Academic literature on the topic 'Clausius-Clapeyron equation'

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Journal articles on the topic "Clausius-Clapeyron equation"

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Velasco, S., F. L. Román, and J. A. White. "On the Clausius–Clapeyron Vapor Pressure Equation." Journal of Chemical Education 86, no. 1 (January 2009): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed086p106.

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Kołaczkiewicz, J., and E. Bauer. "Clausius-Clapeyron equation analysis of two-dimensional vaporization." Surface Science Letters 155, no. 2-3 (June 1985): A277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2584(85)91056-4.

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Kołaczkiewicz, J., and E. Bauer. "Clausius-Clapeyron equation analysis of two- dimensional vaporization." Surface Science 155, no. 2-3 (June 1985): 700–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(85)90023-8.

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Novak, Igor. "From the Arrhenius to the Clausius?Clapeyron Equation." Chemical Educator 7, no. 6 (December 2002): 347–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00897020617a.

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Moin, Ph B. "Thermodynamic potentials and Clausius–Clapeyron equation for strained solids." Phase Transitions 86, no. 4 (April 2013): 361–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01411594.2012.683872.

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Joos, P. "The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation in Monolayers: I. Thermodynamic Treatment." Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges 79, no. 11-12 (September 2, 2010): 645–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bscb.19700791108.

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Thompson, Jason E., and Andrew S. Paluch. "Revisiting the Clausius/Clapeyron Equation and the Cause of Linearity." Thermo 3, no. 3 (July 17, 2023): 412–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/thermo3030025.

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In general, for an organic compound a plot of the log vapor pressure versus inverse temperature is linear over a wide temperature range. This however can lead to a point of confusion in an undergraduate thermodynamics course. This linear behavior is typically explained using the Clausius/Clapeyron equation. That is, starting with the Clapeyron equation one first assumes (1) that the change in compressibility upon vaporization is approximately 1, or equivalently that the vapor phase may be treated as an ideal gas where the molar volume of the vapor is much greater than that of the liquid, which may be assumed negligible. And second (2), that the enthalpy of vaporization is constant. While the resulting linear behavior is captured, the underlying assumptions are not applicable over the wide range of temperatures of interest. Here we discuss the shortcomings of the conventional explanation of the Clausius/Clapeyron equation. We further demonstrate that a simple solution is to instead assume that the enthalpy of vaporization relative to the change in compressibility upon vaporization is constant. We provide a series of examples and MATLAB code that can be used in an undergraduate thermodynamics course.
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Joos, P. "The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation in Monolayers: II. Some Experimental Evidence." Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges 79, no. 11-12 (September 2, 2010): 655–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bscb.19700791109.

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Ntsondwa, Sindisiwe, Velaphi Msomi, and Moses Basitere. "Evaluation of the Adsorptive Process on Adsorbent Surfaces as a Function of Pressure in an Isosteric System Compared with Adsorption Isotherm." ChemEngineering 6, no. 4 (July 1, 2022): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering6040052.

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The developing significance of adsorption has brought about a steadily expanding quantity of logical and innovative writing on different adsorbents. This paper intends to propose experimental and computational methods for measuring the strength of adsorbate–solid interactions. It primarily focuses on the use of graphs to measure the effectiveness of an adsorbate’s bonds with the solid adsorbent by determining the isosteric heat. The Clausius–Clapeyron model equation is used to determine the isosteric enthalpy of adsorption from two adsorption isotherms at various but close temperatures, with ΔT of 10 °C. A full computational explanation of the Clausius–Clapeyron model equation for determining ΔHads is provided using experimental data. Logarithmic plots of uptakes vs. p in the low-pressure zone for the Freundlich–Langmuir graph are used to assess and confirm the quality of the crucial underlying isotherms. The isosteric heat was found to be between 13.5 kJ/mol and 16 kJ/mol.
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Schleiss, Marc. "How intermittency affects the rate at which rainfall extremes respond to changes in temperature." Earth System Dynamics 9, no. 3 (July 9, 2018): 955–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-955-2018.

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Abstract. A detailed analysis of how intermittency (i.e., the alternation of dry and rainy periods) modulates the rate at which sub-daily rainfall extremes depend on temperature is presented. Results show that hourly extremes tend to be predominantly controlled by peak intensity, increasing at a rate of approximately 7 % per degree in agreement with the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. However, a rapid increase in intermittency upward of 20–25 °C is shown to produce local deviations from this theoretical scaling, resulting in lower scaling rates. On the other hand, rapidly decreasing intermittency with temperature between 10 and 20° can result in higher net scaling rates than expected, potentially exceeding Clausius–Clapeyron. In general, the importance of intermittency in controlling the scaling rates of precipitation with temperature grows as we progress from hourly to daily aggregation timescales and beyond. Thermodynamic effects still play an important role in controlling the maximum water-holding capacity of the atmosphere and therefore peak rainfall intensity, but the observational evidence shows that, beyond a few hours, storm totals become increasingly dominated by dynamical factors. The conclusion is that Clausius–Clapeyron scaling alone cannot be used to reliably predict the net effective changes in rainfall extremes with temperature beyond a few hours. A more general scaling model that takes into account simultaneous changes in intermittency and peak intensity with temperature is proposed to help better disentangle these two phenomena (e.g., peak intensity and intermittency). The new model is applied to a large number of high-resolution rain gauge time series in the United States, and results show that it greatly improves the representation of rainfall extremes with temperature, producing a much more consistent and reliable picture of extremes across scales than using Clausius–Clapeyron only.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Clausius-Clapeyron equation"

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Si, Xiuhua. "Applications of the thermodynamics of elastic, crystalline materials." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4177.

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The thermodynamic behaviors of multicomponent, elastic, crystalline solids under stress and electro-magnetic fields are developed, including the extension of Euler’s equation, Gibbs equation, Gibbs-Duhem equation, the conditions to be expected at equilibrium, and an extension of the Gibbs phase rule. The predictions of this new phase rule are compared with experimental observations. The stress deformation behaviors of the single martensitic crystal with and without magnetic fields were studied with the stress deformation equation derived by Slattery and Si (2005). One coherent interfacial condition between two martensitic variants was developed and used as one boundary condition of the problem. The dynamic magnetic actuation process of the single crystal actuator was analyzed. The extension velocity and the actuation time of the single crystal actuator are predicted. The relationship between the external stress and the extension velocity and the actuation time with the presence of a large external magnetic field was studied. The extended Gibbs-Duhem equation and Slattery-Lagoudas stress-deformation expression for crystalline solids was used. Interfacial constraints on the elastic portion of stress for crystalline-crystalline interfaces and crystalline-fluids or crystallineamorphous solids interfaces were derived and tested by the oxidation on the exterior of a circular cylinder, one-sided and two-sided oxidation of a plate. An experiment for measuring solid-solid interface surface energies was designed and the silicon-silicon dioxide surface energy was estimated. A new generalized Clausius-Clapeyron equation has been derived for elastic crystalline solids as well as fluids and amorphous solids. Special cases are pertinent to coherent interfaces as well as the latent heat of transformation.
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Ravi, Harish. "Experiments on the 852 nm D2 Line of 133Cs with a Diode Laser System and their use in Measurement of the Permanent Electric Dipole Moment of the Electron." Thesis, 2016. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/2005/3817.

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We give a brief introduction to atomic physics and the motivation behind our experiments in the first chapter. The electron’s electric dipole moment is an interesting quantity which is yet to be measured. In the 3rd Chapter, we use the technique of chopped non-linear magneto-optic rotation (NMOR) in a room temperature Cs vapor cell to measure the permanent electric dipole moment (EDM) in the atom. The cell has paraffin coating on the walls to increase the relaxation time. The signature of the EDM is a shift in the Larmor precession frequency correlated with the application of an E field. We analyze errors in the technique, and show that the main source of systematic error is the appearance of a longitudinal magnetic field when an electric field is applied. This error can be eliminated by doing measurements on the two ground hyperfine levels. Using an E field of 2.6 kV/cm, we place an upper limit on the electron EDM of 2.9 × 10−22 e-cm with 95% confidence. This limit can be increased by 7 orders-of-magnitude—and brought below the current best experimental value. We give future directions for how this may be achieved. In chapter 4, we examine the Hanle effect for linear and circularly polarized light for different ground states and we find opposite behavior in the transmission signal. In one case, it shifts from enhanced transmission to enhanced absorption and vice-versa in the other case. In Chapter 5, we study the transmission spectrum at different temperatures and device a way to find the number density. We then verify the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and also find the latent heat of vaporization of Cs. Finally, we wrap up with conclusions and future directions.
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Books on the topic "Clausius-Clapeyron equation"

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Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. Phase equilibria. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0015.

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This chapter extends the discussion of gas phase equilibria to phase equilibria. The central concept is the vapour pressure, and the key proof is that the criterion for phase equilibrium is the equality of the molar Gibbs free energies, or chemical potentials, of each phase. This then leads to the Clapeyron and Clausius-Clapeyron equations. A notable feature of this chapter is the discussion of non-ideal gases, answering the question “Given that, by definition, an ideal gas can never liquefy, what is it about a real gas that enables the gas to change phase into a liquid?”. A unique feature of this discussion is the rigorous analysis of the Gibbs free energy of a van der Waals gas under compression, and the proof of the ‘Maxwell construction’.
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Book chapters on the topic "Clausius-Clapeyron equation"

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Tahir-Kheli, Raza. "Energy and Entropy Extrema; Legendre Transformations; Thermodynamic Potentials; Clausius–Clapeyron Equation; Gibbs Phase Rule." In General and Statistical Thermodynamics, 373–407. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21481-3_10.

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Blankschtein, Daniel. "Differential Approach to Phase Equilibria, Pressure-Temperature-Composition Relations, Clausius-Clapeyron Equation, and Sample Problem." In Lectures in Classical Thermodynamics with an Introduction to Statistical Mechanics, 295–303. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49198-7_29.

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"Clausius-Clapeyron equation." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 229. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_32107.

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"Clausius Equation and Clausius-Clapeyron Equation." In Rules of Thumb for Petroleum Engineers, 137. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119403647.ch64.

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Swendsen, Robert H. "Phase Transitions." In An Introduction to Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics, 205–22. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853237.003.0017.

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Phase transitions are introduced using the van der Waals gas as an example. The equations of state are derived from the Helmholtz free energy of the ideal gas. The behavior of this model is analyzed, and an instability leads to a liquid-gas phase transition. The Maxwell construction for the pressure at which a phase transition occurs is derived. The effect of phase transition on the Gibbs free energy and Helmholtz free energy is shown. Latent heat is defined, and the Clausius–Clapeyron equation is derived. Gibbs' phase rule is derived and illustrated.
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Dolman, Han. "Physics and Dynamics of the Atmosphere." In Biogeochemical Cycles and Climate, 71–90. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779308.003.0006.

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This chapter describes the basic physics and thermodynamics of the atmosphere, starting from the ideal gas law and the hydrostatic equation, from which the lapse rate in the troposphere is derived. The effect of atmospheric moisture on the lapse rate is identified and the Clausius–Clapeyron equation giving the saturated humidity is derived. The effect of moisture on adiabatic vertical transport is shown. Then, the three-dimensional equations of motion are derived in vector form. From these, geostrophic balance and the thermal wind equations are derived. This, with the Coriolis force, gives the physical description of the atmospheric circulation. The driving force behind circulation is identified as the energy difference between the tropics and the extratropics. This is driven by radiation differences, including, at large geological scale, the Milankovitch cycles. Finally, circulation as a three-cell system per hemisphere, and the development of weather systems such as cyclones, are described.
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Oriakhi, Christopher O. "Liquids and Solids." In Chemistry in Quantitative Language, 152–76. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867784.003.0012.

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Liquids and Solids introduce basic physical properties of liquids and solids. An overview of the liquid state is presented, with reference to polar covalent bonds and dipole moment. The effects of temperature on the vapour pressure of a liquid are described, including the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, which can be used to calculate the vapour pressure of a liquid at various temperatures. The chapter reviews the types of solids including their chemical structures and properties. The crystal lattice system and the unit cell relationships for the seven types of crystal lattice structures and the four substructures are examined. Guidelines for determining the number of atoms in a unit cell, including calculations involving unit cell dimensions, are explained. The ionic crystal structure, radius ratio rule for the ionic compounds and determination of crystal structure by X-ray diffraction and Bragg’s equation are covered.
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Sirota, N. "Certain Problems of Polymorphism (II) Generalized Clausius-Clapeyron Equation and Ostwald's Step Rule." In November, 1343–82. De Gruyter, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783112485408-001.

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Brock, Fred V., and Scott J. Richardson. "Hygrometry." In Meteorological Measurement Systems. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195134513.003.0007.

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The objective of atmospheric humidity measurements is to determine the amount of water vapor present in the atmosphere by weight, by volume, by partial pressure, or by a fraction (percentage) of the saturation (equilibrium) vapor pressure with respect to a plane surface of pure water. The measurement of atmospheric humidity in the field has been and continues to be troublesome. It is especially difficult for automatic weather stations where low cost, low power consumption, and reliability are common constraints. Pure water vapor in equilibrium with a plane surface of pure water exerts a pressure designated e's. This pressure is a function of the temperature of the vapor and liquid phases and can be obtained by integration of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, assuming linear dependence of the latent heat of vaporization on temperature, L = L0(1+∝ (T-T0)], where T0 = 273.15K, L0 = 2.5008 x 106Jkg-1, the latent heat of water vapor at T0, Rv = 461.51Jkg-1K-1, the gas constant for water vapor, e's0 = 611.21 Pa, the equilibrium water vapor pressure at T = T0, and ∝ = - 9.477 x 10-4 K-1 = average rate of change coefficient for the latent heat of water vapor with respect to temperature. Since water vapor is not a perfect gas, the above equation is not an exact fit. The vapor pressure as a function of temperature has been determined by numerous experiments.
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Mtori, Samia, Amira Touil, and Fethi Zagrouba. "Desorption Isotherms and Thermodynamic Properties of Prickly Pear Seeds." In Advances in the Modelling of Thermodynamic Systems, 63–79. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8801-7.ch004.

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Sorption isotherms of prickly pear seeds were determined by static gravimetric method at temperatures 45º, 60º, and 70ºC, over a relative moisture range of 5-95%. Sorption isotherms are important to define dehydration limits of the product, estimate moisture content alterations under environment conditions, and to acquire moisture content values for safe storage. Four mathematical models were applied to analyze the experimental data. Equilibrium moisture contents of prickly pear seeds decreased with temperature increment at a constant value of relative humidity. The GAB model showed the best fitting to the experimental data. Isosteric heat and differential entropy, determined by applying the Clausius-Clapeyron and Gibbs-Helmholtz equations respectively, decreased strongly as the moisture content increased and could be well adjusted by an empirical exponential relationship. Enthalpy-entropy compensation theory is valid for the sorption of prickly pear seeds, in which the water sorption mechanism in seeds can be considered to be enthalpy controlled.
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Conference papers on the topic "Clausius-Clapeyron equation"

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Gonor, Alexander L. "High-Pressure Vaporization and Boiling of Condensed Material: A Generalized Clausius-Clapeyron Equation." In Shock Compression of Condensed Matter - 2001: 12th APS Topical Conference. AIP, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1483483.

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Collazos-Escobar, Gentil Andres, Nelson Gutiérrez-Guzmán, Henry Alexander Vaquiro-Herrera, and Erika Tatiana Cortes-Macias. "Modeling sorption isotherms and isosteric heat of sorption of roasted coffee beans." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7668.

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The aim of this work was determine the sorption isotherms in roasted beans of specialty coffee at temperatures of 25, 30 and 40 °C and water activities between 0.1 and 0.8 using the dynamic dew point method. The experimental sorption data were modeled using 12 different equations to represent the dependence of equilibrium moisture content with aw and temperature. The net isosteric heat of sorption was determined from the experimental sorption data using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The Weibull model satisfactorily modeled the effect of the temperature on the hygroscopic equilibrium in roasted coffee beans (R2adj =0.902 and RMSE = 0.00550 kg·kg-1d.b.). The net isosteric heat of sorption increase with increased moisture content. Keywords: water activity; sorption properties; equilibrium moisture content; hygroscopicity
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Xiao, Xiu, Chunji Yan, and Yulong Ji. "Mechanisms of Heat and Mass Transfer for Thin-Film Evaporation With Velocity Slip and Temperature Jump." In ASME 2019 6th International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2019-4213.

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Abstract Velocity slip and temperature jump at the solid-liquid interface are important phenomena in microchannel heat transfer. A comprehensive mathematical model considering both velocity slip condition and temperature jump at the solid-liquid interface is developed to understand the mechanisms of heat and mass transfer during thin-film evaporation in this paper. The model structure is established based on the lubrication theory, Clausius-Clapeyron equation and Young-Laplace equation. To better formulate the film evaporation process, three dimensionless parameters representing the effects of slip length coefficient, temperature jump and wall superheat degree respectively, are introduced in the present model. The analytical solution provides insight of film thickness and heat transfer characteristics for the evaporating thin film. It shows that as the slip length and temperature jump coefficient decrease, the length of evaporating thin film region is shortened and the location of maximum heat flux moves closer to the initial evaporating point. The effect of slip condition on heat flux is small, but the increase of temperature jump can reduce the peak heat flux significantly. Furthermore, the analysis on the three thermal resistances which are caused by temperature jump, conduction through liquid film and evaporation on liquid-vapor interface result in a better understanding for effective heat transfer during thin-film evaporation.
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Amel, Fedol, and A. Cheriti. "Modelling the Water Sorption Isotherms of Warionia Saharae and determination of sorption heats and drying kinetics." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7669.

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The hygroscopic equilibrium of Warionia saharae was studied, which allowed getting an idea of ​​the equilibrium water content relative to a given humidity. The results of this study made it possible to have the sorption curves. The results of this study made it possible to obtain the sorption curves necessary for know the storage conditions of the plant and the study of its drying kinetics. The static gravimetric method was used to determine sorption isotherms of Warionia saharae leaves at 30and 40 ◦C and in the range of water activity varying from 0.063 to 0.898. The Gab, Peleg models was found to be the most suitable for describing the sorption curves. The isosteric heat calculated by applying the Clausius–Clapeyron equation .The desorption isosteric heat was higher than the isosteric heat of adsorption and both decreased continuously with increasing of the equilibrium moisture content. The experimental results obtained allowed us to determine the temporal evolution of the drying kinetics as a function of the moisture content. The curve of the evolution of the water content as a function of time shows the absence of the phases product temperature and constant drying rate Keywords: Sorption isotherm, isosteric heats, modelling, kinetics, Warionia saharae.
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Saidi, Mohammad S., Mohammad H. Saidi, Sahand Pirouzpanah, and Ali Nikparto. "Thermo-Hydrodynamic Modeling of a Single Bubble Nozzle-Diffuser Phase Change Micropump." In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2008-62359.

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Nowadays, the potential of phase change process in liquids at micro scale attracts the scientists to fabricate this type of micropumps. Such micropumps have widely found applications in industrial and medical equipments such as recent printers. Not using mechanical parts such as valves, and having small sizes and high and controllable mass flow rates are the advantages of these micropumps. In the nozzle diffuser phase change micropump a heat pulse generates a bubble in a chamber; therefore, the pressure pulse which is generated by the bubble, causes the bubble to expand suddenly with high rate, then the pressure of bubble reduces to the vapor pressure and causes negative rate of expansion to the bubble. After the bubble reaches its maximum size, the bubble collapses and disappears. Due to the existence of difference in pressure drop in the nozzle and diffuser sections, one can see unidirectional flow through diffuser direction. The objective of this article is to analyze theoretically the thermo-hydrodynamic behavior of the Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) bubble of a phase change micropump. Considering the simultaneous effects of hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics of the bubble in the bubble creation chamber, and temperature-saturation pressure relation of the IPA bubble based on Clausius-Clapeyron equation, the dynamics of the embedded bubble has been modeled. Applying the results of the bubble dynamics, the flow rate of the micropump for one cycle of operation has been attained. The obtained theoretical values for the micropump flow rate show good agreement with the corresponding existing experimental data.
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Tolstorebrov, Ignat, Trygve Magne Eikevik, Inna Petrova, Yulia Shokina, and Michael Bantle. "Description of atmospheric freeze-drying process of organic apples using thermo-physical properties." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7697.

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This study discusses the influence of temperature and total moisture content on ice fraction in organic apples during atmospheric freeze-drying process. The ice formation of glass transition events were described by Clausius-Clapeyron and Gordon Taylor equations. The obtained data is essential for design the drying process and for understanding the limiting factors.Keywords: ice fraction, organic apples, atmospheric freeze/drying, glass transition
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Abarham, Mehdi, and Indrek S. Wichman. "Analytical and Numerical Study of the Evaporation of a Single Fuel Droplet With a Vaporized Fuel Background." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-68570.

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A simplified set of equations is examined for the problem of droplet evaporation. The equations employ the Clausius-Clapeyron boundary condition for the surface fuel-vapor condensation, which is responsible for numerous interesting mathematical behaviors, including the existence of an initial condensation stage followed by the classical d2-evaporation stage. Numerical methods of analysis are used, in conjunction with asymptotic analysis of each stage: (I) condensation; (II) transition; (III) evaporation. Comparisons are made with previous experiments. A brief discussion is provided of effective droplet evaporation in partial condensation environments.
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Sonan, R., S. Harmand, J. Pelle´, D. Leger, and M. Fake`s. "Transient Thermal and Hydrodynamic Performances of Flat Heat Pipe Subjected to Heating With Multiple Electronic Components." In ASME 2008 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the Fluids Engineering, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2008-56105.

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This work is aimed to simulate the transient performances of a flat heat pipe (FHP) used to cool electronics components in automotive applications. A transient 3D thermal model (T3DTM) of the FHP wall is performed to calculate the heat transfer through the wall of the FHP. This model is coupled with a transient 2D hydrodynamic model (T2DHM) which determines the flows both in wick and vapour core. An energy balance and Clausius-Clapeyron law permit to represent the phase change mechanisms at the liquid-vapour interface. The performed T2DHM model includes the solution of the complete governing equations in both wick and vapor core. The T2DHM is able to predict the velocity and pressure distributions of the FHP working fluid and then the FHP transient response. That analysis helps determine the maximum pore radius of the wick necessary to support the total pressure drop in the FHP. The heat removal capability of the FHP is highlighted through a comparison with a solid copper plate of the overall dimensions as the FHP.
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