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Journal articles on the topic 'Classical theory of tests'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Zhou, Shi-Wei, and Wen-Biao Liu. "Three classical tests of Hořava-Lifshitz gravity theory." Astrophysics and Space Science 337, no. 2 (October 21, 2011): 779–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10509-011-0890-8.

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2

Zanotto, Edgar D., and Peter F. James. "Experimental tests of the classical nucleation theory for glasses." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 74, no. 2-3 (November 1985): 373–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(85)90080-8.

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3

Armstrong, Ronald D., Douglas H. Jones, and Zhaobo Wang. "Automated Parallel Test Construction Using Classical Test Theory." Journal of Educational Statistics 19, no. 1 (March 1994): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986019001073.

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A network-flow model is formulated for constructing parallel tests based on classical test theory using test reliability for the criterion. The model enables practitioners to specify a test difficulty distribution for the values of the item difficulties as well as test composition requirements. Use of the network-flow algorithm ensures high computational efficiency, allowing wide applications of optimal test construction using microcomputers. The results of an empirical study show that the generated tests have acceptably high test reliability.

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4

Klyachko, Anton A. "Asphericity Tests." International Journal of Algebra and Computation 07, no. 04 (August 1997): 415–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218196797000186.

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In paper [5] the classical Kervaire-Laudenbach conjecture for torsion-free groups is proved. The proof is based on an amazing geometrical fact. Here we prove that this fact is a special case of a statement similar to the well-known Bogley-Pride weight test [2]. This article describes all analogous tests and demonstrates some of their applications to the theory of equations over groups.

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5

Almehrizi, Rashid S. "Expected Agreement Coefficient for Norm-Referenced Tests With Classical Test Theory." Psychology and Cognitive Sciences - Open Journal 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/pcsoj-2-110.

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6

Lemoal, P., and D. Perreux. "Extension of Classical Laminate Theory to the Anelastic Domain." Advanced Composites Letters 2, no. 5 (September 1993): 096369359300200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369359300200501.

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An extension of classical laminate theory to the anelastic domain is proposed. It is based on numerical methods which describe the laminate's response to mechanical loading not analytically but step by step. This approach is applied to a behaviour model of a non linear viscoelastic layer and its application to multiaxial creep tests on filament wound tubes ± 55°is discussed.

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7

MATOS, TONATIUH, HUGO VILLEGAS, and OCTAVIO OBREGÓN. "AXIALLY SYMMETRIC SOLUTIONS IN DILATONIC THEORY AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM TESTS." Modern Physics Letters A 13, no. 39 (December 21, 1998): 3161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732398003363.

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An analysis of the three classical solar system tests for dilatonic gravity coupled to electromagnetism is discussed using an exact, axially symmetric solution. At the post-Newtonian order there is no difference with general relativity, but a constraint on the coupling constant α is obtained at the next order.

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Заневський, І. П., and Л. Г. Заневська. "model of the reliability of the test, alternative models inside class correlation." Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, no. 1 (March 31, 2014): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2014.1.1044.

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The aim was to create a model of the reliability of the test, the application of which would in the practical work with the tests to receive the value of the coefficient of reliability in the theoretical framework from zero to one, as is customary in classical theory of reliability tests. The basic idea of solving this problem was in determining the true variance of the test results, the value of which is equal to the arithmetical average of the results of the repeated measurements. Methodology of the research was based on provisions of the classical theory of sports tests, mathematical theory of reliability of motor tests, on the model of intraclass correlation, ANOVA, using the method of Shapiro-Wilk. Calculations were carried out using Excel and Mathematica computer programs. It was shown that the intraclass correlation model is incomplete with the line of the classical theory of reliability tests. The proposed model of retest reliability does not have this shortage, and the corresponding coefficient is defined in terms of the classical theory of reliability (0 ÷ 1). In the range of almost important quantities of the proposed model and the intraclass model correlations lead to different estimates of the reliability of the test not only quantitatively (≈ 20%), but also qualitatively, i.e., with significant excess width of the ranges of test estimation of reliability coefficient of the corresponding size.

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9

Hsu, J. P. "Theory of fuzzy transitions between quantum and classical mechanics and proposed experimental tests." Physical Review A 43, no. 7 (April 1, 1991): 3227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.43.3227.

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10

Costa, Patrícia, and Maria Eugénia Ferrão. "On the complementarity of classical test theory and item response models: item difficulty estimates and computerized adaptive testing." Ensaio: Avaliação e Políticas Públicas em Educação 23, no. 88 (September 2015): 593–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-40362015000300003.

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This study aims to provide statistical evidence of the complementarity between classical test theory and item response models for certain educational assessment purposes. Such complementarity might support, at a reduced cost, future development of innovative procedures for item calibration in adaptive testing. Classical test theory and the generalized partial credit model are applied to tests comprising multiple choice, short answer, completion, and open response items scored partially. Datasets are derived from the tests administered to the Portuguese population of students enrolled in the 4th and 6th grades. The results show a very strong association between the estimates of difficulty obtained from classical test theory and item response models, corroborating the statistical theory of mental testing.

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11

Ippel, Lianne, and David Magis. "Efficient Standard Errors in Item Response Theory Models for Short Tests." Educational and Psychological Measurement 80, no. 3 (October 18, 2019): 461–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164419882072.

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In dichotomous item response theory (IRT) framework, the asymptotic standard error (ASE) is the most common statistic to evaluate the precision of various ability estimators. Easy-to-use ASE formulas are readily available; however, the accuracy of some of these formulas was recently questioned and new ASE formulas were derived from a general asymptotic theory framework. Furthermore, exact standard errors were suggested to better evaluate the precision of ability estimators, especially with short tests for which the asymptotic framework is invalid. Unfortunately, the accuracy of exact standard errors was assessed so far only in a very limiting setting. The purpose of this article is to perform a global comparison of exact versus (classical and new formulations of) asymptotic standard errors, for a wide range of usual IRT ability estimators, IRT models, and with short tests. Results indicate that exact standard errors globally outperform the ASE versions in terms of reduced bias and root mean square error, while the new ASE formulas are also globally less biased than their classical counterparts. Further discussion about the usefulness and practical computation of exact standard errors are outlined.

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12

Armstrong, Ronald D., Douglas H. Jones, and Zhaobo Wang. "Optimization of Classical Reliability in Test Construction." Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 23, no. 1 (March 1998): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986023001001.

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This article considers the problem of generating a test from an item bank using a criterion based on classical test theory parameters. A mathematical programming model is formulated that maximizes the reliability coefficient α, subject to logical constraints on the choice of items. The special structure of the problem is exploited with network theory and Lagrangian relaxation techniques. An empirical study shows that the method produces tests with high coefficient a subject to various practicable item constraints.

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13

Kartowagiran, Badrun, Djemari Mardapi, Dian Normalitasari Purnama, and Kriswantoro Kriswantoro. "Parallel tests viewed from the arrangement of item numbers and alternative answers." Research and Evaluation in Education 5, no. 2 (December 26, 2019): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/reid.v5i2.23721.

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This research aims to prove that a parallel test can be constructed by randomizing the test item numbers and or alternative answers' order. This study used the experimental method with a post-test only non-equivalent control group design, involving junior high schools students in Yogyakarta City with a sample of 320 students of State Junior High School (SMPN) 5 Yogyakarta and 320 students of SMPN 8 Yogyakarta established using the stratified proportional random sampling technique. The instrument used is a mathematics test in the form of an objective test consisting of a five-question package and each package contains 40 items with four alternatives. The test package is randomized in the item numbers' order from the smallest to the largest and vice versa. The options in each item are also randomized from A to D and vice versa. Each item is analyzed using the Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory approaches, while data analysis is done using the discrimination index with Kruskal-Wallis test technique to see the differences among the five-question packages. The study reveals that the result of item analysis using the Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory approaches shows no significant difference in the difficulty index among Package 1 until Package 5. Nevertheless, according to the Classical Test Theory, there is a category shift of the difficulty index of Package 2 until Package 5 when compared to Package 1 – the original package – which is, in general, not a good package, because it contains too easy items.

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Bertschinger, T., Natasha Flowers, Serena Moseley, Charlotte Pfeifer, Jay Tasson, and Shun Yang. "Spacetime Symmetries and Classical Mechanics." Symmetry 11, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11010022.

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Physics students are rarely exposed to the style of thinking that goes into theoretical developments in physics until late in their education. In this work, we present an alternative to the traditional statement of Newton’s second law that makes theory questions accessible to students early in their undergraduate studies. Rather than a contrived example, the model considered here arises from a popular framework for testing Lorentz symmetry used extensively in contemporary experiments. Hence, this work also provides an accessible introduction to some key ideas in ongoing tests of fundamental symmetries in physics.

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15

Adema, Jos J., and Wim J. van der Linden. "Algorithms for Computerized Test Construction Using Classical Item Parameters." Journal of Educational Statistics 14, no. 3 (September 1989): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986014003279.

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Recently, linear programming models for test construction were developed. These models were based on the information function from item response theory. In this paper another approach is followed. Two 0-1 linear programming models for the construction of tests using classical item and test parameters are given. These models are useful, for instance, when classical test theory has to serve as an interface between an IRT-based item banking system and a test constructor not familiar with the underlying theory.

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16

MURAISHI, YUKIMASA, and HIDEKI TOYODA. "Analysis of Standardized Achievement Tests by Classical Test Theory and Genetic Factor Analysis Models." Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology 46, no. 4 (1998): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.5926/jjep1953.46.4_395.

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17

Cole, Emily, Terry M. Wood, and John M. Dunn. "Item Response Theory: A Useful Test Theory for Adapted Physical Education." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 8, no. 4 (October 1991): 317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.8.4.317.

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Tests constructed using item response theory (IRT) produce invariant item and test parameters, making it possible to construct tests and test items useful over many populations. This paper heuristically and empirically compares the utility of classical test theory (CTT) and IRT using psychomotor skill data. Data from the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD) (Ulrich, 1985) were used to assess the feasibility of fitting existing IRT models to dichotomously scored psychomotor skill data. As expected, CTT and IRT analyses yielded parallel interpretations of item and subtest difficulty and discrimination. However, IRT provided significant additional analysis of the error associated with estimating examinee ability. The IRT two-parameter logistic model provided a superior model fit to the one-parameter logistic model. Although both TGMD subtests estimated ability for examinees of low to average ability, the object control subtest estimated examinee ability more precisely at higher difficulty levels than the locomotor subtest. The results suggest that IRT is particularly well suited to construct tests that can meet the challenging measurement demands of adapted physical education.

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18

Dasgupta, Arundhati. "Measuring quantum gravity." Canadian Journal of Physics 96, no. 4 (April 2018): 366–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2017-0832.

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Einstein’s theory of gravity, known as the general theory of relativity was established in 1915. The theory has survived many experimental tests, and the recent discovery of gravity waves announced in 2016 confirms yet another success. In this article we examine some results from quantum general relativity, and ask whether the new quantum theory can survive tests in the same way as its classical origins.

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19

Singh, Tejinder P. "Outline for a Quantum Theory of Gravity." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 74, no. 5 (May 27, 2019): 383–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2019-0027.

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AbstractBy invoking an asymmetric metric tensor, and borrowing ideas from non-commutative geometry, string theory, and trace dynamics, we propose an action function for quantum gravity. The action is proportional to the four-dimensional non-commutative curvature scalar (which is torsion dependent), which is sourced by the Nambu–Goto world-sheet action for a string plus the Kalb–Ramond string action. This ‘quantum gravity’ is actually a non-commutative classical matrix dynamics, and the only two fundamental constants in the theory are the square of the Planck length and the speed of light. By treating the entity described by this action as a microstate, one constructs the statistical thermodynamics of a large number of such microstates, in the spirit of trace dynamics. Quantum field theory (and ℏ) and quantum general relativity (and G) emerge from the underlying matrix dynamics in the thermodynamic limit. Statistical fluctuations, which are inevitably present about equilibrium, are the source for spontaneous localisation, which drives macroscopic quantum gravitational systems to the classical general relativistic limit. While the mathematical formalism governing these ideas remains to be developed, we hope to highlight here the deep connection between quantum foundations and the sought-for quantum theory of gravity. In the sense described in this article, ongoing experimental tests of spontaneous collapse theories are in fact also tests of string theory!

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20

WESSON, P. S., J. PONCE DE LEON, H. LIU, B. MASHHOON, D. KALLIGAS, C. W. F. EVERITT, A. BILLYARD, P. LIM, and J. OVERDUIN. "A THEORY OF SPACE, TIME AND MATTER." International Journal of Modern Physics A 11, no. 18 (July 20, 1996): 3247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x96001553.

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We unify the gravitational field with its source by considering a new type of 5D manifold in which space and time are augmented by an extra dimension which induces 4D matter. The classical tests of relativity are satisfied, and for solitons we obtain new effects which can be tested astrophysically. The canonical cosmological models are in agreement with observations, and we gain new insight into the nature of the big bang. Our inference is that the world may be pure geometry in 5D.

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21

Montiel Olea, José Luis. "ADMISSIBLE, SIMILAR TESTS: A CHARACTERIZATION." Econometric Theory 36, no. 2 (October 7, 2019): 347–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266466619000215.

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This article studies a classical problem in statistical decision theory: a hypothesis test of a sharp null in the presence of a nuisance parameter. The main contribution of this article is a characterization of two finite-sample properties often deemed reasonable in this environment: admissibility and similarity. Admissibility means that a test cannot be improved uniformly over the parameter space. Similarity requires the null rejection probability to be unaffected by the nuisance parameter.The characterization result has two parts. The first part—established by Chernozhukov, Hansen, and Jansson (2009, Econometric Theory 25, 806–818)—states that maximizing weighted average power (WAP) subject to a similarity constraint suffices to generate admissible, similar tests. The second part—hereby established—states that constrained WAP maximization is (essentially) a necessary condition for a test to be admissible and similar. The characterization result shows that choosing an admissible, similar test is tantamount to selecting a particular weight function to report weighted average power. This result applies to full vector inference with a nuisance parameter, not to subvector inference.The article also revisits the theory of testing in the instrumental variables model. Specifically—and in light of the relevance of the weighted average power criterion in the main theoretical result—the article suggests a weight function for the structural parameters of the homoskedastic instrumental variables model, based on the priors proposed by Chamberlain (2007). The corresponding test is, by construction, admissible and similar. In addition, the test is shown to have finite- and large-sample properties comparable to those of the conditional likelihood ratio test.

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Zu, Jiyun, and Patrick C. Kyllonen. "Nominal Response Model Is Useful for Scoring Multiple-Choice Situational Judgment Tests." Organizational Research Methods 23, no. 2 (November 25, 2018): 342–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094428118812669.

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We evaluated the use of the nominal response model (NRM) to score multiple-choice (also known as “select the best option”) situational judgment tests (SJTs). Using data from two large studies, we compared the reliability and correlations of NRM scores with those from various classical and item response theory (IRT) scoring methods. The SJTs measured emotional management (Study 1) and teamwork and collaboration (Study 2). In Study 1 the NRM scoring method was shown to be superior in reliability and in yielding higher correlations with external measures to three classical test theory–based and four other IRT-based methods. In Study 2, only slight differences between scoring methods were observed. An explanation for the discrepancy in findings is that in cases where item keys are ambiguous (as in Study 1), the NRM accommodates that ambiguity, but in cases where item keys are clear (as in Study 2), different methods provide interchangeable scores. We characterize ambiguous and clear keys using category response curves based on parameter estimates of the NRM and discuss the relationships between our findings and those from the wisdom-of-the-crowd literature.

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Nishimura, Hiroki, Efe A. Ok, and John K. H. Quah. "A Comprehensive Approach to Revealed Preference Theory." American Economic Review 107, no. 4 (April 1, 2017): 1239–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150947.

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We develop a version of Afriat's theorem that is applicable in a variety of choice environments beyond the setting of classical consumer theory. This allows us to devise tests for rationalizability in environments where the set of alternatives is not the positive orthant of a Euclidean space and where the rationalizing utility function is required to satisfy properties appropriate to that environment. We show that our results are applicable, amongst others, to choice data on lotteries, contingent consumption, and intertemporal consumption. (JEL D11, D81)

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Wilde, Mark M., James M. McCracken, and Ari Mizel. "Could light harvesting complexes exhibit non-classical effects at room temperature?" Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 466, no. 2117 (December 23, 2009): 1347–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2009.0575.

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Mounting experimental and theoretical evidence suggest that coherent quantum effects play a role in the efficient transfer of an excitation from a chlorosome antenna to a reaction centre in the Fenna–Matthews–Olson protein complex. However, it is conceivable that a satisfying alternate interpretation of the results is possible in terms of a classical theory. To address this possibility, we consider a class of classical theories satisfying the minimal postulates of macrorealism and frame Leggett–Garg-type tests that could rule them out. Our numerical simulations indicate that even in the presence of decoherence, several tests could exhibit the required violations of the Leggett–Garg inequality. Remarkably, some violations persist even at room temperature for our decoherence model.

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25

Yeh, Wei-Ching, Jung-Yuan Cheng, and Rong-Song Her. "Analysis of Plastic Behavior to Cyclically Uniaxial Tests Using an Endochronic Approach." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 116, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2904256.

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This paper is devoted to the modeling of metallic materials behaving path dependent strain/loading hardening using endochronic theory. Characteristics of the model include the description of the strain path dependent rate of kinematic hardening and of the strain path dependent distortion of the yield surface. Comparisons between theoretical and experimental results are presented to proof the theory. It is shown that the present model can reasonably predict stress response to uniaxially cyclic loading under a variety of test conditions. In particular, the celebrated Bauschinger effect, which is well-known to be inadequately described by the classical plasticity theories, can be quantitatively predicted well by the model.

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Sjaastad, Jørgen. "Enhancing measurement in science education research through Rasch analysis: Rationale and properties." Nordic Studies in Science Education 10, no. 2 (October 24, 2014): 212–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/nordina.662.

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This article presents the basic rationale of Rasch theory and seven core properties of Rasch modeling; analyses of test targeting, person separation, person fit, item fit, differential item functioning, functioning of response categories and tests of unidimensionality. Illustrative examples are provided consecutively, drawing on Rasch analysis of data from a survey where students in the 9th grade responded to questions regarding their mathematics competence. The relationship between Rasch theory and classical test theory is commented on. Rasch theory provides science and mathematics education researchers with valuable tools to evaluate the psychometric quality of tests and questionnaires and support the development of these.

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Harvey, Robert J., and Allen L. Hammer. "Item Response Theory." Counseling Psychologist 27, no. 3 (May 1999): 353–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000099273004.

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Item response theory (IRT) seeks to model the way in which latent psychological constructs manifest themselves in terms of observable item responses; this information is useful when developing, evaluating, and scoring tests. After providing an overview of the most popular IRT models (i.e., those applicable to dichotomously keyed items) and contrasting them with the techniques used in classical test theory (CTT), the authors illustrate the application of IRT using data from the recently revised Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. These results highlight a number of IRT’s advantages, including (a) detailed descriptions of the performance of individual items, (b) indices of item- and scale-level precision that are free to vary across the full range of possible scores, (c) assessments of item- and test-level bias with respect to demographic subgroups, (d) measures of response-profile quality, and (e) computer-adaptive testing, which can dramatically reduce testing time.

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Bank, L. C., E. Cofie, and T. D. Gerhardt. "A New Test Method for the Determination of the Flexural Modulus of Spirally Wound Paper Tubes." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 114, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2904146.

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A new static test method to determine the flexural modulus of spirally wound paper tubes is described. The experimental method is based on the standard three-point-bend procedure. The method requires testing the tube at multiple (two or more) span lengths. The testing can be performed on either a rigid frame fixture under constant static load or in a universal testing machine under monotonically increasing quasi-static load. The test data are analyzed with a modified form of a classical Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. The modified theory accounts for nonbending deflection components that are obtained with the three-point-bend test. The effect of time-dependent creep deflection on the modulus prediction is also discussed. Extensive testing of a variety of paper tubes was conducted to verify the proposed test method. The accuracy of the method was determined by comparison with dynamic bending modulus predictions obtained from modal tests on the tubes. The dynamic modulus predictions were based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. Results of tests performed on a specially designed static frame fixture and tests performed on a universal testing machine are compared. It is found that the bending modulus predictions using the new analysis method are considerably closer to the dynamic bending modulus than those predictions obtained by classical beam theory.

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O. A., Awopeju,, and Afolabi, E. R. I. "Comparative Analysis of Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory Based Item Parameter Estimates of Senior School Certificate Mathematics Examination." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 28 (October 31, 2016): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n28p263.

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The study compared Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT)-estimated item difficulty and item discrimination indices in relation to the ability of examinees in Senior School Certificate Examination (SSCE) in Mathematics with a view to providing empirical basis for informed decisions on the appropriateness of statistical and psychometric tests. The study adopted ex-post-facto design. A sample of 6,000 students was selected from the population of 35,262 students who sat for the NECO SSCE Mathematics Paper 1 in 2008 in Osun State, Nigeria. An instrument consisting of 60-multiple-choice items, May/June 2008 NECO SSCE Mathematics Paper 1 was used. Three sampling plans: random, gender and ability sampling plans were employed to study the behaviours of the examinees scores under the CTT and IRT measurement frameworks. BILOG-MG 3 was used to estimate the indices of item parameters and SPSS 20 was used to compare CTT- and IRT-based item parameters. The results showed that CTT-based item difficulty estimates and oneparameter IRT item difficulty estimates were comparable (the correlations were generally in the -0.702 to -0.988 range in large sample and -0.622 to - 0.989 range in small sample). Results also indicated that CTT-based and two-parameter IRT-based item discrimination estimates were comparable (the correlations were in the 0.430 to 0.880 ranges in large sample and 0.531 to 0.950 range in small sample). The study concluded that CTT and IRT were comparable in estimating item characteristics of statistical and psychometric tests and thus could be used as complementary procedures in the development of national examinations

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Stimpson, B., and M. Ahmed. "Failure of a linear Voussoir arch: a laboratory and numerical study." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 29, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t92-022.

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The design of underground openings in horizontally layered strata on the basis of classical linear arching theory assumes the ultimate load capacity of the roof is limited by crushing or compressional failure at the centre of the arch or at the abutments. In this study, physical model tests on limestone, granite, and potash beams revealed a progressive failure mechanism dominated by discrete tensile fracturing, a quite different failure process to that assumed by classical theory. Subsequently, discrete crack propagation finite element analysis successfully simulated the failure mechanisms observed in the physical models. Key words : rock mechanics, underground design, roof stability, Voussoir arch, fracture.

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HSU, JONG-PING. "YANG–MILLS GRAVITY IN FLAT SPACE–TIME I: CLASSICAL GRAVITY WITH TRANSLATION GAUGE SYMMETRY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, no. 25 (October 10, 2006): 5119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06034082.

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We formulate and explore the physical implications of a new translation gauge theory of gravity in flat space–time with a new Yang–Mills action, which involves quadratic gauge curvature and fermions. The theory shows that the presence of an "effective Riemann metric tensor" for the motions of classical particles and light rays is probably the manifestation of the translation gauge symmetry in flat physical space–time. In the post-Newtonian approximation of the tensor gauge field produced by the energy–momentum tensor, the results are shown to be consistent with classical tests of gravity and with the quadrupole radiations of binary pulsars.

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Han, Kyung (Chris) T., Dimiter M. Dimitrov, and Faisal Al-Mashary. "Developing Multistage Tests Using D-Scoring Method." Educational and Psychological Measurement 79, no. 5 (April 22, 2019): 988–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164419841428.

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The D-scoring method for scoring and equating tests with binary items proposed by Dimitrov offers some of the advantages of item response theory, such as item-level difficulty information and score computation that reflects the item difficulties, while retaining the merits of classical test theory such as the simplicity of number correct score computation and relaxed requirements for model sample sizes. Because of its unique combination of those merits, the D-scoring method has seen quick adoption in the educational and psychological measurement field. Because item-level difficulty information is available with the D-scoring method and item difficulties are reflected in test scores, it conceptually makes sense to use the D-scoring method with adaptive test designs such as multistage testing (MST). In this study, we developed and compared several versions of the MST mechanism using the D-scoring approach and also proposed and implemented a new framework for conducting MST simulation under the D-scoring method. Our findings suggest that the score recovery performance under MST with D-scoring was promising, as it retained score comparability across different MST paths. We found that MST using the D-scoring method can achieve improvements in measurement precision and efficiency over linear-based tests that use D-scoring method.

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Xiangan, Kong, K. Saanouni, and C. Bathias. "On the Fatigue at Very High Frequency — Part I: Theoretical and Variational Formulation." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 113, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2903393.

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This first part of our study is concerned with the theoretical and variational formulations of the problem of elastic cyclic loading at very high frequency (or acoustic fatigue). The problem is treated by using the theory of longitudinal thermoelastic wave motion in a finite medium with and without running crack. Two methods are used to formulate the evolution problem: the first one deals with the use of classical time integration schema, and the second uses the Fourier transformation to solve the evolution problem in the frequency space. Comparison of our results with some closed form solutions of some classical problem is presented. In a second paper this method is used to calculate thermo-mechanical fields in specimens used in ultrasonic fatigue tests (endurance tests and crack growth tests).

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Hoyal Cuthill, Jennifer F., Nicholas Guttenberg, Sophie Ledger, Robyn Crowther, and Blanca Huertas. "Deep learning on butterfly phenotypes tests evolution’s oldest mathematical model." Science Advances 5, no. 8 (August 2019): eaaw4967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw4967.

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Traditional anatomical analyses captured only a fraction of real phenomic information. Here, we apply deep learning to quantify total phenotypic similarity across 2468 butterfly photographs, covering 38 subspecies from the polymorphic mimicry complex of Heliconius erato and Heliconius melpomene. Euclidean phenotypic distances, calculated using a deep convolutional triplet network, demonstrate significant convergence between interspecies co-mimics. This quantitatively validates a key prediction of Müllerian mimicry theory, evolutionary biology’s oldest mathematical model. Phenotypic neighbor-joining trees are significantly correlated with wing pattern gene phylogenies, demonstrating objective, phylogenetically informative phenome capture. Comparative analyses indicate frequency-dependent mutual convergence with coevolutionary exchange of wing pattern features. Therefore, phenotypic analysis supports reciprocal coevolution, predicted by classical mimicry theory but since disputed, and reveals mutual convergence as an intrinsic generator for the unexpected diversity of Müllerian mimicry. This demonstrates that deep learning can generate phenomic spatial embeddings, which enable quantitative tests of evolutionary hypotheses previously only testable subjectively.

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Will, Clifford M. "General Relativity confronts experiment." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 114 (1986): 355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900148387.

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We review the status of experimental tests of general relativity. These include tests of the Einstein Equivalence Principle, which requires that gravitation be described by a curved-spacetime, “metric” theory of gravity. General relativity is consistent with all tests to date, including the “classical tests”: light deflection using radio interferometers, radar time delay using Viking Mars landers, and the perihelion shift of Mercury; and tests of the strong equivalence principle, such as lunar laser ranging tests of the “Nordtvedt effect”, and tests for variations in G. We also review ten years of observations of the Binary Pulsar, in which the first evidence for gravitational radiation has been found.

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Xie, Pan. "Compression Tests on Large-Scale Concrete-Filled GFRP Tubes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 1113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.1113.

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To enable reliable prediction of the stress-strain behaviour of GFRP-confined concrete, the mechanical properties of GFRP tube needs to be properly understood and modelled. This paper presents test results of an experimental investigation carried out on 400-mm-diameter and 800-mm-height concrete-filled fiber reinforced polymer tubes. A total of four GFRP-confined concrete columns were subjected to concentric compression to identify the properties of GFRP tube. The performance of GFRP tubes in the tests were compared with the calculation results based on the classical lamination theory. In addition, more in-depth interpretations of the test results and further tests need to be refined in future tests to better capture the properties of the GFRP tube.

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Ning, Wu, and Zhang Da-Hua. "Equation of Motion of a Mass Point in Gravitational Field and Classical Tests of Gauge Theory of Gravity." Communications in Theoretical Physics 47, no. 3 (March 2007): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0253-6102/47/3/026.

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LeBeau, Brandon, Susan G. Assouline, Duhita Mahatmya, and Ann Lupkowski-Shoplik. "Differentiating Among High-Achieving Learners: A Comparison of Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory on Above-Level Testing." Gifted Child Quarterly 64, no. 3 (May 22, 2020): 219–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0016986220924050.

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This study investigated the application of item response theory (IRT) to expand the range of ability estimates for gifted (hereinafter referred to as high-achieving) students’ performance on an above-level test. Using a sample of fourth- to sixth-grade high-achieving students ( N = 1,893), we conducted a study to compare estimates from two measurement theories, classical test theory (CTT) and IRT. CTT and IRT make different assumptions about the analysis that impact the reliability and validity of the scores obtained from the test. IRT can also differentiate students based on the student’s grade or within a grade by using the unique string of correct and incorrect answers the student makes while taking the test. This differentiation may have implications for identifying or classifying students who are ready for advanced coursework. An exploration of the differentiation for Math, Reading, and Science tests and the impact the different measurement frameworks can have on classification of students are explored. Implications for academic talent identification with the talent search model and development of academic talent are discussed.

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Yin, Feng, Sili Li, Bo Tian, and Kai Min Niu. "Review of Push-Off Tests for Base Friction of Cement Concrete Pavement." Advanced Materials Research 857 (December 2013): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.857.190.

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Concrete pavement slabs experience volume change due to the variation of temperature and moisture level. The frictional drag acting on the bottom of slab due to the base friction is in the opposite direction of horizontal slab displacement, and resist against the horizontal slab movements. The magnitude of frictional force and horizontal slab displacement has interdependent relationship. In the present study, the interface friction of typical concrete pavements was evaluated by performing a number of push-off tests. In this paper, reviews of classical friction theory and friction characteristics at the interface of concrete slabs and the underlying subbases are presented.

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Vatin, Nikolay I., Jarmo Havula, Lassi Martikainen, Aleksei S. Sinelnikov, and Lidia L. Shurovkina. "Reticular-Stretched Thermo-Profile: Buckling of the Perforated Web as a Single Plate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 725-726 (January 2015): 722–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.725-726.722.

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<p>This paper includes buckling analysis of reticular-stretched steel cold formed profile web as a single plate based on classical theory of elasticity. Numerical method used throughout the research was finite-element method (FEM). Results of the research have good correlation with tests.</p>

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Smith, Daniel R., Michael E. Hoffman, and James M. LeBreton. "Conditional Reasoning: An Integrated Approach to Item Analysis." Organizational Research Methods 23, no. 1 (October 20, 2019): 124–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094428119879756.

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This article provides a review of the approach that James used when conducting item analyses on his conditional reasoning test items. That approach was anchored in classical test theory. Our article extends this work in two important ways. First, we offer a set of test development protocols that are tailored to the unique nature of conditional reasoning tests. Second, we further extend James’s approach by integrating his early test validation protocols (based on classical test theory) with more recent protocols (based on item response theory). We then apply our integrated item analytic framework to data collected on James’s first test, the conditional reasoning test for relative motive strength. We illustrate how this integrated approach furnishes additional diagnostic information that may allow researchers to make more informed and targeted revisions to an initial set of items.

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WANG, KEHAO, DEMETRIOS T. VENETSANOS, JIAN WANG, and BARBARA K. PIERSCIONEK. "COMBINED USE OF PARALLEL-PLATE COMPRESSION AND FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TO ANALYZE THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF INTACT PORCINE LENS." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 18, no. 07 (November 2018): 1840013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519418400134.

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The objective of this study is to explore the feasibility of a compression test for measuring mechanical properties of intact eye lenses using novel parallel plate compression equipment to compare the accuracy of implementing a classical Hertzian model and a newly proposed adjusted Hertzian model to calculate Young’s modulus from compression test results using finite element (FE) analysis. Parallel-plate compression tests were performed on porcine lenses. An axisymmetric FE model was developed to simulate the experimental process to evaluate the accuracy of using the classical Hertzian theory of contact mechanics as well as a newly proposed adjusted Hertzian theory model for calculating the equivalent Young’s modulus. By fitting the force-displacement relation obtained from FE simulations to both the classical and adjusted Hertzian theory model and comparing the calculated modulus to the input modulus of the FE model, the results demonstrated that the classical Hertzian theory model overestimated the Young’s modulus with a proportional error of over 10%. The adjusted Hertzian theory model produced results that are closer to original input values with error ratios all lower than 1.29%. Measurements of three porcine lenses from the parallel plate compression experiments were analyzed with resulting values of Young’s modulus of between 3.2[Formula: see text]kPa and 4.3[Formula: see text]kPa calculated. This study demonstrates that the adjusted Hertzian theory of contact mechanics can be applied in conjunction with the parallel-plate compression system to investigate the overall mechanical behavior of intact lenses.

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Beirão da Veiga, L. "Asymptotic Energy Behavior of Two Classical Intermediate Benchmark Shell Problems." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 13, no. 09 (September 2003): 1279–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021820250300291x.

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We consider two classical problems which are widely used as benchmark tests for shell numerical methods: the Scordelis–Lo roof and the pinched roof. Due to the particular load and boundary conditions applied, neither belongs to the well-known classes of purely bending or purely membrane dominated shells. Consequently the asymptotic energy norm behavior, which is useful not only because it represents the structure stiffness, but also for numerical comparison purposes, is not a priori known. In this work, using space interpolation techniques and a recently developed "intermediate" shell theory, the asymptotic energy behavior of both problems is found analytically. The results are in agreement with the numerical estimates obtained in other papers.

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Vincent, Wong, and S. Kanageswari Suppiah Shanmugam. "The Role of Classical Test Theory to Determine the Quality of Classroom Teaching Test Items." Pedagogia : Jurnal Pendidikan 9, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 5–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/pedagogia.v9i1.123.

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The purpose of this study is to describe the use of Classical Test Theory (CTT) to investigate the quality of test items in measuring students' English competence. This study adopts a research method with a mixed methods approach. The results show that most items are within acceptable range of both indexes, with the exception of items in synonyms. Items that focus on vocabulary are more challenging. What is surprising is that the short answer items have an excellent item difficulty level and item discrimination index. General results from data analysis of items also support the hypothesis that items that have an ideal item difficulty value between 0.4 and 0.6 will have the same ideal item discrimination value. This paper reports part of a larger study on the quality of individual test items and overall tests.

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Ruzicka, Filip, and Tim Connallon. "Is the X chromosome a hot spot for sexually antagonistic polymorphisms? Biases in current empirical tests of classical theory." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1937 (October 21, 2020): 20201869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1869.

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Females and males carry nearly identical genomes, which can constrain the evolution of sexual dimorphism and generate conditions that are favourable for maintaining sexually antagonistic (SA) polymorphisms, in which alleles beneficial for one sex are deleterious for the other. An influential theoretical prediction, by Rice (Rice 1984 Evolution 38 , 735–742), is that the X chromosome should be a ‘hot spot’ (i.e. enriched) for SA polymorphisms. While important caveats to Rice's theoretical prediction have since been highlighted (e.g. by Fry (2010) Evolution 64 , 1510–1516), several empirical studies appear to support it. Here, we show that current tests of Rice's theory—most of which are based on quantitative genetic measures of fitness (co)variance—are frequently biased towards detecting X-linked effects. We show that X-linked genes tend to contribute disproportionately to quantitative genetic patterns of SA fitness variation whether or not the X is enriched for SA polymorphisms. Population genomic approaches for detecting SA loci, including genome-wide association study of fitness and analyses of intersexual F ST , are similarly biased towards detecting X-linked effects. In the light of our models, we critically re-evaluate empirical evidence for Rice's theory and discuss prospects for empirically testing it.

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Zhai, Qinglan, Song Zheng, and Lin Zheng. "A kinetic theory based thermal lattice Boltzmann equation model." International Journal of Modern Physics C 28, no. 04 (April 2017): 1750047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183117500474.

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A thermal lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) model within the framework of double distribution function (DDF) method is proposed from the continuous DDF Boltzmann equation, which has a clear physical significance. Since the discrete velocity set in present LBE model is not space filled, a Lax–Wendroff scheme is applied to solve the evolution equations by which the spatial interpolation of two distribution functions is overcome. To validate the model, some classical numerical tests include thermal Couette flow and natural convection flow are simulated, and the results agree well with the analytic solutions and other numerical results, which showed that the present model had the ability to describe the thermal fluid flow phenomena.

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CIUFOLINI, IGNAZIO. "NEW CLASS OF METRIC THEORIES OF GRAVITY NOT DESCRIBED BY THE PARAMETRIZED POST-NEWTONIAN (PPN) FORMALISM." International Journal of Modern Physics A 06, no. 30 (December 20, 1991): 5511–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x91002604.

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After an introduction to theories of gravity alternative to general relativity, metric theories (Sec. 1) and the parametrized post-Newtonian (PPN) formalism (Sec. 2), we define a new class of metric theories of gravity (Sec. 3). It turns out that the post-Newtonian approximation of these new theories is not described by the PPN formalism (Sec. 4); in fact, in the limit of weak field and slow motions, the post-Newtonian expression of the metric tensor contains an, a priori, infinite set of new terms and correspondingly an, a priori, infinite set of new PPN parameters. As a consequence, the parametrized post-Newtonian formulas describing the classical relativistic tests should include these new parameters, and therefore the experimental values of the classical relativistic effects should not be used to put limits only on the standard ten PPN parameters. Finally, we note that a subset of this new class of theories has the same post-Newtonian limit and value of the PPN parameters as general relativity, and therefore is automatically in agreement with the classical general-relativistic tests (Sec. 4, theory III).

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Mahmood, Khalid. "A systematic review of evidence on psychometric properties of information literacy tests." Library Review 66, no. 6/7 (September 5, 2017): 442–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lr-02-2017-0015.

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Purpose This paper aims to present the results of a systematic review of the evidence on psychometric properties of information literacy (IL) tests. Design/methodology/approach A two-stage search strategy was used to find relevant studies in two subject and three general databases. A descriptive review of test characteristics and psychometric properties was presented. The review included 29 studies describing psychometric properties of 18 IL tests. Findings It was found that the classical test theory was applied for all tests. However, the item response theory was also applied in three cases. Most of the psychometric tests were developed in the USA using ACRL IL competency standards. The most commonly used psychometric analyses include content validity, discriminant validity and internal consistency reliability. Research limitations/implications Only studies in English language are included in this review. Practical implications The study recommends that standards should be developed for the use and reporting of psychometric measures in designing IL tests. Librarians need to be trained in psychometric analysis of tests. Originality/value It is the first study that systematically reviewed psychometric properties of IL tests. The findings are useful for librarians who are teaching IL courses.

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Hansen, Dennis, Jelle Hartong, and Niels A. Obers. "Gravity between Newton and Einstein." International Journal of Modern Physics D 28, no. 14 (October 2019): 1944010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271819440103.

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Statements about relativistic effects are often subtle. In this essay we will demonstrate that the three classical tests of general relativity, namely perihelion precession, deflection of light and gravitational redshift, are passed perfectly by an extension of Newtonian gravity that includes gravitational time dilation effects while retaining a non-relativistic causal structure. This non-relativistic gravity theory arises from a covariant large speed of light expansion of Einstein’s theory of gravity that does not assume weak fields and which admits an action principle.

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Costa, Milene Cunha, Samuel Henrique Oliveira Lima, and Denilson Junio Marques Soares. "Uma proposta de análise de itens da prova preparatória para o Enade aplicada aos discentes de engenharia civil do IFMG – Campus Avançado Piumhi." ForScience 8, no. 1 (May 14, 2020): e00706. http://dx.doi.org/10.29069/forscience.2020v8n1.e706.

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Considerando a necessidade cada vez maior de se produzir avaliações consistentes, capazes de fornecer informações válidas sobre seus respondentes, este artigo tem o objetivo de analisar dois provões aplicados aos discentes do curso de Bacharelado em Engenharia Civil do Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais – Campus Avançado Piumhi e comparar seus resultados. Trata-se de uma avaliação aplicada semestralmente aos estudantes, visando a oferecer-lhes um preparo para o Exame Nacional de Desempenho de Estudantes (ENADE). Para isto, foram considerados três índices psicométricos provenientes da Teoria Clássica dos Testes: dificuldade, discriminação e confiabilidade. Também foram realizados Testes de hipóteses para verificar se estes provões apresentaram resultados equiparáveis. Estas análises foram realizadas com o auxílio do software estatístico R. Os resultados demonstram que os valores de referência, dispostos na literatura, não foram, em sua maioria, atingidos, apontando para a necessidade de uma revisão sistemática no processo de elaboração dessas provas e de um debate sobre os diferentes resultados obtidos por estudantes matriculados em períodos distintos no curso. Palavras-chave: Teoria Clássica dos Testes (TCT). Engenharia Civil. Software R. A proposal for analysing the items of the Enade preparatory assessment applied to civil engineering students of Instituto Federal Minas Gerais - IFMG - Campus Avançado Piumhi Abstract Considering the increasing need to produce consistent assessments able to provide valid information about your respondents, this article has the objective of analyzing two tests applied to students of the Bachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering course of the IFMG – Campus Avançado Piumhi (Federal Institute of Minas Gerais - Piumhi Advanced Campus) and compare your results.This is an evaluation applied to the students every semester, aiming to offer them a preparation for The National Assessment of Students Performance (ENADE). For this, it were considered three psychometric indexes from the Classical Theory of Tests: difficulty, discrimination and reliability. Statistical hypothesis testing were also performed to verify whether these tests had comparable results. These analyzes were carried out with the aid of statistical software R.The results show that the reference values, presented in the literature, were mostly not reached, pointing toward the need for a systematic review in the elaboration of these tests, besides a debate on the different results obtained by students enrolled in different periods of the course. Keywords: Classical Theory of Tests (CTT). Civil Engineering. Software R.

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