Journal articles: 'Clausole generali'

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Bellomo, Stefano. "Autonomia collettiva e clausole generali." GIORNALE DI DIRITTO DEL LAVORO E DI RELAZIONI INDUSTRIALI, no. 145 (April 2015): 45–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/gdl2015-145003.

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Sanlorenzo, Rita. "I limiti al controllo del giudice in materia di lavoro." QUESTIONE GIUSTIZIA, no. 6 (March 2011): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/qg2010-006002.

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1. La soluzione giudiziaria come "ultimo approdo" / 2. Le clausole generali: "nuove" categorie per vecchie preoccupazioni / 3. Presupposto di legittimitŕ e sindacato di merito: alla ricerca del confine / 4. Il principio costituzionale di cui all'art. 41: libertŕ di iniziativa economica e sindacato del giudice.

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Campanella, Piera. "Clausole generali e obblighi del prestatore di lavoro." GIORNALE DI DIRITTO DEL LAVORO E DI RELAZIONI INDUSTRIALI, no. 145 (April 2015): 89–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/gdl2015-145004.

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Barcellona, Mario. "Sul senso delle "clausole generali". Il diritto tra giudice e legge." DEMOCRAZIA E DIRITTO, no. 1 (June 2010): 261–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ded2009-001015.

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Speziale, Valerio. "Il giustificato motivo oggettivo di licenziamento tra "clausole generali", principi costituzionali e giurisprudenza della Cassazione." GIORNALE DI DIRITTO DEL LAVORO E DI RELAZIONI INDUSTRIALI, no. 157 (March 2018): 127–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/gdl2018-157004.

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Barbera, Marzia. "Trasformazioni della figura del datore di lavoro e flessibilizzazione delle regole del diritto." GIORNALE DI DIRITTO DEL LAVORO E DI RELAZIONI INDUSTRIALI, no. 126 (July 2010): 203–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/gdl2010-126001.

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Il saggio analizza le trasformazioni subite dalla figura del datore di lavoro a seguito dei grandi mutamenti economici e sociali che hanno interessato l'ultima parte del secolo scorso, nonché le risposte che il diritto del lavoro ha dato a questi mutamenti. Viene, dapprima, descritta la disarticolazione dello spazio interno dell'impresa, con i processi di frammentazione ed esternalizzazione del ciclo produttivo, che hanno dato nuova centralitŕ alla questione di chi sia il datore di lavoro; e, successivamente, la disarticolazione spaziale esterna, dovuta all'allargarsi dei confini del mercato su scala transnazionale, che ha determinato un'accresciuta scelta da parte del datore del diritto che governa il rapporto di lavoro. Il saggio descrive poi come il diritto del lavoro ha affrontato le conseguenze di tali processi, ed in particolare la disarticolazione delle responsabilitŕ datoriali e la creazione per il datore di nuovi ambiti di immunitŕ nell'esercizio dei propri poteri. Le nuove tecniche di tutela impiegate sono prevalentemente di tipo relazionale, intervengono, cioč, in relazioni nelle quali diritti e doveri delle parti non sono interamente determinati a priori, e lo fanno attraverso strumenti quali l'adozione di criteri di attribuzione funzionale delle responsabilitŕ datoriali fra diverse entitŕ economiche e attraverso varie forme di bilanciamento di interessi, mediate dalle clausole generali e dai principi di eguaglianza e ragionevolezza. Ne risultano un'accentuata flessibilizzazione delle regole giuridiche e un tasso piů elevato di incertezza e imprevedibilitŕ del diritto, ma anche la scoperta di nuove funzioni dei principi e dei diritti fondamentali.

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Cottatellucci, Claudio. "La pronuncia n. 21799/2010 delle Sezioni unite sull'art.31 del d.lgs. n. 286 del 1998: un mutamento di indirizzo che spetta alla giurisprudenza di merito approfondire." DIRITTO, IMMIGRAZIONE E CITTADINANZA, no. 4 (February 2011): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/diri2010-004006.

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1. Il quesito all'esame delle Sezioni unite.2. I profili processuali del giudizio di legittimitŕ sull'art. 31 del d.lgs. n. 286 del 19983. I profili sostanziali.- 3.1. Normazione a clausola generale e standard valutativi.- 3.2. La scelta interpretativa della giurisprudenza tradizionale.4. Il mutamento di indirizzo nella sentenza delle Sezioni unite n. 21799/10.- 4.1. Il superamento dell'eccezionalitŕ come condizione di operativitŕ della clausola dei "gravi motivi".- 4.2. La ricerca degli standard valutativi in relazione alla clausola generale.- 4.2.1. Le peculiaritŕ degli standard valutativi nel caso dell'art. 31.- 4.2.2. La necessitŕ di una recezione selettiva del metodo adottato dalla Corte Edu.- 4.2.3. La qualitŕ della relazione genitoriale vs. l'etŕ del minore.- 4.2.4. L'asimmetria delle condizioni dei genitori vs. la maturazione del progetto migratorio.

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Riverso, Roberto. "La certificazione dei contratti e l'arbitrato: vecchi arnesi, nuove ambiguitŕ." QUESTIONE GIUSTIZIA, no. 6 (March 2011): 34–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/qg2010-006003.

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1. Premessa / 2. La certificazione nel decreto legislativo n. 276/2003 / 3. Certificazione, controllo giudiziale e controlli ispettivi. Una recente vi¬cenda esaminata in giurisprudenza / 4. L'estensione del campo di azione della certificazione nella nuova versione generalista / 5. Certificazione e derogabilitŕ assistita / 6. La certificazione della clausola compromisso¬ria, prima e dopo il rinvio alle Camere / 7. Il perdurante contrasto della clausola compromissoria con il dettato costituzionale / 8. L'arbitrato: a) considerazioni generali / 9. … b) il ricorso all'equitŕ / 10. … c) i mezzi di impugnazione

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Speziale, Valerio. "Il rapporto tra contratto collettivo e contratto individuale di lavoro." GIORNALE DI DIRITTO DEL LAVORO E DI RELAZIONI INDUSTRIALI, no. 135 (September 2012): 361–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/gdl2012-135002.

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Il saggio analizza i rapporti tra contratto collettivo e contratto individuale di lavoro. Dopo aver sottolineato che la contrattazione collettiva, con alcune specifiche clausole, espressamente qualifica le proprie norme come inderogabili, l'autore sostiene che anche la legge, con una pluralitŕ di interventi legislativi, riafferma la natura inderogabile delle disposizioni dei contratti collettivi. In questi casi, le clausole dei contratti individuali che introducono discipline peggiorative rispetto agli standards collettivi sono nulle ai sensi degli articoli 1418 e 1419 c.c. e sono automaticamente sostituite da quelle collettive. Dopo aver criticato alcune tra le teorie piů diffuse che cercano di giustificare la prevalenza del contratto collettivo su quello individuale, l'autore sostiene che questa prevalenza puň essere riaffermata anche nei casi in cui la legge non attribuisce al contratto collettivo natura inderogabile. Infatti, tale caratteristica puň ormai essere considerata come un «principio generale» del nostro ordinamento giuridico, desumibile in via interpretativa ed applicabile dal giudice anche nelle ipotesi non espressamente regolate.

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Rosaria Mauro, Maria. "Commercio internazionale e tutela dei diritti dei lavoratori: alla ricerca di una globalizzazione sostenibile." E-REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE LA PROTECCION SOCIAL 2, no. 6 (2021): 372–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/e-rips.2021.i02.17.

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La liberalizzazione del commercio internazionale può promuovere la crescita economica e le opportunità di lavoro sia nei Paesi in via di viluppo sia nelle economie industrializzate. Peraltro, non tutti gli Stati hanno beneficiato in uguale misura di tale liberalizzazione e, in generale, della globalizzazione delle relazioni economiche internazionali. Di conseguenza, questi fenomeni e gli accordi commerciali di stampo liberista che li hanno favoriti continuano a essere oggetto di un acceso dibattito. In tale contesto, uno degli aspetti più controversi è la mancanza di una protezione adeguata dei diritti dei lavoratori nell’ambito dei suddetti accordi. Partendo dall’attuale mancanza di regole specifiche nel quadro giuridico multilaterale degli scambi, l’autore analizza le cosiddette “clausole sociali” contenute negli accordi di libero scambio bilaterali e regionali di nuova generazione, con particolare riferimento ai trattati conclusi dall’Unione europea (UE). Dall’analisi emerge che tali clausole non garantiscono ancora una sufficiente protezione ai lavoratori e che, pertanto, esse andrebbero modificate.

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11

Perulli, Adalberto. "Giustizia sociale, commercio internazionale ed extraterritorialità "atipica". Il caso USMCA." GIORNALE DI DIRITTO DEL LAVORO E DI RELAZIONI INDUSTRIALI, no. 170 (August 2021): 215–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/gdl2021-170003.

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L'articolo analizza alcune delle principali novità del Trattato USMCA, collocandolo nel contesto della globalizzazione economica e delle tecniche di regolazione sociale che impiegano i la-bour standards dell'OIL e le clausole sociali nei Trattati commerciali internazionali, realizzando forme "atipiche" di extraterritorialità. Il Trattato USMCA si caratterizza per alcune impor-tanti innovazioni in materia: l'impegno delle parti a rispettare gli international core labour standards, il riconoscimento del diritto di sciopero, la possibilità di sanzionare direttamente le imprese responsabili delle violazioni dei diritti del lavoro, una procedura veloce di risoluzione delle controversie. Nel complesso il Trattato rilancia la capacità della clausola sociale come principale fattore di tutela dei diritti del lavoro in un contesto di globalizzazione economica.

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12

de Castro, A. B. "The OSHA General Duty Clause." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 105, no. 2 (February 2005): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-200502000-00040.

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13

Robbins, Anthony. "Bring Back the General Duty Clause." Journal of Public Health Policy 9, no. 3 (1988): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3342636.

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14

Grunes, Rodney A. "Lobbying the Supreme Court: Reagan’s Solicitor General and the Establishment Clause." American Review of Politics 11 (January 1, 1991): 31–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.1990.11.0.31-55.

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Although professionalism is the expected norm, the Reagan Administration sought to use its solicitor general as an advocate for “social agenda” issues. This was especially apparent in the briefs submitted by the solicitor general to the Supreme Court on behalf of the Government in establishment of religion cases. Although prior research suggested that conservative justices would be influenced by the arguments of a conservative executive, this study indicates that the Supreme Court refused to heed the attempts of President Reagan’s solicitor generals to fundamentally alter its approach to resolving establishment clause disputes. Resistance to politicization suggests that there are limits to lobbying by the solicitor general.

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15

Franzina, Pietro. "La disciplina internazionalprivatistica italiana della protezione degli adulti alla luce di una recente pronuncia = A recent decision involving the Italian rules of private international law on the protection of adults." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 12, no. 1 (March 5, 2020): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2020.5186.

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Riassunto: Una recente pronuncia del Tribunale di Belluno offre l’occasione per discutere le difficoltà che circondano l’applicazione delle norme italiane di diritto internazionale privato relative alla protezione delle persone maggiorenni che, a causa di un un’infermità o di menomazioni psichiche o fisiche, non sono in grado di provvedere ai propri interessi. Investito di un’istanza per la nomina di un amministratore di sostegno, il Tribunale ha affermato la sussistenza della giurisdizione italiana in ragione del fatto che la beneficiaria della misura di protezione –una cittadina macedone– aveva la propria residenza in Italia; circostanza rilevante, si legge nel provvedimento, tanto ai sensi dell’art. 3 quanto ai sensi dell’art. 9 della legge italiana di diritto internazionale privato (legge n. 218/1995), le norme generali riguardanti, rispettivamente, la giurisdizione contenziosa e quella volontaria. Quanto alla legge applicabile, il Tribunale ha innanzitutto rilevato che l’art. 43 della legge italiana di diritto internazio-nale privato richiama la legge nazionale della persona di cui trattasi, cioè, nella specie, la legge macedone. Si è dunque preoccupato di accertare se le norme macedoni sui conflitti di leggi richiamassero una legge diversa, ed è giunto alla conclusione che queste rinviassero nel caso di specie alla legge italiana. Anche il diritto internazionale privato macedone assoggetta in via ordinaria la protezione degli adulti alla legge del paese di cittadinanza dell’interessato, ma esiste nel sistema macedone una clausola di eccezione di carattere generale che, in un caso come quello considerato, interamente collegato con l’Italia (a parte la cittadinanza della beneficiaria) corregge il richiamo predetto e riconduce la fattispecie sotto il diritto italiano. Da qui, in forza dell’art. 13 della legge italiana di diritto internazionale privato, in tema di rinvio, l’applicabilità del diritto italiano. L’articolata argomentazione che sorregge la pronuncia, in sé convincente, mette in luce le ragioni per le quali l’assetto normativo attuale appare inadeguato a soddisfare gli interessi che oggi dominano la materia, quali risultano in particolare dalla Convenzione delle Nazioni Unite del 2006 sui diritti delle persone con disabilità. La ratifica italiana della Convenzione dell’Aja del 2000 sulla protezione internazionale degli adulti comporterebbe, si sostiene nell’articolo, vantaggi significativi. Parole chiave: disabilità; capacità; supporto nella assunzione di decisioni; competenza giurisdizionale; procedimenti contenziosi e volontari; legge applicabile; rinvio; clausola di eccezione. Abstract: A recent decision by the Tribunal of Belluno provides the opportunity to discuss the difficulties that surround the application of the Italian rules of private international law concerning the protection of adults who, by reason of an impairment or insufficiency of their personal faculties, are not in a position to protect their interests. Seised of a request for the appointment of an “amministratore di sostegno” (a person charged with assisting the adult concerned in the taking of particular decisions), the Tribunal found it had jurisdiction on the ground that the person for whom the protection was sought – a national of Macedonia – resided in Italy. As noted by the Tribunal, this provided a sufficient basis for jurisdiction under both Article 3 and Article 9 of the Italian Statute on Private International (Law No 218 of 1995), concerning jurisdiction over contentious and non-contentious proceedings, respectively. As regards the applicable law, the Tribunal observed at the outset that, pursuant to Article 43 of the Italian Statute, the protection of adults is governed by the law of the State of nationality of the adult concerned, that is, in the circumstances, the law of Macedonia. The Tribunal went on to assess whether the conflictof-laws rules in force in Macedonia refer, in turn, to the law of the different country, and found that they refer the matter back to Italian law. Like the Italian Statute, the Macedonian Statute of Private International Law provides that the protection of adults be governed by the law of nationality of the adult in question. However, the Macedo-nian Statute includes a general exception clause pursuant to which, in the Tribunal’s view, the case must rather be considered to be governed by Italian law, given that the case is con-nected with Italy in all respects, apart from the nationality of the person concerned. Hence, according to Article 13 of the Italian Statute, on renvoi, the application of Italian law. The Tribunal’s complex reasoning, while persuasive in itself, illustrates the reasons why the cur-rent legal landscape hardly suits the interests underlying this area of law, in particular as they result from the United Nations Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities of 2006. The paper argues that the picture would significantly improve if Italy ratified the Hague Convention of 2000 on the international protection of adults. Keywords: disability; capacity; assisted decision-making; jurisdiction; contentious and non-contentious proceedings; applicable law; renvoi; exception clause.

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Wang, Weilu, Manfu Duan, and Hongmei Zhang. "Corpus-based Development of Syntactic Complexity in EFL Writing." SHS Web of Conferences 152 (2023): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202315204001.

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Syntactic complexity has long been taken as a significant factor in determining writing quality by EFL learners. And researchers in recent years have made a lot of efforts to devise and verify a wide range of factors or indicators for the purpose of measuring syntactic complexity or predicting EFL writing quality. The present study discussed bases itself on a self-built learner corpus with data collected over three years, with the aim of determining the applicable indices for predicting beginner writing quality. Based on previous research, the present study takes into account such factors as unit length, verb-VAC complexity, and clausal complexity. The results of pairwise comparisons by year indicate that there are significant differences for some indices but not for others. In terms of unit length, the three indicators of mean length of sentence, mean length of Tuni, and mean length of clause can serve as the main descriptive variables for the development of the language of beginners; for clausal complexity, seven indices: coordinate phrases per T-unit, verb phrases per T-unit, clauses per T-unit, coordinate phrases per clause, complex nominals per Tunit, complex nominals per clause and T-units per sentence, are the reliable indicators for beginner writing development. But indices for noun phrase complexity and verb-VAC complexity show no significant difference in the Kruskal-Wallis tests. The findings provide proof for the conclusion that knowledge and skills of modification, coordination, and subordination form the real difficulties for EFL beginners. It provides implications for coursebook design and classroom teaching where beginners are supposed to focus more on breeding awareness and skills in these aspects.

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Veksler, Michael, and Ofer Strichman. "A Proof-Producing CSP Solver." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 24, no. 1 (July 3, 2010): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v24i1.7543.

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PCS is a CSP solver that can produce a machine-checkable deductive proof in case it decides that the input problem is unsatisfiable. The roots of the proof may be nonclausal constraints, whereas the rest of the proof is based on resolution of signed clauses, ending with the empty clause. PCS uses parameterized, constraint-specific inference rules in order to bridge between the nonclausal and the clausal parts of the proof. The consequent of each such rule is a signed clause that is 1) logically implied by the nonclausal premise, and 2) strong enough to be the premise of the consecutive proof steps. The resolution process itself is integrated in the learning mechanism, and can be seen as a generalization to CSP of a similar solution that is adopted by competitive SAT solvers.

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18

Ferilli, S., T. M. A. Basile, M. Biba, N. Di Mauro, and F. Esposito. "A General Similarity Framework for Horn Clause Logic." Fundamenta Informaticae 90, no. 1-2 (2009): 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-2009-0004.

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19

Kurniawan, Eri. "ADAKAH KONSEP FINIT DALAM BAHASA SUNDA?" Linguistik Indonesia 31, no. 2 (August 17, 2013): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v31i2.18.

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This paper presents an argument that there are no overt morphological manifestations of finiteness in Sundanese. It also provides pieces of evidence that temporal/aspectual auxiliaries do not determine finiteness, as opposed to Kanaâ€™s (1986) and Arkaâ€™s (2000, 2011) claim for Indonesian. Nor are person agreement and modality shown to correlate with a finiteness opposition. Nevertheless, this paper argues that finiteness seems to be at work in Sundanese and that it patterns like other languages to account for the distribution of overt subjects. More specifically, it is proposed that it is the presence of an abstract [finite] feature that licenses an overt subject in a finite clause. As an implication, this establishes a clear-cut dividing line in terms of finiteness along which clausal complements are differentiated. An indicative complement clause is finite owing to their ability of licensing an overt subject, whereas raising and control complements are all non-finite due to the inadmissibility of an overt subject.

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Zulianto, Muhammad. "Studi Tafsir QS. al-Nisâ’ Ayat 3 tentang Keabsahan Poligami." Tafáqquh: Jurnal Penelitian Dan Kajian Keislaman 5, no. 1 (March 12, 2017): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.52431/tafaqquh.v5i1.80.

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In Islamic Law monogamy and polygamy got a legality. Interpretation about letter al-Nisâ’ clause 3 is basically talking about the principle of monogamy and terms in order to make polygamy. Husband is not allowed to practice polygamy if they worry can not do justice. Referring to lafaz? shart?iyyah ‘wa in khiftum’ which is also affirmed in subsequent lafaz? namely ‘allâ ta’dilû’. Exegetes requires legitimacy of polygamy mentioned in the letter al-Nisâ’ clause 3 if the husband could do justice. Generaly this review explain about the Interpretation of letter al-Nisâ’ clause 3 according expert of tafseer. But more than its there are many analysis from fikih, ordinance as like UU Perkawinan 1974, social fenomena, feminism analyst, and the methodology of exegesis. Among the selective opinion judicial formally prove the husband can be fair or not is al-Marâgî with additional terms likes if; the wife is barren; the husband has a high sexual desire; the husband has enough assets to cover all the needs of the family; and if the number of women more than men, which may occur as a result of the war. Thats are capacity requirement for husband want to get the legality of polygamy

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Adhypratama, Bayu. "THE PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS OF THE COMPETENCE TO ADJUDICATE BANKRUPTCY CASES INVOLVING AN ARBITRATION CLAUSE." Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan 10, no. 1 (April 13, 2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25216/jhp.10.1.2021.89-113.

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This research stems from the conflict of competence between Commercial Court and Arbitration in a bankruptcy case involving an arbitration clause. This occurs when parties make an agreement including arbitration as a mechanism of dispute resolution. Nevertheless, when a dispute occurs, one of the parties file a bankruptcy petition to Commercial Court as contained in Article 303 of the Bankruptcy Law. Meanwhile, according to Article 3 and 11 of the Arbitration Law, agreements containing arbitration clause as a mean of dispute resolution provides absolute competence, which is consistent with the pacta sunt servanda principle outlined by Article 1338 of the Civil Code. This raises the question of whether Article 303 of the Bankruptcy Law is inconsistent with pacta sunt servanda or to the arbitration clause as the agreed mechanism of dispute resolution by the parties, because the substance of legal norms has philosophical basis. This research uses normative juridical approach which examines legal materials through the study of documents. The research show that Commercial Court is an extra ordinary court which settle bankruptcy filed to the court. Therefore, the competence cannot be set aside by arbitration in the sense of its legal position and capacity as extra judicial even though it originates from an agreement containing arbitration clause. The philosophical basis that can be applied in the conflict of law refers to the principles governing legislation, namely lex specialis derogat legi generalis, lex posterior derogat legi priori, and integration principles of Article 303 of the Bankruptcy Law.

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Acosta Gallo, Pablo. "Interés general = General Interest." EUNOMÍA. Revista en Cultura de la Legalidad, no. 16 (March 29, 2019): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/eunomia.2019.4698.

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Resumen: El concepto de interés general está sólidamente implantado en nuestra Constitución y en nuestro textos legales. La cláusula “intereses generales” legitima la acción de gobierno y la existencia misma del Estado, así como sus poderes de limitación de las esferas de libertad de los ciudadanos. Sin embargo, nuestro ordenamiento jurídico no ofrece una definición de lo que son los intereses generales. En este estudio se intentan encontrar las características que permiten orientar la acción administrativa hacia la satisfacción de los intereses generales, así como identificar los elementos que construyen el concepto.Palabras clave: Interés general, intereses generales, utilidad pública, interés social, servicio público.Abstract: The concept of general interest is firmly implanted in our Constitution and in our legal texts. The clause "general interests" legitimizes the action of government and the very existence of the State as well as its powers to limit the spheres of freedom of citizens. However, our legal system does not offer a definition of what general interests are. In this study we try to find the characteristics that allow us to orient the administrative action towards the satisfaction of the general interests as well as to identify the elements that construct the concept. Keywords: General interest, general interests, public utility, social interest, public service.

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Zhu, Dian, and Yuanyuan Peng. "The Uncertainty and Countermeasures of General Anti-Avoidance Clause." Law and Economy 2, no. 3 (March 2023): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/le.2023.03.08.

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The Article 47 of the Enterprise Income Tax Law introduces the general anti-tax avoidance clause, and gradually constructs the general anti-tax avoidance rule system around the clause. General anti-tax avoidance provisions play an important role in making up for the deficiency of special anti-tax avoidance provisions in anti-tax avoidance. However, due to the unreasonable legislative provisions of general anti-tax avoidance provisions and the lack of judicial supervision of the administration-led anti-tax avoidance model, the tax authorities lack guidance in applying these rules, which leads to the uncertainty of the application of general anti-tax avoidance provisions. This article analyzes the causes of the uncertainty of general anti-tax avoidance provisions from the legislative, administrative and judicial aspects, and puts forward suggestions to solve the uncertainty caused by the legislation and application of general anti-tax avoidance provisions.

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Buckland, Peter G., and F. Michael Bartlett. "Canadian highway bridge evaluation: a general overview of Clause 12 of CSA Standard CAN/CSA-S6-88." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 6 (December 1, 1992): 981–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-117.

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Because upgrading a bridge is usually far more costly than incorporating extra capacity at the design stage, a different approach is appropriate. Clause 12 of CAN/CSA-S6-88, published in 1990, was developed specifically for evaluation. The development of Clause 12 is reviewed, as is the philosophy of varying the load factors based on how well the loads are known, the consequences of failure, and other variables. An overview of Clause 12 is presented and reference is given to three companion papers describing the derivation of numerical values used in Clause 12 and their adaptation for the Standard. Key words: bridges, evaluation, assessment.

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Knölker, Hans-Joachim, and Carsten Börger. "Transition Metals in Organic Synthesis, Part 85. A General Approach to 1,6-Dioxygenated Carbazole Alkaloids - First Total Synthesis of Clausine G, Clausine I, and Clausine Z." Synlett 2008, no. 11 (June 11, 2008): 1698–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1077855.

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Szymanski, Charles F. "The Idea of the “General Clause” in American Labor Law." Białostockie Studia Prawnicze 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 11–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/bsp.2021.26.02.01.

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Abstract European legal systems have long encompassed the concept of the “general clause”, particularly in contract and labor law. The general clause includes unwritten legal norms such as good faith and public morality, and these principles are duly incorporated in the process of construing civil and labor contracts. While the general clause itself is formally absent in common law systems, its principles have found their way into modern British and American law. Two primary examples include the doctrines of good faith and unconscionability. In a broader sense, the idea of introducing rather indeterminate legal norms to be construed and interpreted by judges appears to be well-suited to a common law system. However, as applied to American labor law, the very indeterminacy of these terms has had rather negative effects on the rights of employees and the labor unions that represent them. Specifically, this article examines the good faith requirement in collective bargaining under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) and the doctrine of unconscionability in employment arbitration agreements, and concludes that they both should be supplemented by more definite standards in order to effectively protect employees.

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Pricoco, Francesca. "I presupposti della dichiarazione di adottabilità: un accertamento complesso sulla responsabilità genitoriale e sulle corresponsabilità del sistema di protezione e tutela." MINORIGIUSTIZIA, no. 1 (January 2023): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mg2022-001002.

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Questo contributo riflette, con una particolare attenzione alla più recente giurisprudenza nazionale della Corte di legittimità correlata ad alcune delle principali pronunce della Corte Edu, sui presupposti che legittimano la dichiarazione di adottabilità, soffermandosi in particolare sugli elementi connotativi della locuzione, formulata come clausola generale nell'ordinamento interno, dello "stato di abbandono". Se questo è il focus della riflessione, un rilievo certamente particolare assume il rapporto tra sistema giudiziario e amministrativo nel comune obiettivo di porre in essere gli interventi necessari al recupero delle capacità genitoriali, fortemente condizionato dalla rigidità dei vincoli posti dalle risorse economiche effettivamente disponibili per le azioni di welfare a sostegno della genitorialità e dell'infanzia. Nella parte conclusiva il contributo amplia l'esame delle questioni sottese alla dichiarazione di adottabilità e vi include, secondo le più recenti indicazioni della giurisprudenza di legittimità e della Corte Edu, anche la valutazione sull'opportunità di mantenere i rapporti, con alcuni componenti della famiglia di origine: di questo ampliamento del perimetro della cognizione del giudice di merito vengono esaminate alcune delle più rilevanti criticità.

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Al-Bayati, Ahmed Jalil, Nada Salem, Osama Abudayyeh, and John Newquist. "Legitimacy of the General Duty Clause Citations: Court Cases Review." Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction 13, no. 2 (May 2021): 04521008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)la.1943-4170.0000469.

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Holmes, V. M., A. Kennedy, and W. S. Murray. "Syntactic structure and the garden path." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 39, no. 2 (May 1987): 277–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640748708401787.

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The experiment investigated locally ambiguous English sentences containing “complement” verbs such as believe, which can be followed either by a direct object or by a complement clause. These two sentence types were compared with unambiguous sentences in which the complement clause was introduced by the word that. Subjects processed numerous examples of these sentences in a word-by-word self-paced reading task. At the disambiguation point after the ambiguous noun phrase, longer reading times were obtained for reduced complement constructions compared with direct object sentences. Such an effect has been attributed to the operation of the parsing principle Minimal Attachment (Frazier and Rayner, 1982). This principle predicts that subjects assume falsely that the noun phrase after the complement verb in the reduced complement constructions is the direct object, resulting in the need for subsequent structural reanalysis. However, longer times in the disambiguating zone were also found for the unambiguous that complements. Thus, the complexity difference seems not to represent “garden-pathing” as a result of the operation of Minimal Attachment, but may instead reflect the extra complexity caused by having to handle two sets of clausal relations instead of just one.

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Vukadinović, Slobodan. "The arbitration clause in general terms and conditions of business transactions: Current trends in international trade versus consumer arbitration." Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine 92, no. 3 (2020): 379–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gakv92-28020.

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This paper shows the diverging tendencies in the understanding of the arbitration clause contained in the general terms conditions of business transactions (GT&CBT) in (international) commercial law and consumer protection law. The results show that inverse logic is currently used regarding the issue of bringing attention to the arbitration clause contained in a GT&CBT and the necessity for such an arbitration agreement to be contained in a separate and personally signed document. International commercial arbitration, encompassing both legal dogma and arbitration and court praxis, has shown a tendency towards a more liberal and flexible understanding of the written form in the past several decades, in terms of the validity of the arbitration clause contained in a GT&CBT referred to in an underlying substantive contract. By contrast, in consumer protection law, there is a tendency for the arbitration clause contained in a GT&CBT, which has not been brought to attention, to be considered a null and void provision. Namely, it is required for the arbitration clause to be contained in a separate document signed by both parties. This points to the conclusion that special attention should be paid to consumer disputes that are to be resolved by arbitration, while court and arbitration praxis in international commercial disputes lately records cases in which the court explicitly took the opposite position. Traders' claims stating that they were not aware that the GT&CBT contained an arbitration clause and that no attention was drawn to it are considered unfounded by the courts. Namely, the application of both GT&CBTs and arbitration in international trade are, nowadays, considered ordinary.

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Izzet, Vedia, and Robert Shorrock. "General Review." Greece and Rome 63, no. 1 (March 29, 2016): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383515000339.

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A Little Greek Reader by James Morwood and Stephen Anderson forms a companion volume to A Little Latin Reader by Mary English and Georgia Irby (though one might be seduced into thinking from the cover illustration and italic title print that this is a volume from the JACT Reading Greek stable). The twenty-plus chapters focus on different points of Greek grammar (for example, ‘Indirect Statement’ [64–74] and ‘Result Clauses’ [99–106]), prefaced with brief grammatical introductions and then illustrated with a selection of unadapted passages in prose and verse. Each passage is supported by linguistic and contextual notes, and an extensive vocabulary is supplied at the back of the book. Although billed as ‘an ideal supplement for undergraduate courses in beginning and intermediate Greek’ (back cover blurb) it should also be of use to sixth-form teachers for revision and extension work (it was, in fact, trialled at the JACT Greek Summer School in 2013). Appendices supply short biographical notes and offer help on meter and dialect. There is also a useful guide to literary terms – though the definition of ‘hyperbaton’ – ‘the dislocation of normal word order, by way of displacing one part of one clause into another’ (213; our emphasis) – seems unnecessarily proscriptive.

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Hong, EunMi. "Word-Order of Clause and NP Objects in Korean: A Corpus Study." Studies in Modern Grammar 116 (December 24, 2022): 39–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14342/smog.2022.116.39.

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This study aims to identify the canonical word-orders when Korean verbs take two objects: a clause and an NP. To pursue this goal, with over 7,000 tokens of 27 Korean utterance verbs which reportedly possess a ‘hearer-theme’ construction (Cho 2009; Lee 2016), it observes how many objects (zero, one, or two objects) are realized in a token sentence, analyzes in what type of syntactic categories the objects appear, and finally examines which word-order is preferred in case of the two objects in a token. Besides, it attempts to classify the 27 utterance verbs in terms of their object realization, i.e., the number and the syntactic types of objects in the tokens, using K-means clustering algorithm and Heirarchical Clustering. The findings are (i) the most of the data fell into zero or one object cases while only 5% of the data occurred with two objects, (ii) the canonical word-order differed depending on the syntactic type of an NP object so that an Accusative NP mostly followed a clausal object while a Dative NP preferably preceded an object clause, and (iii) the verbs given were best categorized into three groups when they took only one complement: hearer-dominant group, theme-dominant group, and hearer/theme group.

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이제우. "Introducing a general clause of liability for dangerousness and its challenges." kangwon Law Review 43, no. ll (October 2014): 515–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18215/kwlr.2014.43..515.

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Wan, Choung. "Duty of Explanation about the Clauses under General Standard Clause Act." Kyung Hee Law Journal 49, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15539/khlj.49.4.2.

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Purswell, J. P., and Jerry L. Purswell. "Osha's Citation Practices of Ergonomic Hazards under the “General Duty” Clause." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 45, no. 14 (October 2001): 1110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120104501426.

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Al Waleed, Saher, and Iyad Mohammad Jadalhaq. "Liability for Withholding Assistance: General Clause or Closed List? A Review of Competing Models in Arab Legislations." Jurídicas 18, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 61–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17151/jurid.2021.18.2.5.

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This study reviews two main approaches for dealing with omission of assistance in the criminal laws of Arab jurisdictions. The first approach adopts a general clause on the crime of withholding assistance. This approach, following the model of the French Code pénal, prioritises the right to life and bodily integrity over individual freedom, and has been adopted in Algeria, the UAE, Qatar, Lebanon, Bahrain, Morocco, and Sudan. The second approach restricts criminal omission of assistance to a closed list of cases, in which it mandates a duty to intervene. The Palestinian Criminal Code follows this alternative model, with origins in English criminal law, prioritising individual freedom. The study presents the viability of a general omission clause in criminal law. It contrasts this with the absence of a comparable clause in civil liability, where Arab jurisprudence has instead codified a set of requirements for simple omission to result in civil liability.

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Al Waleed, Saher, and Iyad Mohammad Jadalhaq. "Liability for Withholding Assistance: General Clause or Closed List? A Review of Competing Models in Arab Legislations." Jurídicas 18, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 61–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17151/jurid.2021.18.2.5.

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This study reviews two main approaches for dealing with omission of assistance in the criminal laws of Arab jurisdictions. The first approach adopts a general clause on the crime of withholding assistance. This approach, following the model of the French Code pénal, prioritises the right to life and bodily integrity over individual freedom, and has been adopted in Algeria, the UAE, Qatar, Lebanon, Bahrain, Morocco, and Sudan. The second approach restricts criminal omission of assistance to a closed list of cases, in which it mandates a duty to intervene. The Palestinian Criminal Code follows this alternative model, with origins in English criminal law, prioritising individual freedom. The study presents the viability of a general omission clause in criminal law. It contrasts this with the absence of a comparable clause in civil liability, where Arab jurisprudence has instead codified a set of requirements for simple omission to result in civil liability.

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Gomeniuk, Svitlana. "Features of Cadences in Vocal and Choral Music of the Seventeenth Century (on the Example of Giovanni Palestrina’s Motets)." Scientific herald of Tchaikovsky National Music Academy of Ukraine, no. 132 (November 29, 2021): 182–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31318/2522-4190.2021.132.250002.

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The relevance of the study. The traditional idea of a cadence as a primarily harmonic phenomenon does not completely correspond to some musical styles, including Renaissance and early Baroque. Revealing the polyphonic essence of cadences in vocal works of the Renaissance, which is the aim of the article, allows deeper understanding peculiarities of musical thinking of that period. Scientific novelty. The historical approach to the analysis of cadences is quite common in foreign musicological works; this approach is still new for Ukrainian musicology. The research material is also new: the cycle of motets by G. Palestrina on the text of “Song of Songs” was unfairly ignored by Ukrainian and foreign scholars. Thus, the study is relevant both in relation to the method and in relation to the musical material involved in its approbation. The purpose of the article is to show the specifics of cadences in the style of a strict counterpoint using the motets from the cycle “Canticum Canticorum” by G. Palestrina, to reveal the role of cadences in the modal and compositional processes of a Renaissance work. Research methods. The study systematizes the data obtained as a result of the analysis of the cadences of G. Palestrina’s motets, thus, the main research method is inductive. The main results and conclusions of the study. Cadences in vocal polyphony of the Renaissance have a polymelodic nature, which is realized by combining typical melodic turns (clausulae) in different voices. The clausulae order in the voices and their completeness degree are effective criteria for the classification of cadences (e. g. the classification by E. Rotem). Cadences in which the main clausulae are presented in full (i. e. contain ultima and penultima) are strong. Cadences in which one or more clausulae are incomplete are weak. The role of strong and weak cadences in the composition is different: strong cadences are placed at the nodal points of the piece, they have a dividing function; weak cadences are placed in the middle of the text line and they have a connecting function. Strong cadences are the norm, while weak ones violate the norm, revealing the author’s ingenuity. There are a few ways to weaken the cadence: replacing the ultima with a pause or a different sound, distributing the clausula between several voices, extending the melodic line of one of the cadence voices, etc. Weak cadences significantly outnumber strong cadences. In the Dorian motets from the cycle “Song of Songs” by G. Palestrina weak cadences play an important role in the formation of the mode within the sound scale, as well as in revealing the meaning of the verbal text.

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Aguiar, Nina. "General transfer pricing adjustment clause introduced to the VAT regime in 2012." World Journal of VAT/GST Law 1, no. 2 (December 2012): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/wjovl.1.2.193.

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Kubuj, Katarzyna. "The Role of General Clause of (Public) Morals Based on Selected European Court of Human Rights’ Judgments." Białostockie Studia Prawnicze 27, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/bsp.2022.27.04.07.

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Abstract (Public) morals is a specific example of a general clause that bridges the gap between legal norms and a wide array of non-legal rules. The indeterminacy of this clause allows the standard of morals to be construed with due consideration for various criteria, values, principles and local circumstances. At the same time, in a culturally diverse society, difficulties in translating ethical issues into the legal language come to light. Consequently, we have both national and international legislation in which the premise of (public) morals is the legitimate objective/aim for restricting certain freedoms and rights. In turn, judicial bodies such as the European Court of Human Rights, as described in this paper, encounter problems in interpretation and the need to use different interpretative methods to give the right meaning to this concept.

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Caserta, Salvatore. "McEwan and Others v. Attorney General of Guyana (C.C.J.)." International Legal Materials 58, no. 2 (April 2019): 247–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ilm.2019.14.

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On November 13, 2018, the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) decided on an appeal coming from Guyana in the case McEwan and Others v. Attorney General of Guyana. With this decision, the CCJ declared unconstitutional Section 153(1)(xlvii) of the Summary Jurisdiction (Offences) Act of the Laws of Guyana, which made it a crime for a man to dress in female attire or for a woman to dress in male attire, in a public place, for an improper purpose. In the case, the CCJ also limited the extent to which the colonial “savings clause” present in the constitutions of the Commonwealth Caribbean countries limits the Court's judicial review powers.

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Jaffey, Peter. "Contractual obligations of the company in general meeting." Legal Studies 16, no. 1 (March 1996): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.1996.tb00398.x.

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In company law usually the difficulties in determining whether a putative contractual obligation is binding on the company are matters of agency. The issue is whether the person who purported to commit the company to the contract had the requisite authority under the common law rules of agency as modified for companies by statute. At one time it was necessary also to consider whether the contract was beyond the capacity of the company under the ultra vires doctrine, which limited the capacity of the company to the range of business activities defined in the objects clause of its memorandum. Now, following the Companies Act 1989, the capacity of the company is no longer limited in this way to a certain range of activities.

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KOTB, Moustafa, Mohamed Ibrahim Abdel Razik, and Reda Abbass Sabry. "FIDIC General Conditions / Payments Clause FIDIC refers to (Fédération Internationale Des Ingénieurs Conseils)." Asian Business Research 2, no. 3 (November 21, 2017): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/abr.v2i3.225.

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For any international construction project, Contract is one of the major documents for construction industry. FIDIC General Conditions are the most common used all over the world. Payments term is very important clause and all the project team members need to be aware completely about it. Thus, this paper is considering illustrated payments clauses by flow chart technique to ensure that all the engineers are handling easily those terms.Without real understanding of those clauses usually the project will get cash flow tribbles.

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D´Cruz, Len. "Santa's clause." BDJ In Practice 34, no. 12 (December 6, 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41404-021-0984-0.

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Münnich, Monika. "Application of the General Clause of Reasonableness and Criterion of Rationality in Polish Tax Law." Review of European and Comparative Law 43, no. 4 (December 11, 2020): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/recl.5698.

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This paper’s objective is to present two methods of introducing elements of the civil general clause of reasonableness into tax law. One of them is the lawmaking process, the other is the application of law, i.e. the decisions of tax authorities and the jurisprudence of national administrative courts.

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Liso, Franco. "Appunti su alcuni profili giuridici delle recenti vicende Fiat." GIORNALE DI DIRITTO DEL LAVORO E DI RELAZIONI INDUSTRIALI, no. 130 (June 2011): 331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/gdl2011-130008.

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1. Alcune considerazioni preliminari 2. Alcune questioni giuridiche. Il problema della rappresentanza in azienda. 3. Continua. Le "clausole integrative del contratto individuale di lavoro" ed il problema dei limiti negoziali allo sciopero. 4. Qualche considerazione in ordine alle prospettive di politica legislativa.

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Speyart, H. M. H. "De Normal Conduct of Business-clausule na Altice." Nederlands tijdschrift voor Europees Recht 28, no. 1-2 (April 2022): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5553/nter/138241202022028001002.

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Cass, Meg. "Grief Clause." Ecotone 16, no. 2 (2020): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ect.2020.0037.

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Jansen van Rensburg, Enelia. "The Application and Interpretation by South African Courts of General Renvoi Clauses in South African Double Taxation Agreements." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 22 (November 20, 2019): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2019/v22i0a4402.

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General renvoi clauses in DTAs based on article 3(2) of the OECD MTC provide that an undefined term in a DTA shall have the meaning that it has in the domestic law of the contracting state applying the DTA unless the context otherwise requires. All South African DTAs include such a clause. Many interpretational issues remain with regard to the application and interpretation of general renvoi clauses. This article considers four of these issues in the light of South African cases in which general renvoi clauses were referred to. The following cases are considered: ITC 789 (1954) 19 SATC 434, Baldwins (South Africa) Ltd v Commissioner for Inland Revenue (1961) 24 SATC 270 and Commissioner for the South African Revenue Service v Tradehold Ltd 2012 3 All SA 15 (SCA). The first of the issues considered in the article is relevant in those cases where a DTA includes a general renvoi clause based on the pre-1995 version of article 3(2) and where amendments were made to a relevant domestic meaning after the conclusion of the particular DTA. These clauses do not expressly state whether the relevant domestic meaning is the domestic meaning existing at the time of the conclusion of the DTA, or at the time of the application of the DTA. The second issue arises if the expression used in the domestic law is not identical to the undefined treaty term. The question is whether the expression in the domestic law can be used to give meaning to the treaty term under the general renvoi clause. Another interpretational issue considered in the article concerns deeming provisions in the domestic law. The issue is whether a meaning that a term is deemed to have under a provision in domestic legislation can be used under the general renvoi clause to give meaning to the undefined term in the DTA. The last issue deals with the meaning of the phrase "unless the context otherwise requires". The question raised is whether this phrase means that the domestic meaning should be given only as a "last resort", or whether it should apply unless "reasonably strong" arguments to the contrary are made

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Overstreet, Maryann. "The English general extender." English Today 36, no. 4 (August 8, 2019): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078419000312.

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In the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (Biber et al., 1999), a new category is identified in the grammar of the English phrase. In conversational data, the most frequent forms cited as examples of this category are or something, and everything, and things and and stuff, which are described as ‘coordination tags’ by Biber et al. (1999: 115–16). This label has not been widely adopted, but the linguistic category it describes has clearly become established as part of modern English. The term ‘general extender’ (Overstreet, 1999) is now commonly used to refer to this category: ‘“general” because they are nonspecific and “extender” because they extend otherwise complete utterances’ (1999: 3). There are two subcategories: adjunctive general extenders, beginning with and, and disjunctive general extenders, beginning with or. In casual conversation, general extenders are typically phrase- or clause-final, consisting of and/or plus a vague noun (stuff/things) or a pronoun (something/everything), with an optional comparative phrase (like that/this). In everyday spoken British English, the phrase and (all) that is also extremely common. In written and formal spoken English, forms with quite different structures, such as et cetera, and so on, and so forth, and or so are more typically used to fulfill related functions. All of these forms are grammatically optional and fall within the more general category of pragmatic markers, along with you know, I mean, like and sort of, ‘expressions which may have little obvious propositional meaning but which oil the wheels of conversational social interaction’ (Beeching, 2016: 1).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Clausole generali'

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