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Journal articles on the topic 'Clastogenia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Heindorff, K., R. Rieger, A. Michaelis, and S. Takehisa. "Clastogenic adaptation triggered by S-phase-independent clastogens in Vicia faba." Mutation Research Letters 190, no. 2 (February 1987): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-7992(87)90044-3.

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2

Bryce, Steven M., Stephen D. Dertinger, and Jeffrey C. Bemis. "Kinetics of γH2AX and phospho-histone H3 following pulse treatment of TK6 cells provides insights into clastogenic activity." Mutagenesis 36, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mutage/geab014.

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Abstract The desire for in vitro genotoxicity assays to provide higher information content, especially regarding chemicals’ predominant genotoxic mode of action, has led to the development of a novel multiplexed assay available under the trade name MultiFlow®. We report here on an experimental design variation that provides further insight into clastogens’ genotoxic activity. First, the standard MultiFlow DNA Damage Assay—p53, γ H2AX, phospho-histone H3 was used with human TK6 lymphoblastoid cells that were exposed for 24 continuous hours to each of 50 reference clastogens. This initial analysis correctly identified 48/50 compounds as clastogenic. These 48 compounds were then evaluated using a short-term, ‘pulse’ treatment protocol whereby cells were exposed to test chemical for 4 h, a centrifugation/washout step was performed, and cells were allowed to recover for 20 h. MultiFlow analyses were accomplished at 4 and 24 h. The γ H2AX and phospho-histone H3 biomarkers were found to exhibit distinct differences in terms of their persistence across chemical classes. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis identified three groups. Examination of the compounds within these groups showed one cluster primarily consisting of alkylators that directly target DNA. The other two groups were dominated by non-DNA alkylators and included anti-metabolites, oxidative stress inducers and chemicals that inhibit DNA-processing enzymes. These results are encouraging, as they suggest that a simple follow-up test for in vitro clastogens provides mechanistic insights into their genotoxic activity. This type of information will contribute to improve decision-making and help guide further testing.

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3

Dokal, I., J. Bungey, P. Williamson, D. Oscier, J. Hows, and L. Luzzatto. "Dyskeratosis congenita fibroblasts are abnormal and have unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements." Blood 80, no. 12 (December 15, 1992): 3090–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v80.12.3090.bloodjournal80123090.

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Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is a rare inherited disorder characterized by bone marrow failure, dystrophic changes in the skin and mucous membranes, and a predisposition to malignancy. The DC locus has been mapped to Xq28. The primary defect responsible for this disease remains unknown. We have studied four patients with this disease, three from one family and one from another. In all four patients, primary skin fibroblast cultures were abnormal both in morphology (polygonal cell shape, ballooning, and dendritic-like projections) and in growth rate (doubling time about twice normal). Fibroblast survival studies using four clastogens (bleomycin, diepoxybutane, mitomycin-c, and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide) and gamma radiation showed no significant difference between DC and normal fibroblasts. Cytogenetic studies performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes showed no difference between DC and normal lymphocytes with or without prior incubation with clastogens. However, bone marrow metaphases from one of three patients and fibroblasts from two of four patients (who were the eldest of the 4) showed numerous unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements (dicentrics, tricentrics, and translocations) in the absence of any clastogenic agents. Cell-specific differences and a higher rate of chromosomal rearrangements in the older patients appear to correlate with the clinical evolution of the disease. These findings suggest that the DC defect predisposes DC cells to developing chromosomal rearrangements.

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4

Grisolia, Cesar Koppe, and Célia Maria Torres Cordeiro. "Variability in micronucleus induction with different mutagens applied to several species of fish." Genetics and Molecular Biology 23, no. 1 (March 2000): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572000000100041.

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Fish are often used for screening genotoxicity of water. For such programs, a knowledge of the sensitivity to clastogens, spontaneous micronucleus frequency and cell cycle kinetics of the target tissue is necessary. To investigate the pattern of inter-specific sensitivity to micronucleus induction three species of fish, Tilapia rendalli, Oreochromis niloticus and Cyprinus carpio, were exposed to the clastogens bleomycin (BLM), cyclophosphamide (CP), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and mitomycin C (MMC). The binucleate/mononucleate ratio in peripheral erythrocytes exposed to cytochalasin B was also used to evaluate the time-dependent response of micronucleus formation during hematopoesis in the kidney and the micronucleus peak in peripheral erythrocytes. Micronucleus frequencies induced by CP were significantly greater than their respective controls for the three fish species throughout all treatment periods. During the whole evaluation period (30 days) CP was also the most effective clastogen. In general, until the 14th day of evaluation period T. rendalii was the most sensitive species to clastogens. No difference in micronucleus frequencies among species was observed in the 4th evaluation (at the 30th day). A micronucleus peak was observed at the 7th day after treatment. After the 14th day the frequencies were stabilized. The cytochalasin B experiment was carried out to demonstrate that micronuclei induced in the young kidney erythrocyte cells were detected in the circulating blood 2-4 days later.

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5

Hamada, K., T. Kumazaki, K. Mizuno, and K. Yokoro. "A small nuclear RNA, U5, can transform cells in vitro." Molecular and Cellular Biology 9, no. 10 (October 1989): 4345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.9.10.4345.

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Low-molecular-weight RNA exhibiting transforming potential was identified in chemically induced lymphoma cells by the transformation of mink lung cells after transfection. The RNA was sequenced by the direct chemical method and was shown to be a small nuclear RNA, U5. The transforming potential of the RNA was further studied in quantitative transformation assays using 3Y1, a rat fibroblastic cell line. Transformed foci appeared with a latency of 3 to 4 weeks after transfection. U5-transformed 3Y1 cells frequently carried an amplified c-myc oncogene. In addition, U5 induced chromosome aberrations in transfected cells, indicating that the RNA acts as a clastogen. Transforming and clastogenic potentials were specifically inactivated when U5 was incubated with RNase H in the presence of a complementary oligonucleotide. We discuss a possible mechanism of U5-induced cell transformation.

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6

Hamada, K., T. Kumazaki, K. Mizuno, and K. Yokoro. "A small nuclear RNA, U5, can transform cells in vitro." Molecular and Cellular Biology 9, no. 10 (October 1989): 4345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.9.10.4345-4356.1989.

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Low-molecular-weight RNA exhibiting transforming potential was identified in chemically induced lymphoma cells by the transformation of mink lung cells after transfection. The RNA was sequenced by the direct chemical method and was shown to be a small nuclear RNA, U5. The transforming potential of the RNA was further studied in quantitative transformation assays using 3Y1, a rat fibroblastic cell line. Transformed foci appeared with a latency of 3 to 4 weeks after transfection. U5-transformed 3Y1 cells frequently carried an amplified c-myc oncogene. In addition, U5 induced chromosome aberrations in transfected cells, indicating that the RNA acts as a clastogen. Transforming and clastogenic potentials were specifically inactivated when U5 was incubated with RNase H in the presence of a complementary oligonucleotide. We discuss a possible mechanism of U5-induced cell transformation.

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7

Dokal, I., J. Bungey, P. Williamson, D. Oscier, J. Hows, and L. Luzzatto. "Dyskeratosis congenita fibroblasts are abnormal and have unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements." Blood 80, no. 12 (December 15, 1992): 3090–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v80.12.3090.3090.

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Abstract Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is a rare inherited disorder characterized by bone marrow failure, dystrophic changes in the skin and mucous membranes, and a predisposition to malignancy. The DC locus has been mapped to Xq28. The primary defect responsible for this disease remains unknown. We have studied four patients with this disease, three from one family and one from another. In all four patients, primary skin fibroblast cultures were abnormal both in morphology (polygonal cell shape, ballooning, and dendritic-like projections) and in growth rate (doubling time about twice normal). Fibroblast survival studies using four clastogens (bleomycin, diepoxybutane, mitomycin-c, and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide) and gamma radiation showed no significant difference between DC and normal fibroblasts. Cytogenetic studies performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes showed no difference between DC and normal lymphocytes with or without prior incubation with clastogens. However, bone marrow metaphases from one of three patients and fibroblasts from two of four patients (who were the eldest of the 4) showed numerous unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements (dicentrics, tricentrics, and translocations) in the absence of any clastogenic agents. Cell-specific differences and a higher rate of chromosomal rearrangements in the older patients appear to correlate with the clinical evolution of the disease. These findings suggest that the DC defect predisposes DC cells to developing chromosomal rearrangements.

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8

Mohanvel, Sucharitha Kannappan, Satish Kumar Rajasekharan, Trishna Kandhari, Balaji Prasanna Kumar Gopal Doss, and Yuvarani Thambidurai. "COW URINE DISTILLATE AS A BIOENHANCER FOR ANTIMICROBIAL & ANTIPROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY AND REDISTILLED COW URINE DISTILLATE AS AN ANTICLASTOGEN AGENT." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 10 (September 1, 2017): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i10.18879.

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Objective: The objective of this study was to prove that cow urine distillate (CUD) is a bioenhancer for antimicrobial activity and antiproliferative activity, redistilled CUD (RCUD) as an anticlastogen agent.Methods: The antimicrobial activity of rifampicin with CUD at different concentrations was determined against pathogenic Escherichia coli by well puncture method. The Penicillin and ciprofloxacin in combination with CUD at different/increasing concentrations against pathogenic E. coli culture were also determined by disc diffusion method. Sulforaphane (ACA) as an anticancer agent was extracted from cruciferous vegetables and purified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The Breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) were treated with anticancer agents along with CUD in increasing concentrations. The anticlastogenic activity of RCUD in human peripheral lymphocytes was tested with clastogens such as manganese dioxide and hexavalent chromium.Results: CUD showed to enhance the antimicrobial activity of rifampicin with 20 μl concentration by well puncture method; penicillin with increasing concentration of up to 80 μl and ciprofloxacin up to 80 μl, respectively, by disc diffusion method. The rate of degeneration of breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) was increased with increasing concentration of CUD. Clastogen (MnO2) of 10 μl with 200 μl of RCUD showed effective anticlastogenic activity in agarose gel electrophoresis as the activity of clastogen decreased with increasing concentration of RCUD.Conclusion: CUD acts as a bioenhancer to increase antimicrobial and antiproliferative activity. RCUD showed a high level of anticlastogenic activity toward clastogen. Thus, cow urine is found to have special properties that can be used in combination with different therapeutic agents to cure several diseases such as tuberculosis, leprosy, and cancer. Further in vivo and clinical studies are required to confirm its therapeutic efficacy

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9

van Beerendonk, G. J. M., S. D. Nelson, and J. H. N. Meerman. "Metabolism and Genotoxicity of the Halogenated Alkyl Compound Tris(2,3-Dibromopropyl)phosphate." Human & Experimental Toxicology 13, no. 12 (December 1994): 861–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719401301208.

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1 The genotoxicity of the flame retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (Tris-BP) was studied in vivo. Results showed that Tris-BP was highly clasfogenic, but it could only initiate a low number of preneoplastic foci in the rat liver in vivo. In Drosophila, Tris-BP could be classified as a cross-linking agent, because it was more clastogenic than mutagenic. The use of completely deuterated Tris-BP as a metabolic probe revealed that cytochrome P450 and most likely the formation of 2-bromoacrolein (2BA) from Tris-BP is important for the observed genotoxic effects. 2 In contrast to the high mutagenicity of Tris-BP and 2BA in Salmonella typhimurium, we were unable to detect an increase in mutation frequency of 2BA on the hprt locus of human TK6 cell line. In another system, using a shuttle vector modified with 2BA:DNA-adducts, also no increase in mutation frequency could be detected in human cells. This low mutagenicity of 2BA corresponds with its low mutagenicity in Drosophila and its low induction of preneoplastic foci in the rat liver. 3 Several DNA adducts of 2BA have been identified, including an unstable 3-(bromooxypropyl)thymidine adduct which has the potential to form cross-links and a cyclic 3,N 4-(bromo)propeno-deoxycytidine adduct which can possibly be involved in the clastogenicity of Tris-BP. 4 Taken together, these data indicate that Tris-BP and 2BA may not effectively induce gene mutations in eukaryotic systems, but rather be potent clastogens. Risk assessment of these and related compounds should therefore be based on the knowledge of clastogens rather than mutagens.

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10

Huang, ZH, N. Li, KF Rao, CT Liu, Y. Huang, M. Ma, and ZJ Wang. "Development of a data-processing method based on Bayesian k-means clustering to discriminate aneugens and clastogens in a high-content micronucleus assay." Human & Experimental Toxicology 37, no. 3 (March 15, 2017): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327117695635.

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Genotoxicants can be identified as aneugens and clastogens through a micronucleus (MN) assay. The current high-content screening-based MN assays usually discriminate an aneugen from a clastogen based on only one parameter, such as the MN size, intensity, or morphology, which yields low accuracies (70–84%) because each of these parameters may contribute to the results. Therefore, the development of an algorithm that can synthesize high-dimensionality data to attain comparative results is important. To improve the automation and accuracy of detection using the current parameter-based mode of action (MoA), the MN MoA signatures of 20 chemicals were systematically recruited in this study to develop an algorithm. The results of the algorithm showed very good agreement (93.58%) between the prediction and reality, indicating that the proposed algorithm is a validated analytical platform for the rapid and objective acquisition of genotoxic MoA messages.

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11

Heindorff, K., R. Rieger, I. Schubert, A. Michaelis, and O. Aurich. "Clastogenic adaptation of plant cells — reduction of the yield of clastogen-induced chromatid aberrations by various pretreatment procedures." Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 181, no. 1 (November 1987): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0027-5107(87)90296-x.

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12

Ueda, T., M. Hayashi, Y. Ohtsuka, T. Nakamura, J. Kobayashi, and T. Sofuni. "A Preliminary Study of the Micronucleus Test by Acridine Orange Fluorescent Staining Compared with Chromosomal Aberration Test Using Fish Erythropoietic and Embryonic Cells." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 11 (June 1, 1992): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0297.

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The micronucleus test using fish peripheral blood has been introduced to assess the contamination of water with some mutagenic chemicals. The applicability of the micronucleus test erythrocytes combining acridine orange (AO) fluorescent staining to fish was evaluated as compared with the chromosomal aberration test method. Peripheral blood cells were smeared on glass slides, fixed with methanol, and stained with AO. AO fluorescence microscopy could differentiate between young and mature erythrocytes, thus only young erythrocytes could be observed. The sensitivity to detect the clastogenic effects of chemicals could be increased especially after acute treatment. Mitomycin C (MMC), a potent clastogen, was injected intraperitoneally to gold fishes and rose bitterlings at doses of 2, 4, 10, and 20 mg/kg. The mean frequencies of micronucleated young erythrocytes of three gold fishes peaked 3 days after treatment at 4 mg/kg body weight. Rose bitterlings showed maximum response of micronucleated young erythrocytes and chromosomal aberrations 2 days after treatment with 4 mg/kg of MMC. The cells from embryos of rose bitterlings and metropolitan bitterlings were used for the micronucleus and the chromosomal aberration test. The cultured cells established from fins of rose bitterlings were also used as materials of the chromosomal aberration.

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13

Rieger, Rigomar, Arnd Michaelis, and Shin Takehisa. "‘Clastogenic cross-adaptation’ is dependent on the clastogens used for induction of chromatid aberrations in Vicia faba root-tip meristems." Mutation Research Letters 144, no. 3 (November 1985): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-7992(85)90135-6.

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14

Angeli, J. Pf, L. R. Ribeiro, M. F. Bellini, and M. S. Mantovani. "Anti-clastogenic effect of b-glucan extracted from barley towards chemically induced DNA damage in rodent cells." Human & Experimental Toxicology 25, no. 6 (June 2006): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327106ht631oa.

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b-Glucan (BG) was tested in vitro to determine its potential clastogenic and/or anti-clastogenic activity, and attempts were made to elucidate its possible mechanism of action by using combinations with an inhibitor of DNA polymerase. The study was carried out on cells deficient (CHO-k1) and cells proficient (HTC) in phases I and II enzymes, and the DNA damage was assessed by the chromosomal aberration assay. BG did not show a clastogenic effect, but was anti-clastogenic in both cell lines used, and at all concentrations tested (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/mL) in combination with damage inducing agents (methylmethane sulfonate in cell line CHO-k1, and methylmethane sulfonate or 2-aminoanthracene in cell line HTC). BG also showed a protective effect in the presence of a DNA polymerase b inhibitor (cytosine arabinoside-3-phosphate, Ara-C), demonstrating that BG does not act through an anti-mutagenic mechanism of action involving DNA polymerase b.

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15

Anwar, Wagida A. "Praziquantel (antischistosomal drug): is it clastogenic, co-clastogenic or anticlastogenic?" Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 305, no. 2 (March 1994): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0027-5107(94)90236-4.

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16

Kushwah, Khushboo, Ravendra Singh Chauhan, R. K. Sarbhoy, and Harshal Kumar. "Chromosomal Aberrations Induced by Carbaryl in Root Meristem Cells of Pisum Sativum L." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 14, no. 3 (September 25, 2017): 985–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2532.

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ABSTRACT: Carbaryl, which is also known as sevin, induced mitostatic and turbagenic leading to clastogenic effects in the root meristem cells of Pisum sativum. The study was conducted at Department of Botany, Agra College, Agra. Seeds of uniform size of Pisum sativum were germinated on moist filter paper in petriplates. 1to 2 mm root tips were cut and treated with different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.3,0.5%) of carbaryl prepared in distilled water for varying duration (3 to 9 hrs.) of time. It has mitodepressive and mitostatic effects on somatic cell division. These effects are directly proportional to concentration and duration. Common clastogenic effects are stickiness, condensation, breakage and bridges etc. Present investigation clearly revealed that carbaryl showed clastogenic and mitostatic effects. So, it should be used with precautions as it can be hazardous to both targeted and non-targeted biota.

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17

Shadab, Ghulam GHA. "The dual clastogenic and anti-clastogenic properties of quercetin is dose dependent." Frontiers in Bioscience 9, no. 1 (2017): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/s478.

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18

Topashka-Ancheva, Margarita, Rilka Taskova, Nedjalka Handjieva, Bozhanka Mikhova, and Helmut Duddeck. "Clastogenic Effect of Carthamus lanatus L. (Asteraceae)." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 58, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2003): 833–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2003-11-1216.

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Abstract The clastogenic effect of total dichloromethane, methanol and water extracts, four bioactive fractions and three individual constituents from Carthamus lanatus aerial parts were evaluated in mice by bone marrow chromosome aberration assay with mitomycin C as positive control. Significant differences in the percentage of aberrant mitosis of the extracts were observed. The dichloromethane extract exhibited a considerable clastogenic effect and the water extract a negligible one. Different types of chromosome aberrations and time-dependant effects for the active fractions and individual compounds were found.

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19

Au, William W., Wagida Anwar, Moreno Paolini, Sadagopa Ramanujam, and Giorgio Cantelli-Forti. "Mechanism of clastogenic and co-clastogenic activity of cremophore with benzene hi mice." Carcinogenesis 12, no. 1 (1991): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/12.1.53.

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20

Filipe, P., I. Emerit, A. Alaoui Youssefi, A. Levy, L. Cernjavski, J. Freitas, and J. L. Cirne Castro. "Oxyradical-mediated Clastogenic Plasma Factors in Psoriasis: Increase in Clastogenic Activity after PUVA." Photochemistry and Photobiology 66, no. 4 (October 1997): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb03179.x.

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21

Rezende, Manuela da Rocha Matos, Vivianne de Souza Velozo-Sá, Cesar Augusto Sam Tiago Vilanova-Costa, and Elisangela Silveira-Lacerda. "Cytotoxic, clastogenic and genotoxic effects of cis-tetraammine(oxalato)ruthenium(III) dithionate on human peripheral blood lymphocytes." Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences 42 (May 19, 2020): e50517. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v42i1.50517.

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There is a concern about stablishing the clinical risk of drugs used for cancer treatment. In this study, the cytotoxic, clastogenic and genotoxic properties of cis-tetraammine(oxalato)ruthenium(III) dithionite - cis-[Ru(C2O4)(NH3)4]2(S2O6), were evaluated in vitro in human lymphocytes. The mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations (CA) and DNA damage by comet assay were also analyzed. The MTT test revealed that the ruthenium compound showed a slight cytotoxic effect at the highest concentration tested. The IC50 value for the compound after 24 hours of exposure was 185.4 µM. The MI values of human peripheral blood lymphocytes treated with 0.015, 0.15, 1.5 and 150 µM of cis-[Ru(C2O4)(NH3)4]2(S2O6) were 6.1, 3.9, 3.2 and 0.2%, respectively. The lowest concentration, 0.015 µM, did not show any cytotoxic activity. The CA values for the 0.015, 0.15 and 1.5 µM concentrations presented low frequency (1.5, 1.6 and 2.3%, respectively), and did not express clastogenic activity when compared to the negative control, although it was observed clastogenic activity in the highest concentration tested (150 µM). The results obtained by the comet assay suggest that this compound does not present genotoxic activity at lower concentrations. The results show that cis-[Ru(C2O4)(NH3)4]2(S2O6) has no cytotoxic, clastogenic or genotoxic in vitro effects at concentrations less than or equal to 0.015 µM. This information proves as promising in the treatment of cancer and is crucial for future trials.

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22

Seoane, A. I., and F. N. Dulout. "Contribution to the validation of the anaphase-telophase test: aneugenic and clastogenic effects of cadmium sulfate, potassium dichromate and nickel chloride in Chinese hamster ovary cells." Genetics and Molecular Biology 22, no. 4 (December 1999): 551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47571999000400015.

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There is increasing evidence that aneuploidy during mitosis may be a factor in the etiology of somatic malignancy. The analysis of alterations in anaphase-telophase of mitosis is a useful test for evaluating the aneuploidogenic and clastogenic ability of chemicals. Several metals have been found to be carcinogenic to humans and animals. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study the aneugenic and clastogenic abilities of cadmium sulfate, potassium dichromate and nickel chloride were analyzed using the anaphase-telophase test. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells cultured for two cycles were treated with the desired compound for 8 h before cell harvesting. The frequency of cells with chromatin bridges, lagging chromosomes and lagging chromosomal fragments was scored. The mitotic index was determined by counting the number of mitotic cells per 1,000 cells on each coverslip and was expressed as a percentage of the number of mitotic plates. Statistical comparisons were done using the "G" method. Correlation and regression analyses were performed to evaluate variations of the mitotic index. Chromium and cadmium were clastogenic and aneugenic and increased the frequencies of the three types of aberrations scored; nickel had only aneugenic activity because it increased the frequency of lagging chromosomes. These results indicate that the anaphase-telophase test is sufficiently sensitive to detect dose-response relationships that can distinguish clastogenic and/or aneugenic activities and that the results obtained using the anaphase-telophase test were similar to those obtained by chromosome counting.

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23

Durnev, Andrey D., Natalia O. Daugel-Dauge, Alii K. Zhanataev, Anastasia S. Lapitskaya, and Sergey B. Seredenin. "Comutagenic effects of valocordin." Ecological genetics 10, no. 3 (September 15, 2012): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen10353-58.

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The chromosome aberration test in bone marrow cells of mice was used to study the influence of valocordin on spontaneous and induced clastogenesis. Valocordin showed no inherent clastogenic activity. In experiments with pretreatment and with single or repeated combined administration , valocordin in doses of 0.03, 0.3 and 3 ml/kg significantly (47–133 %) enhanced the clastogenic activity of cyclophosphamide. There was no effect of valocordin on the cytogenetic activity of dioxidine, a mutagen with a pro-oxidative mode of action. Possible mechanisms of comutagenic activity of valocordin are discussed.

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24

Konishi, Taiji, Kazufumi Naitou, Shin-Ichi Kadowaki, Yoshinori Takahara, and Koji Yamamoto. "Anti-clastogenic ingredients inCassia nomameextract." BioFactors 22, no. 1-4 (2004): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biof.5520220119.

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25

Musk, S. R. R., and I. T. Johnson. "The clastogenic effects of isothiocyanates." Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology 300, no. 2 (July 1993): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1218(93)90128-z.

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26

Adler, I. D., and A. El-Tarras. "Clastogenic effects of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum." Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 211, no. 1 (March 1989): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0027-5107(89)90113-9.

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27

Birnboim, H. C. "DNA clastogenic activity of diethylstilbestrol." Biochemical Pharmacology 34, no. 18 (September 1985): 3251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(85)90342-9.

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28

Slameňová, Darina, Ivan Chalupa, Alena Gábelová, Eva Bozsakyová, Eva Horváthová, and Milan Blaško. "Toxicity, Clastogenicity and Genotoxicity of Theophylline and Pentoxifylline in Mammalian Cells Cultured In Vitro." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 23, no. 4 (July 1995): 504–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299502300414.

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— As part of a developmental study on theophylline and pentoxifylline, these drugs were tested for possible cytotoxic, mutagenic and clastogenic effects on V79 hamster cells and human lymphocytes cultured in vitro. After the short-term treatment of V79 cells with theophylline and pentoxifylline, the cells were relatively resistant to the toxic effects of these methylxanthines. Generally, only high concentrations of theophylline or pentoxifylline had toxic effects on exposed V79 cells. Short-term treatment of V79 cells with theophylline or pentoxifylline did not induce 6-thioguanine resistant mutations in either the presence or absence of S9 fractions. However, in the absence of an S9 fraction, elevated levels of single-strand breaks in DNA were induced. Both methylxanthines caused clastogenic effects in human lymphocytes and hamster V79 cells after long-term exposure. We suggest that theophylline and pentoxifylline are clastogenic but not genotoxic, and that the molecular mechanism for the induction of single-strand breaks in DNA and the induction of chromosomal aberrations in cells treated with theophylline and pentoxifylline is not the induction of lesions in the DNA but the inhibition of DNA chain elongation.

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29

Burim, Regislaine V., Renata Canalle, João L. Callegari Lopes, and Catarina S. Takahashi. "Genotoxic action of the sesquiterpene lactone glaucolide B on mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo." Genetics and Molecular Biology 22, no. 3 (September 1999): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47571999000300020.

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Glaucolide B is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Vernonia eremophila Mart. (Vernonieae, Asteraceae) and has schistosomicidal, antimicrobial and analgesic activities. This study examined the cytotoxic and clastogenic activities of glaucolide B in human cultured lymphocytes and in bone marrow cells from BALB/c mice. The mitotic index (MI) and chromosomal aberrations were analyzed in both of the above systems, whereas sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and the proliferation index (PI) were determined only in vitro. In human cultured lymphocytes, glaucolide B concentrations greater than 15 µg/ml of culture medium completely inhibited cell growth. At 4 µg/ml and 8 µg/ml of culture medium, glaucolide B significantly increased the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes and was also cytotoxic at concentrations ³8 µg/ml; there was no increase in the frequency of SCE. Glaucolide B (160-640 mg/kg) did not significantly increase the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in mouse bone marrow cells nor did it affect cell division. Since glaucolide B showed no clastogenic action on mammalian cells in vivo but was cytotoxic and clastogenic in vitro, caution is needed in its medicinal use.

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Antunes, Lusânia M. Greggi, Joana D. C. Darin, and Maria de Lourdes P. Bianchi. "Anticlastogenic effect of vitamin C on cisplatin in vivo." Genetics and Molecular Biology 22, no. 3 (September 1999): 415–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47571999000300022.

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The ability of vitamin C (VC) to protect against the clastogenic action of the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin (DDP, cis-diamminedichloroplatinun II) in rat bone marrow cells was evaluated. DDP was administered to Wistar rats either alone or after treatment with VC. The rats were treated with VC (50, 100 or 200 mg/kg body weight) by gavage 10 min before the administration of DDP (5 mg/kg body weight, ip) and then sacrificed 24 h after treatment. VC significantly reduced (by about 70%) the clastogenicity of DDP in rat bone marrow cells. The antioxidant action of VC presumably modulates the clastogenic action of DDP.

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31

Yordi, Estela Guardado, Enrique Molina Pérez, Maria Joao Matos, and Eugenio Uriarte Villares. "Structural Alerts for Predicting Clastogenic Activity of Pro-oxidant Flavonoid Compounds." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 17, no. 2 (September 21, 2011): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057111421623.

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Flavonoids have been reported to exert multiple biological effects that include acting as pro-oxidants at very high doses. The authors determined a structural alert to identify the clastogenic activity of a series of flavonoids with pro-oxidant activity. The methodology was based on a quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) study. Specifically, the authors developed a virtual screening method for a clastogenic model using the topological substructural molecular design (TOPS-MODE) approach. It represents a useful platform for the automatic generation of structural alerts, based on the calculation of spectral moments of molecular bond matrices appropriately weighted, taking into account the hydrophobic, electronic, and steric molecular features. Therefore, it was possible to establish the structural criteria for maximal clastogenicity of pro-oxidant flavonoids: the presence of a 3-hydroxyl group and a 4-carbonyl group in ring C, the maximal number of hydroxyl groups in ring B, the presence of methoxyl and phenyl groups, the absence of a 2,3-double bond in ring C, and the presence of 5,7 hydroxyl groups in ring A. The presented clastogenic model may be useful for screening new pro-oxidant compounds. This alert could help in the design of new and efficient flavonoids, which could be used as bioactive compounds in nutraceuticals and functional food.

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Barajas Torres, Reyna Lucía, Martín Daniel Domínguez Cruz, César Borjas Gutiérrez, María de Lourdes Ramírez Dueñas, María Teresa Magaña Torres, and Juan Ramón González García. "1,2:3,4-Diepoxybutane Induces Multipolar Mitosis in Cultured Human Lymphocytes." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 148, no. 2-3 (2016): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000445858.

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1,3-Butadiene, a colorless gas regularly used in the production of plastics, thermoplastic resins, and styrene-butadiene rubber, poses an increased leukemia mortality risk to workers in this field. 1,3-Butadiene is also produced by incomplete combustion of motor fuels or by tobacco smoking. It is absorbed principally through the respiratory system and metabolized by several enzymes rendering 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB), which has the highest genotoxic potency of all metabolites of 1,3-butadiene. DEB is considered a carcinogen mainly due to its high potential as clastogen, which induces structural chromosome aberrations such as sister chromatid exchanges, chromosomal breaks, and micronuclei. Due to its clastogenic effect, DEB is one of the most used agents for diagnostic studies of Fanconi anemia, a recessively inherited disease related to mutations affecting several genes involved in a common DNA repair pathway. When performing Fanconi anemia diagnostic tests in our laboratory, we have observed occasional multipolar mitosis (MM) in lymphocyte cultures exposed to 0.1 μg/ml of DEB and harvested in the absence of any mitotic spindle inhibitor. Although previous studies reported an aneugenic effect (i.e. it induces aneuploidy) of DEB, no mechanism was suggested to explain such observations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether exposure to 0.1 μg/ml of DEB is significantly associated with the occurrence of MM. We blindly assessed the frequency of MM in lymphocyte cultures from 10 nonsmoking healthy individuals. Two series of 3 cultures were performed from each sample under different conditions: A, without DEB; B, with 0.1 μg/ml of DEB, and C, with 25 μM of mitomycin C as positive control. Cultures exposed to DEB showed higher frequencies of MM (23 of 2,000 cells) than did the unexposed ones (3 of 2,000 cells).

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Maistro, Edson, Diego Fernandes, Fernanda Pereira, and Sergio Andrade. "Lapachol Induces Clastogenic Effects in Rats." Planta Medica 76, no. 09 (January 28, 2010): 858–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1240816.

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34

NORDENSON, I., G. BECKMAN, L. BECKMAN, L. ROSENHALL, and N. STJERNBERG. "Is exposure to sulphur dioxide clastogenic?" Hereditas 93, no. 1 (February 12, 2009): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1980.tb01056.x.

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35

Lindholm, Carita, Anna Acheva, and Sisko Salomaa. "Clastogenic plasma factors: a short overview." Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 49, no. 2 (December 18, 2009): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00411-009-0259-3.

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36

Balansky, Roumen, Penka Blagoeva, and Zwetana Mircheva. "Clastogenic activity of urethane in mice." Mutation Research Letters 281, no. 2 (February 1992): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-7992(92)90043-h.

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37

Emerit, I., S. H. Khan, and H. Esterbauer. "Hydroxynonenal, a component of clastogenic factors?" Free Radical Biology and Medicine 10, no. 6 (January 1991): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(91)90045-5.

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38

Almeida, Igor Vivian de, Giovana Domingues, Lilian Capelari Soares, Elisângela Düsman, and Veronica Elisa Pimenta Vicentini. "Evaluation of cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of the benzodiazepine flunitrazepam in vitro and in vivo." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 50, no. 2 (April 2014): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502014000200003.

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Flunitrazepam (FNZ) is a sedative benzodiazepine prescribed for the short-term treatment of insomnia. However, there are concerns regarding possible carcinogenic or genotoxic effects of this medicine. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic, clastogenic and aneugenic effects of FNZ in hepatoma cells from Rattus norvegicus (HTC) in vitro and in bone marrow cells of Wistar rats in vivo. These effects were examined in vitro following treatment with 0.2, 1.0, 5.0 or 10 μg/mL FNZ using a micronucleus test with a cytokinesis block or in vivo using a chromosomal aberration test following treatment with 7, 15 or 30 μg/mL/kg body weight. The results showed that the benzodiazepine concentrations tested were not cytotoxic, aneugenic or clastogenic. However, considering the adverse effects of using this benzodiazepine, more studies are required.

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Anwar, Sirajudheen, Siddique Akber Ansari, Abdulwahab Alamri, Abdulhakeem Alamri, Aali Alqarni, Saleh Alghamdi, Mohamed E. Wagih, Akbar Ahmad, and Kannan RR Rengasamy. "Clastogenic, anti-clastogenic profile and safety assessment of Camel urine towards the development of new drug target." Food and Chemical Toxicology 151 (May 2021): 112131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.112131.

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40

Lloyd, D. C., and J. E. Moquet. "The Clastogenic Effect of Irradiated Human Plasma." International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry and Medicine 47, no. 4 (April 1985): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/rab.47.4.433.

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41

Kito, Hideaki, Hisamitsu Nagase, Takahiko Sato, Takamitsu Kurimoto, Masahiko Satoh, and Chiharu Tohyama. "Clastogenic effect of mitomycin in metallothioneinnull mice." Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 67, no. 1-4 (July 1997): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0162-0134(97)80031-1.

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42

&NA;. "Clastogenic effects of deferiprone to be studied." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1210 (October 1999): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199912100-00045.

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43

Abba, M., J. C. De Luca, G. Mattioli, E. Zaccardi, and F. N. Dulout. "Clastogenic effect of copper deficiency in cattle." Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 466, no. 1 (March 2000): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1383-5718(00)00002-4.

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&NA;. "Clastogenic effects of deferiprone to be studied." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 774 (October 1999): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199907740-00002.

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45

Abraham, Susan, Radhamoni G., Annie T. John, and Saju Abraham. "Clastogenic activity of quinoline, isoquinoline and pyridine." CYTOLOGIA 55, no. 4 (1990): 659–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.55.659.

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46

Mukhopadhyay, Madhumita J., and Anita Mukherjee. "Clastogenic effect of ginger rhizome in mice." Phytotherapy Research 14, no. 7 (2000): 555–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1573(200011)14:7<555::aid-ptr659>3.0.co;2-j.

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47

Kitamura, Mari, Koichi Kuroda, Yoko Endo, and Ginji Endo. "Cysteine enhances clastogenic activity of dimethylarsinic acid." Applied Organometallic Chemistry 16, no. 7 (2002): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.310.

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48

Lloyd, D. C., and J. E. Moquet. "The Clastogenic Effect of Irradiated Human Plasma." International Journal of Radiation Biology 47, no. 4 (April 1985): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713860600.

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49

Tates, A. D., N. De Vogel, and A. H. M. Rotteveel. "Clastogenic effects of genotoxins in rat spermatocytes." Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 181, no. 2 (December 1987): 352–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0027-5107(87)90204-1.

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50

EMERIT, I., A. LEVY, and J. CAMUS. "Monocyte-derived clastogenic factor in rheumatoid arthritis." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 6, no. 3 (1989): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(89)90051-8.

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