Academic literature on the topic 'Classification rapide'

Acute heart failure is defined as the rapid development or change of symptoms and signs of heart failure that requires urgent medical attention and usually hospitalization. Acute heart failure is the first reason for hospital admission in individuals aged 65 or more and accounts for nearly 70% of the total health care expenditure for heart failure. It is characterized by an adverse prognosis, with an in-hospital mortality rate of 4-7%, a 2-3-month post-discharge mortality of 7-11%, and a 2-3-month readmission rate of 25-30%. The majority of patients have a previous history of heart failure and present with normal or increased blood pressure, while about half of them have a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. A high prevalence of cardiovascular or non-cardiovascular comordid conditions is further observed, including coronary artery disease, arterial hypertension, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, renal dysfunction, chronic lung disease, and anaemia. Different classification systems have been proposed for acute heart failure, reflecting the clinical heterogeneity of the syndrome; the categorization to acutely decompensated chronic heart failure vs de novo acute heart failure and to hypertensive, normotensive, and hypotensive acute heart failure are among the most widely used and clinically relevant classifications. The pathophysiology of acute heart failure involves several pathogenetic mechanisms, including volume overload, pressure overload, myocardial loss, and restrictive filling, while several cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular causes or precipitating factors lead to acute heart failure through a single of these mechanisms or a combination of them. Regardless of the underlying mechanism, peripheral and/or pulmonary congestion is the hallmark of acute heart failure, resulting from fluid retention and/or fluid redistribution. Myocardial injury and renal dysfunction are also involved in the precipitation and progression of the syndrome.

The field of psychiatry is rapidly evolving, specifically in the areas of psychopharmacology, psychotherapeutic strategies, and the classification of many major psychiatric disorders with the implementation of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5 in 2013. A new board review textbook is imperative to address these changes in order to prepare board-eligible psychiatrists for the certification examination as well as for clinical practice in general. Additionally, the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology is in the process of phasing in the DSM-5 criteria to the board examination, such that by 2017 the examination material will exclusively reflect the new manual. The book is aimed primarily at board-eligible psychiatrists preparing for their Initial certification in psychiatry. It will be a useful study tool for psychiatrists renewing certification as well, which in the United States is required every ten years. Furthermore the text will also be a useful reference for all psychiatrists in clinical practice to familiarize themselves with the new diagnostic classifications of DSM-5, the latest psychopharmacologic treatment strategies, and psychotherapeutic techniques.

The revised fourth edition of the WHO classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System, published in 2016, comprises several newly recognized tumour entities, and a significant restructuring of the classification, mainly based on genetic profiling. Glioblastomas are now classified into two major types. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wildtype glioblastoma (primary glioblastoma IDH-wildtype) develops rapidly de novo without a recognizable precursor lesion. IDH-mutant glioblastoma (secondary glioblastoma IDH-mutant) develops more slowly through malignant progression from diffuse or anaplastic astrocytoma. Medulloblastomas are now defined by combining histological patterns (classic, desmoplastic/nodular, extensive nodularity, anaplastic) and genetic hallmarks (WNT-activated; SHH-activated, TP53-mutant; SHH-activated, TP53-wildtype; non-WNT/non-SHH). Other newly recognized tumour entities include diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27M-mutant; ependymoma, RELA fusion-positive; and embryonal tumour with multilayered rosettes. The new classification is a significant step forward and will facilitate the development of novel targeted therapies of brain tumours.

The term “leukodystrophies” refers to a group of genetic diseases characterized by degeneration of white matter in the central nervous system. Depending on the type of leukodystrophy, the phenotype can range from early infantile-onset, rapid, progressive forms to adult-onset slowly progressive variants. The understanding, definition, and classification have been enhanced greatly by the combined use of neuroimaging, especially MRI, and genetic techniques. The window for targeted therapeutic interventions remains brief and management is often limited to symptomatic, supportive, and palliative care, and new approaches for treatment remain a great task for future research.

Parasomnias are a heterogeneous group of undesirable, but not always pathological, manifestations that accompany sleep. They consist in abnormal behaviors due to the inappropriate activation of cognitive processes or physiological systems such as the motor and/or autonomic nervous systems. In some cases, they can result in sleep disruption and injuries, with adverse health or psychosocial consequences for patients, bed-partners or both. According to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, parasomnias are distinguished on the basis of the stage of sleep in which they appear: (1) parasomnias arising from NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep, which include arousal disorders (confusional arousal, sleep terror, sleepwalking) and sleep-related eating disorders; (2) parasomnias associated with REM (rapid eye movement) sleep; and (3) “other parasomnias” occurring in any sleep stage (eg, sleep enuresis, exploding head syndrome). This chapter describes the NREM parasomnias and the “other parasomnias,” underlining the more recent and significant advances that have provided a better understanding of their clinical features and pathophysiology.

Axial spondyloarthritis is a relatively new term, now becoming widely accepted in clinical practice, referring to inflammatory disease predominantly of the spine where the main symptom is back pain. The most common subset of AxSpA is ankylosing spondylitis. This is a rapidly evolving field with new diagnostic criteria and treatments, which are likely to evolve further. This book covers the significant recent advances in the epidemiology, genetics, pathogenesis, classification, and treatment of this disabling disease, from a truly global perspective.

Defective lipid catabolic pathways are involved in numerous inherited metabolic diseases such as lysosomal storage diseases and peroxisome biogenesis disorders. We recently described a new classification of a rapidly growing group of inherited metabolic disorders involving biosynthesis and remodeling of complex lipids including phospholipids and sphingolipids. The remarkable progress achieved over the last decade in high throughput gene sequencing and in lipid analysis technologies have enabled the description of more than 40 diseases linked to defects in enzymes involved in these pathways. Some of these defects present in infancy or childhood but most of them are diagnosed in adolescence or adulthood. In this review we focus on those with adult presentation.

Acute renal failure (also referred to as acute kidney injury) refers to a rapid decrease in renal function; it is reflected by an increase in blood urea and creatinine and is often associated with oliguria (a urine volume of less than 400 ml/24 hours). It usually develops over days to weeks. Acute kidney injury has been variously classified, but the current classifications are based on the glomerular filtration rate (or creatinine), looking at changes from baseline, and the presence of oliguria or anuria. The potential etiologies of acute kidney injury are usually considered anatomically under the headings prerenal, renal (intrinsic), and postrenal. This chapter looks at the etiology, symptoms, clinical features, demographics, complications, diagnosis, and treatment of acute kidney injury.

Recent years have witnessed a rapid growth in the development of multimedia applications. Improving technology and tools enable the creation of large multimedia archives and the development of completely new styles of interaction. This article provides a survey of multimedia applications in which natural language plays a significant role. Conventional multimodal systems usually do not maintain explicit representations of the user's input and handle mode integration only in elementary manner. This article shows how the generalization of techniques and representation formalisms developed for the analysis of natural language can help to overcome some of these problems. It surveys techniques for building automated multimedia presentation systems drawing upon lessons learned during the development of natural language generators. Finally, it argues that the integration of natural language technology can lead to a qualitative improvement of existing methods for document classification and analysis.