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1
Feasibility of Using Classification Analyses to Determine Tropical Cyclone Rapid Intensification. Storming Media, 2004.
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2
Farmakis, Dimitrios, John Parissis, and Gerasimos Filippatos. Acute heart failure: epidemiology, classification, and pathophysiology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0051.
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Acute heart failure is defined as the rapid development or change of symptoms and signs of heart failure that requires urgent medical attention and usually hospitalization. Acute heart failure is the first reason for hospital admission in individuals aged 65 or more and accounts for nearly 70% of the total health care expenditure for heart failure. It is characterized by an adverse prognosis, with an in-hospital mortality rate of 4-7%, a 2-3-month post-discharge mortality of 7-11%, and a 2-3-month readmission rate of 25-30%. The majority of patients have a previous history of heart failure and present with normal or increased blood pressure, while about half of them have a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. A high prevalence of cardiovascular or non-cardiovascular comordid conditions is further observed, including coronary artery disease, arterial hypertension, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, renal dysfunction, chronic lung disease, and anaemia. Different classification systems have been proposed for acute heart failure, reflecting the clinical heterogeneity of the syndrome; the categorization to acutely decompensated chronic heart failure vs de novo acute heart failure and to hypertensive, normotensive, and hypotensive acute heart failure are among the most widely used and clinically relevant classifications. The pathophysiology of acute heart failure involves several pathogenetic mechanisms, including volume overload, pressure overload, myocardial loss, and restrictive filling, while several cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular causes or precipitating factors lead to acute heart failure through a single of these mechanisms or a combination of them. Regardless of the underlying mechanism, peripheral and/or pulmonary congestion is the hallmark of acute heart failure, resulting from fluid retention and/or fluid redistribution. Myocardial injury and renal dysfunction are also involved in the precipitation and progression of the syndrome.
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Tampi, Rajesh, Kristina Zdanys, and Mark Oldham, eds. Psychiatry Board Review. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265557.001.0001.
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The field of psychiatry is rapidly evolving, specifically in the areas of psychopharmacology, psychotherapeutic strategies, and the classification of many major psychiatric disorders with the implementation of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5 in 2013. A new board review textbook is imperative to address these changes in order to prepare board-eligible psychiatrists for the certification examination as well as for clinical practice in general. Additionally, the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology is in the process of phasing in the DSM-5 criteria to the board examination, such that by 2017 the examination material will exclusively reflect the new manual. The book is aimed primarily at board-eligible psychiatrists preparing for their Initial certification in psychiatry. It will be a useful study tool for psychiatrists renewing certification as well, which in the United States is required every ten years. Furthermore the text will also be a useful reference for all psychiatrists in clinical practice to familiarize themselves with the new diagnostic classifications of DSM-5, the latest psychopharmacologic treatment strategies, and psychotherapeutic techniques.
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Kleihues, Paul, Elisabeth Rushing, and Hiroko Ohgaki. The 2016 revision of the WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651870.003.0001.
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The revised fourth edition of the WHO classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System, published in 2016, comprises several newly recognized tumour entities, and a significant restructuring of the classification, mainly based on genetic profiling. Glioblastomas are now classified into two major types. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wildtype glioblastoma (primary glioblastoma IDH-wildtype) develops rapidly de novo without a recognizable precursor lesion. IDH-mutant glioblastoma (secondary glioblastoma IDH-mutant) develops more slowly through malignant progression from diffuse or anaplastic astrocytoma. Medulloblastomas are now defined by combining histological patterns (classic, desmoplastic/nodular, extensive nodularity, anaplastic) and genetic hallmarks (WNT-activated; SHH-activated, TP53-mutant; SHH-activated, TP53-wildtype; non-WNT/non-SHH). Other newly recognized tumour entities include diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27M-mutant; ependymoma, RELA fusion-positive; and embryonal tumour with multilayered rosettes. The new classification is a significant step forward and will facilitate the development of novel targeted therapies of brain tumours.
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Schrifl, Ulrike, SakkuBai Naidu, and Ali Fatemi. Leukodystrophies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0070.
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The term “leukodystrophies” refers to a group of genetic diseases characterized by degeneration of white matter in the central nervous system. Depending on the type of leukodystrophy, the phenotype can range from early infantile-onset, rapid, progressive forms to adult-onset slowly progressive variants. The understanding, definition, and classification have been enhanced greatly by the combined use of neuroimaging, especially MRI, and genetic techniques. The window for targeted therapeutic interventions remains brief and management is often limited to symptomatic, supportive, and palliative care, and new approaches for treatment remain a great task for future research.
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Ferri, Caterina, Maria Turchese Caletti, and Federica Provini. NREM and other parasomnias. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0039.
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Parasomnias are a heterogeneous group of undesirable, but not always pathological, manifestations that accompany sleep. They consist in abnormal behaviors due to the inappropriate activation of cognitive processes or physiological systems such as the motor and/or autonomic nervous systems. In some cases, they can result in sleep disruption and injuries, with adverse health or psychosocial consequences for patients, bed-partners or both. According to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, parasomnias are distinguished on the basis of the stage of sleep in which they appear: (1) parasomnias arising from NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep, which include arousal disorders (confusional arousal, sleep terror, sleepwalking) and sleep-related eating disorders; (2) parasomnias associated with REM (rapid eye movement) sleep; and (3) “other parasomnias” occurring in any sleep stage (eg, sleep enuresis, exploding head syndrome). This chapter describes the NREM parasomnias and the “other parasomnias,” underlining the more recent and significant advances that have provided a better understanding of their clinical features and pathophysiology.
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Inman, Robert, and Joachim Sieper, eds. Oxford Textbook of Axial Spondyloarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.001.0001.
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Axial spondyloarthritis is a relatively new term, now becoming widely accepted in clinical practice, referring to inflammatory disease predominantly of the spine where the main symptom is back pain. The most common subset of AxSpA is ankylosing spondylitis. This is a rapidly evolving field with new diagnostic criteria and treatments, which are likely to evolve further. This book covers the significant recent advances in the epidemiology, genetics, pathogenesis, classification, and treatment of this disabling disease, from a truly global perspective.
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Lamari, Foudil, and Jean-Marie Saudubray. Disorders of Complex Lipids Synthesis and Remodeling. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0066.
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Defective lipid catabolic pathways are involved in numerous inherited metabolic diseases such as lysosomal storage diseases and peroxisome biogenesis disorders. We recently described a new classification of a rapidly growing group of inherited metabolic disorders involving biosynthesis and remodeling of complex lipids including phospholipids and sphingolipids. The remarkable progress achieved over the last decade in high throughput gene sequencing and in lipid analysis technologies have enabled the description of more than 40 diseases linked to defects in enzymes involved in these pathways. Some of these defects present in infancy or childhood but most of them are diagnosed in adolescence or adulthood. In this review we focus on those with adult presentation.
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Chakera, Aron, William G. Herrington, and Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Acute kidney injury. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0162.
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Acute renal failure (also referred to as acute kidney injury) refers to a rapid decrease in renal function; it is reflected by an increase in blood urea and creatinine and is often associated with oliguria (a urine volume of less than 400 ml/24 hours). It usually develops over days to weeks. Acute kidney injury has been variously classified, but the current classifications are based on the glomerular filtration rate (or creatinine), looking at changes from baseline, and the presence of oliguria or anuria. The potential etiologies of acute kidney injury are usually considered anatomically under the headings prerenal, renal (intrinsic), and postrenal. This chapter looks at the etiology, symptoms, clinical features, demographics, complications, diagnosis, and treatment of acute kidney injury.
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André, Elisabeth. Natural Language in Multimodal and Multimedia Systems. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0036.
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Recent years have witnessed a rapid growth in the development of multimedia applications. Improving technology and tools enable the creation of large multimedia archives and the development of completely new styles of interaction. This article provides a survey of multimedia applications in which natural language plays a significant role. Conventional multimodal systems usually do not maintain explicit representations of the user's input and handle mode integration only in elementary manner. This article shows how the generalization of techniques and representation formalisms developed for the analysis of natural language can help to overcome some of these problems. It surveys techniques for building automated multimedia presentation systems drawing upon lessons learned during the development of natural language generators. Finally, it argues that the integration of natural language technology can lead to a qualitative improvement of existing methods for document classification and analysis.
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Dorronsoro, Gilles, and Olivier Grojean, eds. Identity, Conflict and Politics in Turkey, Iran and Pakistan. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190845780.001.0001.
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Ethnic and religious identity-markers compete with class and gender as principles shaping the organization and classification of everyday life. But how are an individual's identity-based conflicts transformed and redefined? Identity is a specific form of social capital, hence contexts where multiple identities necessarily come with a hierarchy, with differences, and hence with a certain degree of hostility. It examines the rapid transformation of identity hierarchies affecting Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey, a symptom of political fractures, social-economic transformation, and new regimes of subjectification. They focus on the state's role in organizing access to resources, with its institutions often being the main target of demands, rather than competing social groups. Such contexts enable entrepreneurs of collective action to exploit identity differences, which in turn help them to expand the scale of their mobilization and to align local and national conflicts. The authors also examine how identity-based violence may be autonomous in certain contexts, and serve to prime collective action and transform the relations between communities.
12
Caputi, Jane. Call Your "Mutha". Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190902704.001.0001.
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The proposed new geological era, The Anthropocene (a.k.a. Age of Humans, Age of Man), marking human domination of the planet long called Mother Earth, is truly The Age of the Motherfucker. The ecocide of the Anthropocene is the responsibility of Man, the Western- and masculine-identified corporate, military, intellectual, and political class that masks itself as the exemplar of the civilized and the human. The word motherfucker was invented by the enslaved children of White slave masters to name their mothers’ rapist/owners. Man’s strategic motherfucking, from the personal to the planetary, is invasion, exploitation, spirit-breaking, extraction and toxic wasting of individuals, communities, and lands, for reasons of pleasure, plunder, and profit. Ecocide is attempted deicide of Mother Nature-Earth, reflecting Man’s goal to become the god he first made in his own image. The motivational word Motherfucker has a flip side, further revealing the Anthropocene as it signifies an outstanding, formidable, and inexorable force. Mother Nature-Earth is that “Mutha’ ”—one defying translation into heteropatriarchal classifications of gender, one capable of overwhelming Man, and not the other way around. Drawing upon Indigenous and African American scholarship; ecofeminism; ecowomanism; green activism; femme, queer, and gender non-binary philosophies; literature and arts; Afrofuturism; and popular culture, Call Your “Mutha’ ” contends that the Anthropocene is not evidence of Man’s supremacy over nature, but that Mother Nature-Earth, faced with disrespect, is going away. It is imperative now to call the “Mutha’ ” by decolonizing land, bodies, and minds, ending rapism, feeding the green, renewing sustaining patterns, and affirming devotion to Mother Nature-Earth.
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Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, and Gareth Morris-Stiff. Bone and soft tissue malignancies. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0025.
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Haematological malignancies examines the epidemiology, genetics, clinical presentation and classification of these diseases, and presents current treatment approaches for each. First are the acute leukaemias, and the management of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Chronic myeloid leukaemia, its genetics and sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors, is described. Myelodysplastic syndromes and their management, are followed by chronic lymphoid leukaemias, a large heterogeneous group of diseases, and their treatment. Hodgkin lymphoma, its pathology and presentation, staging and role of PET scanning, is described along with current treatment with chemotherapy and limited radiotherapy. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is another heterogeneous group of diseases, divided into low-grade and high-grade pathology, and varying in their genetics, presentation, and management. Rituximab is a key component of chemotherapy regimens against B-cell lymphoma. Myeloma and other plasma cell dyscrasias are described, and treatment options reviewed. Myeloma remains incurable, but with appropriate management consistent with prolonged good quality life. Treatment includes chemotherapy, bisphosphonate therapy, analgesics and radiotherapy, Throughout this chapter is emphasised the importance of clinical trials in driving the rapid improvements in treatment of these diseases.
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Laureno, Robert. Foundations for Clinical Neurology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607166.001.0001.
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Part 1 of this book deals with the practice of neurology. It comments on neurologic history-taking, including observations of patient gestures. It also discusses the neurologic examination and its quantification. Magnetic resonance and computerized tomographic brain imaging are compared and contrasted. The importance of gravity, timing of scans, and plane of section of scans are emphasized. Neurologic diagnosis and its pitfalls are discussed. Neurologic treatment, empirical approaches to therapy, and the provision of hope and reassurance are emphasized. In Part 2, symmetry in neurologic disease as a clue to metabolic cause is a major topic. Selective vulnerability of brain areas to trauma, anoxia, toxins, and other diseases are discussed. Diseases of rapid normalization including myelinolysis are described. Carotid stenosis, berry aneurysm, arteriovenous malformations and other examples of asymptomatic disease comprise a final chapter in this section. Part 3 comments on special topics in neurology. Major attention is given to neurologic terminology, its origins, evolution, eponyms, and politics. The rise, fall, and evolution of neurologic concepts are described. Consideration is given to classifications and causation in neurology. The phenomena of decussation and asymmetry in neurology are discussed.
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Krishnan, Vaishnav, Bernard S. Chang, and Donald L. Schomer. The Application of EEG to Epilepsy in Adults and the Elderly. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0019.
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Surface or scalp electroencephalography (EEG) has become an indispensable tool for the diagnosis, classification, and care of patients with epilepsy across the age spectrum. This chapter provides an overview of interictal and corresponding ictal scalp EEG patterns observed in adults with certain classical epilepsy syndromes. In patients with one or more new-onset seizures, the value of EEG testing begins with a close examination of the interictal record. The morphology, frequency, and topography of interictal epileptiform discharges (when present) are typically sufficient to broadly distinguish between the propensity to develop “generalized seizures” (those that rapidly engage a distributed epileptogenic network) or “focal seizures” (which have a stereotyped onset within a clearly lateralized focal region or network). Epileptiform discharges may also be seen in patients without epilepsy who are affected by certain acute (e.g., severe metabolic encephalopathies) or chronic neuropsychiatric syndromes (e.g., autism spectrum disorder). An examination of the ictal recording is of crucial importance in patients with medication-refractory focal onset seizures as it serves to guide patient selection and ancillary testing for the possibility of resective surgery for epilepsy. This chapter also highlights the limited anatomical sensitivity of EEG for seizures that lack an associated impairment in consciousness (“simple partial seizures”) or those that remain confined to mesial, deep or inferior cortical regions.
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Tatlisumak, Turgut, and Lars Thomassen, eds. Ischaemic Stroke in the Young. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.001.0001.
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Stroke in the young is different, complex, and challenging. This book delivers a comprehensive review of the different aspects of young ischaemic stroke. Incidence, risk factors, and aetiology differ notably from those seen in the elderly. There is an increased prevalence of traditional risk factors already at a young age, but the book also focuses on special risk factors in young stroke patients. In many young stroke patients, aetiology remains unclear. The book outlines an extensive diagnostic workup and a stroke subtype classification adapted for young strokes. Gender differences are prevalent in young stroke. The book describes risk factors that are either unique or more prevalent in women and the importance of treating them aggressively. Stroke symptoms in children are comparable to those in adults, but there is a dramatic bystander delay in diagnosing the stroke. The text therefore also deals with rapid stroke recognition and adaption to the special needs in children. Young stroke patients are under-represented in randomized controlled treatment trials. In the emergency setting, unusual clinical findings and off-label situations may be faced and the decision-making process may be challenging. Recommendations for secondary prevention are also mainly extrapolated from studies in older individuals. The authors extrapolate data and draw conclusions on the acute and prophylactic treatment of young stroke. Prognosis after young stroke is poor. Even minor stroke may have devastating life-long consequences for quality of life, education, and working capacity. The book points to the opportunity for lifelong prevention of vascular events.