Academic literature on the topic 'Clasterosporium'

В настоящее время является актуальным регулярный мониторинг фитосанитарного состояния садов с целью выявления наиболее вредоносных энтомопатокомплексов косточковых культур, установления сроков их появления, вредоносности, характера взаимодействия составляющих патокомплекс вредных видов друг с другом и растением-хозяином, что является необходимым для понимания механизмов взаимодействия структурных элементов в системе «среда — хозяин — паразит». На вишне и черешне установлен ряд патокомплексов, усиливающих патогенность входящих в него грибов: Coccomyces hiemalis Higgins – Clasterosporium carpophilum Aderh, Taphrina deformans Pul. – Clasterosporium carpophilum Aderh. В составе грибных комплексов Alternaria sp. развивается как самостоятельно, так и с Cl. carpophilum Aderh; на листьях косточковых культур, пораженных млечным блеском, отмечено развитие Cl. carpophilum; на плодах косточковых культур в годы с высокой относительной влажностью в первой половине вегетации отмечен патокомплекс возбудителей Monilia fructigena Pers. и Botrytis cinerea Pers. Замечено одновременное заражение и заселение побегов и листьев сливы мучнистой росой и сливовой опыленной тлей Hyaloplerus arundinis F. Во второй половине вегетации в насаждениях вишни и черешни выявлен энтомопатокомплекс: Coccomyces hiemalis Higgins – Myzus cerasi F. Отмечена тенденция на совместное заражение — заселение листьев черешни Phyllosticta prunicola Opiz. и Stephanitis pyri F., Leucoptera malifoliella Costa – Stephanitis pyri F. – Phyllosticta prunicola Opiz. Полученные данные мониторинга в условиях южного садоводства юга России позволят определить стратегию оптимизации фитосанитарного состояния косточковых насаждений и разработать методологические и практические подходы к интегрированной защите от болезней и вредителей.

The interaction of a host plant with pathogen implies an extremely complex process involving the outer waxy layer of the cuticle, cutin, cell membrane, and intracellular structures. However, the initial contact between plants and pathogens takes place in cuticular waxes covering the surface of leaves, stems and fruits. Despite many findings on the role of plant epicuticular waxes, there is a gap in the understanding of the relationship between individual compounds and their functions. The pathogenic fungus Clasterosporium carpohilum (Lev.) Aderh. parasitizes the tissues of many stone fruit trees, damaging leaf and fruit surface. The aim of this work was to find out if the quantity and composition of leaf epicuticular wax could be responsible for the resistance to clasterosporium disease. The study of differences of plants in fungal resistance was carried out on species and hybrids of the genus Prunus from the collection of the Botanical Garden of Oles Honchar Dnipro National University (Dnipro city, Ukraine). The chloroform extracts of epicuticular waxes from the surface of mature leaves were analyzed by gas chromatography connected to mass-spectrometry. GC/MS assay was performed using Shimadzu GCMS-QP 2020 El equipped with capillary column (5% diphenyl/95% dimethyl polysiloxane), and helium as a carrier gas. Mass Spectrum Library 2014 for GSMS was used to identify the separated compounds of the wax extracts. The maximum total wax amount on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surface of hybrid 2 was twice the minimum wax accumulation for hybrid 4. Overall, 20 individual compounds belonging to six hydrocarbon classes were identified. Leaf epicuticular wax composition both in Prunus persica (L.) Batsch and P. dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb, and hybrids was dominated by long-chain n-alkanes with even carbon number (77.6–90.9% of total sum). The alkenes’ class was represented only by 17-pentatriacontene detected in the wax of both Prunus species. Octadecanaldehyde was found in epicuticular wax of P. dulcis while absent in wax of the more resistant species P. persica. Prime alcohols 1-tetradecanol and 1-hexacosanol were detected in leaf waxes of hybrid 4 and P. dulcis respectively. The ester class contained seven compounds found in leaf epicuticular waxes of both plant species and all hybrid forms. The identification of phthalic acid esters in leaf wax extracts was unexpected, and the phthalates’ origin is discussed. Strong positive correlation between leaf damage and tetrapentacontane content in epicuticular waxes could presumably be the result of infection-induced metabolism reprogramming in epidermal cells of infected leaves.

Autochthonous genotypes of fruit species are very important source of genetic variability and valuable material for breeding work. Fruit Research Institute-Cacak has a long tradition of studying autochthonous genotypes of temperate fruits sporadically spread and preserved in some localities in Serbia. Over 2005-2006, the following properties of nine autochthonous sour cherry genotypes grown in Feketic region were investigated: flowering and ripening time, pomological properties, biochemical composition of fruits and field resistance to causal agents of cherry diseases - cherry leaf spot (Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm.) v. Arx.), shot-hole (Clasterosporium carpophilum (L?v.) Aderh.) and brown rot (Monilinia laxa /Ader et Ruhl./ Honey ex Whetz.). The genotypes were tested for the presence of Prune dwarf virus and Prunus necrotic ring spot virus. In majority of genotypes fruits were large, with exceptional organoleptical properties, whereas ripening time was in the first ten or twenty days of June. The highest fruit weight was observed in F-1 genotype (8.1 g). The highest soluble solids and total sugars content were found in F- 4 genotype (17.60% and 14.25%, respectively). As for field resistance to causal agents of diseases and good pomo-technological properties, F-1, F-2, F-3, F-7 and F-8 genotypes were singled out.

В статье приведены результаты исследований развития клястероспориоза (возбудитель Stigmina carpophila (Lév.) M.B. Ellis, син. Clasterosporium carpophilum (Lév.) Aderh.) на сливе в Краснодарском крае в изменяющихся погодно-климатических условиях. В последнее десятилетие у возбудителя болезни выявлены изменения в биологии развития, что связано с участившимися экстремальными погодными условиями (количество температурных максимумов выше +30ºС, рост годового количества осадков - 100-300% нормы). Целью работы являлось выявление особенностей развития клястероспориоза сливы в Краснодарском крае в изменяющихся погодных условиях для оптимизации технологии защитных мероприятий. Исследования проводили в 2014-2019 гг. в центральной подзоне Прикубанской зоны Краснодарского края: ЗАО ОПХ «Центральное»; агробиологический стационар ФГБНУ «Северо-Кавказского федерального научного центра садоводства, виноградарства, виноделия» на сорте сливы Кабардинская ранняя. При выполнении работы использованы общепринятые и адаптированные методики. В результате изучения развития возбудителя клястероспориоза сливы впервые в крае был выявлен ряд параметров степени взаимосвязи развития патогена и погодных условий: более раннее заражение листьев - на 7-10 суток раньше; высокая первоначальная скорость развития болезни; сокращение продолжительности инкубационного периода на 2-3 суток. Выявлена оптимальная температура для роста мицелия гриба - +20…+24°С и температура, при которой происходит инфицирование +20…+26°С, при влажности воздуха 70-90 %. Определена температура, при которой отмечаются первые признаки болезни: при эпифитотии - +10-12°С, при умеренном распространении - +9-10°С. Результаты исследований позволят разработать практические подходы к усовершенствованию технологии защиты сливы от клястероспориоза. The article presents the results of studies of clasterosporiosis development (the infectious agent Stigmina carpophila (Lév.) M.B. Ellis, syn. Clasterosporium carpophilum (Lév.) Aderh.) on a plum in Krasnodar Krai in varied weather and climatic conditions. In the last decade, changes in the development biology were revealed in the pathogen of disease, which is associated with more frequent extreme weather conditions (the number of temperature peaks above +30 ºС, an increase in annual precipitation - 100-300% of the standard). The aim of work was to identify special aspects of plum clasterosporiosis development in Krasnodar Krai in changing weather conditions to optimize the technology of protective measures. The research was carried out in 2014-2019 in the central subzone of the Krasnodar Krai Kuban zone: ZAO experimental production farm "Tsentralnoye"; agrobiological station of the FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking, on plum variety ‘Kabardinskaya Rannyaya’. Generally accepted and adapted techniques were used in the process of work. As a result of studying the development of plum clasterosporiosis infectant, a range of parameters of the degree of interrelation between the development of the pathogen and weather conditions was identified in the region for the first time: 7-10 days earlier infection of leaves; high initial rate of disease development; 2-3 days of incubation period reduction. The optimum temperature for the growth of the fungus mycelium was revealed - +20...+24°С, and the temperature at which the infection occurs - +20...+26°С, with an air humidity of 70-90%. We determined the temperature of first symptoms of disease - with epiphytotics - +10...+12°С, with moderate spread - + 9...+10°С. The research results will make it possible to develop practical approaches to improving the technology of protecting plums from clasterosporiosis.

At Fruit Research Institute in Cacak, major objectives of the work on breeding new sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) cultivars are high cropping, large, high-quality fruits and resistance to causal agents of diseases and pests. As a result of the planned hybridization, more than 10,000 hybrid seedlings have been developed from about 40 cultivars within more than 110 parental combinations, among which are 'Cacanski rubin' ('Shasse Morello' x 'K?r?ser Weichsel') and 'Sumadinka' ('K?r?ser Weichsel' x 'Heimanns Konserven Weichsel') which have been named and released. Ten-year study of 11 hybrids, selected from the population of about 3,000 hybrid seedlings, gave four hybrids which have been singled out as elite (III/23, III/31, II/40 i XII/57). These hybrids are currently under procedure of being released as new cultivars. The paper presents two-year results of the study of ripening time, pomological properties, biochemical composition of fruits, and field resistance to causal agents of diseases and pests attacking the above named genotypes which were compared to standard cultivar 'Heimanns Konserven Weichsel'. In the studied hybrids, fruit weight, soluble solids content and sugars content were higher than in standard cultivar. In addition, they exhibit substantial field resistance to causal agents of brown rot (Monilinia laxa /Ader et Ruhl./ Honey ex Whetz.), cherry leaf spot (Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm.) v. Arx.), shot-hole (Clasterosporium carpophilum (L?v.) Aderh.) and cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis cerasi L.) attack.