Academic literature on the topic 'Clausius cycle'
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Journal articles on the topic "Clausius cycle"
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Mikielewicz, Dariusz, Jan Wajs, and Elżbieta Żmuda. "Organic Rankine Cycle as Bottoming Cycle to a Combined Brayton and Clausius - Rankine Cycle." Key Engineering Materials 597 (December 2013): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.597.87.
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A preliminary evaluation has been made of a possibility of bottoming of a conventional Brayton cycle cooperating with the CHP power plant with the organic Rankine cycle installation. Such solution contributes to the possibility of annual operation of that power plant, except of operation only in periods when there is a demand for the heat. Additional benefit would be the fact that an optimized backpressure steam cycle has the advantage of a smaller pressure ratio and therefore a less complex turbine design with smaller final diameter. In addition, a lower superheating temperature is required compared to a condensing steam cycle with the same evaporation pressure. Bottoming ORCs have previously been considered by Chacartegui et al. for combined cycle power plants [ Their main conclusion was that challenges are for the development of this technology in medium and large scale power generation are the development of reliable axial vapour turbines for organic fluids. Another study was made by Angelino et al. to improve the performance of steam power stations [. This paper presents an enhanced approach, as it will be considered here that the ORC installation could be extra-heated with the bleed steam, a concept presented by the authors in [. In such way the efficiency of the bottoming cycle can be increased and an amount of electricity generated increases. A thermodynamic analysis and a comparative study of the cycle efficiency for a simplified steam cycle cooperating with ORC cycle will be presented. The most commonly used organic fluids will be considered, namely R245fa, R134a, toluene, and 2 silicone oils (MM and MDM). Working fluid selection and its application area is being discussed based on fluid properties. The thermal efficiency is mainly determined by the temperature level of the heat source and the condenser conditions. The influence of several process parameters such as turbine inlet and condenser temperature, turbine isentropic efficiency, vapour quality and pressure, use of a regenerator (ORC) will be presented. Finally, some general and economic considerations related to the choice between a steam cycle and ORC are discussed.
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Sands, David. "The Carnot Cycle, Reversibility and Entropy." Entropy 23, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23070810.
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The Carnot cycle and the attendant notions of reversibility and entropy are examined. It is shown how the modern view of these concepts still corresponds to the ideas Clausius laid down in the nineteenth century. As such, they reflect the outmoded idea, current at the time, that heat is motion. It is shown how this view of heat led Clausius to develop the entropy of a body based on the work that could be performed in a reversible process rather than the work that is actually performed in an irreversible process. In consequence, Clausius built into entropy a conflict with energy conservation, which is concerned with actual changes in energy. In this paper, reversibility and irreversibility are investigated by means of a macroscopic formulation of internal mechanisms of damping based on rate equations for the distribution of energy within a gas. It is shown that work processes involving a step change in external pressure, however small, are intrinsically irreversible. However, under idealised conditions of zero damping the gas inside a piston expands and traces out a trajectory through the space of equilibrium states. Therefore, the entropy change due to heat flow from the reservoir matches the entropy change of the equilibrium states. This trajectory can be traced out in reverse as the piston reverses direction, but if the external conditions are adjusted appropriately, the gas can be made to trace out a Carnot cycle in P-V space. The cycle is dynamic as opposed to quasi-static as the piston has kinetic energy equal in difference to the work performed internally and externally.
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Wiśniewski, Sławomir, and Aleksandra Borsukiewicz-Gozdur. "The influence of vapor superheating on the level of heat regeneration in a subcritical ORC coupled with gas power plant." Archives of Thermodynamics 31, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10173-010-0022-9.
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The influence of vapor superheating on the level of heat regeneration in a subcritical ORC coupled with gas power plantThe authors presented problems related to utilization of exhaust gases of the gas turbine unit for production of electricity in an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) power plant. The study shows that the thermal coupling of ORC cycle with a gas turbine unit improves the efficiency of the system. The undertaken analysis concerned four the so called "dry" organic fluids: benzene, cyclohexane, decane and toluene. The paper also presents the way how to improve thermal efficiency of Clausius-Rankine cycle in ORC power plant. This method depends on applying heat regeneration in ORC cycle, which involves pre-heating the organic fluid via vapour leaving the ORC turbine. As calculations showed this solution allows to considerably raise the thermal efficiency of Clausius-Rankine cycle.
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Saslow, Wayne M. "A History of Thermodynamics: The Missing Manual." Entropy 22, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22010077.
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We present a history of thermodynamics. Part 1 discusses definitions, a pre-history of heat and temperature, and steam engine efficiency, which motivated thermodynamics. Part 2 considers in detail three heat conservation-based foundational papers by Carnot, Clapeyron, and Thomson. For a reversible Carnot cycle operating between thermal reservoirs with Celsius temperatures t and t + d t , heat Q from the hot reservoir, and net work W, Clapeyron derived W / Q = d t / C ( t ) , with C ( t ) material-independent. Thomson used μ = 1 / C ( t ) to define an absolute temperature but, unaware that an additional criterion was needed, he first proposed a logarithmic function of the ideal gas temperature T g . Part 3, following a discussion of conservation of energy, considers in detail a number of energy conservation-based papers by Clausius and Thomson. As noted by Gibbs, in 1850, Clausius established the first modern form of thermodynamics, followed by Thomson’s 1851 rephrasing of what he called the Second Law. In 1854, Clausius theoretically established for a simple Carnot cycle the condition Q 1 / T 1 + Q 2 / T 2 = 0 . He generalized it to ∑ i Q i / T g , i = 0 , and then ∮ d Q / T g = 0 . This both implied a new thermodynamic state function and, with appropriate integration factor 1 / T , the thermodynamic temperature. In 1865, Clausius named this new state function the entropy S.
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Nowak, W., A. Borsukiewicz-Gozdur, and A. A. Stachel. "Using the low-temperature Clausius–Rankine cycle to cool technical equipment." Applied Energy 85, no. 7 (July 2008): 582–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2007.09.001.
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Stachel, Aleksander A., and Sławomir Wiśniewski. "Influence of the type of working fluid in the lower cycle and superheated steam parameters in the upper cycle on effectiveness of operation of binary power plant." Archives of Thermodynamics 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2015-0008.
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Abstract In the paper presented have been the results of the analysis of effectiveness of operation of binary power plant consisting of combined two Clausius-Rankine cycles, namely the binary cycle with water as a working fluid in the upper cycle and organic substance as a working fluid in the lower cycle, as well as a single fluid component power plant operating also in line with the C-R cycle for superheated steam, with water as a working fluid. The influence of the parameters of superheated steam in the upper cycle has been assessed as well as the type of working fluid in the lower cycle. The results of calculations have been referred to the single-cycle classical steam power plant operating at the same parameters of superheated steam and the same mass flow rate of water circulating in both cycles. On the basis of accomplished analysis it has been shown that the binary power plant shows a greater power with respect to the reference power plant.
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Chmielniak, Tadeusz, and Henryk Łukowicz. "Condensing power plant cycle — assessing possibilities of improving its efficiency." Archives of Thermodynamics 31, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10173-010-0017-6.
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Condensing power plant cycle — assessing possibilities of improving its efficiency This paper presents a method for assessing the degree of approaching the paper output of the Clausius-Rankine cycle to the Carnot cycle. The computations to illustrate its use were performed for parameters characteristic of the current state of development of condensing power plants as well as in accordance with predicted trends for their further enhancing. Moreover there are presented computations of energy dissipation in the machines and devices working in such a cycle.
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Smith, Samuel, Paul W. Staten, and Jian Lu. "How Moist and Dry Intrusions Control the Local Hydrologic Cycle in Present and Future Climates." Journal of Climate 34, no. 11 (June 2021): 4343–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0780.1.
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AbstractModels disagree on how much the hydrologic cycle could intensify under climate change. These changes are expected to scale with the Clausius–Clapeyron relation but may locally diverge due in part to the uncertain response of the general circulation, causing the hydrologic cycle to inherit this uncertainty. To identify how the circulation contributes, we link circulation changes to changes in the higher moments of the hydrologic cycle using the novel dynamical framework of the local hydrologic cycle, the portion of the hydrologic cycle driven by moist or dry intrusions. We expand this dynamical framework, developing a closed budget that diagnoses thermodynamic, advective, and overturning contributions to future hydrologic cycle changes. In analyzing these changes for the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble, we show that overturning is the main dynamic contributor to the tropical and subtropical annual response, consistent with a weakening of this circulation. In the extratropics, we show that advective contributions, likely from storm track changes, dominate the response. We achieve a cleaner separation between dynamic and thermodynamic contributions through a semiempirical scaling, which reveals the robustness of the Clausius–Clapeyron scaling for the local hydrologic cycle. This scaling also demonstrates the slowing of the local hydrologic cycle and how changing subtropical dynamics asymmetrically impact wave breaking and suppress meridional moisture transport. We conclude that dynamic changes in the subtropics are predominantly responsible for the annual, dynamic response in the extratropics and thus a significant contributor to uncertainty in future projections.
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Martinelli, Mario. "Entropy, Carnot Cycle, and Information Theory." Entropy 21, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21010003.
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The fundamental intuition that Carnot had in analyzing the operation of steam machines is that something remains constant during the reversible thermodynamic cycle. This invariant quantity was later named “entropy” by Clausius. Jaynes proposed a unitary view of thermodynamics and information theory based on statistical thermodynamics. The unitary vision allows us to analyze the Carnot cycle and to study what happens when the entropy between the beginning and end of the isothermal expansion of the cycle is considered. It is shown that, in connection with a non-zero Kullback–Leibler distance, minor free-energy is available from the cycle. Moreover, the analysis of the adiabatic part of the cycle shows that the internal conversion between energy and work is perturbed by the cost introduced by the code conversion. In summary, the information theoretical tools could help to better understand some details of the cycle and the origin of possible asymmetries.
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Boos, William R. "Thermodynamic Scaling of the Hydrological Cycle of the Last Glacial Maximum." Journal of Climate 25, no. 3 (February 1, 2012): 992–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00010.1.
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Abstract In climate models subject to greenhouse gas–induced warming, vertically integrated water vapor increases at nearly the same rate as its saturation value. Previous studies showed that this increase dominates circulation changes in climate models, so that precipitation minus evaporation (P − E) decreases in the subtropics and increases in the tropics and high latitudes at a rate consistent with a Clausius–Clapeyron scaling. This study examines whether the same thermodynamic scaling describes differences in the hydrological cycle between modern times and the last glacial maximum (LGM), as simulated by a suite of coupled ocean–atmosphere models. In these models, changes in water vapor between modern and LGM climates do scale with temperature according to Clausius–Clapeyron, but this thermodynamic scaling provides a poorer description of the changes in P − E. While the scaling is qualitatively consistent with simulations in the zonal mean, predicting higher P − E in the subtropics and lower P − E in the tropics and high latitudes, it fails to account for high-amplitude zonal asymmetries. Large horizontal gradients of temperature change, which are often neglected when applying the scaling to next-century warming, are shown to be important in large parts of the extratropics. However, even with this correction the thermodynamic scaling provides a poor quantitative fit to the simulations. This suggests that circulation changes play a dominant role in regional hydrological change between modern and LGM climates. Changes in transient eddy moisture transports are shown to be particularly important, even in the deep tropics. Implications for the selection and interpretation of climate proxies are discussed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Clausius cycle"
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Čepl, Ondřej. "Optimalizace Rankineůva-Clausiůva parního cyklu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230982.
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This diploma thesis deals with an optimization of Rankine-Clausius steam cycle. The theoretical information about the Optimization and the Rankine-Clausius cycle are described at the beginning of the thesis. These theoretical findings are later used to create simulation models in MATLAB. Individual simulation models are variants of the ideal R-C cycle. Simulation models include the basic cycle model, the supercritical cycle and the cycle with reheat. For these models the optimal configurations are found and their t-s diagrams are plotted.
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Přívozník, Martin. "Porovnání tepelných účinností cyklů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231805.
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Theme of this master's thesis Comparison of thermal cycle efficiency is aimed on the calculation of thermal schemes of reheating and without reheating for various performances. The calculation is performed using specialized literature. The introduction describes the fundamental thermal cycle used in power plants and Rankine - Clausius cycle. After the initial familiarization with the parameters of Rankine - Clausius cycle follow a section with technical solutions to improve thermal efficiency of Rankine - Clausius thermal cycle. The aim of this work is to identify and compare the thermal efficiency of the thermal cycle with reheating, without reheating and compare them with each other. At the conclusion of this work is shown comparison between two low-pressure regeneration systems.
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Pavliska, Vojtěch. "Parní turbína pro pohon napájecího čerpadla." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417533.
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This diploma thesis performs a calculation of a steam turbine to drive a feed pump. The research part deals with the basic classification of steam turbines focusing on mechanical drive steam turbines. The second part of the thesis is a controlled extraction pressure optimization for achieving the maximum possible thermic efficiency of the cycle. The last part of the thesis shows a detailed thermodynamic calculation of the mechanical drive turbine along with the basic geometric parameters of the flow canal.
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Velešík, Aleš. "Stanovení výkonnosti chladicího okruhu - chladící věž." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232151.
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The aim of this work is to determine the performance and description of the cooling circle in the cooling tower. In order to do that there was applied the linear regression approach in order to create structural empirical model of the cooling tower. The data obtained was analysed through QC expert software, which, if correct data applied, identifies suitable model for specific tower. The models created will be used for diagnostics of the cooling circles and as a comparison tool with other cooling towers in the future. Thus, the findings of this thesis are polynoms, which in thic technological setup characterise the models of the cooling towers.
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Staněk, Štěpán. "Paroplynová turbína pro akumulaci energie." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417553.
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Master thesis discusses the growing need of electric energy storage and its effectivity and capacity. It describes an overview of possible technologies with their advantages and disadvantages. Greater attention is paid to the storage of energy in gas, so-called Power to Gas, which combines the electrolytic production of hydrogen from water and the Sabatier reaction to produce synthetic methane. This technology is introduced in the so-called SIT Brno cycle of Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery company. The main part of the thesis is focused on the description of this cycle and on the calculation of the steam-gas turbine (high-pressure and low pressure module). This thesis describes the methodology of turbine calculation and the composition of the steam gas mixture after combustion of methane. The carbon dioxide formed by combustion in the steam-gas mixture generator was replaced by steam. Part of the diploma thesis are drawings of cross-section of individual turbine modules.
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Voseček, Petr. "Optimalizace tepelných oběhů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229061.
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The main goal of the thesis was a selection of appropriate thermal cycles for the considerated nuclear power stations with the Generation IV reactors. Characterization and specification of the parametres of the Brayton and the Rankine-Clausi thermodynamic cycle, their optimalization with regard to the parametres of the first cycle was made, than analysis of cycles´properties, mostly efficiency, output and process layout.
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Ng'ambi, Patrick K. M. S. "The resource nationalism cycle, stabilization clauses and the need for flexibility in concession agreements." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31484.
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Foreign direct investment in the mining and oil industries is invariably fostered through the signing of concession agreements between the host State and the investor. Such concessions may contain fiscal incentives, to encourage the flow of FDI. However, such concessions are also susceptible to alteration by the host State, once the investment has been sunk. This may include increasing taxes or outright nationalization. To avert this, investors will often insist on the insertion of stabilization clauses. These clauses constitute an undertaking on the part of the host State, that they will not take any administrative or legislative action that would adversely affect the rights of the investor. Such clauses are well recognized by arbitral tribunals and the unilateral abrogation of these clauses, will have pecuniary consequences. Not only will the host State have to pay damnum emergens but also lucrum cessans as part of the compensation package to the investor. Such a position promotes efficiency as per the efficient breach theory, by discouraging the State from terminating concession agreements unless they will make some money, even after compensating the investor for lost future profits. However, this ultimately renders stabilization clauses inflexible because they preclude the host State from pursuing legitimate public functions. Such a position, necessitates some form of contractual flexibility. However, the legitimate expectations of the investor also ought to the protected. The means of achieving this balance is by the inserting renegotiation clauses in the concession agreements.
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Ng’ambi, Patrick K. M. S. "The resource nationalism cycle, stabilization clauses and the need for flexibility in concession agreements." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31484.
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Foreign direct investment in the mining and oil industries is invariably fostered through the signing of concession agreements between the host State and the investor. Such concessions may contain fiscal incentives, to encourage the flow of FDI. However, such concessions are also susceptible to alteration by the host State, once the investment has been sunk. This may include increasing taxes or outright nationalization. To avert this, investors will often insist on the insertion of stabilization clauses. These clauses constitute an undertaking on the part of the host State, that they will not take any administrative or legislative action that would adversely affect the rights of the investor. Such clauses are well recognized by arbitral tribunals and the unilateral abrogation of these clauses, will have pecuniary consequences. Not only will the host State have to pay damnum emergens but also lucrum cessans as part of the compensation package to the investor. Such a position promotes efficiency as per the efficient breach theory, by discouraging the State from terminating concession agreements unless they will make some money, even after compensating the investor for lost future profits. However, this ultimately renders stabilization clauses inflexible because they preclude the host State from pursuing legitimate public functions. Such a position, necessitates some form of contractual flexibility. However, the legitimate expectations of the investor also ought to the protected. The means of achieving this balance is by the inserting renegotiation clauses in the concession agreements.
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Xing, Chuanxi [Verfasser], and Inga [Akademischer Betreuer] Hense. "Modelling the life cycle dynamics of Acartia clausi : a key copepod species in the North Sea / Chuanxi Xing. Betreuer: Inga Hense." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1045730408/34.
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Verzat, Benoit. "Sustainable Public Procurement : Development and analysis of tools for construction works." Thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-46340.
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Embedded in the economic competition, public procurement has amajor role to play in being a driving force for the promotion of a globallypositive competition that prides the best sustainable products and services,rather than only the more economically efficient ones. Responsible for ahuge part of the human pressure on natural resources, and having a largeshare in the public funding, the built environment sector provides animportant venue for the use of sustainable public procurement as a tool toenhance the sustainability of societies.Selecting the best sustainable offer is a challenging task requiringenvironmental and social assessments that can only be based on complexlife cycle thinking analysis. Through the development of the “ExhaustiveSustainable public procurement clauses Manual”, this paper analyses publicprocurement issues and their potential solutions, with a focus on theenvironmental performance in buildings procurement.
Books on the topic "Clausius cycle"
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Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. Clausius, Kelvin, Planck, Carathéodory and Carnot. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0010.
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A chapter that draws together, and compares and contrasts, the principal alternative formulations of the Second Law – The Clausius statement, the Kelvin-Planck statement, the Carathéodory statement, and the Carnot cycle. This includes a discussion of heat engines and heat pumps, and of the efficiency of devices that transform heat into work.
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Bacskai-Atkari, Julia. The relative cycle in Hungarian declaratives. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747307.003.0004.
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This chapter examines word order variation and change in the high CP-domain of Hungarian embedded clauses containing the finite subordinating C head hogy ‘that’. It is argued that the complementizer hogy developed from an operator of the same morphophonological form, meaning ‘how’, and that its grammaticalization path develops in two steps. In addition to the change from an operator, located in a specifier, into a C head (specifier-to-head reanalysis), the fully grammaticalized complementizer hogy also changed its relative position on the CP-periphery, ultimately occupying the higher of two C head positions (upward reanalysis). Other complementizers that could co-occur with hogy in Old Hungarian eventually underwent similar reanalysis processes. Hence the possibility of accommodating two separate C heads in the left periphery was lost and variation in the relative position of complementizers was replaced by a fixed order.
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Danckaert, Lieven. The decline of Latin VOAux. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747307.003.0013.
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This chapter is concerned with the diachrony of the Latin word order pattern ‘verb-object-auxiliary’ (VOAux). In the classical and late classical period (c.100 BC–200 AD), this order is productively available, but it is by and large absent in Late Latin. It is suggested that this change is related to the order VPAux being derived differently in Classical and in Late Latin. More specifically, it is proposed that only Late Latin VPAux-clauses are derived by means of roll-up movement, which gives rise to restrictions on possible word orders inside the verb phrase (Biberauer, Holmberg, and Roberts’s Final-Over-Final Constraint). In addition, it is proposed that this difference between Classical and Late Latin is an indirect result of an independent change, namely, the incorporation of the pre-verbal sentential negator non into the hierarchically highest verb, an evolution which can be considered part of Jespersen’s Cycle.
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Siklos, Pierre L. The Anatomy of Financial Crises and the Role of Monetary Policy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190228835.003.0003.
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Crises come in a variety of forms. A focus on the incidence of financial crises underemphasizes the cross-border element in financial crises. How important is the exchange-rate regime in monetary policy strategies? Is the EMU experience a cautionary tale? The exchange-rate regime matters less than we think because financial globalization has conspired to effectively reduce the scope for an independent monetary policy. The EMU is unlikely to survive in its current form. Politicians seek coordinated solutions in a system that is built on policy cooperation. International coordination is only practical in emergency or crisis conditions. Cooperation is desirable only if common standards or objectives are combined with escape clauses to render them realistic. This is a goal worth pursuing. Exiting from post-GFC is a reminder that the focus on policy spillovers is misplaced. Business cycles are rarely synchronized and there cannot be a one-size fits all monetary policy.
Book chapters on the topic "Clausius cycle"
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Dolman, Han. "Physics and Dynamics of the Atmosphere." In Biogeochemical Cycles and Climate, 71–90. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779308.003.0006.
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This chapter describes the basic physics and thermodynamics of the atmosphere, starting from the ideal gas law and the hydrostatic equation, from which the lapse rate in the troposphere is derived. The effect of atmospheric moisture on the lapse rate is identified and the Clausius–Clapeyron equation giving the saturated humidity is derived. The effect of moisture on adiabatic vertical transport is shown. Then, the three-dimensional equations of motion are derived in vector form. From these, geostrophic balance and the thermal wind equations are derived. This, with the Coriolis force, gives the physical description of the atmospheric circulation. The driving force behind circulation is identified as the energy difference between the tropics and the extratropics. This is driven by radiation differences, including, at large geological scale, the Milankovitch cycles. Finally, circulation as a three-cell system per hemisphere, and the development of weather systems such as cyclones, are described.
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Rich, Eddie, and Jonas Moberg. "Saying goodbye: sunset clauses and appreciating the life-cycle of institutions." In Beyond Governments, 113–16. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351286084-9.
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Cordray, Richard. "The Last Big Fights." In Watchdog, 189–204. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197502990.003.0014.
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At the start of the Trump administration, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau had three unfinished projects that represented years of work to protect consumers. First, the bureau had adopted a rule protecting consumers who increasingly use prepaid cards as a substitute for traditional bank accounts. Second, the bureau was finalizing a rule preventing financial companies from using arbitration clauses to strip consumers of their right to band together to sue a company in court. Third, the bureau was straining to finish its work on a rule reining in predatory payday loans that trap consumers in a ruinous and repeating cycle of high-cost borrowing. This chapter describes the urgent need for these rules and the fierce political battle that followed the bureau’s completion of each rule, with industry sometimes winning and sometimes losing its push to undo the rules.
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Kharytonova, Yuliia, and Vasil Dyadichko. "LONG-TERM CHANGES OF COPEPODA (CRUSTACEA) ABUNDANCE AND BIOMASS IN THE DANUBE AND ODESA REGIONS OF THE BLACK SEA AS INDICATOR OF WATER QUALITY." In European vector of development of the modern scientific researches. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-077-3-21.
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Copepoda are the most important zooplanktonic group constituting the primary food for fish larvae and some fishes. Copepoda have the longest life cycles among the Black Sea mesozooplankton, so their biomass and percentage of total zooplankton biomass is greatly reduced by eutrophication. The percentage of Copepoda from the total biomass of zooplankton is a reliable indicator of the ecological status of the water bodies. For the Black Sea marine waters the indicator of “good” ecological status (GES) is the average annual biomass of Copepoda, which exceeds 45% of the total biomass of zooplankton. Changes of total biomass of zooplankton, biomass of Copepoda, the abundance and biomass of dominant species – Oithona davisae Ferrari F. D. & Orsi, 1984, Acartia (Acartiura) clausi Giesbrecht, 1889 and A. (Acanthacartia) tonsa Dana, 1849 in the Danube and Odesa marine regions from 1970 to 2019 were analysed. Also the ecological quality class in the Nort-Western part of Black sea by Copepoda indicators from 2004 to 2017 were established according to Water Framework Directive US. The total zooplankton biomass had been decreasing in Ukrainian waters and % of Copepoda from total zooplankton biomass was increasing. These tendencies shown a positive change in the forage base of commercial planktophagous fishes and ecological class status of the investigated aquatories. The abundance and biomass of O. davisae, A. clausi and A. tonsa were decreased from 2016 to 2019. The highest values of their metrics were in 2016 and the lowest rates observed in 2019. O. davisae, A. clausi and A. tonsa were the main components of copepods number and biomass. The Acartia species formed higher part of Copepoda biomass than O. davisae. The ecological state was “good” (GES) only in Danube-Dnieper coastal waters and Danube delta in 2004–2017 where Copepoda formed more than 45 % of total zooplankton biomass. In waters of Northwester Black Sea bays, shallow and deepwater shelfs the ecological state was “Bad” (notGES), the part of Copepoda was lower than 45 %.
Conference papers on the topic "Clausius cycle"
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Haseli, Yousef. "An Easier Approach to Introduce Entropy in Undergraduate Thermodynamics Classes." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86510.
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The common tutorial method of teaching entropy is far twisted and complicated. The convention is to first present Carnot corollaries followed by a “rational argument” to justify the corollaries. In the next step, the efficiency of Carnot engine is argued to be solely dependent on the thermal reservoirs temperatures. Then, thermodynamic temperature scale is introduced to show QL/QH equals TL/TH followed by the Clausius inequality, and finally introducing entropy S. It is not surprising why entropy has been one of the most difficult concepts to teach or learn. The way it is taught in textbooks is not straight unlike many other properties and concepts that are comparably much less cumbersome to understand. Interesting to note is that the inventor of entropy; Clausius, derived the famous Carnot efficiency by simply using the p-V diagram of a Carnot cycle operating with an ideal gas. The objective of this article is to shed light to the original method of Clausius and to present a simple and easy-to-digest approach, so students can better understand where entropy is originated from. Furthermore, we will show that the proof of Carnot corollaries is not concrete and certain objections can be raised.
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Barbieri, Enrico Saverio, Mirko Morini, and Michele Pinelli. "Development of a Model for the Simulation of Organic Rankine Cycles Based on Group Contribution Techniques." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45616.
Full textAbstract:
Many industrial sectors and applications are characterized by the availability of low enthalpy thermal sources with temperatures lower than 400 °C, such as the ones deriving from both industrial processes (e.g. combustion products from gas turbines and internal combustion engines, technological processes and cooling systems) and renewable sources (e.g. solar and geothermal energy). The usual systems for the conversion of thermal energy into mechanical and/or electrical energy work due to the high temperature difference available between the source (i.e., combustion products) and the sink (i.e., the ambient). The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is a promising process for conversion of heat at low and medium temperature to electricity. An ORC system works like a Clausius–Rankine steam power plant but uses an organic working fluid instead of water. A certain challenge is the choice of the organic working fluid and of the particular design of the cycle. The process should have high thermal efficiency and allow a high coefficient of utilization of the available heat source. Moreover, the working fluid should fulfill safety criteria, it should be environmentally friendly, and allow low cost for the power plant. An important aspect for the choice of the working fluid is also the temperature of the available heat source, which can range from low (about 100 °C) to medium temperatures (about 350 °C). In this paper, a model for the simulation of Organic Rankine Cycles is presented. The model is based on thermodynamics tables for the calculation of fluid properties and the Lee-Kesler method for the calculation of specific heat. Six commonly used working fluids (propane, butane, benzene, toluene, R134a and R123) are considered. Both saturated and superheated cycles are evaluated. A sensitivity analysis of the main process parameters is performed. Finally, the model is applied to a micro gas turbine/ORC combined cycle.
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Rautenberg, M., M. Malobabic, A. Mobarak, and M. Abdel Kader. "Design and Testing of a 10KW Steam Turbine for Steam Turbochargers." In ASME 1985 Beijing International Gas Turbine Symposium and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/85-igt-113.
Full textAbstract:
A Clausius-Rankine-cycle has been proposed to recover waste heat from a piston engine. This waste heat is then used to supercharge the cylinders by means of a steam turbocharger. The advantage of using this steam turbocharger system is to avoid the losses due to the engine back pressure which accompany the use of the conventional exhaust gas turbocharger. The mass flow rate of turbines for steam turbochargers in the range from 1 to 10 kW is about 0.03 to 0.08 kg/s. This implies a special turbine design, characterised by partial admission and supersonic flow, which unfortunately leads to low turbine efficiencies. A small Pelton turbine for steam has been designed and produced. The turbine is connected to the radial compressor of a conventional exhaust gas turbocharger which works, in this case, as a brake to dissipate the generated turbine power. A special test rig has been built to carry out the experimental investigations on the proposed Pelton turbine. The test rig is supplied with superheated steam from the University’s power plant. Two different rotors for this Pelton turbine have been tested under the same operating conditions (rotor 2 see Fig. 1). Some experimental test results of a special Pelton turbine are presented and discussed in this report.
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Saidi, Mohammad S., Mohammad H. Saidi, Sahand Pirouzpanah, and Ali Nikparto. "Thermo-Hydrodynamic Modeling of a Single Bubble Nozzle-Diffuser Phase Change Micropump." In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2008-62359.
Full textAbstract:
Nowadays, the potential of phase change process in liquids at micro scale attracts the scientists to fabricate this type of micropumps. Such micropumps have widely found applications in industrial and medical equipments such as recent printers. Not using mechanical parts such as valves, and having small sizes and high and controllable mass flow rates are the advantages of these micropumps. In the nozzle diffuser phase change micropump a heat pulse generates a bubble in a chamber; therefore, the pressure pulse which is generated by the bubble, causes the bubble to expand suddenly with high rate, then the pressure of bubble reduces to the vapor pressure and causes negative rate of expansion to the bubble. After the bubble reaches its maximum size, the bubble collapses and disappears. Due to the existence of difference in pressure drop in the nozzle and diffuser sections, one can see unidirectional flow through diffuser direction. The objective of this article is to analyze theoretically the thermo-hydrodynamic behavior of the Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) bubble of a phase change micropump. Considering the simultaneous effects of hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics of the bubble in the bubble creation chamber, and temperature-saturation pressure relation of the IPA bubble based on Clausius-Clapeyron equation, the dynamics of the embedded bubble has been modeled. Applying the results of the bubble dynamics, the flow rate of the micropump for one cycle of operation has been attained. The obtained theoretical values for the micropump flow rate show good agreement with the corresponding existing experimental data.
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Dartnall, W. John, and John Reizes. "A Novel Approach to the Teaching of Thermodynamic Cycles and the Laws of Thermodynamics." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81817.
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This paper outlines a simple particle mechanics model in which a single particle represents the thermodynamic fluid (gas) in a heat engine (exemplified by a piston engine). By mechanics based reasoning the model demonstrates the connection between the Carnot efficiency limitation of heat engines and the Kelvin-Planck statement of Second Law requiring only the truth of the Clausius statement.
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Willmann, Endre, Runar Østebø, and Eduardo H. R. Montalvao. "Value Creation and Cost Management by Use of the New ISO 15663 Life Cycle Costing Standard." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31203-ms.
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Abstract The new edition of the ISO 15663 standard has been developed during the recent years and will strengthen the industry cost management for business value creation. This paper shows how such standardization can be used to further enhance and promote adoption of a common and consistent approach to life cycle costing in the offshore oil and gas industry. The new ISO 15663 edition maintains key principles from previous editions, but does also introduce an improved and revised management methodology for application of life cycle costing. The purpose is to provide decision support for selecting between alternative options (e.g., projects, operational and technical subject matters) across life cycle phases, also aligned with overall corporate business objectives such as HSE and sustainability. It also provides the means of identifying cost drivers and a framework for value optimization over the entire life of an asset. The international standard is providing an essential set of normative requirements on how to implement and apply the life cycle costing methodology and the decision criteria, supported by an exhaustive part of recommended practices. This includes the identification of common and specific contractual considerations for operators, contractors and vendors (e.g., complementary metrics besides expenditure, such as systems availability guarantee and risk-sharing clauses). It also includes the application in the life cycle phases of an asset, the techniques and data input, examples of application, and assessment and lessons learnt. Capital expenditure (CAPEX), operating expenditure (OPEX), revenue and lost revenue (LOSTREV) factors are addressed. The standard includes an unambiguous definition of the economic objectives of a project and application of the same business criteria when making major engineering decisions. The life cycle costing methodology is applicable to all asset decisions in any life cycle phase, but should be applied only when expected to add value for decision-support. The required extent of planning and management of the appropriate life cycle costing is depending on the magnitude of the costs involved, the potential value that can be created and the life cycle phase. This paper demonstrates how the new ISO 15663 can be utilized by providing new examples of life cycle costing, to give all participants in the process — oil and gas operators, contractors and vendors — an up-to-date and streamlined set of requirements and guidance, encouraging a fit for purpose application. The paper does also present unique key economic evaluation measures such as life cycle cost (LCC) and net present value (NPV).