Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Classification de forêt'
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Côté, Guillaume. "Élaboration d'une typologie forestière adaptée à la forêt boréale irrégulière." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23939/23939.pdf.
Full textSainct, Benoît. "Contributions statistiques à l'analyse de mégadonnées publiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30053.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to provide a set of methodological tools to answer two problems: the prediction of the payroll of local authorities, and the analysis of their tax data. For the first, the work revolves around two statistical themes: the selection of time series model, and the analysis of functional data. Because of the complexity of the data and the heavy computation time constraints, a clustering approach has been favored. In particular, we used Functional Principal Component Analysis and a model of Gaussian mixtures to achieve unsupervised classification. These methods have been applied in two prototypes of tools that represent one of the achievements of this thesis. For the second problem, the work was done in three stages: first, innovative methods for classifying an ordinal target variable were compared on public data, notably by exploiting random forests, SVM and gradient boosting. Then, these methods were adapted to outlier detection in a targeted, ordinal, unsupervised and non-parametric context, and their efficiency was mainly compared on synthetic datasets. It is our ordinal random forest by class separation that seems to have the best result. Finally, this method has been applied to real data of tax bases, where the concerns of size and complexity are more important. Aimed at local authorities directorates, this new approach to examining their database is the second outcome of this work
Kristóf, Dániel. "Application de la télédétection pour la cartographie et le suivi des écosystèmes forestiers : application à la forêt hongroise." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30233.
Full textMonitoring subtle changes over long time periods using numerous satellite images is a challenging task. In this thesis, possibilities and limitations of the available data and methods are presented through three case studies. In the first one, the objective is to create a digital vegetation map by using a multispectral satellite image. In the second study, forestry applications of novel very high resolution satellite images are examined. Geometric correction and special data extraction methods are of interest. The third case study aims at the quantification of the effects of a water diversion on local forested ecosystems in the north-western part of Hungary. Numerous satellite images are used to carry out quantitative change analysis. The long study period, the large number of images and the objectives of the study require the application and testing of several methods, and the elaboration of new methods, especially for geometric and radiometric corrections and data fusion
Debruyne, Régis. "Différenciation morphologique et moléculaire des Elephantinae (Mammalia, Proboscidea) : Statut systématique de l'éléphant d'Afrique de forêt, Loxodonta africana cyclotis (Matschie, 1900)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MNHN0039.
Full textThe PhD thesis aims at re-examining the taxonomic differentiation among the monophyletic subfamily Elephantinae GRAY, 1821. Two different integration levels are examined. The divergence among African elephants is analysed, between two forms classically recognized as subspecies: Loxodonta africana africana (BLUMENBACH, 1792), the savannah elephant, and Loxodonta africana cyclotis (MATSCHIE, 1900), the forest elephant. This issue is revised through bibliography, morphological, anatomical and molecular traits. The comparison of the morphotypes reveals that a morphological and morphometrical division exists between cyclotis and africana, the forest elephants being deemed more primitive than their savannah relatives: a heterochrony is evidenced (retardation of cyclotis in relation to africana) that accounts for the morphological differentiation of the two forms. The comparison with molecular results suggests that this morphological partitioning is not linked to a speciation event: the molecular partitioning of the two forms is fairly incomplete et suggests recurrent crossing where their ranges intersect, being responsible for a strong mitochondrial introgression. The second level analysed concerns the differentiation between that three genera of extant - African and Asian elephants - or fossil - woolly mammoth - Elephantinae through a molecular phylogeny including sequences of ancient DNA of mammoth (of which the Lyakhov mammoth, MNHN). The analysis of all available nucleotidic sequences of mammoths unambiguously supports a grouping of mammoths with African elephants in a clade. The prevalent hypothesis which conveys that Asians elephants and mammoths form a clade is rejected from mitochondrial sequences and several cases of cross-contamination are assumed for formerly published sequences which account for the apparent polyphyly of the mammoths. The generalization of the paedomorphosis hypothesis of African elephants among Elephantinae could explain the incongruence of classical morphological data and mitochondrial results
Beguet, Benoît. "Caractérisation et cartographie de la structure forestière à partir d'images satellitaires à très haute résolution spatiale." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BOR30041/document.
Full textVery High spatial Resolution (VHR) images like Pléiades imagery (50 cm panchromatic, 2m multispectral) allows a detailed description of forest structure (tree distribution and size) at stand level, by exploiting the spatial relationship between tree structure and image texture when the pixel size is smaller than tree dimensions. This information meets the expected strong need for spatial inventory of forest resources at the stand level and its changes due to forest management, land use or catastrophic events. The aim is twofold : (1) assess the VHR satellite images potential to estimate the main variables of forest structure from the image texture: crown diameter, stem diameter, height, density or tree spacing, (2) on these bases, a pixel-based image classification of forest structure is processed in order to produce the finest possible spatial information. The main developments concern parameter optimization, variable selection, multivariate regression modelling and ensemble-based classification (Random Forests). They are tested and evaluated on the Landes maritime pine forest with three Pléiades images and a Quickbird image acquired under different conditions (season, sun angle, view angle). The method is generic. The robustness of the proposed method to image acquisition parameters is evaluated. Results show that fine variations of texture characteristics related to those of forest structure are clearly identifiable. Performances in terms of forest variable estimation (RMSE): ~1,1m for crown diameter, ~3m for tree height and ~0,9m for tree spacing, as well as forest structure mapping (~82% Overall accuracy for the classification of the five main forest structure classes) are satisfactory from an operational perspective. Their application to multi- annual images will assess their ability to detect and map forest changes such as clear cut, urban sprawl or storm damages
Tarabalka, Yuliya. "Approches spectro-spatiales pour la classification d'images hyperspectrales." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00557734.
Full textDias, Tarli Vitor. "Taxonomie, phylogéographie et distribution du genre Monastria Saussure 1864 (Insectes, Blattodea) dans la forêt atlantique brésilienne." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MNHN0004/document.
Full textThe Brazilian Atlantic forest is one of the biodiversity hotspots with the richest species diversity and threat. It is located along the Brazilian Atlantic coast going south til Paraguay and Argentina in the interior of the continent. Due to its longitudinal and altitudinal gradients, complex geology and diversity of soils it harbors an enormous diversity of landscapes and ecosystems that gave rise to its rich biodiversity. However, this biodiversity is extremely threatened because this region is the one with the highest population size and density in south America. So, the Atlantic forest is now limited to less than 5% of its original surface and distributed in scattered fragments. Despite the recognized species richness, much remains to be known about several components of this biodiversity and their origin. Among the groups still poorly known are the insects. In order to contribute to bridge this gap, in this thesis I studied one genus of cockroach endemic from the Atlantic forest, Monastria Saussure, 1864 (Blaberidae, Blaberinae). I focused on the taxonomy, phylogeography and on the contribution of the data existing in natural history collections to model the distribution range. The study of the taxonomy consisted in the revision of the genus with the re-description of already known species and description of new ones. Since the known species were described very early, the description (and re-description) comprised the definition of new characters, and consideration paid to genitalia. In addition to that, old nomenclatural problems were solved, a key to species’ identification was provided, a key to the identification of nymphs of the genera of Blaberinae endemic to the Atlantic forest were provided. The second study was aimed to understand the diversification and distribution of the genus Monastria in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. This analysis indicates the importance of differential impacts of shifts in temperature between the Southern and Northeastern part of the Atlantic forest in the Last Glacial Maximum for explaining the present pattern of distribution. The third study is an evaluation of the data concerning Monastria available in Natural History Collections for estimating its distribution range based on Ecological Niche Models (ENM), and using the data from the field work designed to assess the presence of Monastria to validate the results. Here we showed that the dataset is biased in the environmental space. This oversampling in a climate class leads to models with suitable areas much smaller than that of the real distribution of Monastria. These biases increase model’s specificity and reduced sensitivity. To overcome this problem, we designed two forms of rarefaction and showed deleting points at random in the most biased climate class is very powerful to increase the sensitivity of the ENM
Chiron, Guy R. "Un exemple d'endémisme dans la forêt atlantique brésilienne : Baptistonia Barbosa Rodrigues (Orchidaceae, Oncidiinae)-taxinomie, phylogénie et biologie de la conservation." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00377291.
Full textZammit, Olivier. "Détection de zones brûlées après un feu de forêt à partir d'une seule image satellitaire SPOT 5 par techniques SVM." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00345683.
Full textLe modèle est fondé sur les Séparateurs à Vaste Marge (SVM), une technique de classification supervisée qui a démontré une meilleure précision et une meilleure capacité de généralisation que les algorithmes de classification plus traditionnels. Concernant notre problème de détection, les différentes zones brûlées possèdent des caractéristiques spectrales assez similaires, au contraire des zones non brûlées (végétation, routes, eau, zones urbaines, nuage, ombre...) dont les caractéristiques spectrales varient énormément. Nous proposons donc d'utiliser les One-Class SVM, une technique qui dérive des SVM mais qui n'utilise que des exemples de pixels brûlés pour les phases d'apprentissage et de classification.
Afin de prendre en compte l'information spatiale de l'image, l'algorithme OC-SVM est utilisé comme une technique de croissance de régions, ce qui permet de diminuer les fausses alarmes et d'améliorer les contours des zones brûlées.
De plus, la base d'exemple de pixels brûlés nécessaire à l'apprentissage des techniques SVM est déterminée automatiquement à partir de l'histogramme de l'image.
Finalement, la méthode de classification proposée est testée sur plusieurs images satellitaires afin de valider son efficacité selon le type de végétation et la surface des zones brûlées. Les zones brûlées obtenues sont comparées aux vérités de terrain fournies par le CNES, Infoterra France, le SERTIT, les Services Départementaux d'Incendies et de Secours ou l'Office National des Forêts.
Couly, Claire. "La biodiversité agricole et forestière des Ribeirinhos de la Forêt Nationale du Tapajós (Pará, Brésil) : usages, gestion et savoirs." Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00597906.
Full textDan, Bai. "Etudes écologique, floristique, phytosociologique et ethnobotanique de la forêt marécageuse de Lokoli (Zogbodomey – Bénin): Ecological, floristic, phytosociological and ethnobotanical studies of the swamp forest of Lokoli (Zogbodomey - Benin)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/221607.
Full textThe swamp forest of Lokoli, located in the south of Benin, is a non-protected area, although it is the only swamp forest in West Africa accompanied by a river which always contains water. To be able to make decisions concerning the conservation and protection of this forest ecosystem, it is important to have a better knowledge of its flora, its vegetation and its ecology and dynamics. It is within this framework that the present study was considered. The data that were collected relate to the natural environment, the structure of the forest, the natural regeneration of the species and the uses of the Non Timber Forest Products (NTFP). The natural environment is composed of a substratum which is acid (pH varying from 3.5 to 5.5) and loamy-sandy. The floristic composition of this forest is composed of 241 plant species from 185 genera and 70 families. Seven vegetation types were identified: 1. Inundated primary forest with Alstonia congensis and Xylopia rubescens; 2. Inundated secondary forest with Ficus trichopoda and Spondianthus preussii; 3. Raphia forest with Raphia hookeri and Anthocleista vogelii; 4. Riparian forest with Alchornea cordifolia and Mitragyna inermis; 5. Marshy savanna with Ficus asperifolia and Paullinia pinnata; 6. Marshy savanna with Cyclosorus gongylodes and Polygonum pulchrum; and 7. Marshy savanna with Rhynchospora corymbosa and Ludwigia abyssinica. Precise details are given on their floristic, biological, phytogeographical and phytosociological characteristics. The mesophanerophytes are abundant in forest whereas at forest edges the microphanerophytes are most numerous. These vegetation types constitute a refuge for many animal species, for example Barboides britzi, a species of fish first identified in 2006. This study noted a good regeneration of forest species, in spite of disturbance related to the installation of fields of Colocasia esculenta. About 75 investigated NTFP are exploited in Lokoli for many purposes, among which food, packaging, alcoholic drinks, medicines, construction, etc. Among the listed NTFP, the products and by-products made from Raphia hookeri are the most important because they are important sources of revenue for the inhabitants of the area. The number of stems of Raphia used per year for palm wine production is 15.452 by the 320 inhabitants, including 148 gatherers, 81 transformers and 91 tradesmen. This provides to the inhabitants an income of about 28,000 to 159,000 FCFA per month and per inhabitant, without forgetting the other activities undertaken by these inhabitants. This results in a strong human pressure on the vegetation of the area which is therefore in urgent need of protection. The vegetation of the Lokoli forest has important values which indicate its conservation concern. It shelters plant and animal species that are endemic and/or endangered or vulnerable according to the red list of the IUCN, such as: Hallea ledermannii, Uapaca paludosa, Nauclea xanthoxylon, Cercopithecus erythrogaster erythrogaster, Cercopithecus mona, Colobus vellerosus, Ceriagrion citrinum Campion, Barboides britzi, etc. The swamp forest of Lokoli is a refuge for all these species who find here their ecological niche. On the socio-economic level, the Lokoli forest provides to the inhabitants an income for their subsistence. The Lokoli forest in southern Benin is a forest with a high conservation value and it has the potential to become a “biosphere reserve”.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Karasiak, Nicolas. "Cartographie des essences forestières à partir de séries temporelles d’images satellitaires à hautes résolutions : stabilité des prédictions, autocorrélation spatiale et cohérence avec la phénologie observée in situ." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0115.
Full textForests have a key role on earth, whether to store carbon and so reducing the global warming or to provide a place for many species. However, the composition of the forest (the location of the tree species or their diversity) has an influence on the ecological services provided. In this context, it seems critical to map tree species that make it up the forest. Remote sensing, especially from satellite images, appears to be the most appropriate way to map large areas. Thanks to the satellite constellations such as Sentinel-2 or Landsat-8 and their free acquisition for the user, the use of time series of satellite images with high spatial, spectral and temporal resolution using automatic learning algorithms is now easy to access. While many works have studied the potential of satellite images to identify tree species, few use time series (several images per year) with high spatial resolution and taking into account the spatial autocorrelation of references, i.e. the spectral similarity of spatially close samples. However, by not taking this phenomenon into account, evaluation biases may occur and thus overestimate the quality of the learning models. It is also a question of better identifying the methodological barriers in order to understand why it can be easy or complicated for an algorithm to identify one species from another. The general objective of the thesis is to study the potential and the obstacles concerning the idenficiation of forest tree species from satellite images time series with high spatial, spectral and temporal resolution. The first objective is to study the temporal stability of predictions from a nine-year archive of the Formosat-2 satellite. More specifically, the work focuses on the implementation of a validation method that is as faithful as possible to the observed quality of the maps. The second objective focuses on the link between in situ phenological events (leaf growth at the beginning of the season, or leaf loss and coloration at the end of the season) and what can be observed by remote sensing. In addition to the ability to detect these events, it will be studied whether what allows the algorithms to identify tree species from each other is related to species-specific behaviors
Pelletier, Charlotte. "Cartographie de l'occupation des sols à partir de séries temporelles d'images satellitaires à hautes résolutions : identification et traitement des données mal étiquetées." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30241/document.
Full textLand surface monitoring is a key challenge for diverse applications such as environment, forestry, hydrology and geology. Such monitoring is particularly helpful for the management of territories and the prediction of climate trends. For this purpose, mapping approaches that employ satellite-based Earth Observations at different spatial and temporal scales are used to obtain the land surface characteristics. More precisely, supervised classification algorithms that exploit satellite data present many advantages compared to other mapping methods. In addition, the recent launches of new satellite constellations - Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 - enable the acquisition of satellite image time series at high spatial and spectral resolutions, that are of great interest to describe vegetation land cover. These satellite data open new perspectives, but also interrogate the choice of classification algorithms and the choice of input data. In addition, learning classification algorithms over large areas require a substantial number of instances per land cover class describing landscape variability. Accordingly, training data can be extracted from existing maps or specific existing databases, such as crop parcel farmer's declaration or government databases. When using these databases, the main drawbacks are the lack of accuracy and update problems due to a long production time. Unfortunately, the use of these imperfect training data lead to the presence of mislabeled training instance that may impact the classification performance, and so the quality of the produced land cover map. Taking into account the above challenges, this Ph.D. work aims at improving the classification of new satellite image time series at high resolutions. The work has been divided into two main parts. The first Ph.D. goal consists in studying different classification systems by evaluating two classification algorithms with several input datasets. In addition, the stability and the robustness of the classification methods are discussed. The second goal deals with the errors contained in the training data. Firstly, methods for the detection of mislabeled data are proposed and analyzed. Secondly, a filtering method is proposed to take into account the mislabeled data in the classification framework. The objective is to reduce the influence of mislabeled data on the classification performance, and thus to improve the produced land cover map
Couturier, Stéphane. "EVALUATION DES ERREURS DE CARTES DE VEGETATION AVEC UNE APPROCHE PAR ENSEMBLES FLOUS ET AVEC LA SIMULATION D'IMAGES SATELLITE." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00193828.
Full textUne nouvelle méthode est proposée pour l'évaluation de la fiabilité des cartes et une autre méthode pour l'estimation des erreurs de classification par ambiguïtés entre classes sur images satellites. La première méthode comprend un nouveau mode d'échantillonnage et une estimation par ensembles flous des incertitudes positionnelles et thématiques. Elle a été testée sur l'Inventaire Forestier Mexicain de l'an 2000. La deuxième méthode s'appuie sur la simulation d'images satellites avec le modèle de transfert radiatif DART et a été testée sur des images IKONOS de six types de forêts au Mexique, sur terrain plat et en forte pente
Herber, Scott A. "Classification of Acropora cervicornis in Nearshore Waters of Fort Lauderdale, Florida." NSUWorks, 2001. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/305.
Full textRegniers, Olivier. "Méthodes d'analyse de texture pour la cartographie d'occupations du sol par télédetection très haute résolution : application à la fôret, la vigne et les parcs ostréicoles." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0284/document.
Full textThe prime objective of this thesis is to evaluate the potential of multivariate probabilistic models applied on wavelet subbands for the classification of very high resolution remote sensing optical data. Three main applications are investigated in this study: the differentiation of age classes of maritime pine forest stands, the detection of vineyards and the detection of oyster fields. One main contribution includes the proposal of an original supervised and object-oriented classification scheme based on similarity measurements adapted to the context of probabilistic modeling. This scheme involves the creation of a database of texture patches for the learning step and a pre-segmentation of the image to classify. The tested multivariate models were first evaluated in an image retrieval framework. The best models identified in this procedure were then applied in the proposed image processing scheme. In the three proposed thematic applications, multivariate models revealed remarkable abilities to represent the texture and reached higher classification accuracies than the method based on co-occurrence matrices. These results confirm the interest of the multi-scale and multi-orientation representation of textures through the wavelet transform, as well as the relevance of the multivariate modeling of wavelet coefficients
Bouaziz, Ameni. "Méthodes d’apprentissage interactif pour la classification des messages courts." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4039/document.
Full textAutomatic short text classification is more and more used nowadays in various applications like sentiment analysis or spam detection. Short texts like tweets or SMS are more challenging than traditional texts. Therefore, their classification is more difficult owing to their shortness, sparsity and lack of contextual information. We present two new approaches to improve short text classification. Our first approach is "Semantic Forest". The first step of this approach proposes a new enrichment method that uses an external source of enrichment built in advance. The idea is to transform a short text from few words to a larger text containing more information in order to improve its quality before building the classification model. Contrarily to the methods proposed in the literature, the second step of our approach does not use traditional learning algorithm but proposes a new one based on the semantic links among words in the Random Forest classifier. Our second contribution is "IGLM" (Interactive Generic Learning Method). It is a new interactive approach that recursively updates the classification model by considering the new data arriving over time and by leveraging the user intervention to correct misclassified data. An abstraction method is then combined with the update mechanism to improve short text quality. The experiments performed on these two methods show their efficiency and how they outperform traditional algorithms in short text classification. Finally, the last part of the thesis concerns a complete and argued comparative study of the two proposed methods taking into account various criteria such as accuracy, speed, etc
Ziadé, Youmni. "Contribution à l'étude de la propagation en milieu forestier dans les bandes VHF-UHF : application de la méthode D.O.R.T. à la détection de cibles." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066434.
Full textNeumann, Thomas, and Markus Wacker. "Wie der Computer virtuelle Muskeln formt." Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:520-qucosa-144193.
Full textBernard, Simon. "Forêts aléatoires : de l’analyse des mécanismes de fonctionnement à la construction dynamique." Phd thesis, Rouen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ROUES011.
Full textThis research work is related to machine learning and more particularlydealswiththeparametrizationofRandomForests,whichareclassifierensemble methods that use decision trees as base classifiers. We focus on two important parameters of the forest induction : the number of features randomly selected at each node and the number of trees. We first show that the number of random features has to be chosen regarding to the feature space properties, and we propose hence a new algorithm called Forest-RK that exploits those properties. We then show that a static induction process implies that some of the trees of the forest make the ensemble generalisation error decrease, by deteriorating the strength/correlation compromise. We finaly propose an original random forest dynamic induction algorithm that favorably compares to static induction processes
Genuer, Robin. "Forêts aléatoires : aspects théoriques, sélection de variables et applications." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00550989.
Full textJabiri, Fouad. "Applications de méthodes de classification non supervisées à la détection d'anomalies." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67914.
Full textIn this thesis, we will first present the binary tree partitioning algorithm and isolation forests. Binary trees are very popular classifiers in supervised machine learning. The isolation forest belongs to the family of unsupervised methods. It is an ensemble of binary trees used in common to isolate outlying instances. Subsequently, we will present the approach that we have named "Exponential smoothig" (or "pooling"). This technique consists in encoding sequences of variables of different lengths into a single vector of fixed size. Indeed, the objective of this thesis is to apply the algorithm of isolation forests to identify anomalies in insurance claim forms available in the database of a large Canadian insurance company in order to detect cases of fraud. However, a form is a sequence of claims. Each claim is characterized by a set of variables and thus it will be impossible to apply the isolation forest algorithm directly to this kind of data. It is for this reason that we are going to apply Exponential smoothing. Our application effectively isolates claims and abnormal forms, and we find that the latter tend to be audited by the company more often than regular forms.
Léonard, Jean-Pierre. "Contribution à la typologie des principaux systèmes forestiers : essai de classification physionomiqe de forêts à partir de facteurs sociétaux générateurs." Bordeaux 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR30028.
Full textVan, Lier Olivier. "Cartographie des éricacées (Kalmia angustifolia, Ledum) en forêts d'épinette noire (Picea mariana) cas de la Côte-Nord." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2588.
Full textGoehry, Benjamin. "Prévision multi-échelle par agrégation de forêts aléatoires. Application à la consommation électrique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS461/document.
Full textThis thesis has two objectives. A first objective concerns the forecast of a total load in the context of Smart Grids using approaches that are based on the bottom-up forecasting method. The second objective is based on the study of random forests when observations are dependent, more precisely on time series. In this context, we are extending the consistency results of Breiman’s random forests as well as the convergence rates for a simplified random forest that have both been hitherto only established for independent and identically distributed observations. The last contribution on random forests describes a new methodology that incorporates the time-dependent structure in the construction of forests and thus have a gain in performance in the case of time series, illustrated with an application of load forecasting of a building
Ciss, Saïp. "Forêts uniformément aléatoires et détection des irrégularités aux cotisations sociales." Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100063/document.
Full textWe present in this thesis an application of machine learning to irregularities in the case of social contributions. These are, in France, all contributions due by employees and companies to the "Sécurité sociale", the french system of social welfare (alternative incomes in case of unemployement, Medicare, pensions, ...). Social contributions are paid by companies to the URSSAF network which in charge to recover them. Our main goal was to build a model that would be able to detect irregularities with a little false positive rate. We, first, begin the thesis by presenting the URSSAF and how irregularities can appear, how can we handle them and what are the data we can use. Then, we talk about a new machine learning algorithm we have developped for, "random uniform forests" (and its R package "randomUniformForest") which are a variant of Breiman "random Forests" (tm), since they share the same principles but in in a different way. We present theorical background of the model and provide several examples. Then, we use it to show, when irregularities are fraud, how financial situation of firms can affect their propensity for fraud. In the last chapter, we provide a full evaluation for declarations of social contributions of all firms in Ile-de-France for year 2013, by using the model to predict if declarations present irregularities or not
Senterre, Bruno. "Recherches méthodologiques pour la typologie de la végétation et la phytogéographie des forêts denses d'Afrique tropicale." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210954.
Full textII. Field data consisted in phytosociological homogeneous sample plots localized within different recognized phytogeographical entities, in a region of tropical Africa where these entities are known to be well conserved. A total of 37 such plots were inventoried in the region extending from the littoral forests of Ndoté, Equatorial Guinea, which are wet evergreen forests, to the continental forests of the Dja, Cameroon, known as evergreen seasonal forests. The studied region also included the oriental Atlantic forests of Equatorial Guinea, known as moist evergreen forests or caesalp forests. In various parts of this continentality gradient, some plots were localized within climax non-zonal formations, namely the submontane rain forests. The emphasis was put on the vegetation of the Monte Alén National Park.
The sampling methodology was willing to be as "complete ", including all strata, "quantitative ", enumerating all individuals, and "representative ", within each stratum, as possible. These multi-layers plots were realised using nested sub-plots, with a sampling size of 100 individuals for every ligneous stratum recognized (dominant trees, dominated trees and shrubs) and a sampling size of 200m² for the herbaceous and suffrutex stratum.
Forest types were defined independently for each stratum and the differences were analysed. A method was proposed for the simultaneous analysis of all floristic data, converting and standardizing the values from ligneous strata, on the one hand, and from understorey strata, on the other hand.
III. Ten forest types were described using IndVal and discussed in the general context of the guineo-congolian region, from a syntaxonomic view point (agglomerative classification) and from a phytogeographical view point (divisive classification). Homologies between these two approaches are described. The proposed phytogeographical system is based on an "open " conception of hierarchical classifications, combining advantages of agglomerative and divisive classifications. In concrete terms, the non-zonal criteria, for example the submontane variants, are categorised separately and in analogy with the zonal criteria, related to the usual phytochoria.
Analysis of ecological relationships for the 10 communities showed that the main variables related to the floristic variability in our mainland rain forests are elevation, rainfall, hygrometry (estimated using bryophytes cover levels) and distance to the ocean. The two extremes on the vertical microclimatic gradient, dominant trees stratum and herbaceous stratum, give similar typologies, however canonical analysis showed that for the herbaceous layer, non-zonal variables (hygrometry and elevation) were gaining more importance when the influence of the two zonal variables was attenuated. In every case, spatial autocorrelation was less important than the environment in explaining floristic variability but its role increased in the spatial arrangement of understorey species, whose dispersal capacity is generally lower than canopy trees. The phytosociological, phytogeographical and ecological description of forest types is accompanied by a physiognomical description using biological types spectrum, as well as architectural models, leaf sizes, etc.
With regard to diversity, we have demonstrated that species richness was higher from upper to lower strata because of the accumulation in lower strata of species from various strata. On the other hand, the proper stratum diversity, i.e. the structural set, decreased from dominant trees to shrubs. The proper diversity of the herb layer showed relatively high figures mainly due to the higher individual density in relation to the existence of microstrata. Within the 37 sample plots, 1,050 taxa have been identified to species or morpho-species levels, for a total of 25,750 individuals. These taxa represent 442 genus among 104 families. The richest forest type is found on the foothills of the Niefang range, on the windward side. This forest type is also characterised by a high number of oligotypic genus and by species belonging to functional types indicators of glacial refuges. These functional types are defined on the basis of the dispersal capacity and on kind of stand needed for effective germination. We formulated the hypothesis that this kind of "foothills refuge ", characterised by his zonal nature, could have been one of the rare refuges for species from mainland rain forests, while montane and fluvial refuges would mainly have preserved species from non-zonal forest types: (sub)montane and riverine.
Based on indicator species of submontane forests, a potential distribution map of this forest type has been realised at the Atlantic central African scale. More than 400 submontane forest localities have been mapped. These forests begin at 400m of altitude near the ocean, and progressively at higher altitude for increasing distance to the ocean. Many lowland localities also comprised submontane species, which could indicate the existence of ecological transgressions. These transgressions would allow migratory tracks for submontane species between isolated mountain ranges, not only during glacial periods, through heights at the northern and southern borders of the congo basin, but also contemporarily through the lowland riverine forest network, in the centre of this basin. Finally, a special attention has been attributed to littoral forests and to some cases of choroecological transgressions, coupled to the ecological equalization phenomenon.
Doctorat en sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
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Heidemann, Lutz, and Sylvi Mauermeister. "Fakultät Forst-, Geo- und Hydrowissenschaften 2005." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1183457294400-26702.
Full textMinvielle, Ludovic. "Classification d'événements à partir de capteurs sols - Application au suivi de personnes fragiles." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASN023.
Full textThis thesis addresses the subject of event detection in temporal signals for elderly monitoring by the use of a floor pressure sensor. We first show that most proposed systems do not meet main practical issues and that floor systems constitute promising candidates for monitoring tasks. Since complex signals require sophisticated models, we propose a random-forest-based approach that detects falls with state-of-the-art accuracy and meets hardware constraints with a feature selection procedure. The model performance is improved with data augmentation and time aggregation of the random forest outputs. Then, we address the issue of confronting our model to the real world with transfer learning methods that act on the core model of random forests, i.e. decision trees. These methods are adaptations of seminal work and are designed to tackle the class imbalance problem as falls are rare events. Methods are tested on several data sets, showing interesting potential continuation, and a Python implementation is made available. Finally, motivated by the issue of elderly monitoring while dealing with one-dimensional signals for a large areas, we propose to distinguish elderly persons from younger individuals with a model based on convolutional neural network and convolutional dictionary learning. Since signals are mainly made of walks, the first part of the model is trained to recognize steps, and the last part of the model is trained with all previous layers frozen. This novel approach to gait classification allows to isolate elderly-generated signals with very high accuracy
Feng, Wei. "Investigation of training data issues in ensemble classification based on margin concept : application to land cover mapping." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BOR30016/document.
Full textClassification has been widely studied in machine learning. Ensemble methods, which build a classification model by integrating multiple component learners, achieve higher performances than a single classifier. The classification accuracy of an ensemble is directly influenced by the quality of the training data used. However, real-world data often suffers from class noise and class imbalance problems. Ensemble margin is a key concept in ensemble learning. It has been applied to both the theoretical analysis and the design of machine learning algorithms. Several studies have shown that the generalization performance of an ensemble classifier is related to the distribution of its margins on the training examples. This work focuses on exploiting the margin concept to improve the quality of the training set and therefore to increase the classification accuracy of noise sensitive classifiers, and to design effective ensemble classifiers that can handle imbalanced datasets. A novel ensemble margin definition is proposed. It is an unsupervised version of a popular ensemble margin. Indeed, it does not involve the class labels. Mislabeled training data is a challenge to face in order to build a robust classifier whether it is an ensemble or not. To handle the mislabeling problem, we propose an ensemble margin-based class noise identification and elimination method based on an existing margin-based class noise ordering. This method can achieve a high mislabeled instance detection rate while keeping the false detection rate as low as possible. It relies on the margin values of misclassified data, considering four different ensemble margins, including the novel proposed margin. This method is extended to tackle the class noise correction which is a more challenging issue. The instances with low margins are more important than safe samples, which have high margins, for building a reliable classifier. A novel bagging algorithm based on a data importance evaluation function relying again on the ensemble margin is proposed to deal with the class imbalance problem. In our algorithm, the emphasis is placed on the lowest margin samples. This method is evaluated using again four different ensemble margins in addressing the imbalance problem especially on multi-class imbalanced data. In remote sensing, where training data are typically ground-based, mislabeled training data is inevitable. Imbalanced training data is another problem frequently encountered in remote sensing. Both proposed ensemble methods involving the best margin definition for handling these two major training data issues are applied to the mapping of land covers
Desir, Chesner. "Classification Automatique d'Images, Application à l'Imagerie du Poumon Profond." Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00879356.
Full textGodart, Marie-Françoise. "Les groupes écologiques des forêts feuillues du sud de la Belgique: Mise en évidence par l'application de l'analyse factorielle des correspondances, la classification automatique et les profils écologiques." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213268.
Full textNicolas, Violaine. "Systématique et écologie des communautés afrotropicales de muridés (Mammalia : Rodentia) et de soricidés (Mammalia : Insectivora)." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN10113.
Full textToupin, Julie. "Redonner vie à une collection : les terres cuites communes du fort La Tour." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/17764.
Full textLaflamme, Jason. "Comparaisons des paysages forestiers préindustriels (1804 – 1864) et actuels (1982 – 2006) sur la base de la classification écologique dans la vallée de la rivière Gatineau, Québec, Canada." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29362/29362.pdf.
Full textRosenthal, Michael, and Claus-Thomas Bues. "Holznutzung leistet Beitrag zur Armutsbekämpfung." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-74532.
Full textZiemann, Astrid, Hans-Jörg Ederer, Christoph Stüber, Markus Hehn, and Christian Bernhofer. "Schalldämpfung durch Wald (Teil 1): Vegetationsabhängige Abschirmwirkung von Wäldern – Messtechnische Verifizierung eines akustisch-meteorologischen Modells." Sächsisches Landesamt für Umwelt, Landwirtschaft und Geologie, 2016. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A7975.
Full textHehn, Markus, Astrid Ziemann, Hans-Jörg Ederer, Christoph Stüber, and Christian Bernhofer. "Schalldämpfung durch Wald (Teil 2): Vegetationsabhängige Abschirmwirkung von Wäldern – Messtechnische Verifizierung eines akustisch-meteorologischen Modells: Ergänzende Datenaufbereitung." Sächsisches Landesamt für Umwelt, Landwirtschaft und Geologie, 2016. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A7976.
Full textTusa, jumbo Eduardo Alejandro. "Apport de la fusion LiDAR - hyperspectral pour la caractérisation géométrique et radiométrique des arbres." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03212453.
Full textMountain forests provide environmental ecosystem services (EES) to communities: supplying of recreational landscapes, protection against natural hazards, supporting biodiversity conservation, among others. The preservation of these EES through space and time requires a good characterization of the resources. Especially in mountains, stands are very heterogeneous and timber harvesting is economically possible thanks to trees of higher value. This is why we want to be able to map each tree and estimate its characteristics, including quality, which is related to its shape and growth conditions. Field inventories are not able to provide a wall to wall cover of detailed tree-level information on a large scale. On the other hand, remote sensing tools seem to be a promising technology because of the time efficient and the affordable costs for studying forest areas. LiDAR data provide detailed information from the vertical distribution and location of the trees, but it is limited for mapping species. Hyperspectral data are associated to absorption features in the canopy reflectance spectrum, but is not effective for characterizing tree geometry. Hyperspectral and LiDAR systems provide independent and complementary data that are relevant for the assessment of biophysical and biochemical attributes of forest areas. This PhD thesis deals with the fusion of LiDAR and hyperspectral data to characterize individual forest trees. The leading idea is to improve methods to derive forest information at tree-level by extracting geometric and radiometric features. The contributions of this research work relies on: i) an updated review of data fusion methods of LiDAR and hyperspectral data for forest monitoring, ii) an improved 3D segmentation algorithm for delineating individual tree crowns based on Adaptive Mean Shift (AMS3D) and an ellipsoid crown shape model, iii) a criterion for feature selection based on random forests score, $5$-fold cross validation and a cumulative error function for forest tree species classification. The two main methods used to derive forest information at tree level are tested with remote sensing data acquired in the French Alps
Keller, Roland. "Les familles des dicotylédones ligneuses tropicales et leur identification à l'aide d'une clef fondée sur les seuls caractères végétatifs." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20081.
Full textKennel, Pol. "Caractérisation de texture par analyse en ondelettes complexes pour la segmentation d’image : applications en télédétection et en écologie forestière." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20215/document.
Full textThe analysis of digital images, albeit widely researched, continues to present a real challenge today. In the case of several applications which aim to produce an appropriate description and semantic recognition of image content, particular attention is required to be given to image analysis. In response to such requirements, image content analysis is carried out automatically with the help of computational methods that tend towards the domains of mathematics, statistics and physics. The use of image segmentation methods is a relevant and recognized way to represent objects observed in images. Coupled with classification, segmentation allows a semantic segregation of these objects. However, existing methods cannot be considered to be generic, and despite having been inspired by various domains (military, medical, satellite etc), they are continuously subject to reevaluation, adaptation or improvement. For example satellite images stand out in the image domain in terms of the specificity of their mode of acquisition, their format, or the object of observation (the Earth, in this case).The aim of the present thesis is to explore, by exploiting the notion of texture, methods of digital image characterization and supervised segmentation. Land, observed from space at different scales and resolutions, could be perceived as being textured. Land-use maps could be obtained through the segmentation of satellite images, in particular through the use of textural information. We propose to develop competitive algorithms of segmentation to characterize texture, using multi-scale representations of images obtained by wavelet decomposition and supervised classifiers such as Support Vector Machines.Given this context, the present thesis is principally articulated around various research projects which require the study of images at different scales and resolutions, and which are varying in nature (eg. multi-spectral, optic, LiDAR). Certain aspects of the methodology developed are applied to the different case studies undertaken
Arnold, Maik, Katrin Hallmann, Steffen Kersten, Sylvia Koch, Marcel Köhler, and Lars Leidl. "Interkulturelle Kompetenz." Berufsakademie Sachsen, Staatliche Studienakademie Breitenbrunn, 2012. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A3516.
Full textArnold, Maik, Marcel Köhler, and Lars Leidl. "Interkulturelle Kompetenz in der Sächsischen Wirtschaft." Berufsakademie Sachsen, Staatliche Studienakademie Breitenbrunn, 2012. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A3515.
Full textKöhler, Marcel, and Lars Leidl. "Interkulturell ausgerichtete Studien- und Dienstleistungsangebote." Berufsakademie Sachsen, Staatliche Studienakademie Breitenbrunn, 2012. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A3517.
Full textShafik, Hussain latif. "Taxonomie des pseudomonas phytopathogènes du groupe de pseudomonas syringae : études phénotypique et génotypique." Angers, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ANGE0012.
Full textEberl, Justus. "Walderhaltung- und Waldmehrungspolitik: Kohärenz der Programmgestaltung eines Politikfeldes in Deutschland unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Situation in Thüringen." BoD - Books on Demand, 2019. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A74112.
Full textAt the beginning of the 21st century, forest policy faces numerous challenges. It has to address requirements that are more in number, novelty, diversity and dispersity as likely ever before in recent history. Among the most important of these are clearly the challenges to save and pro-tect global Climate and Biodiversity. Land-use, Land-use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) have been incorporated in these challenges through various binding international compacts, among them the Paris Climate Accord of 2015, the EU’s LULUCF Regulation of 2018 as well as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) of 1993 and their respective national instruments of implementation, e.g. the German National Strategy on Sustainability of 2002. They all aim to maintain and augment the mitigative climate effects and biodiversity of forests. Therefore, this study sets out to determine the consequences of these new requirements for forest policy. It analyses how these various new policy goals can be reconciled and integrated without inter-fering with other standing policy targets. Although the loss of tropical forests has long been identified to be one of the main driving forces for climate change and loss of biodiversity, the potential positive effects of global refor-estation and afforestation (including the global north) to reverse this trend and mitigate cli-mate change have only recently become a focus point of attention. This study therefore focuses on the policy goals which directly or indirectly influence the change of forest area. Starting from a national German perspective, policy goals at a European as well as the subnational, Thuringian level are included in the analysis, followig the federal structure of Germany within an ever closer politically united Europe. This study analyses coherence among policy goals using the Policy Coherence Framework (PCF). Following this established framework, policy coherence between the three political levels (European, national, subnational) is being investigated as “vertical coherence”. Coherence be-tween forest area policy and other policy fields on the same political level are researched and referred to as “horizontal coherence”. Within a certain policy field, coherence of programs will be investigated as “internal coherence”, whereas relations and interactions to policy goals of other areas is being referred to as “external coherence”. The framework has been adapted to this study’s requirements and amended with dimensions to analyze coherence between pro-grams with respect to the dates and departments of publication. With the analysis of policy coherence, this study pursues a philosophical understanding of “phronesis” (i.e. “prudence”, as opposed to “techne” and episteme) as the main target of social science and research. Based on a thourough assessment and using a determined set of values and goals for sustainable development of the forest sector, this study aims to contribute to the advancement of policy coherence in actual policy formulation.
Köhler, Thomas, Eric Schoop, and Nina Kahnwald. "Gemeinschaften in neuen Medien. Erforschung der digitalen Transformation in Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft, Bildung und öffentlicher Verwaltung: 22. Workshop GeNeMe‘19 Gemeinschaften in Neuen Medien." TUDpress, 2019. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A36456.
Full textDigitalization is more than ever the top topic in economics, science and societal developments. Infrastructures and competencies are at the forefront of many debates. The question of which industry is or will be affected by digitization next and to what extent is not only driving executives around. While information technology innovations were something for so-called ‘(hyper-)nerds’ until recently, it has become an everyday item. We seem to have embarked on permanent change. But where does the journey actually go? Are large amounts of data a threat or an opportunity? Can we even process them or do we need fundamentally changed tools and methods - such as Visual Analytics, Virtual Reconstruction, Virtual Engineering? The 22nd GeNeMe has taken up these issues and will present them in various discussions. [... from the introduction]:Forschung zur digitalen Transformation in Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft, Bildung und öffentlicher Verwaltung XXI Communities in New Media. Researching the Digital Transformation in Science, Business, Education & Public Administration XXV A Community Research 1 A.1 Design Claims für Community-Plattformen im Kontext des bottom-up Urbanism 1 A.2 Systemkonzept und Modellierung beruflicher Handlungen im FeDiNAR-AR-Lernsystem 12 A.3 Altersbezogene Unterschiede bei der Interaktion mit einem Virtual-Reality-System 24 A.4 Community-based Service-Learning and Digital Media – A Teaching Practice Report on a Flipped-Classroom-based Crowdfunding Course for Social Pedagogues35 A.5 Online-Debatten mit Künstlicher Intelligenz verbessern 41 B Digitale Transformation in Education and Workspace 43 B.1 „Verwaltung to go?“ – Möglichkeiten und Grenzen mobilen Arbeitens in der öffentlichen Verwaltung 43 B.2 Digitalization in schools – An empirical study of teachers’ attitude towards the use of ICTs after the introduction of a “One Laptop per Teacher” Initiative 57 B.3 Onlinegestützte Bildungs- und Beratungsformate – neue Wege zur Entlastung pflegender Angehöriger von an Demenz erkrankten Personen im ländlichen Raum durch Schaffung neuer „Sozialräume“? 70 C Online Research Methods 80 C.1 Online-Fragebogen auf mobilen Geräten: Ein Layout- Vergleich 80 C.2 Nutzung von Online-Fragebogen auf Smartphones und Desktops: Eine Analyse von soziodemographischen und Kontextfaktoren 91 C.3 Ökonomie und Fairness von Constructed-Response-Items in E-Assessments 101 C.4 Lernbedarf vs. Lernbedürfnis: eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme zur Wirksamkeit von diagnostischen Online-Selbsttests 112 D Customer Experience 121 D.1 Die Sicherung der Stadt als gesellschaftlicher Mittelpunkt – Die Inspiration als Konzept zur Stärkung der Kunde-Händler-Beziehung 121 D.2 Förderung der Kundeninteraktion zur Nutzung von Datenvisualisierungen auf Basis von Smart Metering im Privatkundenbereich 133 D.3 Bedürfniserhebung durch Chatbots an ausgewählten Touchpoints innerhalb der Kundenkommunikation 144 D.4 Shop with Heart: Entwicklung und Evaluation eines emotionsbasierten Interfaces 153 E Digital and Online Education 165 E.1 Erklärvideos zur Wissensvermittlung im Hochschulkontext – ein Praxisbeispiel im fächerübergreifenden Austausch 165 E.2 Zuversichtserfassung als Mittel zur Stärkung von selbstreguliertem Lernen 170 E.3 Digitalisation in Higher Education: A Flipped Classroom Arrangement to foster Internationalisation 174 E.4 Forecasting EduTech for the next decade. Scenario development teaching patterns in general versus academic education 178 F Knowledge Cooperation 183 F.1 LOS geht’s! Learning Experience durch Gamification 183 F.2 Datenmodelle für fachübergreifende Wissensbasen in der interdisziplinären Anwendung 189 F.3 Agile Lehr- und Lernressourcennutzung in kooperativen und kollaborativen Netzwerken 193 F.4 Gamifizierte Augmented Reality-Anwendungen im Tourismuskontext: Ein Literaturreview zu Gestaltungsansätzen, Chancen und Risiken 197 G Continious and Vocational Education 211 G.1 Peer-Groups als Antwort auf die digitale Exklusion – Best Practice Beispiel zur Förderung digitaler Fähigkeiten bei älteren Erwachsenen 211 G.2 Technologieunterstütztes Lernen in nicht-kommerziellen Weiterbildungsinstitutionen. Eine Bestandsaufnahme im sächsischen Raum 228 G.3 Digitale betriebliche Weiterbildung – wo geht die Reise hin? 240 G.4 Wie digital ist die Berufsschule? – Eine Analyse anhand von Online-Berichtsheften 252 H Motivation and Technology Use 261 H.1 Sind bescheidene Masterminds wirklich konfliktscheu? Der Einfluss von Persönlichkeit und Spielertypen auf Spielelemente in spielbasierten Lernanwendungen 261 H.2 Making the Right Choice: Gamification for Different Attribution Styles to Increase Motivation 271 H.3 Digitales Lernen fesselnd gestalten: Motivation beim Lösen verschiedener Aufgabentypen 282 H.4 Kritischer Perspektivenwechsel im virtuellen Klassenzimmer – Charakteristika einer erfolgreichen virtuellen Zusammenarbeit aus Studierendensicht 292 I Gamebased and Augmented Learning 301 I.1 Learn&Play – Entwurf eines Serious Games für Ingenieurstudiengänge nach dem Learning Mechanic – Game Mechanic Framework 301 I.2 DOmIcILE-VR – Wohnungsabnahmen virtuell trainieren 306 Autorenverzeichnis 314
Lachenaud, Olivier. "Le genre Psychotria (Rubiaceae) en Afrique occidentale et centrale: taxonomie, phylogénie et biogéographie." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209442.
Full textLe présent travail a pour objectifs :1) la révision taxonomique du genre Psychotria pour l’Afrique occidentale et centrale; 2) une étude phylogénétique du genre, visant à reconstituer son évolution et améliorer la classification infragénérique ;et 3) une étude biogéographique régionale de ce groupe, afin de définir des centres de diversité et d'endémisme.
Notre travail de taxonomie, fondé sur l’examen des spécimens d’herbier et sur des missions de terrain au Cameroun et au Gabon, nous a conduit à reconnaître l’existence de 232 espèces en Afrique occidentale et centrale, ce qui fait de Psychotria le plus vaste genre de plantes dans cette région. Parmi ces espèces, 78 sont nouvelles.
Nos travaux phylogénétiques, basés sur l’étude de deux marqueurs nucléaires (ITS et ETS) et quatre chloroplastiques (rps16, trnG, matK et rbcLa), montrent que la classification de Petit (1964, 1966) est largement à revoir. Il apparaît notamment que les deux sous-genres (Psychotria et Tetramerae) reconnus en Afrique, et fondés sur la présence ou l’absence de nodules bactériens foliaires, ne sont pas monophylétiques, certaines espèces ayant secondairement perdu leurs nodules. Nos résultats soutiennent également le rattachement du genre monospécifique Peripeplus à Psychotria.
Le genre Psychotria montre une diversité remarquable, associée à un taux d’endémisme élevé, dans le domaine bas-guinéen (Cameroun et Gabon principalement) où plusieurs centres d’endémisme ont été identifiés. Ceux-ci sont localisés non seulement dans les massifs montagneux de l’intérieur, dont la flore particulière est bien connue, mais également dans les régions littorales. L’Afrique de l’ouest, moins diversifiée, montre cependant un fort endémisme localisé principalement dans deux centres, l’un situé au Liberia et dans l’ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire, l’autre vers la frontière Côte d’Ivoire/Ghana. Le bassin du Congo, comparable en diversité à l’Afrique de l’Ouest, est relativement pauvre en endémiques.
Ces résultats suggèrent que les forêts du Cameroun et du Gabon auraient relativement bien résisté aux périodes sèches passées, et remettent notamment en question l’hypothèse d’une disparition des forêts littorales du golfe de Guinée au cours du Pleistocène./Psychotria is the largest genus in the Rubiaceae family, with several hundred species in wet tropical areas worldwide. Psychotria spp. are mostly shrubs (a few being lianas, creepers or trees) and are often an important component of the undergrowth in tropical rainforests. Some show remarkable adaptations such as leaf bacterial symbiosis or litter gathering. Due to its size and identification problems, Psychotria remains a little-known genus, especially in West and Central Africa, where no major work has been done on this group since the 1960s.
The aims of the present work are: 1) a taxonomic revision of Psychotria in West and Central Africa; 2) a phylogenetic study of the genus, in order to trace its evolution and improve the infrageneric classification; and 3) a regional biogeographic study of the genus, to define centers of diversity and endemism.
Our taxonomical work, based on the study of herbarium specimens and field expeditions in Gabon and Cameroon, led us to recognise 232 species of Psychotria in West and Central Africa. Psychotria is therefore the largest plant genus in this area. Among these species, 78 are new.
Our phylogenetic work, based on two nuclear markers (ITS and ETS) and four chloroplastic markers (rps16, trnG, matK, rbcLa), shows that Petit’s (1964, 1966) infrageneric classification is in need of revision. In particular, we show that the two subgenera present in Africa (subg. Tetramerae and subg. Psychotria), which are defined by the presence or absence of leaf bacterial nodules, are not monophyletic: a secondary loss of the bacterial nodules has occured in some species. Our results also support the merging of the monospecific genus Peripeplus into Psychotria.
The genus Psychotria shows a remarkable diversity and a high level and endemism in the Lower Guinea domain (particularly Cameroon and Gabon) where several centers of endemism are identified. These are located not only in the inland hill ranges, which are well known for their particular flora, but also in littoral areas. West Africa is less diverse but also shows a high level of endemism, which concerns mostly two areas, one in Liberia and western Côte d’Ivoire and the other around the Côte d’Ivoire/Ghana border. The Congo basin, comparable in diversity to West Africa, has relatively few endemic species.
These results suggest that the rainforests of Cameroon and Gabon resisted relatively well during historical drier periods. They do not support the hypothesis of a disappearance of the Gulf of Guinea littoral forests during the Pleistocene.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Kunath, Maxi. "Erfassung und Bewertung von Quellen im Forstrevier Ottomühle zur Erarbeitung von Handlungsempfehlungen für die Renaturierung oder zukünftige Pflege der Quellbereiche und die forstliche Bewirtschaftung im Umfeld." Bachelor's thesis, Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft, 2020. https://htw-dresden.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A73113.
Full textThe aim of this bachelor thesis was to register and evaluate the current state of coldwater springs in the forest district „Ottomühle“. The gathered data was used to develop recommendations for action, which include renaturation processes, future maintenance of the springs and forest management in the surrounding areas. From March to June 2020 a total of 19 springs were registered in the district. The collection of needed parameters and the proximate assessment according to a springs natural state followed the instruction manual of the Bavarian State Office for the Environment (Bayrisches Landesamtes für Umwelt). The impairments found were in decreasing frequency (number of affected springs): • Non-natural tree population (12) • Branch material or low-grade timber (9) • Soil damage by trampling or vehicles (8) • Water impoundment (5) • Forest clearance (3) • Waterinput from surface or drainage water (3) • Piping (3) • Obstruction of riverbanks or riverbed sheeting (3) • Complete obstruction (2) • Bypass or relocation (2) The recommendations for further action in relation to impairments are presented in this paper.:1 EINLEITUNG 2 MATERIAL UND METHODEN 2.1 UNTERSUCHUNGSGEBIET 2.2 SYSTEMATIK DER QUELLEN 2.3 DATENAUFNAHME IM FREILAND 2.3.1 Basis-Bogen 2.3.2 Detail-Bogen 2.4 QUELLENBEWERTUNG 2.5 ERARBEITUNG DER HANDLUNGSEMPFEHLUNG 3 ERGEBNISSE 3.1 ALLGEMEINE AUSWERTUNG 3.2 EINZELQUELLEN 3.2.1 „Wegquelle“ (ID 00001) 3.2.2 Zehrborn (ID 00002) 3.2.3 „Sumpfquelle“ (ID00003) 3.2.4 „Eisenquelle“ (ID 00004) 3.2.5 „Flurquelle“ (ID 00005) 3.2.6 Singeborn (ID 00006) 3.2.7 „Turmquelle“ (ID 00007/00008) 3.2.8 „Wildquelle“ (ID 00009) 3.2.9 „Teichquelle“ (ID 00010) 3.2.10 „Kapuzinerquelle“ (ID 00011) 3.2.11 Herkulesquelle (ID 00012) 3.2.12 „Johannisquelle“ (ID 00013) 3.2.13 „Kachequelle“ (ID 00015) 3.2.14 „Fichtenquelle“ (ID 00016) 3.2.15 „Jägerquelle“ (ID 00017) 3.2.16 „Brennnesselquelle“ (ID 00018) 3.2.17 „Fallenquelle“ (ID 00019) 3.2.18 „Dornquelle“ (ID 00020) 3.2.19 „Hainquelle“ (ID 00021) 4 DISKUSSION 5 FAZIT ANHANG
Cabrol, Sébastien. "Les crises économiques et financières et les facteurs favorisant leur occurrence." Thesis, Paris 9, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA090019.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to analyze, from an empirical point of view, both the different varieties of economic and financial crises (typological analysis) and the context’s characteristics, which could be associated with a likely occurrence of such events. Consequently, we analyze both: years seeing a crisis occurring and years preceding such events (leading contexts analysis, forecasting). This study contributes to the empirical literature by focusing exclusively on the crises in advanced economies over the last 30 years, by considering several theoretical types of crises and by taking into account a large number of both economic and financial explanatory variables. As part of this research, we also analyze stylized facts related to the 2007/2008 subprimes turmoil and our ability to foresee crises from an epistemological perspective. Our empirical results are based on the use of binary classification trees through CART (Classification And Regression Trees) methodology. This nonparametric and nonlinear statistical technique allows us to manage large data set and is suitable to identify threshold effects and complex interactions among variables. Furthermore, this methodology leads to characterize crises (or context preceding a crisis) by several distinct sets of independent variables. Thus, we identify as leading indicators of economic and financial crises: variation and volatility of both gold prices and nominal exchange rates, as well as current account balance (as % of GDP) and change in openness ratio. Regarding the typological analysis, we figure out two main different empirical varieties of crises. First, we highlight « global type » crises characterized by a slowdown in US economic activity (stressing the role and influence of the USA in global economic conditions) and low GDP growth in the countries affected by the turmoil. Second, we find that country-specific high level of both inflation and exchange rates volatility could be considered as evidence of « idiosyncratic type » crises