Academic literature on the topic 'Classification of editions'

AbstractFour levels of the difficulty of the distributive law of multiplication are established (including the operational memory level, the conceptual memory level, the explanatory understanding level and the exploratory understanding level). Based on this, this paper makes a comparative analysis of the exercises of the distributive law of multiplication in the six editions of the textbooks. The conclusions are as follows: The total amount of exercises in different textbooks varies greatly, the amount and proportion of exercises at the same level vary greatly. And in light of that, it is necessary to establish difficulty classification standards for exercises research and carefully consider the total quantity and the number of exercises of different levels. Meanwhile, teachers should add and subtract exercises of different levels according to the learning conditions.

The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), was initially expected to be a radical revision of previous editions. However, there was insufficient evidence to support many of the proposals for changes, and the final product is not that different from DSM-IV. This having seen said, this chapter outlines what changes have been made, and what the future prospects for the classification of mental disorders may be.

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an historical overview of the classification of personality disorders. The chapter will cover the first through the fifth editions of the American Psychiatric Association’s diagnostic manual, although emphasis will be given to the more recent editions. Considered in particular are the various components of the proposals for DSM-5, including the deletion of five diagnoses, the inclusion of a psychodynamically-oriented level of personality functioning scale, the replacement of specific and explicit criterion sets first with narrative prototype matching and subsequently with newly developed hybrid criterion sets, and the inclusion of a dimensional trait model. Covered as well will be the World Health Organization’s diagnostic system for the personality disorders, including a dimensional trait model along with a borderline pattern qualifier, which may in fact meet with final approval. Attention will be given in particular to controversies that beset each edition, particularly with respect to complexity and empirical support. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future editions.

Abstract The classification of psychopathology drives many aspects of the mental health profession. This chapter outlines the major controversies current today in traditional psychiatric classification, including the definition of mental disorder, the organization of classificatory systems, issues concerning comorbidity, measurement issues, and many others. These controversies are tracked historically across the various editions of the American Psychiatric Association’s DSM and the World Health Organization’s ICD and put into their historical context. This chapter argues that the classification of mental disorders is an inherently value-laden and subjective enterprise, but one that is nonetheless integral to the science and practice of mental health.

Chapter 11 is a new chapter from earlier editions of Practical Perioperative Transoesophageal Echocardiography. It provides a concise review of the TOE considerations for patients undergoing AV repair. A classification of aortic regurgitation, as it pertains to valve repair, is presented and the key echocardiographic measurements that assist with surgical decision-making are outlined. The surgical techniques of AV repair are briefly summarized. The final section of the chapter outlines TOE assessment following repair, including the key measurements that are predictive of the durability of the repair.

The article presents the chronology and statistics of the periodicals of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and its institutions in the list of scientific professional publications of Ukraine and world scientometric and abstract databases. It is shown that the need to be included in the list as a basis for objective assessment, classification and monitoring of scientific professional publications stimulated the editions of NAS of Ukraine to improve the main indicators of the publication: to supplement the information on the site, update various abstract and scientometric databases.

Abstract This chapter reflects the 2015 Edition of Section III, Division 3 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel (BPV) Code. Division 3 covers all “construction” aspects of the containment of nuclear transportation packagings, including administrative requirements, material selection, material qualification, design, fabrication, examination, inspection, testing, quality assurance, and documentation. The current scope for Division 3 includes the containments for both transportation and storage and the internal support structures for both containments. The chapter first traces the history of the ASME Subgroup NUPACK, and outlines the scope and requirements of Division 3. It then discusses the system of loading classification and the design rules based on these loadings. Division 3 loadings include Design Loadings (Design Pressure, Design Temperature, and Design Mechanical Loadings), Operating Loadings (normal, off-normal, and accident), and Test Loadings (from pressure and leak tests). The chapter also provides a brief review of the ASME stress evaluations and the associated stress acceptance criteria. Code text organization of Division 3 is then considered. The ASME BPV Code Section III, Division 3 is currently divided into three subsections: WA, General Requirements; WB, Class TC Containments; and WC, Class SC Storage Containments. Discussions also include the incorporation of strain-based acceptance criteria, and the current activities in Division 3 such as the development of new subsection WD addressing internal support structures. The chapter concludes with a summary of suggested enhancements for the future in the scope for Division 3. History John D. Stevenson authored the original chapter and updated the second edition. The third edition was entirely rewritten with a new title and updated by D. Keith Morton and D. Wayne Lewis who also updated the the fourth and fifth editions. The current online edition has been updated by Garrick J. Solovey and D. Wayne Lewis.

The definition of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edition (DSM-III), and in subsequent DSM editions is based on a conceptual model that brackets traumatic events from other stressful experiences and PTSD from other responses to stress and links the two causally. The connection between traumatic experiences and a specific mental disorder has become part of the general discourse. PTSD provides a cultural template of the human response to war, violence, disaster, or very bad personal experiences. The DSM-III revolutionized American psychiatry. The manual’s editors wanted a symptom-based, descriptive classification and generally rejected any reference to causal theories about mental processes. PTSD was an exception to the rule of creating a classification that is ‘‘atheoretical with regard to etiology or pathophysiological process’’ (American Psychiatric Association, 1980 p. 7), but the exception was not noted anywhere in the manual. Not only did the PTSD definition include an etiological event, but it incorporated a theory, an underlying process, that connects the syndrome’s diagnostic features (McNally, 2003; Young, 1995). In 1994, the American Psychiatric Association published the fourth edition of the DSM. The definition of PTSD, which had already undergone some revisions in DSM-IIIR, maintained the syndrome’s description but changed materially the stressor criterion. The range of events was widened, and the emphasis shifted to the subjective experience of victims. The list of ‘‘typical’’ traumas in the DSM-IV left no doubt that the intent was to enlarge the variety of experiences that can be used to diagnose PTSD beyond the initial conception of directly experienced, life-threatening events such as combat, natural disaster, rape, and other assault. Persons who learned about a threat to the physical integrity of another person or about a traumatic event experienced by a friend could be considered victims. A novel form of PTSD took shape following the 9/11 terrorist attacks, when the entire population of the United States was considered to have been affected by a ‘‘distant’’ trauma, produced chiefly by viewing television coverage.

This paper examines the key aspects of the theory and practice of commenting on the literary works of M.A. Sholokhov, highlighting the object and source of commentary as fundamental methodological categories. Defining these categories facilitates the selection of means and methods for data collection and analysis, ensures the achievement of specific research goals, and allows for the presentation of the results as a comprehensive academic commentary. The methodological principles of commenting on the literary text, implemented in the academic editions of the novels “And Quiet Flows the Don” and “The Soil Upturned”, are described within the context of enhancing the informational­communicative function of knowledge and the critical study of the history of developing research approaches to resolving the issues of choosing the object and source of commentary. The paper explores the possibilities and limitations of authorial, commentarial, and reader discourses, the properties of objects and sources of commentary, classification, functional features, and typological characteristics of their varieties, and the principles and criteria for selecting the subject and method of research. New trends in the development of the theory and practice of commentary are determined based on the analysis of the structure of the commentary in the academic editions of Sholokhov’s works, formed in the process of solving research tasks, including text criticism, description of its historical stages and genesis, determination of creative intent and authenticity of changes, restoration of authorial meaning, and explanation of the realities of the artistic world portrayed by the writer.

Errors in the collection of household finance survey data may proliferate in population estimates, especially when there is oversampling of some population groups. Manual case-by-case revision has been commonly applied in order to identify and correct potential errors and omissions such as omitted or misreported assets, income and debts. We derive a machine learning approach for the purpose of classifying survey data affected by severe errors and omissions in the revision phase. Using data from the Spanish Survey of Household Finances we provide the best-performing supervised classification algorithm for the task of prioritizing cases with substantial errors and omissions. Our results show that a Gradient Boosting Trees classifier outperforms several competing classifiers. We also provide a framework that takes into account the trade-off between precision and recall in the survey agency in order to select the optimal classification threshold.

American farms represent a diverse set of business operations and farm operators. This annual report describes the characteristics of U.S. farms and ranches with the most recent data from the Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS). Statistics for calendar year 2023 are presented using a farm classification developed by USDA, ERS to categorize farms into groups based on each farm's annual gross cash farm income, the main occupation of the farm's principal operator, and ownership (family versus nonfamily). This edition contains two new sections: (1) a section documenting farmers' unpriced inventory held both on- and off-farm, and (2) a section outlining adoption rates for key precision agriculture technologies and the reasons provided by producers for their precision technology adoption decisions.

The Genetic Technology (Precision Breeding) Act (England) aims to develop a science-based process for the regulation and authorisation of precision bred organisms (PBOs). PBOs are created by genetic technologies but exhibit changes which could have occurred through traditional processes. This current review, commissioned by the Food Standards Agency (FSA), aims to clarify existing terminologies, explore viable methods for the detection, identification, and quantification of products of precision breeding techniques, address and identify potential solutions to the analytical challenges presented, and provide recommendations for working towards an infrastructure to support detection of precision bred products in the future. The review includes a summary of the terminology in relation to analytical approaches for detection of precision bred products. A harmonised set of terminology contributes towards promoting further understanding of the common terms used in genome editing. A review of the current state of the art of potential methods for the detection, identification and quantification of precision bred products in the UK, has been provided. Parallels are drawn with the evolution of synergistic analytical approaches for the detection of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), where molecular biology techniques are used to detect DNA sequence changes in an organism’s genome. The scope and limitations of targeted and untargeted methods are summarised. Current scientific opinion supports that modern molecular biology techniques (i.e., quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), digital PCR (dPCR) and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)) have the technical capability to detect small alterations in an organism’s genome, given specific prerequisites of a priori information on the DNA sequence of interest and of the associated flanking regions. These techniques also provide the best infra-structure for developing potential approaches for detection of PBOs. Should sufficient information be known regarding a sequence alteration and confidence can be attributed to this being specific to a PBO line, then detection, identification and quantification can potentially be achieved. Genome editing and new mutagenesis techniques are umbrella terms, incorporating a plethora of approaches with diverse modes of action and resultant mutational changes. Generalisations regarding techniques and methods for detection for all PBO products are not appropriate, and each genome edited product may have to be assessed on a case-by-case basis. The application of modern molecular biology techniques, in isolation and by targeting just a single alteration, are unlikely to provide unequivocal evidence to the source of that variation, be that as a result of precision breeding or as a result of traditional processes. In specific instances, detection and identification may be technically possible, if enough additional information is available in order to prove that a DNA sequence or sequences are unique to a specific genome edited line (e.g., following certain types of Site-Directed Nucelase-3 (SDN-3) based approaches). The scope, gaps, and limitations associated with traceability of PBO products were examined, to identify current and future challenges. Alongside these, recommendations were made to provide the infrastructure for working towards a toolkit for the design, development and implementation of analytical methods for detection of PBO products. Recognition is given that fully effective methods for PBO detection have yet to be realised, so these recommendations have been made as a tool for progressing the current state-of-the-art for research into such methods. Recommendations for the following five main challenges were identified. Firstly, PBOs submitted for authorisation should be assessed on a case-by-case basis in terms of the extent, type and number of genetic changes, to make an informed decision on the likelihood of a molecular biology method being developed for unequivocal identification of that specific PBO. The second recommendation is that a specialist review be conducted, potentially informed by UK and EU governmental departments, to monitor those PBOs destined for the authorisation process, and actively assess the extent of the genetic variability and mutations, to make an informed decision on the type and complexity of detection methods that need to be developed. This could be further informed as part of the authorisation process and augmented via a publicly available register or database. Thirdly, further specialist research and development, allied with laboratory-based evidence, is required to evaluate the potential of using a weight of evidence approach for the design and development of detection methods for PBOs. This concept centres on using other indicators, aside from the single mutation of interest, to increase the likelihood of providing a unique signature or footprint. This includes consideration of the genetic background, flanking regions, off-target mutations, potential CRISPR/Cas activity, feasibility of heritable epigenetic and epitranscriptomic changes, as well as supplementary material from supplier, origin, pedigree and other documentation. Fourthly, additional work is recommended, evaluating the extent/type/nature of the genetic changes, and assessing the feasibility of applying threshold limits associated with these genetic changes to make any distinction on how they may have occurred. Such a probabilistic approach, supported with bioinformatics, to determine the likelihood of particular changes occurring through genome editing or traditional processes, could facilitate rapid classification and pragmatic labelling of products and organisms containing specific mutations more readily. Finally, several scientific publications on detection of genome edited products have been based on theoretical principles. It is recommended to further qualify these using evidenced based practical experimental work in the laboratory environment. Additional challenges and recommendations regarding the design, development and implementation of potential detection methods were also identified. Modern molecular biology-based techniques, inclusive of qPCR, dPCR, and NGS, in combination with appropriate bioinformatics pipelines, continue to offer the best analytical potential for developing methods for detecting PBOs. dPCR and NGS may offer the best technical potential, but qPCR remains the most practicable option as it is embedded in most analytical laboratories. Traditional screening approaches, similar to those for conventional transgenic GMOs, cannot easily be used for PBOs due to the deficit in common control elements incorporated into the host genome. However, some limited screening may be appropriate for PBOs as part of a triage system, should a priori information be known regarding the sequences of interest. The current deficit of suitable methods to detect and identify PBOs precludes accurate PBO quantification. Development of suitable reference materials to aid in the traceability of PBOs remains an issue, particularly for those PBOs which house on- and off-target mutations which can segregate. Off-target mutations may provide an additional tool to augment methods for detection, but unless these exhibit complete genetic linkage to the sequence of interest, these can also segregate out in resulting generations. Further research should be conducted regarding the likelihood of multiple mutations segregating out in a PBO, to help inform the development of appropriate PBO reference materials, as well as the potential of using off-target mutations as an additional tool for PBO traceability. Whilst recognising the technical challenges of developing and maintaining pan-genomic databases, this report recommends that the UK continues to consider development of such a resource, either as a UK centric version, or ideally through engagement in parallel EU and international activities to better achieve harmonisation and shared responsibilities. Such databases would be an invaluable resource in the design of reliable detection methods, as well as for confirming that a mutation is as a result of genome editing. PBOs and their products show great potential within the agri-food sector, necessitating a science-based analytical framework to support UK legislation, business and consumers. Differentiating between PBOs generated through genome editing compared to organisms which exhibit the same mutational change through traditional processes remains analytically challenging, but a broad set of diagnostic technologies (e.g., qPCR, NGS, dPCR) coupled with pan-genomic databases and bioinformatics approaches may help contribute to filling this analytical gap, and support the safety, transparency, proportionality, traceability and consumer confidence associated with the UK food chain.