Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Classification de l’occupation du sol'
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Dugas-Simard, Alain. "Évaluation de quelques sources d’erreur dans un inventaire de l’occupation du sol par terrain agricole à Sainte-Foy (Québec), produit à l’aide d’une image SPOT-1." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8265.
Full textRoy, Hari Gobinda. "Évolution de l’évolution de l’occupation du sol (1950-2025) et impacts sur l’érosion du sol dans un bassin versant méditerranéen." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR2024/document.
Full textThe European Mediterranean coastal area has experienced widespread land cover change since 1950 because of rapid urban growth and expansion of tourism. Urban sprawl and other land cover changes occurred due to post-war economic conditions, population migration, and increased tourism. Land cover change has occurred through the interaction of environmental and socio-economic factors, including population growth, urban sprawl, industrial development, and environmental policies. In addition, rapid expansion of tourism during the last six decades has caused significant socioeconomic changes driving land cover change in Euro-Mediterranean areas. Mediterranean countries from Spain to Greece experienced strong urban growth from the 1970’s onwards, and a moderate growth rate is projected to continue into the future. Land cover change can result in environmental changes such as water pollution and soil degradation. Several previous studies have shown that Mediterranean vineyards are particularly vulnerable to soil erosion because of high rainfall intensity and the fact that vineyards are commonly located on steeper slopes and the soil is kept bare during most of the cultivation period (November to April) when precipitation is at its highest. The main objective of this thesis is to predict long-term soil erosion evolution in a Mediterranean context of rapid urban growth and land use change at the catchment scale. In order to achieve this, the following specific aims have been formulated: (i) to analyze the spatial dynamics of land cover change from 1950 to 2008; (ii) to compare the impact of historical time periods on land cover prediction using different time scales; (iii) to test the impacts of spatial extent and cell size on LUCC modeling; and (iv) to predict the impact of land cover change on soil erosion for 2025
Niamien, N'goran David. "Evaluation du potentiel des données radar multi-paramètres pour la cartographie en milieu tropical : applications en Guyane française et en Côte d’Ivoire." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1195/document.
Full textSince 2007, the launch of fully polarimetric SAR sensors has significantly improved the potential of satellite SAR data for the vegetation cartography. These sensors allow to make a complete description of the polarization state of the backscattered wave whatever the polarization configuration of the incident wave. Polarimetric data are sensitive to the geometrical structure of the vegetation cover, bringing a significant contribution for vegetation cartography. Different fully polarimetric sensors have been launched since 2007: ComoSkyMed, RADARSAT-2, and PALSAR sensors allowing observations in X, C, and L bands, with spatial resolution ranging from 1 to 30 m. Pilote sites are French Guiana (French) and Ivory coast (West African country) in humid tropical zone. In French Guiana, many studies in the past years guarantee a rich and detailed geographical knowledge, our works concern the multi parameters radar image analysis method (wavelength, polarization, resolution) and their exploitation together with external mapping data in the aim of implementing the temporal survey of the locally encountered environment (dense forest, coastal plains, mangrove forests, wetlands,…). In fact, with 80% of forest cover, French Guyana needs an update of existing cartographic documents to quantify the evolution of his dynamic vegetation. Once this assessment made on the Guyana was detailed and argued, the researches will concern to test zones in Ivory Coast which contrary to the Guyana, do not have geographical quality knowledge but where the tropical climate makes the use of radar images necessary as in Guyana. The first chapter of this work describes the fields met on our areas of study as well as the data available on each of them. Second chapter focuses on the methodology of processing and analysis of multicriterias radar images and their joint exploitation with optical images of very high-spatial resolution. Then, two approaches of evaluation of the images are discussed. A first approach, based on photo-interpretation, relies on the existing cartographic documents and on the land surveys to estimate visually the images. A second approach stating the evaluation thanks to the supervised classification for which two techniques were used: the SVM classification and the object-oriented classification. The third chapter is dedicated to the thematic applications of images on the test areas situated in French Guyana and in Ivory Coast. The mapping of the land use, the follow-up (survey) of the littoral wetlands and the coastal dynamics, all these applications can lead to the update of the existing cartographic documents
Carleer, Alexandre. "Region-based classification potential for land-cover classification with very high spatial resolution satellite data." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210852.
Full textSince 1999, Very High spatial Resolution satellite data (Ikonos-2, QuickBird and OrbView-3) represent the surface of the Earth with more detail. However, information extraction by multispectral pixel-based classification proves to have become more complex owing to the internal variability increase in the land-cover units and to the weakness of spectral resolution.
Therefore, one possibility is to consider the internal spectral variability of land-cover classes as a valuable source of spatial information that can be used as an additional clue in characterizing and identifying land cover. Moreover, the spatial resolution gap that existed between satellite images and aerial photographs has strongly decreased, and the features used in visual interpretation transposed to digital analysis (texture, morphology and context) can be used as additional information on top of spectral features for the land cover classification.
The difficulty of this approach is often to transpose the visual features to digital analysis.
To overcome this problem region-based classification could be used. Segmentation, before classification, produces regions that are more homogeneous in themselves than with nearby regions and represent discrete objects or areas in the image. Each region becomes then a unit analysis, which makes it possible to avoid much of the structural clutter and allows to measure and use a number of features on top of spectral features. These features can be the surface, the perimeter, the compactness, the degree and kind of texture. Segmentation is one of the only methods which ensures to measure the morphological features (surface, perimeter.) and the textural features on non-arbitrary neighbourhood. In the pixel-based methods, texture is calculated with mobile windows that smooth the boundaries between discrete land cover regions and create between-class texture. This between-class texture could cause an edge-effect in the classification.
In this context, our research focuses on the potential of land cover region-based classification of VHR satellite data through the study of the object extraction capacity of segmentation processes, and through the study of the relevance of region features for classifying the land-cover classes in different kinds of Belgian landscapes; always keeping in mind the parallel with the visual interpretation which remains the reference.
Firstly, the results of the assessment of four segmentation algorithms belonging to the two main segmentation categories (contour- and region-based segmentation methods) show that the contour detection methods are sensitive to local variability, which is precisely the problem that we want to overcome. Then, a pre-processing like a filter may be used, at the risk of losing a part of the information. The “region-growing” segmentation that uses the local variability in the segmentation process appears to be the best compromise for the segmentation of different kinds of landscape.
Secondly, the features calculated thanks to segmentation seem to be relevant to identify some land-cover classes in urban/sub-urban and rural areas. These relevant features are of the same type as the features selected visually, which shows that the region-based classification gets close to the visual interpretation.
The research shows the real usefulness of region-based classification in order to classify the land cover with VHR satellite data. Even in some cases where the features calculated thanks to the segmentation prove to be useless, the region-based classification has other advantages. Working with regions instead of pixels allows to avoid the salt-and-pepper effect and makes the GIS integration easier.
The research also highlights some problems that are independent from the region-based classification and are recursive in VHR satellite data, like shadows and the spatial resolution weakness for identifying some land-cover classes.
Résumé
Depuis 1999, les données satellitaires à très haute résolution spatiale (IKONOS-2, QuickBird and OrbView-3) représentent la surface de la terre avec plus de détail. Cependant, l’extraction d’information par une classification multispectrale par pixel devient plus complexe en raison de l’augmentation de la variabilité spectrale dans les unités d’occupation du sol et du manque de résolution spectrale de ces données. Cependant, une possibilité est de considérer cette variabilité spectrale comme une information spatiale utile pouvant être utilisée comme une information complémentaire dans la caractérisation de l’occupation du sol. De plus, de part la diminution de la différence de résolution spatiale qui existait entre les photographies aériennes et les images satellitaires, les caractéristiques (attributs) utilisées en interprétation visuelle transposées à l’analyse digitale (texture, morphologie and contexte) peuvent être utilisées comme information complémentaire en plus de l’information spectrale pour la classification de l’occupation du sol.
La difficulté de cette approche est la transposition des caractéristiques visuelles à l’analyse digitale. Pour résoudre ce problème la classification par région pourrait être utilisée. La segmentation, avant la classification, produit des régions qui sont plus homogène en elles-mêmes qu’avec les régions voisines et qui représentent des objets ou des aires dans l’image. Chaque région devient alors une unité d’analyse qui permet l’élimination de l’effet « poivre et sel » et permet de mesurer et d’utiliser de nombreuses caractéristiques en plus des caractéristiques spectrales. Ces caractéristiques peuvent être la surface, le périmètre, la compacité, la texture. La segmentation est une des seules méthodes qui permet le calcul des caractéristiques morphologiques (surface, périmètre, …) et des caractéristiques texturales sur un voisinage non-arbitraire. Avec les méthodes de classification par pixel, la texture est calculée avec des fenêtres mobiles qui lissent les limites entre les régions d’occupation du sol et créent une texture interclasse. Cette texture interclasse peut alors causer un effet de bord dans le résultat de la classification.
Dans ce contexte, la recherche s’est focalisée sur l’étude du potentiel de la classification par région de l’occupation du sol avec des images satellitaires à très haute résolution spatiale. Ce potentiel a été étudié par l’intermédiaire de l’étude des capacités d’extraction d’objet de la segmentation et par l’intermédiaire de l’étude de la pertinence des caractéristiques des régions pour la classification de l’occupation du sol dans différents paysages belges tant urbains que ruraux.
Doctorat en sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Postadjian, Tristan. "Vers une occupation du sol France entière par imagerie satellite à très haute résolution." Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC2018.
Full textFor political or environmental matters, land cover mapping has become more and more important since the beginning of the XXIst century. This mapping consists in, given a set of land cover classes, classifying ground-level objects according to these classes. Adressing very various applications, from a local scale (city-wise) to a more global scale (world-wide), several projects have been initiated so as to build land cover maps that would fit one of these applications. However, the current means to achieve this mapping are mainly manual, leading to high cost of production both in terms of man power and processing time. The task of building relevant land cover maps lies also in being able to monitor various phenomena in time, but acquiring data can be expansive for frequent updates or computation of maps at large scale. Yet, remote sensors have multiplied for the past two decades and the panel of such sensors is very wide and diverse in a spectral way and in terms of resolution. Among them, optical sensors boarded on Earth observation satellites acquire images in the visible and infrared spectrums, with high revisit time capabilities. SPOT 6 and 7 were launched in 2012 and 2014 respectively, and offer very high resolution images at 1.5m, in four bands. The French Mapping Agency computes each year a full France coverage from the SPOT data available through the THEIA data portal. Although this task has been widely studied in the past by the remote sensing community, by the means of supervised classifiers such as SVMs or random forests, none of the results have yet led to truly automated and satisfying maps that match existing specifications due to mislabelling errors that occur too often. In terms of methodology, the deep learning, and more specifically deep neural networks have proved to be far more efficient than other machine learning algorithms in various fields of research, from computer vision to natural language processing and system recommendation. These days, deep learning has become a part of everyday life, not only for academic research purposes, but also it society where it runs in the background of our smartphones for various tasks. Such ubiquity raises ethical issues: in particular, users’ browsing habits and behaviours are often monitored without them knowing to feed these algorithms. This heavy need for data is what allows deep learning to sketch more accurately a user behaviour, thus leading to more suitable commercial offers based on a history of purchases for instance.In our work, the French Mapping Agency topographic databases represent a real opportunity to massively train deep neural networks on the SPOT monoscopic very high resolution images, so as to produce land cover maps. The works reported in this dissertation are focused on this problematic of land cover mapping with deep neural networks on SPOT 6 and 7 data, with the additional constraint of tackling this task in a more general operational environment (large scale land cover mapping). This latter point ensures that the conducted experiments address occurring questions when classifying large geographic areas. For instance, a specific SPOT coverage is made of one image per territory, which means adjacent areas can have been acquired at different dates, leading to strong appearance discrepancies. Transfer learning is a tool that can help a lot in lots of scenarii so as to reduce both time computation and needs for training samples. Finally, in a context of the automatic update or re-computation of existing topographic database, the use of aerial images in deep neural networks is assessed in several tasks, with an emphasis on the training dataset conception from topographic database that can include some drawbacks
Trias-Sanz, Roger. "Semi-automatic rural land cover classification from high resolution remote sensing images." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05S005.
Full textThis thesis presents a complete image analisys system which, from high-resolution 3 or 4-channel digital images (50 cm, colour and optionally near infrared), and using the cadastre database, segments the images into agriculturally-homogeneous regions, (fields, forests, vines, and so on) and classifies these regions, tagging each classified region with a confidence measure which indicates the system's confidence in each classification. It includes a study of the value of texture features and transformed colour spaces for segmentation and classification, two methods for registering a graph onto an image, a novel probability model and associated per-region classification algorithms, and a high precision period and orientation estimator
Regnier, Julie. "Variabilité de la réponse sismique : de la classification des sites au comportement non-linéaire des sols." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00906072.
Full textVeith, Susanne R., France M. Berruex, Eric Hughes, and Sotiris E. Pratsinis. "Modelling aroma release from silica Sol-Gel particles using self-diffusion data obtained under magic angle spinning conditions." Diffusion fundamentals 3 (2005) 27, S. 1-2, 2005. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14318.
Full textLeblanc, Philippe. "Méthode de classification de la difficulté des terrains en fonction des obstacles jonchant le sol des sites forstiers à dégager." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24157/24157.pdf.
Full textSerna, Morales Andrés Felipe. "Analyse sémantique de nuages de points 3D dans le milieu urbain : sol, façades, objets urbains et accessibilité." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0052/document.
Full textMost important cities in the world have very detailed 2D urban plans of streets and public spaces.These plans contain information about roads, sidewalks, facades and urban objects such as lampposts, traffic signs, bollards, trees, among others.Nowadays, several local authorities, national mapping agencies and private companies have began to consider justifiable including 3D information, navigation options and accessibility issues into urban maps.Compared to the first 3D scanning systems 30 years ago, current laser scanners are cheaper, faster and provide more accurate and denser 3D point clouds.Urban analysis from these data is difficult and tedious, and existing semi-automatic methods may not be sufficiently precise nor robust.In that sense, automatic methods for 3D urban semantic analysis are required.This thesis contributes to the field of semantic analysis of 3D point clouds from urban environments.Our methods are based on elevation images and illustrate how mathematical morphology can be exploited to develop a complete 3D processing chain including six main steps:i)~filtering and preprocessing;ii)~ground segmentation and accessibility analysis;iii)~facade segmentation,iv)~object detection;v)~object segmentation;and, vi)~object classification.Additionally, we have worked on the integration of our results into a large-scale production chain. In that sense, our results have been exported as 3D point clouds for visualization and modeling purposes and integrated as shapefiles into Geographical Information Systems (GIS).Our methods have been qualitative and quantitative tested in several databases from the state of the art and from TerraMobilita project.Our results show that our methods are accurate, fast and outperform other works reported in the literature on the same databases.Conclusions and perspectives for future work are discussed as well
Le, Bris Arnaud. "Optimisation de la configuration d'un instrument superspectral aéroporté pour la classification : application au milieu urbain." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1182/document.
Full textThis work was performed in the context of a possible enrichment of land cover databases. The description of land cover is necessary it possible to produce environmental indicators for the management of ecosystems and territories, in response to various societal and scientific needs. Thus, different land cover databases already exist at various levels (global, European, national, regional or local) or are currently being produced. However, it appeared that knowledge about land cover should more detailled in urban areas, since it is required by several city modeling applications (micro-meteorological, hydrological, or pollution monitoring simulators), or public regulations monitoring (e.g. concerning ground perviousness). Such materials maps would be (both semantically and spatially) finer than what is contained in existing land cover databases. Therefore, they could be an additional layer, both in land cover databases (such as in IGN High Resolution land cover database) and in 3D city models. No existing database contains such information about urban material maps. Thus remote sensing is the only solution to produce it. However, due to the high heterogeneity of urban materials, their variability, but also the strong similarities between different material classes, usual optical multispectral sensors (with only the 4 red - green - blue - near infrared bands) are not sufficient to reach a good discrimination of materials. A multispectral sensor or superspectral, that is to say spectrally richer, could therefore provide a solution to this limit. Thus, this work was performed intending the design of such sensor. It aimed at identifying the best spectral configuration for classification of urban materials, or at least to propose sub-optimal solutions. In other words, a spectral optimization was carried out in order to optimize both the position of the bands in the spectrum and their width. Automatic feature selection methods were used. This work was performed in two steps. A first task aimed at defining the spectral optimization methods and at validating them on literature reference data sets. Two state-of-the-art optimization heuristics (Sequential Forward Floating Search and genetic algorithms) were chosen owing to their genericity and flexibility, and therefore their ability to be used to optimize different feature selection criteria. A benchmark of different scores measuring the relevance of a set of features was performed to decide which score to optimize during the band selection process. Band width optimization was then studied: the proposed method consisted in building a hierarchy of bands merged according to their similarities. Band selection was then processed within this hierarchy. The second part of the work consisted in the application of these spectral optimization algorithms to the case study of urban materials. A collection of urban materials spectra was first caught and from various spectral libraries ( ASTER , MEMORIES...). Spectral optimization was then performed on this dataset. A limited number (about 10) of well chosen bands appeared to be sufficient to classify next common materials (slates - asphalt - cement - gravel - metal - cobblestones - shingle - earth – tiles). Bands from short wave infrared spectral domain (1400 - 2500 nm) were shown again to be very useful to discriminate urban materials. However, quantitative results assessing the confusions between the materials must be considered carefully since some materials are very uncommon in the library of collected spectra, and thus their possible variability is not completely considered
Grosjean, Marie-Claire. "Classification et identification des espèces du genre Pythium, champignons phytopathogènes du sol, par l'analyse de l'espace interne transcrit de l'opéron ribosomique." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10098.
Full textMatys, Sabine. "Strukturelle und funktionelle Untersuchungen an bakteriellen Biokomponenten für schwermetallbindende silikatische Sol-Gel-Keramiken." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2005. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A24680.
Full textBiocers embody a new class of ceramic functional materials in which the properties are mainly determined by the specific production conditions. The interplay between structure formation and functionality of selected biocers containing immobilised vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus sphaericus JG-A12 was investigated under special consideration of metal binding properties. Spatial distribution of the bio-component inside the matrix, the viability of the immobilised vegetative cells, as well as the behaviour of cell suspensions in the presence of different metal ions were examined using fluorescence dyes. The uptake of copper(II) and nickel(II) ions into the living cells while monitoring of their physiological state were detected using different ion-sensitive fluorescence dyes. As expected, the uptake of metal ions was thereby accompanied by an increase of the intracellular Ca2+ level. Further, the uptake rate of metal ions and the Ca2+ dependent cellular reaction are strain-specific and depend on the metal ion concentration. Bioceramics suitable for long-term storage were produced through immobilisation of bacterial spores in thin sol-gel layers. The switch from the metabolic inactive to the active state of the bio-component was achieved by the activation with a 1:1 ratio of the chelate of Ca2+ and dipicolinic acid. The average germination rate after activation with Ca2+-DPA was increased by five- to eightfold. The mechanical stress conditions during the germination of spores inside these silica layers were measured and quantified using a capacitive deflection measurement. As filter materials, biocers are affected by microbial determined degrading impacts. Material alterations could be detected by light and scanning electron microscopic methods. Such investigations should be considered part and parcel of monitoring systems required for continuous checks of filter systems.
Lehembre, Frédéric. "Réponses adaptatives des microorganismes eucaryotes du sol aux pollutions métalliques." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00482109.
Full textDarwich, Samer. "Corrosion protection concepts for aluminium and magnesium alloys coated with silica films prepared by water-based sol-gel process." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-93617.
Full textDie vorliegende Arbeit liefert einen Einblick in die Entwicklung von Silikafilmen, die mittels Sol-Gel-Prozess auf Wasserbasis hergestellt wurden. Die Schwächen der Beschichtungstechnologie werden dargestellt und Lösungen diskutiert. Der Silikafilm wird auf Aluminiumlegierung 6082-T6 und Magnesium-legierung AZ31 aufgebracht. Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung der Schichteigenschaften, wie Kosteneffizienz, Rissfreiheit, Selbstheilung so wie langfristiger Korrosionsschutz. Rissbildung ist ein wesentlicher Nachteil von Silikafilmen; rissfreie Filme wurden mittels nanopartikeldotierter Silikafilme hergestellt. Die Selbstheilung von Aluminium-und Magnesiumsubstraten mit Silikafilm wird durch den Effekt der wasserlöslichen Korrosionsinhibitoren generiert. Die Experimente haben gezeigt, dass die Proben mit inhibitordotierter Beschichtung selbst gegen Korrosion geschützt sind. Ein langfristiger Korrosionsschutz wird durch eine Mischung aus Korrosionsinhibitor-dotierten Silika-Film realisiert
Gressin, Adrien. "Mise à jour d’une base de données d’occupation du sol à grande échelle en milieux naturels à partir d’une image satellite THR." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05S022/document.
Full textLand-Cover geospatial databases (LC-BDs) are mandatory inputs for various purposes such as for natural resources monitoring land planning, and public policies management. To improve this monitoring, users look for both better geometric, and better semantic levels of detail. To fulfill such requirements, a large-scale LC-DB is being established at the French National Mapping Agency (IGN). However, to meet the users needs, this DB must be updated as regularly as possible while keeping the initial accuracies. Consequently, automatic updating methods should be set up in order to allow such large-scale computation. Furthermore, Earth observation satellites have been successfully used to the constitution of LC-DB at various scales such as Corine Land Cover (CLC). Nowadays, very high resolution (VHR) sensors, such as Pléiades satellite, allow to product large-scale LC-DB. Consequently, the purpose of this thesis is to propose an automatic updating method of such large-scale LC-DB from VHR monoscopic satellite image (to limit acquisition costs) while ensuring the robustness of the detected changes. Our proposed method is based on a multilevel supervised learning algorithm MLMOL, which allows to best take into account the possibly multiple appearances of each DB classes. This algorithm can be applied to various images and DB data sets, independently of the classifier, and the attributes extracted from the input image. Moreover, the classifications stacking improves the robustness of the method, especially on classes having multiple appearances (e.g., plowed or not plowed fields, stand-alone houses or industrial warehouse buildings, ...). In addition, the learning algorithm is integrated into a processing chain (LUPIN) allowing, first to automatically fit to the different existing DB themes and, secondly, to be robust to in-homogeneous areas. As a result, the method is successfully applied to a Pleiades image on an area near Tarbes (southern France) covered by the IGN large-scale LC-DB. Results show the contribution of Pleiades images (in terms of sub-meter resolution and spectral dynamics). Indeed, thanks to the texture and shape attributes (morphological profiles, SFS, ...), VHR satellite images give good classification results, even on classes such as roads, and buildings that usually require specific methods. Moreover, the proposed method provides relevant change indicators in the area. In addition, our method provides a significant support for the creation of LC-DB obtain by merging several existing DBs. Indeed, our method allows to take a decision when the fusion of initials DBs generates overlapping areas, particularly when such DBs come from different sources with their own specification. In addition, our method allows to fill potential gaps in the coverage of such generating DB, but also to extend the data to the coverage of a larger image. Finally, the proposed workflow is applied to different remote sensing data sets in order to assess its versatility and the relevance of such data. Results show that our method is able to deal with such different spatial resolutions data sets (Pléiades at 0.5 m, SPOT 6 at 1.5 m and RapidEye at 5 m), and to take into account the strengths of each sensor, e.g., the RapidEye red-edge channel for discrimination theme forest, the good balance of the SPOT~6 resolution for built-up areas classes and the capability of VHR of Pléiades images to discriminate objects of small spatial extent such as roads or hedge
Lienou, Marie Lauginie. "Apprentissage automatique des classes d'occupation du sol et représentation en mots visuels des images satellitaires." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005585.
Full textXiao, Ying. "Mining crop sequence patterns at a large regional scale : A case from mainland France." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0122/document.
Full textIn the context of changing agricultural policy, the development of agricultural production systems, increasing concern for agricultural sustainability and shifts in agricultural land management practice-related land-use change, the main objective of this thesis was to mine crop sequence patterns (CSP) and the relationships between CSP and the biophysical and socio-technical-economic conditions in mainland France from historical census data (e.g. land-cover survey, agricultural censuses, population census). Our study period 1992-2003 covers the implementation period of the 1992 European Union Common Agricultural Policy reform and Agenda 2000 in France. Both the classical statistical and data mining technique were applied in alone or combined ways in this thesis. First, we proposed an innovative approach to representing CSP within a given area and period at a large regional scale in a stationary way. The 2549 3-year crop sequences (CSs) were first identified as major CSs within all 430 agricultural districts (ADs) in mainland France during this period. Next, 21 clusters of ADs , four types of cropping systems, 90 representative ADs and three principal planting zones of cereals, oilseeds, and protein crops belonging to five clusters identified previously were further defined. We then explored CSP in a dynamic way by investigating CSP after grassland-to-cropland conversion, the temporal variability of CSP, and the evolution of the relationships between CSP and the external conditions over the study period. We conclude that the approaches developed here permit the representation of CSP at the large regional scale in both stationary and dynamic ways using time series land-cover data denoting specific agricultural cover types. The findings of this thesis contribute to improving the understanding of the process and pattern of human land management practices by agriculture affecting the terrestrial biosphere
Haffner, Julien. "Conception d'un sol instrumenté pour la détection de chutes de personnes à l'aide de capteurs capacitifs et de techniques de l'apprentissage statistique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066117.
Full textAlmost 9000 people aged over 65 die each year in France, as consequences of a fall. Falls represent over 80% of all domestic accidents in this part of the population. This number should substantially increase, as the average age of the population is expected to constantly grow up in the next decades. The longest the fallen person stay on the floor without being rescued, the worst are the consequences of the fall. In order to decrease negative effects of falls in older people, it is decisive to develop a technological way to keep isolated people in contact with outside world. In this thesis two fall detection systems are presented, made up with capacitive sensors integrated into the floor. Sensors are totally hidden to the view of people living in the room, in a way that their privacy is most respected. In the first system, parallel sensors are laid out in one direction of the room. One sensor is composed of four electrodes, whose relative spaces have been chosen to favor the detection of a person laying down on the floor. The second system consists of two perpendicular layers of capacitive sensors. Several rooms have been equipped with such sensors. Installing sensors in a new environment has an influence on the measured capacitive signal, due to the own floor configuration in each room. Methods of data preprocessing are proposed, in order to give equivalent detection performances in each environment
Ben, Slimene Ben Amor Ines. "Apprentissage actif pour la classification des occupations du sol sur larges étendues à partir d'images multispectrales à haute résolution spatiale : application en milieu cultivé, Lebna (Cap-Bon Tunisie)." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT126/document.
Full textAnthropogenic activities in the Mediterranean are in strong evolution. In agricultural areas, this growth leads to considerable changes in land cover. This agricultural activity has a major impact on the hydrological functioning of the landscapes which can be only identified on a wide scale, over several tens of km². This thesis focuses on the land cover classification on wide area from a high spatial resolution monodate image (SPOT6/7).In this context, the learning data are collected by field surveys, therefore they are very limited. Supervised learning methods are generally used, assuming that the class distribution is stable over all the image. However, in practice, there is a class distributions distortion (new classes appear, classes disappear). This problem, called "datashift", always occurs over wide areas. Thus, the model constructed on the initial learning data is sub-optimal for the classification of the entire image. To lessen this problem, active learning techniques define an effective learning set, by iteratively adapting it by adding the most informative unlabeled data. These techniques improve the classification model while retaining a small initial learning set. Sampling is generally based on two metrics: uncertainty and diversity.In this thesis, we show the contribution of active learning techniques for the land cover mapping in agricultural environment, proposing a suitable sampling per parcel.The active learning methods contribution is validated respectively to a random selection of parcels. A diversity metric based on the Meanshift algorithm has been proposed.Secondly, we treated the sub-problem of the "datashift" which is the appearance of new classes. We proposed new metrics of diversity based on the Meanshift algorithm and Fuzzy k-means as well as a new data selection strategy adapted to the detection of new classes.Finally we were interested in the spatial constraints induced by the field observations and we proposed a strategy of labeling by stand points which make it possible to greatly reduce the human costs for field observations while maintaining good classification precisions as well as the discovery of new classes.The proposed methodologies were tested and validated on a multispectral SPOT6 image with 6m resolution on the Lebna watershed, Cap-Bon, Tunisia
Benvenuti, Jaqueline, S. Griebeler, Santos J. H. Z. Dos, and M. Gutterres. "Application of silanes in leather tanning - 251." Verein für Gerberei-Chemie und -Technik e. V, 2019. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34200.
Full textMathieu, Sandrine. "Aide à la détermination de faciès pédopaysagers à partir de données satellitaires." Paris 7, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA077270.
Full textHattermann, Hilke. "Strukturelle, mechanische und tribologische Charakterisierung von Sol-Gel-Schichten mit eingebetteten anorganischen fullerenartigen Wolframdisulfid-Partikeln." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-201001187.
Full textThe preparation of composite coatings consisting of different materials with improved properties has been an intensively studied area of thin film technology in recent years. One method to prepare such composite coatings is the incorporation of nano or micro particles into a matrix of a different material. In this thesis, such composite coatings are investigated which have been prepared via a sol-gel route und contain up to about 30 wt.-% tungsten disulfide particles. These inorganic fullerenes have typical particle sizes of about 100 nm to 200 nm. Two different types of composite coatings with a thickness of up to a few micrometers and with embedded tungsten disulfide particles are prepared: First, coatings with a relatively stiff alumina matrix, and second, coatings with a matrix made of organically modified silica. Different analytical methods are used for the structural characterization of the coatings. The crystal structure and the chemical composition of the coatings are determined via x-ray diffraction and x-ray fluorescence measurements and via energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Through scanning and transmission electron microscopy the incorporation and the distribution of the tungsten disulfide particles in the respective matrix are analysed. Furthermore, the roughness and the adhesion of the coatings on the substrate are investigated. The influence of the embedded particles and of the temperature of the final heat treatment during the sample preparation on the mechanical properties, like elastic modulus and hardness, of the composite coatings are measured through nanoindentation testing. These experimental results are compared with theoretical values determined via different analytical models for effective materials. Finally, the tribological behavior of the composite coatings is investigated in comparison to pure coatings made of alumina or organically modified silica. With ball-on-disc tests the coefficient of friction of the coatings is measured under different conditions. It can be seen that the incorporation of a sufficiently high amount of tungsten disulfide leads to a strong reduction of friction, which is promising for a possible application of such composite coatings
Mondésir, Jacques Philémon. "Apports de la texture multibande dans la classification orientée-objets d'images multisources (optique et radar)." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9706.
Full textAbstract : Texture has a good discriminating power which complements the radiometric parameters in the image classification process. The index Compact Texture Unit multiband, recently developed by Safia and He (2014), allows to extract texture from several bands at a time, so taking advantage of extra information not previously considered in the traditional textural analysis: the interdependence between bands. However, this new tool has not yet been tested on multi-source images, use that could be an interesting added-value considering, for example, all the textural richness the radar can provide in addition to optics, by combining data. This study allows to complete validation initiated by Safia (2014), by applying the CTU on an optics-radar dataset. The textural analysis of this multisource data allowed to produce a "color texture" image. These newly created textural bands are again combined with the initial optical bands before their use in a classification process of land cover in eCognition. The same classification process (but without CTU) was applied respectively to: Optics data, then Radar, finally on the Optics-Radar combination. Otherwise, the CTU generated on the optics separately (monosource) was compared to CTU arising from Optical-Radar couple (multisource). The analysis of the separating power of these different bands (radiometric and textural) with histograms, and the confusion matrix tool allows to compare the performance of these different scenarios and classification parameters. These comparators show the CTU, including the CTU multisource, as the most discriminating criterion; his presence adds variability in the image thus allowing a clearer segmentation (homogeneous and non-redundant), a classification both more detailed and more efficient. Indeed, the accuracy changes from 0.5 with the Optics image to 0.74 for the CTU image while confusion decreases from 0.30 (in Optics) to 0.02 (in the CTU).
Van, Den Steen Isabelle. "Cartographie, évolution et modélisation de l'utilisation du sol en milieu urbain: le cas de Bruxelles." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211009.
Full textTout d'abord, nous avons exploré l'apport des nouvelles techniques d'interprétation numérique à l'élaboration de cartes d'utilisation du sol à moyenne échelle (1:100 000) à partir d'images satellitaires. L'analyse des différentes étapes du processus de classification a montré que, lors de l'utilisation de classifications supervisées, la localisation et l'échantillonnage aléatoire des sites d'entraînement ainsi que la combinaison des caractéristiques des paramètres de classification (informations spectrales, texturales et contextuelles) améliorent considérablement l'exactitude du résultat. On constate également, dans ce dernier cas, l'importance de travailler avec une forme de voisinage isotrope et de pouvoir en faire varier la taille en fonction des classes considérées. L'utilisation de classificateurs multiples a permis de tendre vers une plus grande généralisation et de supprimer une série d'artefacts. Enfin, les essais ont montré que la classification par segmentation se rapproche fortement de la généralisation de l'interprétation visuelle tout en diminuant sensiblement le nombre d'objets à classer.
Dans un second temps, une analyse approfondie de la structure et de l’évolution de l’utilisation du sol à Bruxelles et dans sa périphérie au cours du dernier demi-siècle a été réalisée à partir d'une base de données diachronique à grande échelle (1:25 000). Elle confirme la vision d'une périphérie bruxelloise peu dense où le poids de la classe de tissu urbain résidentiel clairsemé discontinu s'intensifie au cours du temps. Les espaces privilégiés de l'urbanisation ont été identifiés de manière systématique à l'aide de canevas d'analyse radio-concentriques et directionnels. Le croisement entre les données d'utilisation du sol et d'autres indicateurs spatialisables comme les plans de secteur a montré les marges d'évolution potentielles, tant au moment de la mise en place de ces plans que plus récemment. D'autres combinaisons avec des statistiques socio-économiques ou démographiques ont fourni de nouveaux indicateurs permettant d'explorer les densités de l'occupation de l'espace périurbain et de s'interroger sur les discordances entre réalité physique et enregistrement statistique. Enfin, l'arrangement spatial des différentes classes d'utilisation du sol a été exploré. L'ensemble de ces analyses ont fait l'objet d'une synthèse thématique ainsi que régionale, au sein de compartiments paysagers.
La dernière approche de la problématique de l'utilisation du sol en milieu urbain s'est faite au travers d'une démarche basée sur la modélisation spatiale. La calibration des relations de voisinage à l'aide des règles d'autocorrélation spatiale a démontré que les affinités entre classes décrivent bien la structuration de l'agglomération bruxelloise et traduit le renforcement des structures héritées. L'analyse des résidus de la modélisation a montré le rôle contraignant de l'introduction des plans de secteur pour la classe du tissu urbain résidentiel clairsemé discontinu, laissant beaucoup plus de place qu'attendu dans les parties sud de la zone d'étude. La modélisation dynamique a aussi clairement mis en évidence le changement de logique de localisation de l'industrie et des services, qui rompent avec leurs localisations traditionnelles au cours de la période étudiée.
En conclusion, la thèse a permis de confirmer les atouts d'une approche sous l'angle de l'utilisation du sol pour appréhender le phénomène de périurbanisation. Elle montre aussi le rôle unificateur de cette approche, qui peut s'insérer aisément dans les études thématiques ou susciter des questionnements nouveaux du fait des avancées apportées par le caractère quantitatif des exploitations régionales. Enfin, des outils communs et des enrichissements mutuels, acquis ou potentiels, sont identifiés entre les différents champs de la discipline (télédétection, géographie urbaine, modélisation spatiale) mobilisés pour cette exploration de la production, de l'analyse et de la modélisation des données d'utilisation du sol.
Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation géographie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Cai, Bin, Arezoo Dianat, Rene Hübner, Wei Liu, Dan Wen, Albrecht Benad, Luisa Sonntag, Thomas Gemming, Gianaurelio Cuniberti, and Alexander Eychmüller. "Multimetallic Hierarchical Aerogels: Shape-engineering of the Building Blocks for efficient electrocatalysis." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-236145.
Full textCai, Bin, Rene Hübner, Kotaro Sasaki, Yuanzhe Zhang, Dong Su, Christoph Ziegler, Miomir Vukmirovic, Bernd Rellinghaus, Radoslav Adzic, and Alexander Eychmüller. "Core–Shell Structuring of Pure Metallic Aerogels towards Highly Efficient Platinum Utilization for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction." Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA, 2017. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33354.
Full textRegniers, Olivier. "Méthodes d'analyse de texture pour la cartographie d'occupations du sol par télédetection très haute résolution : application à la fôret, la vigne et les parcs ostréicoles." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0284/document.
Full textThe prime objective of this thesis is to evaluate the potential of multivariate probabilistic models applied on wavelet subbands for the classification of very high resolution remote sensing optical data. Three main applications are investigated in this study: the differentiation of age classes of maritime pine forest stands, the detection of vineyards and the detection of oyster fields. One main contribution includes the proposal of an original supervised and object-oriented classification scheme based on similarity measurements adapted to the context of probabilistic modeling. This scheme involves the creation of a database of texture patches for the learning step and a pre-segmentation of the image to classify. The tested multivariate models were first evaluated in an image retrieval framework. The best models identified in this procedure were then applied in the proposed image processing scheme. In the three proposed thematic applications, multivariate models revealed remarkable abilities to represent the texture and reached higher classification accuracies than the method based on co-occurrence matrices. These results confirm the interest of the multi-scale and multi-orientation representation of textures through the wavelet transform, as well as the relevance of the multivariate modeling of wavelet coefficients
Nguyen, Xuan Huan, Nam Anh Tran, Thi Thuy Hang Nguyen, Thi Tuyet Nhung Dao, and Van Thanh Nguyen. "Nanosilica synthesis and application for lead treatment in water." Technische Universität Dresden, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33297.
Full textChì là nguyên tố tự nhiên có khối lượng nguyên tử cao(207 đvC), tỉ trọng lớn (11,3 g/cm3) và được ứng dụng phổ biến trong công nghiệp, nông nghiệp, sinh hoạt, y tế và công nghệ. Việc sử dụng rộng rãi chì trong nhiều lĩnh vực làm tăng mối quan ngại về tác động tiềm tàng của chúng đối tới sức khỏe con người và môi trường. Hiện nay việc áp dụng rộng rãi nanosilica vào xử lí ô nhiễm môi trường đã và đang dẫn đến sự phát triển của các phương pháp tách chiết silica từ hóa chất và các phế phụ phẩm. Trong nghiên cứu này, nanosilica được tổng hợp bằng phương pháp sol-gel từ tetraetoxysilan (TEOS) với xúc tác bazo theo tỷ lệ thể tích TEOS/C2H5OH/H2O/NH4OH là 5/30/1/1 và xác định các đặc tính bằng một số kỹ thuật hiện đại như phổ tán sắc năng lượng tia X (EDX), quang phổ hồng ngoại (FTIR) và nhiễu xạ tia X (XRD), kính hiển vi điện tử quét (SEM), kính hiển vi điện tử quét phát xạ trường (FESEM). Kết quả cho thấy các hạt nano SiO2 tách chiết được có pha vô định hình với kích thước trung bình khoảng 60-100 nm và được sử dụng trực tiếp cho xử lí chì. Tại điều kiện pH=5, lắc trong 1 giờ với tốc độ 150 vòng/phút, hiệu quả xử lý chì đạt 96,17% đối với nước nhiễm kim loại chì có nồng độ ban đầu là 10mgPb2+/L. Lượng hấp phụ cực đại Qmax = 30,3mg/g; hằng số đặc trưng của chất hấp phụ và chất bị hấp phụ b = 0,868L/g. Như vậy, hiệu quả xử lý kim loại chì của vật liệu nano silica được tổng hợp từ TEOS là rất cao. Bên cạnh đó, nghiên cứu chế tạo nanosilica từ vỏ trấu với các đặc tính tương tự là một hướng đi mới giúp nâng cao tính ứng dụng và giá trị kinh tế của vật liệu.
Sulce, Sulejman. "Étude du potentiel de minéralisation et du devenir des fertilisants azotes minéraux dans les sols cultivés de la région de Myzeqe (Albanie)." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPL111N.
Full textTormos, Thierry. "Analyse à l'échelle régionale de l'impact de l'occupation du sol dans les corridors rivulaires sur l'état écologique des cours d'eau." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00560368.
Full textAlkhatib, Rami. "Human locomotion analysis, classification and modeling of normal and pathological vertical ground reaction force signals in elderly." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSES029/document.
Full textWalking is defined as sequences of repetitive cyclic gestures. It was already shown that the speed and the variability of these sequences can reveal abilities or motorskill failures. The originality of this work is to analyze and characterize the steps of elderly persons by using pressure signals. In a preliminary study, we showed that pressure signals are characterized by cyclostationarity. In this study, we intend to exploit the nonstationarity of the signals in a search for new indicators that can help in gait signal classification between normal and Parkinson subjects in the elderly population. These parameters are tested on a population of 47 subjects. First, we started with preprocessing the vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) signals and showed in this first part of the thesis that filtering can remove a vital part of the signal. That is why an adaptive filter based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) was built. Turning points are filtered using synochronosqueezing of time-frequency representations of the signal. We also showed that the content of gait force signals is highly affected by unquantifiable parameter such as cognitive tasks which make them hard to be normalized. That is why features being extracted are derived from inter-subject comparison. For example we equated the difference in the load distribution between feet. It is also recommended in this work to choose the mid-sensor rather than relying on summation of forces from array of sensors for classification purposes. A hypothesis of balanced and unbalanced gait is verified to be potential in improving the classification accuracy. The power of this hypothesis is shown by using the load distribution and Age×Speed in the first classifier and the correlation in the second classifier. A time series simulation of VGRF based on a modified version of nonstationary- Markov model of first order is derived. This model successfully predict gaits in normal subjects and fairly did in Parkinson’s gait. We found out that the three modes: time, frequency and space are helpful in analyzing force signals that is why parallel factor analysis is introduced as a tensor method to be used in a future work
Derksen, Dawa. "Classification contextuelle de gros volumes de données d'imagerie satellitaire pour la production de cartes d'occupation des sols sur de grandes étendues." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30290.
Full textThis work studies the application of supervised classification for the production of land cover maps using time series of satellite images at high spatial, spectral, and temporal resolutions. On this problem, certain classes such as urban cover, depend more on the context of the pixel than its content. The issue of this Ph.D. work is therefore to take into account the neighborhood of the pixel, to improve the recognition rates of these classes. This research first leads to question the definition of the context, and to imagine different possible shapes for it. Then comes describing the context, that is to say to create a representation or a model that allows the target classes to be recognized. The combinations of these two aspects are evaluated on two experimental data sets, one on Sentinel-2 images, and the other on SPOT-7 images
Mangelinck, Ludmila. "Représentation et classification de structures spatiales -- Application à la reconnaissance de paysages agricoles." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00391141.
Full textSeetohul, L. Nitin. "Novel applications of optical analytical techniques." Thesis, Teesside University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10149/117905.
Full textEl-Sayed, Mohamed. "Functional Aromatic Amino Ketones as UV/Vis probes for various liquid and solid environments." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2003. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:ch1-200300948.
Full textMayer-Uhma, Tobias. "Von molekularen Precursoren zu Oxidphasen im System V2O5 / Nb2O5. Darstellung, Eigenschaften, katalytische Aktivität." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2004. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1107505327269-01068.
Full textIn der Arbeit werden durch die Synthese gemischter Alkoxide der Gesamtzusammensetzung [V(O)Nbx(OR)(3+5x)] (R = n-C3H7 und C2H5, x = 1, 4,5 und 9) sowie gefriergetrockneter Pulver Ausgangssubstanzen für gemischte, komplexe Vanadium- und Nioboxide erhalten. Untersuchungen mittels UV/VIS-, Resonanz-Raman- und IR-Spektroskopie sowie temperaturabhängiger 51V- und zweidimensionaler 1H-/13C NMR-Spektroskopie zeigen, dass es sich bei der Alkoxid-Vorstufe um ein Gemisch aus monomeren und dimeren Einheiten handelt, die in schnellem Gleichgewicht miteinander stehen. So liegt [V(O)Nb(OPr)8] als Donorkomplex vor, der im Gleichgewicht mit VO(OPr)3 und Nb(OPr)5 steht. Nb(OPr)5 steht wiederum im Gleichgewicht mit [Nb(OPr)5]2. Die Bildung und der Zerfall des Donorkomplexes erfolgen bei Raumtemperatur so schnell, dass er nur durch UV/VIS- und Resonanz-Raman-Spektroskopie sichtbar wird; bei der Kernresonanzspektroskopie muss der Austausch durch tiefe Temperaturen verlangsamt werden.Mittels kontrollierter Hydrolyse einer Mischung aus VO(OPr)3 und [Nb(OEt)5]2 in Propanol mit Oxalsäure als Chelatbildner und der Verlangsamung der Kondensation über die Erniedrigung der Temperatur wird ein homogenes, transparentes Gel aus V2O5 und Nb2O5 hergestellt. Daneben wird durch eine Lösung aus Ammoniumvanadat und Ammoniumoxyoxalatoniobat ein für die Gefriertrocknung geeigneter Precursor zur Synthese der Oxidphasen gefunden. Die Zersetzung des Gels und der gefriergetrockneten Pulver werden mittels DTA, TG und Massenspektrometrie untersucht und die Phasenausbildung mit der Reaktion von konventionellen Festkörpergemengen verglichen.Die dabei entstehenden metastabilen und thermodynamisch stabilen Phasen VNbxO(2,5+2,5x) (x = 1, 4,5 und 9) sind durch das Sol-Gel-Verfahren sowie durch die Gefriertrocknung bei deutlich niedrigeren Temperaturen und mit geringerem Fremdphasenanteil als bei der konventionellen Synthese erhältlich. VNbO5 existiert bis 650 °C, V4Nb18O55 bis 750 °C, darüber wandelt sich jede Zusammensetzung in VNb9O25 bzw. in verschiedene Nb2O5-Modifikationen und V2O5 um. Die Sol-Gel-Methode liefert im Vergleich zur Gefriertrocknung bei 900-1100 °C den Vorteil der schnelleren Phasenausbildung durch die größere Homogenität der Vorstufe. So erhält man Zwischenstufen, die sonst nur mit Beimengungen zu synthetisieren sind. In diesem Zusammenhang kann erstmalig eine zu M-Nb2O5 homöotype Verbindung der Zusammensetzung VNb9O25 erhalten werden. Ein weiterer Vorteil der Sol-Gel-Synthese ist der Erhalt größerer Oberflächen nach der Zersetzung. Nachteilig erscheinen jedoch bei einer Synthese bei tiefen Temperaturen (500-800 °C) die Alkoholatreste. So entstehen wesentlich eher die thermodynamisch begünstigten Phasen, z. B. VNb9O25 vor V4Nb18O55 und V4Nb18O55 vor VNbO5. Weiterhin macht sich die komplizierte Präparation der Gele bemerkbar; daher stellt im Allgemeinen die Gefriertrockung die Methode der Wahl dar.Die Ausbildung der komplexen Oxide erfolgt stark geprägt durch die Thermodynamik an den Phasengrenzen. Daher erfolgt eine bevorzugte Ausbildung strukturähnlicher Mischphasen. Diese erstmalig in diesem Ausmaß festgestellte Tatsache wird in der Arbeit der Strukturdirigierende Effekt genannt. Eine Erklärung dieses Effektes erfolgt anhand des Verbrauchs der Freien Enthalpie an den Phasengrenzen.Aufgrund eines Synergismus der Eigenschaften von V2O5 und Nb2O5 bei der oxidativen Dehydrierung von Propan zu Propen (relativ hohe katalytische Aktivität von V2O5 und hohe Selektivität von Nb2O5) wird eine überproportional hohe katalytische Aktivität bei den Mischoxiden erhalten. Die durch die unkonventionellen Methoden erhaltenen großen Oberflächen verbessern die Aktivität weiter. Es können Zusammenhänge festgestellt werden zwischen der Sauerstoffabgabetendenz, der Redoxkraft, der Bandlücke der Mischoxide und der katalytischen Aktivität. Die Einzigartigkeit des Nb2O5-Wirtsgitters bewirkt bei der Verdünnung von V2O5 darin eine hohe katalytische Leistungssteigerung
Engel, Sebastian. "Chemisch deponierte Schichtsysteme zur Realisierung von YBa2Cu3O7−d-Bandleitern." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2008. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A23824.
Full textBlaquière, Ewa. "Descriptions des agrosystèmes hétérogènes à l'aide de mesures satellitaires à très haute résolution spatiale." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30099.
Full textThe main objective of the thesis was to study the influence of spatial resolution of satellite images on the cartography (semi-automatic identification of land cover) of the agricultural areas. In order to complete the study, four areas were tested: two areas in France, one area in Poland and one area in Germany. Those areas were selected to test different types of images for different landscapes characterised by size and form of cultivated parcels. The treatments of the experiment (including classification) was executed on a range of spatial resolutions from 1 to 40 m and all areas with the goal to proving the existence or non-existence of the relationship between the spatial resolution, the size and form of the parcels and the types of the land cover. The final stage is a proposition of improvement of the classification accuracy by the use of spatial resolutions adapted to given landscapes
Ratajczak, Rémi. "Analyse automatique d'images aériennes historiques : application à une étude épidémiologique." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE2063.
Full textThis thesis, co-funded by the ADEME, takes place in the context of a collaboration between the LIRIS laboratory and the Centre Léon Bérard as part of the TESTIS epidemiological study. The TESTIS study aims to estimate the impact of pesticides on the development of germ cell tumor of testicular cancer. As this disease has a long development time, it is necessary to have access to data dating back to the birth of the subjects. In the case of TESTIS, the oldest subjects were born in the early 1970s. In order to take into account individual residential exposures to pesticides spread by winds, the Centre Léon Bérard has developed a metric based on land use around dwellings. Unfortunately no land use database before 1990 is sufficiently accurate to be used. In order to obtain this information, the geomatics specialists at the Centre Léon Bérard are tasked with photo-interpreting historical aerial images in grayscale. This manual process is particularly long and tedious. Therefore, the use of automatic or semi-automatic methods has been suggested. The objective of this thesis is to develop algorithms to help geomatics specialists obtain land cover maps in a reasonable time. For that, we were interested in the use of texture classification methods that we have integrated into an annotation assistance software. This software is currently used in the TESTIS study. We then put our focus on the development of unsupervised colorization methods to provide alternative visualizations of the historical aerial images. This work also led us to study the interest of the artificially generated colors for land use classification. Finally, we sought to improve the land use maps generated by our software through post-processing methods, paving the way for the development of more efficient pipelines
Bayoudh, Meriam. "Apprentissage de connaissances structurelles à partir d’images satellitaires et de données exogènes pour la cartographie dynamique de l’environnement amazonien." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0671/document.
Full textClassical methods for satellite image analysis are inadequate for the current bulky data flow. Thus, automate the interpretation of such images becomes crucial for the analysis and management of phenomena changing in time and space, observable by satellite. Thus, this work aims at automating land cover cartography from satellite images, by expressive and easily interpretable mechanism, and by explicitly taking into account structural aspects of geographic information. It is part of the object-based image analysis framework, and assumes that it is possible to extract useful contextual knowledge from maps. Thus, a supervised parameterization methods of a segmentation algorithm is proposed. Secondly, a supervised classification of geographical objects is presented. It combines machine learning by inductive logic programming and the multi-class rule set intersection approach. These approaches are applied to the French Guiana coastline cartography. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the segmentation parameterization, but also its variability as a function of the reference map classes and of the input data. Yet, methodological developments allow to consider an operational implementation of such an approach. The results of the object supervised classification show that it is possible to induce expressive classification rules that convey consistent and structural information in a given application context and lead to reliable predictions, with overall accuracy and Kappa values equal to, respectively, 84,6% and 0,7. In conclusion, this work contributes to the automation of the dynamic cartography from remotely sensed images and proposes original and promising perpectives
Masse, Antoine. "Développement et automatisation de méthodes de classification à partir de séries temporelles d'images de télédétection - Application aux changements d'occupation des sols et à l'estimation du bilan carbone." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00921853.
Full textPelletier, Charlotte. "Cartographie de l'occupation des sols à partir de séries temporelles d'images satellitaires à hautes résolutions : identification et traitement des données mal étiquetées." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30241/document.
Full textLand surface monitoring is a key challenge for diverse applications such as environment, forestry, hydrology and geology. Such monitoring is particularly helpful for the management of territories and the prediction of climate trends. For this purpose, mapping approaches that employ satellite-based Earth Observations at different spatial and temporal scales are used to obtain the land surface characteristics. More precisely, supervised classification algorithms that exploit satellite data present many advantages compared to other mapping methods. In addition, the recent launches of new satellite constellations - Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 - enable the acquisition of satellite image time series at high spatial and spectral resolutions, that are of great interest to describe vegetation land cover. These satellite data open new perspectives, but also interrogate the choice of classification algorithms and the choice of input data. In addition, learning classification algorithms over large areas require a substantial number of instances per land cover class describing landscape variability. Accordingly, training data can be extracted from existing maps or specific existing databases, such as crop parcel farmer's declaration or government databases. When using these databases, the main drawbacks are the lack of accuracy and update problems due to a long production time. Unfortunately, the use of these imperfect training data lead to the presence of mislabeled training instance that may impact the classification performance, and so the quality of the produced land cover map. Taking into account the above challenges, this Ph.D. work aims at improving the classification of new satellite image time series at high resolutions. The work has been divided into two main parts. The first Ph.D. goal consists in studying different classification systems by evaluating two classification algorithms with several input datasets. In addition, the stability and the robustness of the classification methods are discussed. The second goal deals with the errors contained in the training data. Firstly, methods for the detection of mislabeled data are proposed and analyzed. Secondly, a filtering method is proposed to take into account the mislabeled data in the classification framework. The objective is to reduce the influence of mislabeled data on the classification performance, and thus to improve the produced land cover map
de, Condappa Devaraj. "Étude de l'écoulement d'eau à travers la Zone Non-Saturée des aquifères de socle à l'échelle spatiale du bassin versant. Application à l'évaluation de la recharge au sein du bassin versant de Maheshwaram, Andhra Pradesh, Inde." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009297.
Full textKaptue, Tchuente Armel. "Cartographie des écosystèmes et paramètres biophysiques satellitaires pour l'étude des flux hydriques sur le continent africain." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/994/.
Full textIn the context of climate change, the aim of this study is to characterize the heterogeneity of the African continent in order to provide some elements to better understand and quantify surfaces process acting on hydric fluxes. This work is intented to update the double ECOCLIMAP-I database which is constituted by a land cover map and a dassets of land biophysical parameters. To this end, we use remotely sensed data acquired by the latest generation sensors MODIS and SPOT/VEGETATION between 2000 and 2007. During the first step, two methods of classifications has been developed for the mapping of different ecosystems. The first method, which is supervised, is obtained by combining information provided by the both global land cover map GLC2000 and ECOCLIMAP-I using an interactive analysis of MODIS leaf area index (LAI). It has been performed in the framework of the AMMA project to discriminate ecosystems over the western African Region. The second method is hybrid in that it combines k-NN clustering, hierarchical principles and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on the basis of multi-annual NDVI data from SPOT/VEGETATION to identify ecosystems at the whole African continent. Then, methods for the estimation of land surface biophysical variables such as albedo, fractional vegetation cover and leaf area index has been developed and/or applied over the mainland. A statistical approach allows us to determine the contribution of bare soil albedo and vegetation albedo to the constitution of albedo as required in land surface models. After the application of the latter approach over the western african region, we demonstrate the robustness of the method by applying it over the entire mainland. The sensitivity of two land surface scenarios was studied by analysing two simulations with the same atmospheric forcing over the western African Region:one using the ECOCLIMAP-I classification and another using the new physiographic forcing specifically developed over the western African region. Heat and latent flux are mainly driven by the fractional vegetation coverage. The land surface model ISBA can be used to predict the impact of land cover change and accordingly the anthropic pressure on hydric fluxes
Kaptue, Armel. "Cartographie des écosystèmes et paramètres biophysiques satellitaires pour l'étude des flux hydriques sur le continent africain." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00547510.
Full textLefebvre, Antoine. "Contribution de la texture pour l'analyse d'images à très haute résolution spatiale : application à la détection de changement en milieu périurbain." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00596339.
Full textEbert, T., A. Wollbrink, A. Seifert, R. John, and S. Spange. "Multiple polymerization – formation of hybrid materials consisting of two or more polymers from one monomer." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-220106.
Full textDieser Beitrag ist aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich
Weißhuhn, J., T. Mark, M. Martin, P. Müller, A. Seifert, and S. Spange. "Ternary organic–inorganic nanostructured hybrid materials by simultaneous twin polymerization." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-220068.
Full textDieser Beitrag ist aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich
Löschner, Tina. "Synthese nanostrukturierter, organisch-anorganischer Hybridmaterialien über Zwillingspolymerisation." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-119796.
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