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Journal articles on the topic 'Classification of maxillary sinus hypoplasia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 13 July 2025

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1

Bolger, William E., William W. Woodruff, John Morehead, and David S. Parsons. "Maxillary Sinus Hypoplasia: Classification and Description of Associated Uncinate Process Hypoplasia." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 103, no. 5 (1990): 759–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459989010300516.

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2

Ilie, Adrian Cosmin, Adelina Maria Jianu, Mugurel Constantin Rusu, and Alexandru Nicolae Mureșan. "Anatomical Changes in a Case with Asymmetrical Bilateral Maxillary Sinus Hypoplasia." Medicina 58, no. 5 (2022): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58050564.

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Background and Objectives: The maxillary sinus hypoplasia (MSH) is an occasional variation of the maxilla, occurring either unilaterally or bilaterally. Previous studies dealing with MSH have not detailed the consequent anatomical changes of the maxilla and adjacent fossae. Materials and Methods: A 58-year-old female case was scanned in Cone Beam Computed Tomography and found to have asymmetrical bilateral MSH, who was then further evaluated anatomically. Results: The maxillary sinuses were hypoplastic and had mild mucosal thickenings. The orbital floors were curved. The uncinate process and the ethmoidal infundibulum were laterally displaced beneath the orbit floor. On each side, the lateral nasal wall protruded within the respective maxillary bone to reach above the vestibular cortical plate of the alveolar process. This expansion of the lateral nasal walls was limited to the premolar and first molar regions. The inferior turbinates were laterally curved. The perpendicular palatine plate was building a postero-lateral nasal wall in front of the pterygopalatine fossa. Conclusions: The classification systems of MSH should be detailed to indicate whether the normal uncinate process is medial or inferior to the orbit. The lateral expansion of the lateral nasal wall in MSH is limited to the anterior part of that wall. The laterally expanded nasal fossa could reach anterior to the pterygopalatine fossa in MSH. Seemingly, CBCT is a better tool than CT to evaluate the detailed anatomy of the modified anatomical structures in MSH; as such, it could be of help in a surgical approach.

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3

Hanna, Ehab, Howard L. Levine, Sanford Timen, and Bernard Kotton. "Hypoplasia of the Maxillary Antrum: Anatomic Abnormalities, Diagnostic Difficulties and Surgical Implications." American Journal of Rhinology 7, no. 3 (1993): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/105065893781976384.

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Using conventional radiography, maxillary sinus hypoplasia (MSH) may be misdiagnosed as chronic infective sinusitis in patients with chronic nasal symptoms. Commonly associated anatomical abnormalities of the lateral nasal wall and orbit may also be missed. Failure to recognize these abnormalities is fraught with hazards should sinus surgery be contemplated on such patients. With the use of high resolution computed tomography scans and rigid nasal endoscopy, MSH and associated subtle anatomic abnormalities of related structures are diagnosed with higher precision and surgical complications minimized. The incidence, pathogenesis, and classification of MSH is reviewed. The clinical and surgical implications of associated anomalies of the lateral nasal wall are discussed. Two illustrative cases are presented.

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4

Sirikçi, A., Y. Bayazit, E. G÷m÷sburun, M. Bayram, and M. Kanlikana. "A new approach to the classification of maxillary sinus hypoplasia with relevant clinical implications." Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 22, no. 5-6 (2001): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-000-0243-8.

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5

Uluyol, S., İ. B. Arslan, A. Demir, G. C. Mercan, O. Dogan, and İ. Çukurova. "The role of the uncinate process in sinusitis aetiology: isolated agenesis versus maxillary sinus hypoplasia." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 129, no. 5 (2015): 458–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215115000821.

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AbstractObjective:This study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of maxillary sinus hypoplasia and isolated agenesis of the uncinate process in sinusitis aetiology.Methods:Three patients with isolated agenesis of the uncinate process and 27 patients with 43 maxillary sinus hypoplasia variations were recruited. The frequencies of sinusitis episodes and radiological findings were compared between patient subgroups.Results:In all, 23 type I maxillary sinus hypoplasia, 13 type II maxillary sinus hypoplasia and 7 type III maxillary sinus hypoplasia variations were detected. Patients with isolated agenesis of the uncinate process underwent antibiotic treatment an average of 7 times per year, whereas those with types I, II and III maxillary sinus hypoplasia were treated 1.57, 3.22, and 5.75 times per year, respectively, over a 5-year period. The antibiotic treatment frequency for patients with isolated agenesis of the uncinate process was significantly higher than for those with types I and II maxillary sinus hypoplasia.Conclusion:Isolated agenesis of the uncinate process seems to play a stronger role than types I and II maxillary sinus hypoplasia in the pathophysiology of chronic sinusitis.

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6

Khanduri, Sachin, Sumit Agrawal, Saakshi Chhabra, and Swati Goyal. "Bilateral Maxillary Sinus Hypoplasia." Case Reports in Radiology 2014 (2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/148940.

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Maxillary sinus hypoplasia (MSH) is an uncommon abnormality of paranasal sinuses noted in clinical practice. Computed tomography (CT) scan helps in diagnosing the anomaly along with any anatomical variation that may be associated with it. MSH is usually associated with other anomalies like uncinate process hypoplasia. Three types of MSH have been described. Type 1 MSH shows mild maxillary sinus hypoplasia, type 2 shows significant sinus hypoplasia with narrowed infundibular passage and hypoplastic or absent uncinate process, and type 3 is cleft like maxillary sinus hypoplasia with absent uncinate process. CT and endoscopic examination usually complement each other in diagnosing MSH.

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7

Alanazi, Hani. "Bilateral maxillary sinus hypoplasia." Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences 12, no. 1 (2024): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/mjhs.2024.01.017.

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Maxillary sinus hypoplasia is an uncommon condition characterized by underdevelopment of the maxillary sinus antrum. Typically, it is accompanied by other anomalies, such as abnormalities in the uncinate process and infundibular passage. We present a rare case of bilateral maxillary sinus hypoplasia in a 22-year-old, symptomatic patient who didn’t respond to maximum medical therapy. Combining a detailed history, endoscopic examination, and CT scan are crucial in diagnosing sinus diseases, particularly in MSH cases.

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8

Srivastava, Saurabh, Mohd Shakeel, and Prasoon Varshney. "Maxillary Sinus Hypoplasia—A Not-so-uncommon Clinical Entity: A Review." An International Journal Clinical Rhinology 9, no. 1 (2016): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10013-1263.

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ABSTRACT Bilateral sinus maxillary sinus hypoplasia is a rare anomaly. Radiological diagnosis of maxillary sinus hypoplasia is important for diagnosis to prevent recurrent rhinosinusitis and complications during endoscopic sinus surgery. A high index of suspicion is required by outpatient department examination for proper clinical evaluation and further management of these patients. How to cite this article Bhargava A, Khanduri S, Shakeel M, Srivastava S, Varshney P. Maxillary Sinus Hypoplasia-A Not-so-uncommon Clinical Entity: A Review. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2016;9(1):43-45.

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9

Perez, Alexandre, Vincent Lenoir, and Tommaso Lombardi. "Cystic-like maxillary sinus hypoplasia." BMJ Case Reports 15, no. 4 (2022): e249659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2022-249659.

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10

Shcherbakov, D. A., A. V. Simonov, V. V. Kokareva, A. S. Krotova, and T. Yu Malysheva. "Definition of maxillary sinus hypoplasia." Rossiiskaya rinologiya 28, no. 1 (2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/rosrino20202801132.

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11

Price, Daniel L., and Oren Friedman. "Facial asymmetry in maxillary sinus hypoplasia." International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 71, no. 10 (2007): 1627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2007.06.014.

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12

Wake, M., L. Shankar, M. Hawke, and S. Takeno. "Maxillary Sinus Hypoplasia, Embryology, and Radiology." Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 119, no. 12 (1993): 1353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1993.01880240091011.

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13

Ozcan, Kursat Murat, Omer Hizli, Zeynep Alev Sarisoy, Hakan Ulusoy, and Guven Yildirim. "Coexistence of frontal sinus hypoplasia with maxillary sinus hypoplasia: a radiological study." European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 275, no. 4 (2018): 931–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00405-018-4892-9.

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14

Vinson, Richard P., and Robert P. Collette. "Maxillary sinus hypoplasia masquerading as chronic sinusitis." Postgraduate Medicine 89, no. 4 (1991): 189–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1991.11700871.

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15

Birkent, Hakan, Fuat Tosun, Serdar Karahatay, and Timur Akcam. "Progressive Maxillary Sinus Hypoplasia With Open Ostium." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 18, no. 3 (2007): 706–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0b013e318052fe97.

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16

Kosko, James R., Bruce E. Hall, and David E. Tunkel. "Acquired Maxillary Sinus Hypoplasia: A Consequence of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery?" Laryngoscope 106, no. 10 (1996): 1210–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005537-199610000-00006.

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17

Khanna, Priyanka, Priya Singh, Deepak Umapathy, and Shweta Singh. "Evaluation of maxillary sinus in health and disease through CBCT imaging: A literature review." International Journal of Oral Health Dentistry 10, no. 3 (2024): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijohd.2024.031.

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The largest paranasal sinus in the skull is the maxillary sinus (MS) which begins on the side of the nose and extends all the way to the zygomatic process of the maxilla. The shape is pyramidal. Alveolar pneumatization, hypoplasia, antral septa, abnormal mucosal thickening, maxillary sinus hypoplasia (MSH) and exostosis are all possible anatomical variants. Any thorough mediation at the posterior region of the mouth must be performed by a specialist with extensive training in the anatomy and physiology of the maxillary sinuses. The maxillary sinuses are essential anatomical structures in dentistry, thus it's crucial to have a precise radiological evaluation of them. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is considered as the standard imaging methods used in the evaluation of facial sinuses because they allow the visualization of three-dimensional (3D) images without distortions and superimpositions. We present a literature review to determine the anatomical and morphological variations which are important to know to adjust the treatment plan to yield more successful treatment using CBCT.

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18

Song, Seung Yong, Jong Won Hong, Tai Suk Roh, Yong Oock Kim, Deok Won Kim, and Beyoung Yun Park. "Volume and distances of the maxillary sinus in craniofacial deformities with midfacial hypoplasia." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 141, no. 5 (2009): 614–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2009.08.018.

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Objective: Craniofacial deformities (CFDs) frequently accompany midfacial hypoplasia. The authors evaluated characteristics of maxillary sinuses that had CFDs with variable degrees of midfacial hypoplasia. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey with chart review. Setting: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Subjects and Methods: We investigated 40 patients with CFDs having midfacial hypoplasia. Study group 1 (SG 1) consisted of eight patients with Crouzon syndrome (16 maxillary sinuses). Study group 2 (SG 2) consisted of 10 patients with midfacial hypoplasia after palatoplasty (20 maxillary sinuses). Study group 3 (SG 3) consisted of 22 patients with Pruzansky grade I hemifacial microsomia (22 maxillary sinuses on the affected sides). Data on volume and three-dimensional distances (height, width, and depth) from computed tomography were collected and compared with each corresponding control group. Correlation coefficient between volume and the three distances was also calculated. Results: The volume, height, width, and depth of the maxillary sinus were significantly decreased in SG 1 ( P < 0.01). In SG 2, only the depth was significantly decreased ( P < 0.05). In SG 3, there were no significant differences in any parameters. A multiple-regression analysis between the volume and the three distances showed a statistically significant relationship for width in SG 1, width and height in SG 2, and all distances in SG 3. Conclusion: There were differences in the structure of the maxillary sinuses among patients with different CFDs.

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19

Latona, A., A. Cirino, and L. Manfrè. "Odontogenic Keratocyst of the Maxillary Sinus." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 10, no. 4 (1997): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140099701000414.

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Malignant tumours of the maxillary sinus and benign conditions including fibro-osseus dysplasia, mucocele, and different odontogenic cystic lesions may present with expansile maxillary masses. Odontogenic keratocystis in the maxilla is relatively rare and invasion of the maxillary sinus unusual. We describe a patient with odontogenic keratocyst of the maxillary sinus. Differential diagnosis with expanding intrasinusal cyst can be assessed on the basis of CT findings: upward displacement of the inferior floor of the maxillary sinus is a peculiar finding in extrasinusal masses: as a consequence, the size of maxillary sinus is reduced, mimicking antral hypoplasia. The superiorly displaced maxillary sinus floor should not be misinterpreted as the calcified wall of an intrasinusal mucocele. MRI is valuable in demonstrating the relation between the odontogenic keratocyst and surrounding structures. However, as the cyst may show high signal intensity on T1-weighted scans because of its contents (epithelial debris, blood degradation products), differential diagnosis of extrasinusal masses involving the sinus and intrasinusal mucocele may be difficult.

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20

IKEDA, Motohisa, and Hirohiko YAMAZUMI. "Severe Unilateral Maxillary Sinus Hypoplasia; A Case Report." Practica Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica 90, no. 11 (1997): 1241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5631/jibirin.90.1241.

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21

Yeung, Andy Wai Kan, Kuo Feng Hung, Dion Tik Shun Li, and Yiu Yan Leung. "The Use of CBCT in Evaluating the Health and Pathology of the Maxillary Sinus." Diagnostics 12, no. 11 (2022): 2819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12112819.

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The use of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been increasing in dental practice. This narrative review summarized the relevance and utilizations of CBCT to visualize anatomical structures of the maxillary sinus and common pathologies found in the maxillary sinus. The detection/visualization rate, the location and the morphometric characteristics were described. For sinus anatomy, the reviewed features included the posterior superior alveolar artery, sinus pneumatization, sinus hypoplasia, sinus septa, and primary and accessory sinus ostia. For pathology, the following items were reviewed: membrane thickening associated with periapical lesions/periodontal lesions, mucous retention cyst, and antrolith. The visualization and assessment of the maxillary sinus is very important prior to procedures that take place in close proximity with the sinus floor, such as tooth extraction, implant insertion, and sinus floor elevation. Some sinus pathologies may be associated with odontogenic lesions, such as periapical diseases and periodontal bone loss.

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22

Weed, Donald T., and Randolph R. Cole. "Maxillary Sinus Hypoplasia and Vertical Dystopia of the Orbit." Laryngoscope 104, no. 6 (1994): 758???762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1288/00005537-199406000-00019.

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23

Lourenco, Fiona, Daniel Tyler, and Nadine Houghton. "Silent Sinus Syndrome: A Paediatric Condition Diagnosed in the Orthodontic Department." Dental Update 51, no. 9 (2024): 658–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denu.2024.51.9.658.

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Silent sinus syndrome (SSS) is defined as unilateral maxillary sinus hypoplasia and orbital floor resorption. This case report highlights a rare paediatric diagnosis of SSS during an orthodontic clinic. The diagnostic orthopantogram (OPG) and cone-beam computed tomography showed complete opacification of the left maxillary sinus. Following referral to the ear, nose and throat (ENT) department, a CT sinus confirmed SSS. Owing to the risk of facial asymmetry in a growing adolescent patient without surgical intervention, functional endoscopic sinus surgery will be used to manage this. This case highlights the importance of a thorough investigation of incidental findings. CPD/Clinical Relevance: The clinical relevance of early diagnosis of silent sinus syndrome and its implications on facial symmetry is discussed.

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24

Rizvi, Sama, Riya Thakral, Stuti Shukla, and Saurabh Singh. "Intraoperative incidental finding of maxillary hypoplasia: a rare case report." International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 10, no. 1 (2024): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20240074.

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Hypoplastic and aplastic paranasal sinuses are rare conditions which can lead to obstruction of mucociliary clearance. most of these patients are asymptomatic, however these conditions may lead to chronic headaches and nasal obstruction which can be misleading towards the diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis. it has been reported in literature that conventional radiography could not differentiate between inflammatory pathologies, neoplasm, and hypoplasia of the sinus. Computed tomography and cone beam computed tomography are the modalities of choice to differentiate these conditions, wherein cone beam CT is found to be more accurate for diagnosis of hypoplasia. In the present study, we report an incidental intraoperative finding of hypoplastic left sided maxillary sinus of a 17-year-old male patient who had clinical features of chronic rhinosinusitis.

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25

Jun, Beom-Cho, Sun-Wha Song, Chan-Soon Park, Dong-Hee Lee, Kwang-Jae Cho, and Jin-Hee Cho. "The analysis of maxillary sinus aeration according to aging process; volume assessment by 3-dimensional reconstruction by high-resolutional CT scanning." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 132, no. 3 (2005): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2004.11.012.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate change of the maxillary sinus volume according to patient age and gender by using a 3-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of computed tomography images. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: One hundred seventy-three people (totaling 238 maxillary sinuses) who had undergone paranasal sinus CT scan between December 2000 and November 2003 and had no evidence of inflammation or hypoplasia in the CT finding and had no specific history of paranasal sinus surgery or maxillofacial trauma were retrospectively analyzed. The 3-D reconstruction images were obtained by using a surface-rendering technique (Vworks; CybeMed, Seoul, Korea) on a personal computer. The mean volume of maxillary sinus was evaluated according to patient chronologic age and gender. The ratio of the maximum horizontal and half-horizontal extension for the estimation of the morphological change of maxillary sinus and the degree of descent of the sinus below the nasal floor were evaluated in the 3-D image. RESULTS: The development of the maxillary sinus continued until the 3rd decade in males and until the 2nd decade in females. The mean maxillary sinus volume in early adults was 24,043 mm 3 (males) and 15,859.5 mm 3 (females). There was a significance difference in the sinus volume ( P < 0.05) according to gender, and there was a significant difference in the maxillary sinus volume according to age before it reached maximum. After its maximum growth period, however, there was no significant difference in the volume change of maxillary sinus and the descent below the nasal floor between two adjacent groups. CONCLUSIONS: The growth of the maxillary sinus continues until the 3rd decade in males and the 2nd decade in females. Therefore, a maxillary sinus operation affecting the bony structures before these ages might affect the development of the sinus and needs to be performed carefully

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26

El-Anwar, Mohammad Waheed, Mohamed Kamel Alawady, Hoda Ismail Abdelhamid, Tamer Oraby, Mohamed Talaat Albasiouny, and Ashraf El-Hussiny. "Maxillary Sinus Assessment: A Computed Tomography Analysis and Classification." International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology 29, no. 02 (2025): 001–6. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-1791728.

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Abstract Introduction The preoperative assessment of the computed tomography (CT) characteristics of the maxillary sinus helps to preserve its anatomical and functional integrity during and after surgery. Objective To use CT scanning to identify maxillary sinus variations and types that were not previously published. Methods The present study was carried out on 110 paranasal CT scans (220 sides). Axial images were obtained with multiplanar scans, to visualize details in coronal and sagittal planes for all subjects. Results Among the 110 CTs (220 sides) of the maxillary sinus's floor, there were 53.2% type 1, 29.1% type 2, 10% type 3, and 7.7% type 4, with significant difference between genders. The most common maxillary sinus floor was type 1. The lateral maxillary sinus wall was found to be type 1 in 32.7%, type 2 in 65%, and type 3 in 2.3%, with a significant difference between genders. The most common lateral wall of the maxillary sinus type was type 2. The orbital floor was found to be type 1 in 0.9%, type 2 in 21.3%, type 3 in 50.5%, and type 4 in 27.3%, without significant difference between genders. Asymmetry was detected between the right and left sides for the maxillary sinus floor of in 22.7%, lateral maxillary wall in 16%, and orbital floor (maxillary roof) in 30%. Conclusion This study aims to increase surgeons' awareness of maxillary sinus variations, creating new classifications for usage and communication in the otorhinolaryngology and endoscopic fields. It could also be helpful for training medical residents.

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27

Kalkur, Chaithra, Atul P. Sattur, Kruthika S. Guttal, Venkatesh G. Naikmasur, and Krishna Burde. "Correlation between maxillary sinus floor topography and relative root position of posterior teeth using Orthopantomograph and Digital Volumetric Tomography." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, no. 1 (2017): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v8i1.15878.

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Background: Maxillary sinus and its close proximity to the oral cavity make it a common clinical concern for medical and dental practitioners. Due to anatomical complexities, it is difficult to evaluate the relation between the root apices of maxillary posterior teeth and the floor of maxillary sinus which is essential for diagnosis of sinus pathology, understanding the path of dental infection and planning of dental treatment.Aims and Objectives: To correlate the topographic relationship of the maxillary sinus floor to the maxillary posterior teeth roots as imaged by pairs of Orthopantomograph (OPG) and Digital Volumetric Tomography images (DVT).Materials and Methods: A total of 510 maxillary teeth from 85 patients were classified according to their topographic relationship to the maxillary sinus and measured according to their projection lengths on the sinus cavity using OPG and DVT modalities.Results: In cases of classification 0, 85% and in classification 1 , 55.3% cases shows similar classification in both OPG and DVT. 28.5% of cases in both imaging modalities show classification 2. Only 15.9% of teeth roots exhibits classification 3. 11.1% of cases showed classification 4.The panoramic radiograph showed a statistically significant 2.24 times longer root projection on the sinus cavity in OPG comparison to DVT images.Conclusion: Teeth roots projecting in to the sinus in OPG, shows no vertical protrusion in to the sinus in DVT images. Hence DVT was better than OPG with measurements that were more exact and closer to anatomical reality.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.8(1) 2017 26-31

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28

Rinaldi, Fabiola, Maurizio Piattelli, Francesca Angiolani, Sara Bernardi, Elena Rastelli, and Giuseppe Varvara. "Volumetric evaluation of maxillary sinuses using CBCTS: radiographic study." Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology 127, no. 2 (2023): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/ijae-14681.

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The evaluation of maxillary sinus volumes is fundamental for pre-surgical planning in this area, as well as for the diagnosis of sinusitis and the diagnosis and treatment of maxillary hypoplasia. This study aimed to assess changes in sinus volume over time as a function of different conditions, such as sex, orthodontic treatments like rapid palate expansion, and the presence of edentulism. The Cone-Beam Computed Tomographies of eighteen patients were selected, and their entire sinus volumes were segmented, enabling the measurement of the sinus volume in three spatial dimensions. The collected data were statistically analyzed using the T-Student test and ANOVA. The mean size of the measured right sinus volume was 14.42 cm³, and that of the left sinus was 14.17 cm³. No statistically significant difference was identified between the right and left maxillary sinus volumes, even in correlation with the considered factors (p-value > 0.05). The values found in the present study agreed with those in the literature, confirming the importance of radiographic evaluation of this structure for diagnosis and treatment planning.

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29

Willatt, D. J., M. S. McCormick, R. P. Morton, and P. M. Stell. "Staging of Maxillary Cancer." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 96, no. 2 (1987): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348948709600201.

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Of the many proposed classifications for staging maxillary sinus cancer, none has been adopted universally and none is known to be superior to the others. This study identified the best of six currently used classifications using data from 53 previously untreated patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary sinus. Analysis of each classification's ability to stage the majority of patients, produce a balanced distribution of T stages, and correlate T stage with treatment and prognosis revealed Harrison's classification to be the best. Harrison's classification should be adopted worldwide as the classification of choice for staging squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.

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30

Tasar, M., F. Cankal, U. Bozlar, Y. Hidir, M. Saglam, and F. Ors. "Bilateral maxillary sinus hypoplasia and aplasia: radiological and clinical findings." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 36, no. 7 (2007): 412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/dmfr/72395885.

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31

Shcherbakov, Dmitrii, Alexey Simonov, Tatyana Malysheva, Ljalja Musina, and Aygul Shcherbakova. "Aplasia and Hypoplasia of the Maxillary Sinus: Three Case Reports." International Journal of Biomedicine 9, no. 4 (2019): 379–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21103/article9(4)_cr2.

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32

Sakai, Shun-ichi. "TNM classification of maxillary sinus carcinoma." Practica Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica 81, no. 7 (1988): 937–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5631/jibirin.81.937.

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33

Savrasova, N. A., Yu M. Melnichenko, S. L. Kabak, and A. B. Perminov. "Maxillary Sinus Pneumocele." Journal of radiology and nuclear medicine 103, no. 1-3 (2022): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20862/0042-4676-2022-103-1-3-55-61.

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Hyperpneumatization of the paranasal sinuses is a rare condition. Hypersinus, pneumosinus dilatans, and pneumocele are the three types of excessive pneumatization according to the traditional classification proposed by Urken et al. (1987). If in the first case, no treatment is required, but the latter two may be accompanied by aesthetic and/or functional disorders or may result in pressure effects on adjacent anatomical objects, therefore they require surgical correction. Maxillary sinus pneumocele is described in few publications. The presented case demonstrates typical clinical and radiographic signs of the maxillary sinus pneumocele, as well as hypersinus on the contralateral side. Cone beam computed tomography scans in combination with anamnestic and clinical data provide key information for the diagnosis of maxillary sinus pneumocele, as well as for differential diagnosis with other variants of their excessive pneumatization.

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34

Alsufyani, Noura A., Michael P. Major, and Paul W. Major. "Relationship between Maxillary Sinus Hypoplasia and Maxillary Occlusal Cant: A Cone Beam CT Study." BioMed Research International 2022 (February 18, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4651514.

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Introduction. Maxillary sinus hypoplasia (MSH) has been reported to cause a cant in the orbital plane. No similar reports exist about the possible impact on the maxilla. The aim of this study was to assess if MSH is associated with maxillary occlusal plane (MOP) cant and if dental or mandibular factors influenced the existence of the MOP cant. Methods. 80 cone beam CT images of subjects with MSH were analyzed for the type of MSH, degree of MOP cant, open or cross bite, mandibular asymmetry, and degenerative joint disease of the temporomandibular joints. The subjects were compared with a control group matched by age and gender. Results. The degree of MOP cant (range 0–5.1°) was not statistically significantly different in unilateral vs. bilateral MSH or between the different types of MSH. The frequency of open bite, crossbite, mandibular asymmetry, or degenerative joint disease in unilateral vs. bilateral MSH or between the different types of MSH was not statistically significantly different. Between the case and control, there was no statistically significant difference in the degree of MOP cant ( 1.3 ± 1.1 ° vs. 1.1 ± 0.9 ° , respectively) or frequency of dental and mandibular factors. There was low positive linear correlation between MOP cant and mandibular symmetry in MSH subjects (Spearman’s rho = 0.23 ) and controls (Spearman’s rho = 0.18 7). Conclusions. The data suggests a view of the alveolar bone as the adaptable skeletal unit to ensure and bridge the functionality between the nasomaxillary complex and TMJ system–two systems with very different function, and therefore largely independent “matrix units.”

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Nuñez-Castruita, Alfredo, Norberto López-Serna, and Santos Guzmán-López. "Prenatal Development of the Maxillary Sinus." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 146, no. 6 (2012): 997–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599811435883.

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Objective. To review the prenatal development of the maxillary sinus under the perspective of the sinus surgery. Study Design. Cross-sectional study. Setting. Basic embryology laboratory. Subjects and Methods. Morphometry and morphology of the maxillary sinus and its ostium were studied under stereomicroscopy in 100 human fetuses from the 9th to the 37th week. Fetuses were obtained from the Fetal Collection of the School of Medicine of the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee. Statistics were applied. Results. The maxillary sinus begins its development at the 10th week. On the 37th week, the anterior-posterior diameter has a mean of 4.36 mm; ossification of the medial wall was absent, and the floor was located below the attachment of the inferior turbinate. Septa and recesses were temporarily observed. Some variations in shape were observed; however, only the oval shape persisted. Maxillary sinus hypoplasia was not found, although asymmetry was present in 30% of cases. The ostium was located at the anterior third of the ethmoid infundibulum; its final dimensions were 1.96 mm in length and 0.44 mm in width. The mean length between the ostium to the lamina papyracea and nasolacrimal duct was 1 mm. One case of double maxillary sinus was observed. Significant difference between the variables, in accordance with the age, was found ( P = .02). Conclusion. Knowledge of prenatal development of the maxillary sinus improves the perspective of the sinus surgeon and helps the understanding of postnatal anatomy, especially in children.

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Liu, Fang-Cheng, and Marshall strome. "Staging in the treatment of maxillary carcinoma revisited." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 102, no. 3 (1988): 224–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221510010458x.

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AbstractThe site of origin of maxillary sinus carcinoma will not infrequently predetermine the varied neurological signs at presentation. Modifying Ohngren's division, the maxillary sinus can be divided into for quadrants based on anantomical nerve correlates, thus facilitating identification of the primary site. An inclusive classification of maxillary sinus caricinoma based on Broder's grading, site of origin, the TNM classification and the patient's general condition, serves as the basic for a correlative therapeutic regimen.

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Haktanir, A., M. Acar, A. Yucel, A. Aycicek, B. Degirmenci, and R. Albayrak. "Combined sphenoid and frontal sinus aplasia accompanied by bilateral maxillary and ethmoid sinus hypoplasia." British Journal of Radiology 78, no. 935 (2005): 1053–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr/38163950.

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M. Ali, Shakhawan, Falah A. Hawramy, and Kawa A. Mahmood. "The Relation of Maxillary Posterior Teeth Roots to the Maxillary Sinus Floor Using Panoramic and Computed Tomography Imaging in a Sample of Kurdish People." Tikrit Journal for Dental Sciences 2, no. 1 (2024): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjds.2.1.14.

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The relation of maxillary posterior teeth roots to the maxillary sinus floor is important for diagnosing and planning of many surgical procedures. In order to determine of this relation two imaging technique were used in this study.Paired panoramic radiographs and computed tomography images of maxilla from 27 subjects were taken and analyzed in the teaching hospitals of Sulaimani city during the period from Jan to Aug 2009. For both imaging modalities a total of 146 maxillary teeth were grouped according to their topographic relationship to the inferior border of the maxillary sinus followed Kwak et al. classification, were 0 indicated no contact between the root and inferior border of the maxillary sinus); 1 indicated that the root is in contact with the inferior border of the maxillary sinus; 2 indicated that the root is projecting laterally on the maxillary sinus cavity but its apex is outside the sinus boundaries; 3 and 4 indicated that the teeth roots that projected on the maxillary sinus cavity. Then roots were measured according to their projection lengths in the sinus cavity.Results of this study show that there was a high correlation between the two imaging technique for classification 0 and 1 relations. The OPG showed statistically significant (P>0.001) longer root projection in the sinus cavity in comparison with the root protrusion into the sinus measured by using CT images.As conclusion; for the majority of the roots projecting on the sinus cavity in panoramic radiographs, no vertical protrusion into the sinus was observed in CT images. Roots protrude into the sinus in the CT showed shorter projection length in comparison with panoramic radiography. Panoramic radiographs can provide adequate assessment about relation of the maxillary sinus floor. CT is indicated to provide the information about the relation to the maxillary sinus floor when there is protrusion detected in panoramic images.

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Lee, Jeong-Hyun, and Jong-Tae Park. "Three-Dimensional CBCT Based Evaluation of the Maxillary Sinus by Facial Index." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (2022): 5040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095040.

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The maxillary sinus growth is initiated 3 months after birth, and it grows lateral and inferior until the pneumatization of the alveolar bone occurs. The facial skeleton has recently been determined as affecting the maxillary sinus, prompting additional studies on changes in the size of the maxillary sinus. This study aimed to determine the size of the maxillary sinus using a 3D program after categorizing South Korean adults according to their facial index (FI) classification. The participants of this study were 60 patients in their 20s, who visited the orthodontic department of Dankook University Dental Hospital (approval no. DUDH IRB 2015-12-022). The CBCT of the patients were extracted and measured as 3D images using Mimics (version 22.0, Materialise, Leuven, Belgium). Upon categorizing the subjects based on their FI classification, they were grouped into the mesoprosopic, leptoprosopic, and hyperleptoprosopic types. A one-way ANOVA was performed to evaluate the mean differences of the maxillary sinus, depending on the FI classification. In this study, the maxillary sinus tended to be wider in those with mesoprosopic type, and tended to be higher in the hyperleptoprosopic type, suggesting a need for clinicians to focus to the shape of the face during clinical treatments.

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Dedeoglu, Numan, and Suayip Duman. "Clinical significance of maxillary sinus hypoplasia in dentistry: A CBCT study." Dental and Medical Problems 57, no. 2 (2020): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17219/dmp/114982.

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Jang, Yong Ju, Ho Chan Kim, Ji Hyang Lee, and Ji Heui Kim. "Maxillary sinus hypoplasia with a patent ostiomeatal complex: A therapeutic dilemma." Auris Nasus Larynx 39, no. 2 (2012): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2011.04.004.

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Melnichenko, Yu M., S. L. Kabak, N. A. Savrasova, and N. V. Zhuravleva. "Diagnostic criteria of maxillary sinus hypoplasia using cone-beam computed tomography." Vestnik otorinolaringologii 88, no. 1 (2023): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/otorino20228801144.

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Nelke, Kamil, Klaudiusz Łuczak, Wojciech Pawlak, et al. "A Retrospective Study on Silent Sinus Syndrome in Cone Beam-Computed Tomography Images—Author Classification Proposal." Applied Sciences 13, no. 12 (2023): 7041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13127041.

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Introduction. Facial asymmetry might have many etiological factors. Most known and recognized factors are related to hemimandibular hyperplasia, elongation, condyle-related pathologies hemifacial microsomia, laterogenia, and others. In some cases, however, facial asymmetry has a different origin within the maxillary sinus (MS) bones. This rare entity as a silent sinus syndrome (SSS) causes secondary midfacial and maxillary asymmetry because of the retraction of the sinus walls. The authors present their own proposal for SSS/CMA (chronic maxillary atelectasia) classification and possible maxillary sinus disease alterations related to the scope of changes in the maxillary sinus walls, asymmetry, opacification, and related features. Material and Methods. The study consisted of 131 CBCT images which were evaluated. The authors focus on fourteen retrospective cone beam-computed tomography studies (CBCT) performed to establish and evaluate sources of facial asymmetry. Results. Neither presented maxillary and facial asymmetry cases correspond to the typical SSS/CMA findings. Asymptomatic maxillary sinusitis co-existing in maxillary asymmetry cases in patients suffering from skeletal malocclusion remains atypical for SSS pure and in-pure cases. The osteomeatal complex (OMC) patency is more common for pure forms. Conclusions. Computed tomography quite easily can identify the source of the problems in the maxillary sinus and identify SSS. Coexistent chronic rhinosinusitis might correspond with another MS pathology, CMA—chronic maxillary atelectasia. The scope and the degree of MS cause midfacial asymmetry; however, the scope of sinus opacification, osteomeatal complex drainage, and occurrence of other symptoms might be more or less present. The OMC patency is more common for pure forms.

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Jadach, Radosław, Farah Asa’ad, Giulio Rasperini, and Karolina Osypko. "Classifying Maxillary Sinuses of Polish Patients for Sinus Lift: A Pilot Study." Dentistry Journal 12, no. 2 (2024): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj12020035.

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To date, there is no systematic anatomical classification available that could help clinicians in choosing between the lateral and palatal approach in sinus lift procedures. The aim was to provide a simple-to-use and memorable classification of the maxillary sinus concerning the thickness of lateral and palatal walls to facilitate the most adequate choice for the window location during direct sinus floor elevation. Cone beam computed tomography scans were consecutively obtained for 200 maxillary sinuses of patients needing dental implant placement with potential maxillary sinus augmentation. The thickness and height of the alveolar bone of the lateral and palatal walls of the maxillary sinuses were assessed. Four variants were distinguished. Class 0: an adequate sub-sinus residual bone height; without the need for sinus floor augmentation. Classes 1–3 had a reduced sub-sinus residual bone height. Class 1: a thinner lateral than palatal sinus wall. Class 2 (the most frequent; 49%): the comparable thickness of both walls in which either lateral, palatal, or crestal window osteotomies can be applied. Class 3 (the least frequent; 3%): a thinner palatal sinus wall in comparison to the lateral wall. The presented anatomical classification simplifies the decision-making process of choosing the most adequate window location and osteotomy technique.

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Suntana, Mutiara Sukma, Rudi Satria Darwis, Rena Izzatin Nissa, and Ratna Trisusanti. "Correlation of age to classification of vertical relationship of maxillary sinus and maxillary first molar root by cone-beam computed tomography: a cross-sectional study." Jurnal Radiologi Dentomaksilofasial Indonesia (JRDI) 8, no. 3 (2024): 97. https://doi.org/10.32793/jrdi.v8i3.1296.

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Objectives: The maxillary first molar has a close relationship with the base of the maxillary sinus floor. Cone-beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) provides coronal, sagittal, occlusal, and 3D sectional images of maxillofacial structures without causing distortion. Thus, CBCT allows for a comprehensive analysis of the position of the maxillary first molar about the maxillary sinus. This study aims to determine the correlation between age and the classification of vertical relationship between the maxillary sinus and the roots of the maxillary first molar using CBCT. Materials and Methods: The research design was the analytical observational research used a cross-sectional design. The study population includes all CBCT radiographs from patients aged 20-50 years who used CBCT at RSGMP Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani. The total sampling technique was used to include all CBCT radiograph data comforms to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: The study resulted in 60 CBCT radiographs, with 54 data for the right maxillary first molar and 49 data for the left maxillary first molar. Data analysis using Spearman correlation test showed r = -0.191 with a p-value of 0.166 for the right maxillary first molar and r = -0.167 with a p-value of 0.252 for the left maxillary first molar. Conclusion: There was no correlation between age and the classification of vertical relationship between the maxillary sinus and the maxillary first molar tooth root (p > 0.05). This is because the volume of the maxillary sinus decreases with age, leading to an increased distance between the maxillary sinus and the tooth roots.

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Liu, F. C. "A Classification System for Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma." Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 113, no. 4 (1987): 409–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1987.01860040071020.

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Johny, Joseph, Timy S. Alex, and Athulya B. Mohan. "A proposed new classification of maxillary sinus using panoramic radiograph." IP International Journal of Maxillofacial Imaging 8, no. 3 (2022): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijmi.2022.022.

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Maxillary sinus is the largest among the paranasal sinus which is of surgical clinical and anthropological significance. Classification of maxillary antrum based on shapes and sizes using panoramic radiography have not been developed till date. Different shapes and sizes of maxillary antrum were taken into notice while tracing orthopantomogram. As panoramic radiograph is the most commonly available and feasible technology, a deeper study of this topic felt compelling.: To classify maxillary antrum based on its shape, presence of septa, shape of the floor and presence of recess employing digital panoramic radiographs. A total of 1000 panoramic radiographs available in soft copies in Department of Oral Radiology, Sree Anjaneya Institute of Dental Sciences were analysed for developing this classification. The panoramic radiographs were taken using KODAK 8000 carestream machine with exposure parameters 73kVp, 12mA, 13.9 seconds. The shapes identified included cloudy, rectangle, round, trapezoidal, square, ovoidal, pentagonal, hexagonal. In which cloudy marked the highest and hexagonal the least. Among the maxillary sinuses observed a few showed septations. The sinus floor contours observed comprised scalloped, wavy, curved, straight and v-shaped. Out of which a few showed recess. This is a proposed new classification of maxillary antrum using Panoramic radiograph. From this study, eight distinct shapes of the maxillary sinus were identified, wherein cloudy type was predominant and hexagonal was the least commonest. Only a few had sepatations and recess. Six distinct shapes of floor were identified, of which scalloped marked the highest.

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Al Hatmi, Asma Sulaiman, Eiman Al Ajmi, Halima Albalushi, Meetham Al Lawati, and Srinivasa Rao Sirasanagandla. "Anatomical variations of the frontal sinus: A computed tomography-based study." F1000Research 12 (August 31, 2023): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.129498.2.

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Background: The pneumatization of the frontal sinus is variable between individuals, including monozygotic twins. The volumetric anatomic variants of the frontal sinus are classified into aplasia, hypoplasia, medium-sized, and hyperplasia. We aimed to study the frontal sinus morphology in Omani patients using computed tomography (CT) evaluations. Methods: Retrospectively, 1220 frontal sinus CT scans from 610 patients investigated at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Oman, from January 2019 to December 2020 were reviewed. The frontal sinus morphology was classified according to the classification proposed by Guerram et al. The Chi-square test was used to determine the influence of sex. Results: With regard to the unilateral occurrence, the most prevalent frontal sinus category observed was medium-sized (13.3%), followed by hyperplasia (7.9%), hypoplasia (5.4%), and aplasia (2%) categories. Similarly, in bilateral occurrence, the most common frontal sinus category observed was medium-sized (53%), followed by hyperplasia (13.1%), hypoplasia (3.4%) and aplasia (2%) categories. Right and left frontal sinus aplasia were observed in 2.1% and 1.8% of cases, respectively. In terms of sex influence, the left unilateral (p<0.01) and the bilateral hypoplasia (p<0.05) were significantly higher in females. On the other hand, the left unilateral (p<0.01) and the bilateral hyperplasia (p<0.05) were higher in males. Conclusions: The baseline data of frontal sinus category frequencies reported in the present study is helpful in the diagnostic evaluation of sinusitis in the clinical setting. The preoperative recognition of frontal sinus types, particularly frontal sinus aplasia in multiplanar CT scans, is crucial to avoid unexpected complications while performing endoscopic sinus surgery.

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Al Hatmi, Asma Sulaiman, Eiman Al Ajmi, Halima Albalushi, Meetham Al Lawati, and Srinivasa Rao Sirasanagandla. "Anatomical variations of frontal sinus pneumatization: A computed tomography-based study." F1000Research 12 (January 18, 2023): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.129498.1.

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Background: The pneumatization of the frontal sinus is variable between individuals, including monozygotic twins. The volumetric anatomic variants of the frontal sinus are classified into aplasia, hypoplasia, medium-sized, and hyperplasia. We aimed to study the frontal sinus morphology in Omani patients using computed tomography (CT) evaluations. Methods: Retrospectively, 1220 paranasal sinus CT scans from 610 patients investigated at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Oman, from January 2019 to December 2020 were reviewed. The frontal sinus morphology was classified according to the classification proposed by Guerram et al. The Chi-square test was used to determine the influence of sex. Results: With regard to the unilateral occurrence, the most prevalent frontal sinus category observed was medium-sized (13.3%), followed by hyperplasia (7.9%), hypoplasia (5.4%), and aplasia (2%) categories. Similarly, in bilateral occurrence, the most common frontal sinus category observed was medium-sized (53%), followed by hyperplasia (13.1%), hypoplasia (3.4%) and aplasia (2%) categories. Right and left frontal sinus aplasia were observed in 2.1% and 1.8% of cases, respectively. In terms of sex influence, the left unilateral (p<0.01) and the bilateral hypoplasia (p<0.05) were significantly higher in females. On the other hand, the left unilateral (p<0.01) and the bilateral hyperplasia (p<0.05) were higher in males. Conclusions: The baseline data of frontal sinus category frequencies reported in the present study is helpful in the diagnostic evaluation of sinusitis in the clinical setting. The preoperative recognition of frontal sinus types, particularly frontal sinus aplasia in multiplanar CT scans, is crucial to avoid unexpected complications while performing endoscopic sinus surgery.

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Ozcan, Kursat Murat, Omer Hizli, Hakan Ulusoy, Zafer Unsal Coskun, and Guven Yildirim. "Localization of orbit in patients with maxillary sinus hypoplasia: a radiological study." Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 40, no. 10 (2018): 1099–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-018-2054-9.

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