Parsing Arabic Nominal Sentences Using Context Free Grammar and Fundamental Rules of Classical Grammar." International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications 9, no. 8 (August 8, 2017): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijisa.2017.08.02.

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Křivka, Zbyněk, and Alexander Meduna. "Jumping Grammars." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 26, no. 06 (September 2015): 709–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054115500409.

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This paper introduces and studies jumping grammars, which represent a grammatical counterpart to the recently introduced jumping automata. These grammars are conceptualized just like classical grammars except that during the applications of their productions, they can jump over symbols in either direction within the rewritten strings. More precisely, a jumping grammar rewrites a string z according to a rule x → y in such a way that it selects an occurrence of x in z, erases it, and inserts y anywhere in the rewritten string, so this insertion may occur at a different position than the erasure of x. The paper concentrates its attention on investigating the generative power of jumping grammars. More specifically, it compares this power with that of jumping automata and that of classical grammars. A special attention is paid to various context-free versions of jumping grammars, such as regular, right-linear, linear, and context-free grammars of finite index. In addition, we study the semilinearity of context-free, context-sensitive, and monotonous jumping grammars. We also demonstrate that the general versions of jumping grammars characterize the family of recursively enumerable languages. In its conclusion, the paper formulates several open problems and suggests future investigation areas.

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Knappe, Gabriele. "The Rhetorical Aspect of Grammar Teaching in Anglo-Saxon England." Rhetorica 17, no. 1 (1999): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rh.1999.17.1.1.

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Abstract: In the Christian society and culture of England before the Norman Conquest literary education viras centred on grammar. The extant texts reflect an educational system which by no means neglected rhetorical education——but the classical ars bene dicendi was apparently basically unknown. Anglo-Saxon England thus provides a test case for the continuation and elaboration of alternatives for classical rhetorical teaching. It is argued that, besides the influence of pedagogical considerations and Germanic poetical devices, the background of Anglo-Saxon rhetorical strategies is to be sought in an extended grammatical curriculum. Instruction in the praeexercitaminamay have been included in this curriculum. The figures and tropes contained in the grammars for the purpose of text interpretation were certainly studied, cind they were also employed in the production of literature. Of utmost importance was the creative use of rhetorical techniques which were deduced from model texts by way of grammatical enarratio.

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Long, Gary A. "A Modern Grammar for Classical Hebrew (review)." Hebrew Studies 44, no. 1 (2003): 240–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hbr.2003.0037.

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Haug, Dag T. "The Linguistic Thought of Friedrich August Wolf: A reconsideration of the relationship between classical philology and linguistics in the 19th century." Historiographia Linguistica International Journal for the History of the Language Sciences 32, no. 1-2 (2005): 35–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.32.1-2.03hau.

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This paper examines the linguistic thought of Friedrich August Wolf (1759–1824), the founder of modern classical philology, and tries to show that contrary to what is commonly assumed, grammar played an important role in his research program for a ‘science of antiquity’. Specifically, Wolf encouraged the study of philosophical grammar, which was the leading linguistic paradigm in Germany around 1800, and he developed an original theory of tense within this methodological framework. But philosophical grammar would appear obsolete soon after the establishment of historical-comparative linguistics and this, it is argued, is an important reason for the enmities in the first half of the 19th century between Indo-Europeanists and the Classical scholars who stayed within the old linguistic paradigm.

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Haug, Dag. "The linguistic thought of Friedrich August Wolf." Historiographia Linguistica 32, no. 1-2 (June 8, 2005): 35–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.32.2.03hau.

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Summary This paper examines the linguistic thought of Friedrich August Wolf (1759–1824), the founder of modern classical philology, and tries to show that contrary to what is commonly assumed, grammar played an important role in his research program for a ‘science of antiquity’. Specifically, Wolf encouraged the study of philosophical grammar, which was the leading linguistic paradigm in Germany around 1800, and he developed an original theory of tense within this methodological framework. But philosophical grammar would appear obsolete soon after the establishment of historical-comparative linguistics and this, it is argued, is an important reason for the enmities in the first half of the 19th century between Indo-Europeanists and the Classical scholars who stayed within the old linguistic paradigm.

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van Emde Boas, Evert, Albert Rijksbaron, Luuk Huitink, and Mathieu de Bakker. "Een nieuwe grammatica van het klassiek Grieks." Lampas 53, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/lam2020.1.007.bakk.

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Summary In this contribution the authors of the new Cambridge Grammar of Classical Greek outline their views on the need for a new Greek reference grammar, discuss their methodological and organizational principles, and offer some thoughts on how the book may be used as a teaching resource.

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NIVAT, M., A. SAOUDI, and V. R. DARE. "PARALLEL GENERATION OF FINITE IMAGES." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 03, no. 03n04 (December 1989): 279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001489000243.

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We define a syntactic model for generating sets of images, where an image can be viewed as an array over finite alphabet. This model is called image grammar. Image grammar can be considered as a generalization of classical Chomsky grammar. Then we study some combinatorial and language theoretical properties such as reduction, pumping lemmas, complexity measure, we give a strict infinite hierarchy. We also characterize these families in terms of deterministic substitutions and Chomsky languages.

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Pavur, Claude. "Reynolds, Suzanne. Medieval Reading: Grammar, Rhetoric, and the Classical Text." Manuscripta 42, no. 2 (July 1998): 124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.mss.3.1540.

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Dolan, T. P. "Suzanne Reynolds, Medieval reading: grammar, rhetoric and the classical text." Peritia 14 (January 2000): 456–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.peri.3.423.

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Burke, Edmund. "Calling the register: the logical case for teaching classical grammar." Language Learning Journal 3, no. 1 (March 1991): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09571739185200081.

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Hexter, Ralph. "Medieval Reading: Grammar, Rhetoric and the Classical Text. Suzanne Reynolds." Modern Philology 97, no. 1 (August 1999): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/492807.

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Kuhlmann, Marco, Alexander Koller, and Giorgio Satta. "Lexicalization and Generative Power in CCG." Computational Linguistics 41, no. 2 (June 2015): 215–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00219.

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The weak equivalence of Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) and Tree-Adjoining Grammar (TAG) is a central result of the literature on mildly context-sensitive grammar formalisms. However, the categorial formalism for which this equivalence has been established differs significantly from the versions of CCG that are in use today. In particular, it allows restriction of combinatory rules on a per grammar basis, whereas modern CCG assumes a universal set of rules, isolating all cross-linguistic variation in the lexicon. In this article we investigate the formal significance of this difference. Our main result is that lexicalized versions of the classical CCG formalism are strictly less powerful than TAG.

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Bernadó Ferrer, Gemma. "Miguel Antonio Caro and the (Trans)Formations of Classical Tradition in Colombia." Pnyx: Journal of Classical Studies 1, no. 1 (March 28, 2022): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.55760/pnyx.2022.6.

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This paper highlights a unique phenomenon in Colombia, the entanglement between Latin and power, epitomised by the pivotal role of President and Latinist Miguel Antonio Caro. The study of Classics arrived in the territory with the first conquerors from Spain at the end of the 16th century and Caro stands on the shoulders of a long Classical tradition in New Granada. A member of the Conservative Party and a humanist, he was widely known for his work and contribution in the Political Constitution of the Republic of Colombia of 1886 and his central role in the formation of the modern state of Colombia. Besides politics, Caro co-authored a Latin Grammar, wrote many articles on translation and Latin Literature, composed poetry in Spanish and Latin, and produced the first translation of the complete works of Vergil in Spanish. Caro’s works and days aptly demonstrate the association between grammar, Classics, and state power throughout the history of Colombia. The paper contextualises the role of Classics from the colonial period until the end of the 19th century and sketches Caro as an individual and a politician. It outlines his scholarly activity, which involved grammar, translation, and scholarly publishing, and underlines his influence on other scholars and his idiosyncratic interest as a decisive political figure in re-invigorating interest in Latin language and literature.

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Kuteva, Tania, Bas Aarts, Gergana Popova, and Anvita Abbi. "The grammar of ‘non-realization’." Studies in Language 43, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 850–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.18044.kut.

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Abstract On the basis of cross-linguistic data from both genetically and geographically related and unrelated languages, in this article we argue that the linguistic phenomena usually referred to as the avertive, the frustrative and the apprehensional belong not to three but to five – semantically related, and yet distinct grammatical categories, all of which involve different degrees of non-realization of the verb situation in the area of Tense-Aspect-Mood: apprehensional, avertive, frustrated initiation, frustrated completion, inconsequential. Our major goal here is to account for these grammatical categories in terms of an adequate model of linguistic categorization. For this purpose, we apply the notion of Intersective Gradience (introduced for the first time in the morphosyntactic domain in Aarts (2004, 2007) to the morphosemantic domain. Thus the present approach reconciles two major approaches to linguistic categorization: (i) the classical, Aristotelian approach and (ii) a more recent, gradience/fuzziness approach.

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Karabacak, Esra. "A linguistic evaluation of the preface of “Mikyasu’l-Lisan Kıstasu’l-Beyan” by Abdurrahman Fevzi Efendi." SHS Web of Conferences 48 (2018): 01036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184801036.

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Mikyasü‘l lisan Kıstasül-beyan, which is the only known work of Abdurrahman Fevzi, is accepted by researchers as the first Turkish grammar book of Tanzimat based on the date when its writing began (1846) and its author is given the title of the first Turkish grammarian; however, considering its completion (1861) and publication dates (1881), the first printed grammar is Medhal-i Kavîd (1851) which was co-authored by Keçecizade Mehmed Fuad and Ahmed Cevdet Pasha that played a critical role as a school textbook for half a century. Unprepared and uneducated in Turkish grammar writing, first period Tanzimat intellectuals lacked a national system which could set an example of the work that they needed in education and teaching and had passed through madrasah training; thus, grammar method developed for Classical Arabic which they knew best was the first example of their works. This pattern was applied in Müyessiretü‘l Ulûm (1530) which was the first Turkish grammar book in Anatolian land, but in terms of its structure and origins, this effort handled Turkish from the perspective of a different language, as a result of which it did not yield any results. In the 300 years that passed thereafter, a new step was not taken in this area. Thus, the fact that Bergamalı Kadri’s work has only a few copies is an indicator that it failed to create an impact in the world of scholarship. The compiled Turkish grammars of 19th century show similarities with the method of the first grammar written in Anatolian land previously. Those who came to the world of scholarship from madrasah with Arabic “iştikak” (etymology) knowledge performed conceptualizations based on this infrastructure. The operation system brought knowledge of patterns to the forefront. Right thereafter the results of the first contacts with the West would show itself in the field of Turkish grammar science but this time the operation of language would drift to a wrong course and French grammar method would gain dominance. In this context, necessary examinations will be made in line with the collected data and the results will be discussed within the literature in the light of the obtained findings.

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Ahn, Jae-chu. "The research direction of educating grammar of Classical Chinese in Korea." Han-Character and Classical written language Education 30 (January 30, 2013): 411–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15670/hace.2013.30.1.411.

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Sungjoong Kim. "Achievements and Future Tasks of the Korean Classical Chinese Grammar Book." DONG-BANG KOREAN CHINESE LIEARATURE ll, no. 74 (March 2018): 163–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17293/dbkcls.2018..74.163.

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O., Samoilenko. "Alumnus of the classical grammar school in Nizhyn – famous scientists-immigrants." Research Notes, no. 2 (June 27, 2019): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31654/2663-4902-2019-pp-2-158-164.

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Sungjoong Kim. "The Current Status and Future Requirements of Classical Chinese Grammar Education." Journal of Chinese Characters Education in Korea ll, no. 50 (June 2018): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17963/ccek.2018..50.105.

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Biddle, Mark E. "Book Review: I. Biblical Studies: A Modern Grammar for Classical Hebrew." Review & Expositor 100, no. 1 (February 2003): 135–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003463730310000112.

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Camargo, Martin. "Medieval Reading: Grammar, Rhetoric and the Classical Text by Suzanne Reynolds." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 20, no. 1 (1998): 315–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sac.1998.0032.

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Sturges, Robert S. "Medieval Reading: Grammar, Rhetoric and the Classical Text by Suzanne Reynolds." Arthuriana 8, no. 3 (1998): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/art.1998.0047.

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Quinn, Judy. "Medieval Reading: Grammar, Rhetoric and the Classical Text (review)." Parergon 15, no. 2 (1998): 258–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pgn.1998.0129.

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Dular, Anja. "Classical Authors on the Bookshelves of Carniolan Nobility." Keria: Studia Latina et Graeca 20, no. 1 (October 30, 2018): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/keria.20.1.131-144.

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Works by classical authors had a significant share in the aristocratic libraries of the Slovenian lands. While the selection of authors varied, there were some mainstays: Cicero, Horace, Ovid, Homer. The language of the books was either original or a German or French translation. All publications were furnished with commentaries and introductory chapters containing the authors’ biographies, often even with glossaries and grammar exercises. These additions, however, were considerably reduced in the 19th century. All library owners preserved classical language textbooks as well.

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Arthur Montagne, Jacqueline. "The Comic Latin Grammar in Victorian England." Journal of Latin Cosmopolitanism and European Literatures, no. 4 (November 16, 2020): 2–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/jolcel.vi4.8569.

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This paper presents the first scholarly analysis of The Comic Latin Grammar by Percival Leigh, a satirical textbook of Latin grammar published in London in 1840. Sections I and II analyze the role of Latin education and the rapid publication of Latin grammar books during the nineteenth century. Sections III and IV conduct close readings of the Comic Latin Grammar to assess its techniques of parody and allusion. I conclude that the textbook achieves its satire of Latin learning by embedding two tiers of humor in its lessons designed for two types of readers: those with and without a background in Classical education. In this way, Leigh uses parody as a mechanism for constructing and enforcing social boundaries, but also satirizes the use of Latin as a shibboleth for polite society.

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Leroux, Philippe. "Coassociative grammar, periodic orbits, and quantum random walk overℤ." International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 2005, no. 24 (2005): 3979–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/ijmms.2005.3979.

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Inspired by a work of Joni and Rota, we show that the combinatorics generated by a quantisation of the Bernoulli random walk overℤcan be described from a coassociative coalgebra. Relationships between this coalgebra and the set of periodic orbits of the classical chaotic systemx↦2x mod⁡1,x∈[0,1], are also given.

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O'Sullivan, Neil. "“It would be the time to discuss the optatives.” Understanding the Syntax of the Optative from Protagoras to Planudes." Antichthon 45 (2011): 77–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006647740000006x.

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AbstractThis paper uses the Greeks' understanding of the optative mood over many centuries to enlarge our knowledge of the origins of formal grammar, of the vernacular Greek language in post-classical times, and of the limitations which imitative Atticism faced when it tried to give new life to a verbal form which had virtually disappeared from the spoken language. Starting with the very beginnings of grammar as a discipline, it argues that Protagoras' contribution to the study of verbal mood has been overlooked, and the Stoics given too much credit. This observation has implications for the larger issue of whether the origin of formal grammar is to be found amongst students of literature or of philosophy. The rest of the paper works through the standard uses of the optative found in Attic and Homeric Greek, examining the explanations and paraphrases of these usages found in ancient and medieval grammarians and scholiasts, and arguing that this material confirms the evidence for the vernacular suggested by the New Testament and papyri, and can also explain some non-classical uses of the optative found in Atticising writers.

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Sporiş, Valerica. "Gramatica Critică Sau Critica Gramaticii?" Lucian Blaga Yearbook 21, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2020): 299–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/clb-2020-0020.

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Abstract Gramatica critică a limbii române (The Critical Grammar of the Romanian Language), authored by Ștefan Găitănaru, was published in 2018, at the University of Pitești Publishing House. The launch of this book took place during the National Conference on Adaptation, Conservation and Rejection in the Evolution of the Romanian Cultural/ Linguistic/ Literary Phenomenon, held at the Faculty of Letters in Sibiu, on May 24, 2019. The purpose of the book, mentioned by the author in the Preface, is to update the grammar research, emphasizing the normative aspect. Thus, we witness a descriptive-normative grammar, with a classical structure: part I - Morphology and part II - Syntax, each section comprising the description, analysis and interpretation of specific components. This Critical Grammar brings to the surface controversial aspects regarding the grammatical structure of the Romanian language, with pertinent observations and recommendations, with solid arguments, for or against, from case to case.

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Noccioli, Carlos Alexandre Molina, and Giovanna Maria Abrantes Carvas. "Gramática: ensino da disciplina metalinguística na cultura ocidental brasileira." História da Ciência e Ensino: construindo interfaces 20 (December 29, 2019): 598–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2178-2911.2019v20espp598-609.

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Resumo Este artigo é parte de um estudo histórico e comparativo acerca do ensino de língua padrão enquanto ciência linguística, inserido na tradição ocidental do fazer gramática. Discorremos a partir de um resgate da história em torno da disciplina gramatical desde a Antiguidade Clássica, a fim de estabelecermos pontos de contato com uma gramática brasileira situada no pós-NGB (Nomenclatura Gramatical Brasileira), especialmente o livro Sintaxe clássica portuguêsa de Cláudio Brandão.Palavras-chave: História, Ensino de gramática, perduração ideológica Abstract This article is part of a historical and comparative study of standard language teaching as a linguistic science, embedded in the Western tradition of grammar making. We draw from a rescue of history around grammar discipline since Classical Antiquity, in order to establish points of contact with a Brazilian grammar located in the post-NGB (Brazilian Grammatical Nomenclature), especially the Cláudio Brandão’ book Sintaxe clássica portuguêsa. Keywords: History, Grammar teaching, ideological perduring

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Jin, Jianhua, Qingguo Li, and Chunquan Li. "On Intuitionistic Fuzzy Context-Free Languages." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2013 (2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/825249.

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Taking intuitionistic fuzzy sets as the structures of truth values, we propose the notions of intuitionistic fuzzy context-free grammars (IFCFGs, for short) and pushdown automata with final states (IFPDAs). Then we investigate algebraic characterization of intuitionistic fuzzy recognizable languages including decomposition form and representation theorem. By introducing the generalized subset construction method, we show that IFPDAs are equivalent to their simple form, called intuitionistic fuzzy simple pushdown automata (IF-SPDAs), and then prove that intuitionistic fuzzy recognizable step functions are the same as those accepted by IFPDAs. It follows that intuitionistic fuzzy pushdown automata with empty stack and IFPDAs are equivalent by classical automata theory. Additionally, we introduce the concepts of Chomsky normal form grammar (IFCNF) and Greibach normal form grammar (IFGNF) based on intuitionistic fuzzy sets. The results of our study indicate that intuitionistic fuzzy context-free languages generated by IFCFGs are equivalent to those generated by IFGNFs and IFCNFs, respectively, and they are also equivalent to intuitionistic fuzzy recognizable step functions. Then some operations on the family of intuitionistic fuzzy context-free languages are discussed. Finally, pumping lemma for intuitionistic fuzzy context-free languages is investigated.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Classical Grammar'

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