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1
Barker, W. W. "Bacterial Trace Fossils in Eocene Kaolin." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 43 (August 1985): 238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100118114.
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Spheroidal electron-dense masses averaging two microns in diameter comprise up to 20% of a thin Eocene grey kaolin in the upper part of the Huber Fm. near Wrens, Georgia. TEM and SEM reveal that the microspheroids consist of tangentially oriented kaolinite platelets enclosing much finer, delicate intergrowths of secondary authigenic minerals.Many types of bacteria and algae produce mucopolysaccharidal exudates which can attach clay platelets. Clay-clad microorganisms are especially common in marine and estuarine environments, where high ionic strength compresses the electric double layer of kaolinite sufficiently for van der Waals forces to aid its attachment to exudates. Maclean and Smart found clay-clad prokaryotic cells in recent estuarine sediments. Avnimelech, et al. demonstrated mutual flocculation of algae and clay upon addition of electrolyte. Because the size and structure of the clay-clad microspheroids in the Eocene kaolin closely resembles the clay-clad bacteria in recent marine muds, they are interpreted as trace fossils of bacteria.
2
Schroeder, Jill, and Philip A. Banks. "Persistence of Fluridone in Five Georgia Soils." Weed Science 34, no. 4 (July 1986): 612–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500067539.
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Field research was conducted in 1982 and 1983 to characterize the persistence of fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4(1H)pyridinone} in five Georgia soils. Fluridone persisted less than 365 days in all soils, with shorter persistence upon reapplication in 1983 which indicated the potential for enhanced microbial degradation. A significantly higher rate of loss in 1983 compared to 1982 was recorded in the Greenville sandy clay and Dothan loamy sand soils. A higher rate of loss was recorded for the 1.7 kg ai/ha than the 0.6 kg/ha treatment in the Bradson clay loam and Rome gravelly clay loam soils. No grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench. ‘BR 64’) injury was observed in a field bio assay planted in the spring of 1984. Herbicide leaching did not appear to be an important method of loss.
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Komar, Paulina. "‘Brown-Clay’ Amphorae from Gonio (Apsaros)." Światowit 57 (December 17, 2019): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6812.
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This paper presents the first study of the so-called ‘brown-clay’ amphorae discovered by the Gonio-Apsaros Polish-Georgian Expedition in the Roman fort of Apsaros (modern Gonio, Georgia) between 2014 and 2018. In the course of five excavation seasons, 157 diagnostic fragments of these containers were attested, all belonging to variants Ch 1B2 and Ch 1C dated to between c. 50 BC and the 3rd century AD. Thus, they confirm the existence of the Apsaros fortress during the first three centuries of the present era. Both Colchian and south-eastern Pontic containers were found in Apsaros, the latter produced probably in Trapezus. This suggests the south-eastern Pontic provenance of some of the imports in Apsaros, especially until the end of the 1st century AD. On the other hand, local production of containers indicates that the area of the fortress might have produced food surpluses (probably wine), which during the late 1st and throughout the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD were exported to other areas neighbouring the Black Sea.
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Schroeder, Jill, and Philip A. Banks. "Persistence of Norflurazon in Five Georgia Soils." Weed Science 34, no. 4 (July 1986): 595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500067503.
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Norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone] persistence in five Georgia soils after application to the same plots in 1982 and 1983 was characterized by rapid initial degradation followed by slow loss of the herbicide. The rate of norflurazon loss at each location for each year was not affected by application rate (1.7 or 3.4 kg ai/ha). Relative rates of norflurazon loss were Dothan loamy sand ≥ Greenville sandy clay loam ≥ Rome gravelly clay loam = Appling coarse sanely loam > Bradson clay loam. The rate of dissipation was slower in 1983 than 1982 in the Greenville and Appling soils. Cool and/or dry environmental conditions combined with higher soil organic matter content caused slower herbicide loss. Norflurazon residue 1 yr after treatment in all soils was greater in 1983 than in 1982. Significant injury to grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench. ‘BR 64’) was observed in the spring of 1984 at all locations in all plots that were treated with norflurazon for the previous two seasons. The degree of injury corresponded to the concentration of norflurazon detected at that sampling date. Leaching did not appear to be an important method of norflurazon loss.
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Mueller, Thomas C., and Philip A. Banks. "Flurtamone Adsorption and Mobility in Three Georgia Soils." Weed Science 39, no. 2 (June 1991): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500071605.
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Flurtamone and atrazine adsorption to soil was examined using a batch equilibrium method. Flurtamone mobility in packed soil columns under saturated flow conditions was also evaluated. Adsorption was greater for flurtamone than atrazine in the three soils, and the order of adsorption to soil for both herbicides was Greenville sandy clay loam > Cecil loam > Dothan loamy sand. Greater adsorption of each herbicide corresponded to soils with greater organic matter and clay content. The14C–flurtamone movement under saturated flow conditions in 28–cm soil–packed columns was limited to 16 cm, with no flurtamone leaching from any soil column after the addition of two pore volumes of water. Seventy–five percent of the applied14C–flurtamone remained in the 0– to 4–cm soil depth in the Greenville sandy clay loam, with less than 5 percent moving to a depth > 4 cm. Flurtamone movement was greater in the Cecil loam and the Dothan loamy sand, with movement in each soil to a depth of 16 and 12 cm, respectively.
6
Greer, Georgeanna H., John A. Burrison, E. Henry Willett, and Joey Brackner. "Brothers in Clay: The Story of Georgia Folk Pottery." Western Folklore 44, no. 1 (January 1985): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1499954.
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George, Robert Blair St, and John A. Burrison. "Brothers in Clay: The Story of Georgia Folk Pottery." Journal of American Folklore 98, no. 388 (April 1985): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/540449.
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8
Ndolo, P. J., E. G. Rhoden, and G. W. Carver. "NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF SWEET POTATO CULTIVARS IN FRITTED CLAY MEDIA." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1077d—1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1077d.
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A greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the uptake, accumulation and percent recovery of N, P, K, Ca and Mg by sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) cv `TI-155', `Centennial', `Georgia Jet' and `Rojo Blanco'. These cultivars were grown in a fritted clay medium and harvested after 42 and 32 days. There were no significant difference in total elements uptake among the cultivars at 42 days. However, Georgia Jet accumulated more P and K than TI-155 and had higher levels of K than Rojo Blanco at day 82. Total accumulation of elements increased significantly from 42 to 82 days. Leaves accounted for most of the plant N at both harvest periods. Storage roots contained significantly more K than leaves, vines or fibrous roots. Percent N, P and K uptake was significantly lower at 42 than at 82 days. Cultivars also had no significant difference in percent uptake at day 42. However, at day 82, Georgia Jet showed a significantly higher P and K percent recovery than Rojo Blanco.
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Mueller, Thomas C., Philip A. Banks, and William C. Steen. "Microbial Degradation of Flurtamone in Three Georgia Soils." Weed Science 39, no. 2 (June 1991): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500071599.
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Degradation of flurtamone in a Greenville sandy clay loam, a Cecil loam, and a Dothan loamy sand with 0, 1, or 2 yr of previous flurtamone field use was evaluated under controlled conditions. Soil sterilization by autoclaving significantly reduced flurtamone dissipation rate in all soils. Enhanced degradation of flurtamone was observed in a Greenville sandy clay loam after 1 yr of previous flurtamone field use and in a Cecil loam after 2 yr of previous flurtamone field use. No enhancement of flurtamone degradation was observed in a Dothan loamy sand. Flurtamone degradation kinetics in these studies was described as a first-order process. Microbial populations in each soil showed no major changes in total bacterial numbers due to preexposure to flurtamone in the field.
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Turgut, Bülent, and Merve Ateş. "Factors of soil diversity in the Batumi delta (Georgia)." Solid Earth 8, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1-2017.
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Abstract. The aim of this study was to determine certain basic properties of soils in the Batumi delta (southwestern Georgia) to determine the relationships of studied properties and to identify differences with regards to these properties between different sampling sites in the delta that were selected based on the delta morphology. In this context, a total of 125 soil samples were collected from five different sampling sites, and the clay, silt and sand content of the samples were determined along with their mean weight diameter (MWD) values, aggregate stability (AS) values, amount of water retained under −33 (FC) and −1500 kPa (WP) pressure and organic matter (OM) content. Correlation analysis indicated that clay content and OM were positively correlated with MWD, and OM was positively correlated with AS. However, the sand content was found to be negatively correlated with MWD. In addition, clay, silt and OM content were positive correlated with FC and WP. Variance analysis results determined statistically significant differences between the sampling sites with respect to all of the evaluated properties. The active delta section of the study area was characterized by high sand content, while the lower delta plain was characterized by high OM and AS values, and the upper delta plain was characterized by high MWD values, high FC and WP moisture content levels and high clay and silt content. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that the examined properties were significantly affected by the different morphological positions and usages of these different areas. These results may help with the management of agricultural lands in the Batumi delta, which has never been studied before.
11
Meschke, J. S., and M. D. Sobsey. "Comparative adsorption of norwalk virus, poliovirus 1 and F+ RNA coliphage MS2 to soils suspended in treated wastewater." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0538.
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Enteric viruses such as Norwalk virus (NV) are important agents of waterborne disease from faecally contaminated groundwater. Viruses are more resistant to inactivation than most enteric bacteria and they may not be removed efficiently during land application. Adsorption is one of the major factors in viral removal and persistence in soils. The adsorption of NV by soils suspended in wastewater has not been determined. Therefore, we determined the adsorption of NV to six soils (Cecil clay-loam, Corolla sand, Georgia Kaolinite (clay), Wyoming Bentonite (clay), Ponzer organic muck and Flushing Meadows sand-loam) suspended in treated wastewater and compared it to that of poliovirus 1 (PV1) (strongly adsorbed) and MS2 (weakly adsorbed). NV is shown to be less sorptive than PV1 and more sorptive than MS2. Furthermore, relative virus adsorption among soils was similar for all three enteric viruses with viruses most adsorbed by clays and least adsorbed by sand and organic soils.
12
Ndolo, P. J., and E. G. Rhoden. "SWEET POTATO GROWTH AND ROOT DEVELOPMENT IN FRITTED CLAY MEDIA." HortScience 25, no. 8 (August 1990): 855F—855. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.8.855.
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Root growth of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam.] cvs `TI-82-155', `Centennial' and `Rojo Blanco' in coarse fritted clay soil, was investigated under greenhouse conditions. The sweet potato cultivars were harvested at 41 and 82 days after planting. Dry weight of fibrous roots of all cultivars were similar at day 41. Fibrous root weight of `Rojo Blanco' increased by 5% while those of the other cultivars increased by 168%. Mean fibrous root length per centimeter depth was not significantly different among cultivars. Although fresh weight of storage roots of `Rojo Blanco' was significantly lower than those of the other cultivars, their dry weights were similar. `TI-82-155' and `Rojo Blanco' had fewer storage roots compared to the other cultivars, however, storage root length of `TI-82-155' or `Rojo Blanco' was greater than that of `Georgia Jet' or `Centennial'. Length to diameter ratio of the storage root of `Rojo Blanco' was significantly greater than that of `TI-82-155' and `Georgia Jet'.
13
Ndolo, P. J., and E. G. Rhoden. "SWEET POTATO GROWTH AND ROOT DEVELOPMENT IN FRITTED CLAY MEDIA." HortScience 25, no. 8 (August 1990): 855f—855. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.8.855f.
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Root growth of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam.] cvs `TI-82-155', `Centennial' and `Rojo Blanco' in coarse fritted clay soil, was investigated under greenhouse conditions. The sweet potato cultivars were harvested at 41 and 82 days after planting. Dry weight of fibrous roots of all cultivars were similar at day 41. Fibrous root weight of `Rojo Blanco' increased by 5% while those of the other cultivars increased by 168%. Mean fibrous root length per centimeter depth was not significantly different among cultivars. Although fresh weight of storage roots of `Rojo Blanco' was significantly lower than those of the other cultivars, their dry weights were similar. `TI-82-155' and `Rojo Blanco' had fewer storage roots compared to the other cultivars, however, storage root length of `TI-82-155' or `Rojo Blanco' was greater than that of `Georgia Jet' or `Centennial'. Length to diameter ratio of the storage root of `Rojo Blanco' was significantly greater than that of `TI-82-155' and `Georgia Jet'.
14
Rhoden, E. G., P. J. Ndolo, and G. W. Carver. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SWEETPOTATO FIBROUS ROOT GROWTH AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE IN FRITTED CLAY MEDIA." HortScience 26, no. 5 (May 1991): 494a—494. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.5.494a.
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A greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the ability of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas), cv. `Centennial', `Rojo Blanco', `Georgia Jet' and `TI-82-155', fibrous roots to accumulate N, P, K, Ca and Mg. Sweetpotato plants were grown in a fritted clay medium and harvested 42 and 82 days after planting. Fibrous roots comprised 22 to 28.1% and 3.9 to 11.1% of the plant dry weight at 42 and 82 days after planting, respectively. There was no difference in the average root length/cm depth of soil among the four sweetpotato cultivars at day 42. While there was no difference in average root length among `Centennial', `Rojo Blanco' and `TI-82-155', these cultivars were significantly different from `Georgia Jet' at day 82. For the four cultivars, there were no significant differences in N, P, K, Mg and Ca Uptake at day 42, but each cultivar absorbed significantly more of each element 82 days after planting. `Georgia Jet' absorbed significantly more of the nutrients measured than the other cultivars, resulting in the highest dry matter yield. The data show that the efficient uptake and utilization of nutrients by sweetpotato are related to the amount of fibrous roots present.
15
Tao, D., X. Zhou, P. G. Dopico, J. Hines, and D. Kennedy. "Evaluation of novel Georgia Pacific clay binders in iron ore flotation." Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 27, no. 1 (February 2010): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03402315.
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Urushadze, A. T., N. P. Chizhikova, and T. F. Urushadze. "Mineralogical composition of the clay fraction in alluvial soils of eastern Georgia." Eurasian Soil Science 39, no. 5 (May 2006): 516–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064229306050097.
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17
Schroeder, Jill, and Philip A. Banks. "Persistence and Activity of Norflurazon and Fluridone in Five Georgia Soils Under Controlled Conditions." Weed Science 34, no. 4 (July 1986): 599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500067515.
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Response of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench. ‘BR 64’] to norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone] and fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-4(1H)pyridinone} and the effect of previous treatment on the persistence of herbicide activity in five soils were determined in the greenhouse. Relative phytotoxicity of fluridone in the soils was ordered as Greenville sandy clay loam > Appling coarse sandy loam > Dothan loamy sand = Rome gravelly clay loam > Bradson clay loam. Phytotoxicity of norflurazon was ordered as Greenville = Appling = Dothan > Rome > Bradson. Fluridone was more phytotoxic than norflurazon. Field soil that has been previously treated with norflurazon or fluridone (500 days earlier at 1.7 kg ai/ha) still had low concentrations of each herbicide present at the time of retreatment in the greenhouse. Previous treatment of norflurazon did not affect the rate of decline in activity in any of the soils compared to previously nontreated soils except for Appling. Significantly higher concentrations of norflurazon remained in all previously treated soils 297 days after treatment (DAT) compared to previously nontreated soil. Residual carryover of norflurazon was greater in the Bradson soil (2.8% O.M.) than soils having less than 2% O.M. Fluridone dissipation was significantly faster in previously treated soil than in previously nontreated soil, indicating enhanced microbial degradation of the herbicide.
18
Boyhan, George E., Julia W. Gaskin, Elizabeth L. Little, Esendugue G. Fonsah, and Suzanne P. Stone. "Evaluation of Cool-season Vegetable Rotations in Organic Production." HortTechnology 26, no. 5 (October 2016): 637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03443-16.
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Certified organic production is challenging in the southeastern United States due to high weed, insect, and disease pressure. Maintaining and building soil organic carbon in midscale organic production systems can also be difficult due to the warm, moist conditions that promote decomposition. Focusing on cool-season cash crops paired with warm-season cover crops may help alleviate these production problems. This 3-year study (2011–13) evaluated two vegetable rotations of cool-season crops with cover crops for their productivity, disease management, and soil building potential in Watkinsville, GA. In the first rotation, cool-season cash crops included onion (Allium cepa), strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa), and potato (Solanum tuberosum). These crops were rotated with green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), oats/austrian winter pea (Avena sativa/Pisum sativum ssp. arvense), southernpea (Vigna unguiculata), and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea). In the second rotation, cool-season cash crops included onion, broccoli (Brassica oleracea Italica group), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), and carrot (Daucus carota ssp. sativus). These were rotated with millet (Urochloa ramosa), sunn hemp, egyptian wheat/iron clay pea (Sorghum sp./Vigna unguiculata), and sorghum × sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor × S. bicolor var. sudanese)/iron clay pea. Onion yields in both rotations were at least 80% of average yields in Georgia. Lettuce yields were at least double the average yields in Georgia and were comparable to national averages in the 2nd and 3rd years of the study. Strawberry yields in these rotations were lower than Georgia averages in all 3 years with a trend of lower yields over the course of the study. By contrast, potato, although lower than average yields in Georgia increased each year of the study. Broccoli yields in the first year were substantially lower than average Georgia yields, but were comparable to average yields in the 2nd year. Carrot remained less than half of average Georgia yields. Green bean were half of average Georgia yields in the 2nd year and were comparable to average yields in the 3rd year. As expected from what is observed in cool-season organic vegetable production in Georgia, disease pressure was low. Cover crops maintained soil organic carbon (C) with a small increase in active C; however, there was a net loss of potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN). Active C averaged across both rotations at the beginning of the study at 464 mg·kg−1 and averaged 572 mg·kg−1 at the end of the study. On the basis of this study, using cover crops can maintain soil carbon without the addition of carbon sources such as compost. Finally, longer term work needs to be done to assess soil management strategies.
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Fallaw, W., David Snipes, and Van Price. "Wandering With William Bartram: The Section At Silver Bluff, South Carolina." Earth Sciences History 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.13.1.pw32124312286527.
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In his famous book, William Bartram (1791) described a stratigraphic section at Silver Bluff on the Savannah River in Aiken County, South Carolina, as dark, laminated clay containing belemnites, overlain by clays, sand, marl, and a shelly bed containing numerous oysters. There are now no known occurrences of marine megafossils in outcrops along the Savannah in Aiken County. The wording of Bartram's description of Cretaceous outcrops along the Cape Fear River in North Carolina indicates that the lower part of the Silver Bluff section was described from notes made on the Cape Fear and from his father's diary. The description of the upper beds at Silver Bluff may have been transferred from the Cape Fear, where fossiliferous Pliocene beds overlie the Cretaceous. It is probable, however, that it was from notes made at an Eocene locality in Georgia, most likely Shell Bluff on the Savannah River.
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Matteson, A., J. P. Tomanic, M. M. Herron, D. F. Allen, and W. E. Kenyon. "NMR Relaxation of Clay/Brine Mixtures." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 3, no. 05 (October 1, 2000): 408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/66185-pa.
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Summary Effective interpretation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logs in shaly sands requires an understanding of the NMR contribution of clays. Of particular importance is the role of clays in the rapidly relaxing part of the NMR signal. In this study we measured the transverse relaxation time spectrum T2 of brine mixed with four clays (illite, smectite, kaolinite and glauconite) as a function of compaction. The Larmor frequency was 2 MHz and the echo spacing 0.16 ms. Mild compaction was achieved by centrifuging the clay slurry at three successive pressures ranging from 1 to 125 psi. Highly compacted samples were produced in a uniaxial press at six sequential pressures ranging from 500 to 16,000 psi. Each clay/brine slurry and its associated compacted sample showed a single peak in the T2 distribution spectrum. A second peak, which could be interpreted as the "clay-bound water," was never observed. The T2 peak position shifted to faster relaxation times as compaction increased, in proportion to the pore volume-to-surface ratio, Vp/As. The single peak and Vp/As proportionality are consistent with fast diffusion between the pore water and the monolayer of water on the clay surface. Surface relaxivity varied among the four clay minerals; glauconite, the clay with the highest magnetic susceptibility and iron content had the largest surface relaxivity. These results have important implications for the interpretation of NMR logs in shaly sands. Because of the effects of compaction and to a lesser extent the iron content on a clay's T2 peak position, it is not possible to independently determine clay type from some characteristic relaxation time. These data also imply that it is not feasible to estimate the cation exchange capacity from a single time cutoff of the T2 distribution without additional information such as laboratory measurements or other log data. Introduction Nuclear magnetic resonance logging has become an important tool in evaluating a formation's petrophysical properties. The unique and valuable advantage that NMR provides is pore size distribution information. No other logging method provides these data, which are the key component of log-based estimates of capillary-bound water volume, and permeability to flow.1 It has been proposed that NMR logging can be extended to estimate clay-bound water volumes, and identify clay minerals. Clay-bound water volume, important in determining water saturation from resistivity, has been correlated with the short-T2 less than 3 ms, porosity of 45 oilfield sandstones.2 Prammer et al.'s3 NMR clay/brine study found that the T2 distribution of clay-bound water associated with kaolinite and chlorite was greater than 3 ms, for illite it ranged between 1 and 2 ms and for smectite it was less than 1 ms. Observed T2 's were then used as an indicator of cation exchange capacity (CEC) because the number of available exchange sites is proportional to a clay's specific surface area. CEC is fundamental to converting bulk resistivity measurements into water saturation. The ability to estimate clay-bound water, and to identify the clay type, from NMR T2 distributions is not compatible with the ability to determine pore size distribution from the same data. In the first two cases the molecular diffusion rate of water in the pores must be slow, whereas in the latter case it is assumed to be fast. For example, consider a monolayer of water on the surface of room-dry clay. The monolayer has a short relaxation time, less than a millisecond, because of its interaction with the solid rock. Now fill the void space between the clay particles with water and consider the two extreme cases. In the first case, there is no molecular diffusion (exchange) between the surface-monolayer water and bulk water. Thus, the T2 spectrum will contain two separate peaks, one associated with the surface-monolayer water at less than a millisecond and one associated with the bulk water. In the opposite case, molecular diffusion is highly effective, and both the surface monolayer and bulk water have a common relaxation time, a single peak in the T2 spectrum with time constant: 1 T 2 = ρ s ( A s V p ) . ( 1 ) In this equation, which provides the fundamental connection between T2 and pore size, the term ?2 is the surface relaxivity parameter that indicates the capacity of the rock to cause the decay of magnetization in the water. Fig. 1 is a conceptual drawing of a T2 distribution for a sandstone that includes fluid in small pores that are typically associated with clays, capillary-bound and producible fluid. The objective of this study was to determine whether it is possible to infer a clay-bound water volume (peak or T2 cutoff), or clay type, and a pore size distribution from a NMR distribution spectrum. To achieve this goal we designed a set of experiments that examined the NMR relaxation of clay/brine mixtures at various compaction states. In contrast to shaly sands, the clay/brine mixtures provided the means to minimize the pore volume-to-surface ratio, so that any water-monolayer-related signal might be detected. The pore volume-to-surface ratio was easily varied through compaction, and the monomineralic samples enable the NMR response of individual clay types to be evaluated. We chose to study four clays commonly found in oil-bearing sedimentary environments: kaolinite, illite, smectite and glauconite. Experimental Procedures Samples of illite and glauconite were obtained from Wards Natural Science Establishment. Kaolinite and smectite (Ca Montmorillonite) were procured from ECC Intl., Georgia Kaolin Co. and the Source Clay Minerals Repository, respectively. Various physical properties of the clays were measured. Prior to the surface area and magnetic susceptibility measurements, the clays were dried overnight in a vacuum oven at 100°C. Surface area measurements were collected using the Micromeritics Gemini 2360 with nitrogen gas as adsorbate, and magnetic susceptibilities were measured on a Johnson Matthey MSB-AUTO magnetic susceptibility balance. CEC measurements were taken using the ammonium acetate/ammonium ion-specific electrode method by David K. Davies & Assoc., Inc. Table 1 is a summary of clay type, clay origin and clay physical properties. The samples were analyzed for mineralogy using dual-range Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.4 In addition, the samples were sent to X-Ray Assay Laboratories for chemical analyses (Table 2). The mineralogy data indicate the presence of quartz in the illite sample. Consequently, a <2 ?m fraction of the sample was extracted by centrifuging the illite and drying the supernatant. The physical properties for these clays are in good agreement with those in the literature.5 The clay samples used for the room-dry and clay/brine mixture NMR experiments were kept at room temperature and at typical laboratory humidity conditions of 50%. To evaluate whether clay samples have a measurable NMR signal at room-dry conditions, samples were prepared by placing the clay in a test tube and sealing it off with a stopper and Teflon tape.
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Kelley, William Terry. "Potential for Carrot Production on Georgia Mountain Soils." HortScience 35, no. 4 (July 2000): 559E—560. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.4.559e.
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Carrots (Daucus carota L.) have become an economically important vegetable crop for Georgia. Currently the harvest season extends from December through May. One possibility for extending the harvest season would be to produce carrots in the cooler mountain area of Georgia during the summer months. This study was undertaken to examine the potential for fresh-market carrot production on Georgia mountain soils and to evaluate which varieties of carrots might be most suitable for this area. Ten commercially available carrot varieties were direct seeded into a Transylvania clay loam soil on 28 May 1999 in Blairsville, Ga. Plots consisted of three twin rows of carrots each 20 feet in length. The twin rows were each three inches apart and there were 20 inches between each set of twin rows. Each plot was replicated four times. Base fertilizer of 20 pounds of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorous were incorporated into the plots prior to seeding. Sidedress applications of 15 pounds each of N, P, and K were applied at 3-week intervals throughout the season. Recommended pest control practices were applied. A three-foot section of the center twin row was harvested on 23 Sept. 1999. The varieties `Pacific Gold' and `Topnotch' produced the highest marketable yield; however, all yields were below acceptable levels. Percent marketability was <60% for all varieties. Percent stand was extremely variable due to variability in seed size. All carrots had severe nematode damage although a nematicide was used preplant. The length of season for spring-planted carrots was too long for the life of the nematicide at the rate and method applied. Late summer–planted carrots would likely be a more viable option for this area.
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Bridges, David C. "Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) Control in Small Grains with Flurtamone." Weed Technology 4, no. 4 (December 1990): 871–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00026567.
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Research was conducted on a sandy clay loam in Georgia during 1987–88 and 1988–89 to determine winter wheat, oats, barley, and Italian ryegrass tolerance to flurtamone. Flurtamone was applied PPI, PRE, and early POST at 0.28, 0.56, and 1.1 kg ai ha-1. Order of tolerance of the four species was barley > wheat > oat > Italian ryegrass. Flurtamone potentially can be used to control Italian ryegrass in winter wheat and barley, but not in oats. In general, wheat and oat injury with flurtamone was PPI > PRE ≥ early POST, particularly at 1.1 kg ha-1.
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Turgut, Bülent, Merve Ateş, and Halil Akıncı Akıncı. "DETERMINING THE SOIL QUALITY INDEX IN THE BATUMI DELTA, GEORGIA." Agrociencia 55, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47163/agrociencia.v55i1.2344.
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The soil quality index is a quantitative assessment concept and it is used in the evaluation of ecosystem components. Because of the high potential for agriculture and biodiversity, deltas are the most valuable parts of the ecosystem. This study aimed to determine the soil quality index (SQI) in the Batumi Delta, Georgia. For this purpose, the study area was divided into five plots due to their morphological positions (L1, L2, L3, L4, and L5). A total of 125 soil samples were taken for analysis including clay content (CC), silt content (SC), sand content (SaC), mean weight diameter (MWD), aggregate stability (AS), amount of water retained under -33 kPa (FC) and -1500 kPa (WP) pressures and organic matter content (OM). These properties were used as the main criteria, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Factor Analysis were used for weighting them. Sub-criteria were scored using expert opinion and the linear score functions, such as “more is better” and “optimum value”. For determining SQI, the additive method (SQIA), the weighted method with AHP (SQIAHP), and the weighted method with factor analysis (SQIFA) were used. The resulting SQI scores of the three methods were ordered as SQIAHP>SQIA>SQIFA, but these differences were not significant. However, the SQI scores of the plots (p≤0.01) showed statistically significant differences and were ordered as L5>L4>L3>L2>L1.
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Gavrilov, Yu O., Yu V. Kushcheva, I. V. Latysheva, A. I. Gushchin, and A. L. Sokolova. "Mineralogical, isotopic (K-Ar) and structural-textural characteristics of the Jurassic terrigenous complex in different paleotectonic settings (Greater Caucasus, Chechnya - Georgia)." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, no. 1 (February 28, 2016): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2016-1-27-40.
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The variations in structural, textural, mineralogical and geochemical (radiometric) characteristics in the lower to middle Jurassic siliciclastic sediments of the transect across Chanty-Argun R., Mountain Chechnya and Georgia are considered. This transect crosses areas of different types of deformations from northern zone of weak deformation to southern zone of intensive deformation and cleavage. The southward change in clay mineral associations, polytypical modifications of mica minerals, their crystallinity index, a.o. are observed along the transect. The increase of intensity of secondary alternations of the rocks and dimensions of cleavage enabled the change in K-Ar-system. This is resulted in significantly younger values of measured radiologic age corresponding to older stratigraphic age.
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Samarakoon, Radhavi, and John S. McCartney. "Role of initial effective stress on the thermal volume change of normally consolidated clay." E3S Web of Conferences 205 (2020): 09001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020509001.
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This paper focuses on the results from thermal triaxial tests on normally consolidated Georgia Kaolinite. The hypothesis evaluated in this study is whether the initial mean effective stress has an impact on the thermal volume change encountered during drained heating. To that effect, specimens at three different initial mean effective stresses were considered in this study. The clay specimens were first isotropically consolidated to a normally consolidated state, then subjected to a drained heating cooling cycle followed by further mechanical loading to higher effective stresses. The results indicate contractive volumetric strain during drained heating where the volumetric strain was found to increase with increasing initial mean effective stress. A rebound in volume was observed during subsequent cooling where the net change in volume transitioned from zero volume change of the specimen to net contraction of the specimen after a heating cooling cycle as the initial mean effective stress increased. The results indicate the need for considering the effect of initial mean effective stress when assessing in-situ heating as a method of soil improvement.
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Qin, Y., Z. Zhang, Z. Qiao, Q. Qiao, D. Zhang, Y. Tian, and S. Wang. "First Report of Sweet potato leaf curl Georgia virus on Sweet Potato in China." Plant Disease 97, no. 10 (October 2013): 1388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-12-0967-pdn.
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Begomoviruses infecting sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) are phylogenetically distinct from other members of the genus Begomovirus, and have been named “sweepoviruses” (1). Sweepoviruses cause sweet potato yield losses and cultivar decline, and have been found in China (1,3). In 2011, a survey was conducted to determine the incidence, genetic diversity, and distribution of sweepoviruses in China. Thirty sweet potato cuttings showing upward leaf curl, leaf roll, chlorosis, and stunting were collected from fields in Jiangsu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Shanxi, Henan, and Hebei Provinces. Five-leaf growth stage I. setosa plants were inoculated by side-grafting with scions from these samples, and grown in an insect-proof greenhouse in 20-cm-diameter clay pots. Each sample was grafted onto three replicate plants. Healthy, non-grafted I. setosa plants were used as the negative control treatment. Total nucleic acids were extracted from 100 mg fresh leaves harvested 30 days post-inoculation (dpi) from symptomatic and negative control plants using the Universal Genomic DNA Extraction Kit (TaKaRa, Dalian, China). Universal primers for amplification of Geminiviruses (BM-V [5′-KSGGGTCGACGTCATCAATGACGTTRTAC-3′] and BM-C [5′-AARGAATTCATKGGGGCCCARARRGACTGGC-3′]) (2) were used to amplify the begomovirus A component by PCR assay. A DNA fragment of the expected size (2.8 kb) was obtained from grafted leaf samples of the Hebei Province plant, and was cloned into the pMD-19T vector (TaKaRa). The recombinant plasmid was transformed into competent cells of Escherichia coli strain JM109, and the inserted fragment sequenced. The nucleotide sequence obtained (GenBank Accession No. JX448368) was 2,785 nt long, and contained two open reading frames (ORFs) in the virion sense, and four ORFs in the complementary sense, similar to other monopartite begomoviruses (1). The sequence was compared with sequences in GenBank using BLAST. The results revealed the greatest nucleotide sequence identity, 90.8%, with that of the Sweet potato leaf curl Georgia virus (SPLCGV) from Georgia, United States (AF326775). The sequence also shared identities of <89% with other sweepoviruses, and was therefore designated SPLCGV-China: Hebei: 2011. Comparison of the complete genome sequence of SPLCGV-China: Hebei: 2011 with SPLCGV revealed an 18 nucleotide insertion between AV-1 and AC-3. The results confirmed that the sweet potato sample from which SPLCGV-China: Hebei: 2011 was obtained was infected with SPLCGV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the natural occurrence of SPLCGV in China. This study will assist with understanding the presence of this virus and genetic diversity of sweepoviruses in China. References: (1) H. P. Bi and P. Zhang. Arch. Virol. 157:441, 2012. (2) R. W. Briddon and P. G. Markham. Mol. Biotechnol. 1:202, 1994. (3) Y. S. Luan et al. Virus Genes 35:379, 2007.
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Pluckhahn, Thomas J., and Neill J. Wallis. "Social Networks and Networked Scholars." Advances in Archaeological Practice 5, no. 2 (March 23, 2017): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2016.11.
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ABSTRACTWe describe the development of an open-access database for Swift Creek Complicated Stamped ceramics, a type of pottery common to Georgia, eastern Alabama, and northern Florida in the Middle and Late Woodland periods between ca. cal A.D. 100 and 800. The characteristic stamped designs on Swift Creek pottery, created by impressing a carved paddle into a clay vessel before firing, provide unique signatures that enable archaeologists to identify paddle matches—multiple vessels, sometimes hundreds of kilometers apart, stamped with a single paddle. These paddle matches potentially allow archaeologists to trace social interactions across hundreds of kilometers with high spatial and temporal resolution. To date, however, this potential has been hindered by the limited accessibility and fragmented nature of the dataset of reconstructed designs. The database we describe integrates paddle designs with other pertinent data for identifying paddle matches and their context, including the results of sourcing and technofunctional analyses and absolute dating. We view this database not only as a critical component of our own research, but also as a platform for collaboration among researchers that will facilitate broad syntheses of the region.
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Smith, Lora L., Matt Hinderliter, R. Scott Taylor, and Jennifer M. Howze. "Recommendation for Gopher Tortoise Burrow Buffer to Avoid Collapse from Heavy Equipment." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 6, no. 2 (September 1, 2015): 456–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/062015-jfwm-055.
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Abstract Gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) occur in open-canopy pine habitat on well-drained soils in the southeastern United States, where they construct burrows that offer protection from thermal extremes, fire, and predators. Gopher tortoise populations have declined over the past 50 y, primarily as a result of habitat loss and degradation. Southeastern pine forests require active management with prescribed fire, mechanical thinning, or removal of hardwoods to maintain suitable habitat for gopher tortoises. In addition, many pine forests in the Southeast that support gopher tortoise populations are managed for multiple uses including intensive silviculture. Heavy equipment associated with these activities used in proximity to gopher tortoise burrows can cause them to collapse, potentially causing harm to tortoises or other imperiled organisms that use their burrows. Hence, there is a need for practical guidelines for use of heavy equipment for timber harvest, management, and other activities around gopher tortoise burrows to minimize risk to tortoises. We conducted a field study to determine the distance at which heavy equipment caused gopher tortoise burrows to collapse using a feller buncher, rubber-tire front-end loader, and an agricultural tractor with a tree-mower attachment in sandy clay loam (15 burrows) and undifferentiated deep sand (15 burrows) soils at a site in southwestern Georgia. All burrows were confirmed to be unoccupied by tortoises or other vertebrate commensal species using a camera scope before collapse. The greatest mean distance to collapse across all vehicles tested in sandy clay loam and undifferentiated deep sand was 2.19 ± 0.56 m and the maximum distance to collapse was 3 m. Given the variation in collapse distance, we recommend a buffer that extends 4 m in radius from the entrance of the gopher tortoise burrow to minimize risk of collapse from heavy equipment.
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Li, Xiao, Timothy Grey, William Vencill, James Freeman, Katilyn Price, George Cutts, and Andrew Price. "Evaluation of Cotton Responses to Fomesafen-Based Treatments Applied Preemergence." Weed Technology 32, no. 4 (May 3, 2018): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2018.31.
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AbstractFomesafen provides effective control of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth in cotton. However, cotton seedlings can be injured when fomesafen is applied PRE. Therefore, greenhouse and field experiments were conducted at Athens, GA, and at six locations in Alabama and Georgia in 2013 and 2016 to evaluate cotton growth and yield response to fomesafen applied PRE at 70, 140, 280, 560, 1,120, or 2,240 g ai ha−1, and in combination with pendimethalin, diuron, acetochlor, and fluridone at 1×label rates. Greenhouse bioassays indicated that fomesafen reduced cotton height and dry weight with increasing rate in Cecil sandy loam and Tifton loamy sand but not in Greenville sandy clay loam––possibly as a result of this soil’s higher organic matter (OM) and clay content. Fomesafen applied at 2,240 g ai ha−1 reduced cotton stand by as much as 83% compared to the nontreated check (NTC) at all field locations except Alabama’s Macon and Baldwin counties, and 1,120 g ai ha−1 reduced cotton stand only at Pulaski County, GA, by 52%. Cotton height was reduced by the two highest rates of fomesafen at all locations except Clarke County, GA, and Baldwin County, AL. Injury data indicated more visual injury followed increasing fomesafen rates, and high-rate treatments produced more injury in sandier soils. Cotton yield was unaffected by herbicide treatments at any location, except for the 1,120 g ai ha−1 rate at Pulaski County (49% yield loss compared to NTC), 2,240 g ai ha−1 at Pulaski County (72% yield loss), and Tift County (29% yield loss). These data indicated cotton yield should not be negatively affected by fomesafen applied PRE alone within label rates or in combination with pendimethalin, diuron, acetochlor, and fluridone at 1×label rates, although some visual injury, or stand or height reduction may occur early in the growing season.
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Edwards, Lucy E., and John S. Clarke. "Biostratigraphic investigations help evaluation of the ground-water-flow system near the Savannah River Site, Georgia and South Carolina." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s247526220000650x.
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The Savannah River Site (SRS) has produced and disposed of a variety of potentially hazardous materials since the early 1950's; as a result, ground water is contaminated at several locations on the site. In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy and the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, began a 6-year study to determine if ground water is flowing from aquifers in South Carolina beneath the Savannah River and into aquifers in Georgia and, if not, under what conditions such flow could occur. A conceptual model based on physical data and a digital ground-water-flow model will be developed to better understand the ground-water-flow system in the study area. Biostratigraphic interpretations will be used to help define the hydrogeologic framework for the conceptual and digital models.The SRS is located in the South Carolina Coastal Plain on the eastern side of the Savannah River, approximately 100 miles upriver from the Atlantic Ocean. In this area, aquifers of Late Cretaceous and Tertiary age are recharged by precipitation. The age and stratigraphic correlation of sediments in the study area have been controversial because existing fossil evidence is sparse, lithologies of adjacent units are commonly similar, and facies changes occur in relatively short distances. These three factors have also complicated understanding of the ground-water-flow system, because clay and silt confining units are more discontinuous updip; therefore identification of ground-water flow paths and delineation of aquifers and confining units are difficult. Detailed biostratigraphy, using marine and nonmarine fossils, is essential to understanding the depositional history of the region and to determining the complex three-dimensional relations of stratigraphic and hydrogeologic units needed for accurate conceptual and ground-water-flow models.Development of the hydrogeologic framework will require data on the geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality characteristics of coastal plain sediments. To provide these data, clusters of seven to ten wells will be constructed at each of seven sites. At each site, a continuous core will be collected from land surface to basement rock, and monitor wells will be installed in each water-bearing zone. The first three cluster sites are located in Georgia along an updip-downdip transect parallel to the Savannah River. The southernmost of the three sites will serve as a biostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic reference section because it will have the thickest section of sediments and will contain marine facies in which a greater abundance of fossil evidence can be expected. Paleoenvironmental data will help predict the continuity of confining units between cluster sites.
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Khawmee, K., A. Suddhiprakarn, I. Kheoruenromne, I. Bibi, and B. Singh. "Dissolution behaviour of soil kaolinites in acidic solutions." Clay Minerals 48, no. 3 (June 2013): 447–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2013.048.3.02.
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AbstractHighly weathered soils of the tropics and subtropics commonly have kaolinitedominated clay fractions. Under acidic conditions prevailing in these soils kaolinite dissolution occurs, contributing to the high levels of soluble Al in these soils. This study evaluates the dissolution behaviour of kaolinites from subsurface horizons of highly weathered soils from Thailand, along with a soil kaolinite from Western Australia (WA kaolinite) and Georgia kaolinite (KGa-2). Kaolinite-dominated clay fractions were isolated from soils by sedimentation and chemically treated to remove iron oxides. The dissolution rate of kaolinites was measured in 0.01 M NaCl as a function of pH (1–4; HCl) at 25±1°C using non-stirred flow-through reactors. Kaolinite dissolution rates were calculated from the release of Al and Si at the steady state. In most of the experiments and at all pH values, the release of both Si and Al underwent a distinct transition from an initial period of rapid release to significantly slower release at the steady state. Aluminium and Si concentrations at the steady state were higher for soil kaolinites than the reference sample (KGa-2). At the steady state the dissolution of all kaolinites was stoichiometric except for the soil kaolinites from Thailand at pH 4, where the Al/Si ratio was well below the stoichiometric ratio. Log dissolution rate (RSi) of soil kaolinites ranged from –13.75 to –12.51, with the dissolution rate increasing significantly with decreasing solution pH. However, the dissolution rate was similar or pH independent between pH 2 and 3, which is the pH range of the point of zero net charge (PZNC) for both soil and reference kaolinites. The dissolution rate of soil kaolinite was significantly higher than the KGa-2 sample at pH < 3. The results obtained on kaolinite samples from highly weathered soils show that in highly acidic systems kaolinite is a source of soluble Al. Soil kaolinites with poorly ordered small crystals dissolve faster than better crystalline reference kaolinite (KGa-2) with larger crystals.
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Willian, William T., Thomas C. Mueller, Robert M. Hayes, Charles E. Snipes, and David C. Bridges. "Adsorption, dissipation, and movement of fluometuron in three southeastern United States soils." Weed Science 45, no. 1 (February 1997): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500092663.
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Fluometuron adsorption and dissipation under field and laboratory conditions, and distribution within the soil profile was determined in 3 soils from Tennessee, Mississippi, and Georgia that are representative of the cotton-growing regions of the southeastern United States. Fluometuron adsorption was correlated with organic matter, but not with clay content or soil pH. First-order kinetics explained fluometuron dissipation under field and controlled conditions (r2≥ 0.82). Field dissipation of fluometuron was slower under dry conditions. Fluometuron was not detected below 15 cm in the soil profile in any soil, and concentrations in the 8- to 15-cm soil zone were < 15 ppbw 112 d after treatment. Fluometuron dissipation was more rapid in soil from the 0- to 8-cm depth in Tennessee soil than in Mississippi soil under controlled conditions. Dissipation was more rapid under field conditions than under laboratory conditions at 2 of 3 locations. Fluometuron half-lives in soils from the 0- to 8-cm depth ranged from 9 to 28 d under field conditions and from 11 to 43 d in the laboratory. Fluometuron dissipation in soils from 30- to 45- and 60- to 90-cm depths was not different among soils, with half-lives ranging from 58 to 99 d under laboratory conditions. Fluometuron half-life was positively correlated with soil depth and inversely correlated with organic matter. These data indicate that organic matter, soil depth, and environmental conditions affect fluometuron dissipation.
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Head, Karen Judy. "Living in the Material World 1973, and: Georgia Clay, and: Annie's Song 1974, and: Grandmother's Spit, and: The Hustle 1975, and: It's Still Rock and Roll to Me 1980." Prairie Schooner 79, no. 3 (2005): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psg.2005.0114.
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Oliver, Jonathan E., Md Emran Ali, Sumyya Waliullah, Jake Price, Jessica Warren, James Jacobs, Ashley Hoppers, Richard Evans, Michasia Dowdy, and Shane Curry. "Huanglongbing, Caused by ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus,’ Detected in New Locations Across Southern and Coastal Georgia." Plant Health Progress 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-09-19-0064-s.
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Huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening disease is the most devastating disease of citrus worldwide. This disease, caused by the bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas), leads to low fruit quality and unproductive trees. In 2008, HLB was found in a residential citrus tree in Savannah, Georgia, and, as a result, the state has been quarantined for this disease since 2009. Nonetheless, little is known about the distribution of CLas within Georgia, even though the commercial planting of citrus in Georgia has increased exponentially in recent years. In 2019, 94 samples from commercial and residential citrus trees within 11 counties in coastal and southern Georgia were collected and tested for the presence of CLas. Molecular testing results revealed the presence of CLas in three counties where HLB had not been previously reported and in 9% of samples overall. This is the first definitive report confirming HLB in southern Georgia counties besides those along the coast.
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Warren, Ashley E., L. Mike Conner, Steven B. Castleberry, and Daniel Markewitz. "Home Range, Survival, and Activity Patterns of the Southeastern Pocket Gopher: Implications for Translocation." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 8, no. 2 (September 1, 2017): 544–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/032017-jfwm-023.
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Abstract The southeastern pocket gopher Geomys pinetis is absent from a large portion of its historical range. Translocation may represent a viable management technique to reestablish populations into suitable habitat. However, several aspects of the species' ecology are poorly understood, making development of an effective translocation approach challenging. Therefore, we used radiotelemetry to examine home range, survival, dispersal, and daily activity patterns of the southeastern pocket gopher in southwestern Georgia. We measured soil and vegetation characteristics within individual home ranges and examined relationships between home range size, habitat variables, and body mass. Mean home range size of 17 radio-tagged pocket gophers was 921.9 m2 (range = 43.4–2246.8 m2). Home range size was positively related to body mass, percent silt at a depth of 25 cm, and soil carbon content at 75 cm and was negatively related to percent sand at 25 cm, percent clay at 50 cm, and ground cover of grasses other than wiregrass Aristida beyrichiana. Survival rate was 0.78 (range = 0.50–1.00) over the 51-wk study, and we documented predation, likely by avian predators, on two individuals. Three individuals dispersed, with a maximum dispersal distance of 319.1 m (range = 143.2–319.1 m), the farthest known southeastern pocket gopher dispersal. Pocket gophers exhibited greater activity from 0000 to 0400 hours and from 1600 to 2000 hours, contrasting previous research that southeastern pocket gophers were equally active throughout the diel period. Our home range size estimates for southeastern pocket gophers are the first determined using radiotelemetry and are considerably smaller than previous estimates. Although we documented dispersal distances more than 300 m, the fragmented nature of current and restored habitats likely will prevent large-scale natural colonization. Our results provide information important for maximizing success in future southeastern pocket gopher translocation efforts.
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Bertolotti, Gian Paolo, and David Kuparadze. "White Firing Clays from Western Georgia." Interceram - International Ceramic Review 67, no. 1-2 (March 23, 2018): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42411-018-0001-8.
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Bliedtner, Marcel, Hans von Suchodoletz, Imke Schäfer, Caroline Welte, Gary Salazar, Sönke Szidat, Mischa Haas, Nathalie Dubois, and Roland Zech. "Age and origin of leaf wax <i>n</i>-alkanes in fluvial sediment–paleosol sequences and implications for paleoenvironmental reconstructions." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 4 (April 28, 2020): 2105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2105-2020.
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Abstract. Leaf wax n-alkanes are increasingly used for quantitative paleoenvironmental reconstructions. However, this is complicated in sediment archives with associated hydrological catchments since the stored n-alkanes can have different ages and origins. 14C dating of the n-alkanes yields independent age information for these proxies, allowing their correct paleoenvironmental interpretation. This also holds true for fluvial sediment–paleosol sequences (FSPSs) that integrate two different n-alkane signals: (i) a catchment signal in fluvial sediments and (ii) an on-site signal from local biomass that increasingly dominates (paleo)soils with time. Therefore, the age and origin of n-alkanes in FSPSs are complex: in fluvial sediment layers they can be pre-aged and reworked when originating from eroded catchment soils or from organic-rich sediment rocks in the catchment. In (paleo)soils, besides an inherited contribution from the catchment, they were formed on-site by local biomass during pedogenesis. Depending on the different relative contributions from these sources, the n-alkane signal from an FSPS shows variable age offsets between its formation and final deposition. During this study, we applied compound-class 14C dating to n-alkanes from an FSPS along the upper Alazani in eastern Georgia. Our results show that preheating the n-alkanes with 120 ∘C for 8 h before 14C dating effectively removed the shorter chains (<C25) that partly originate from n-alkanes from Jurassic black clay shales in the upper catchment. The remaining petrogenic contributions on the longer chains (≥C25) were corrected for by using a constant correction factor that was based on the n-alkane concentrations in a black clay shale sample from the upper catchment. Due to different degrees of pre-aging and reworking, the corrected leaf wax n-alkane ages still indicate relatively large age offsets between n-alkane formation and deposition: while intensively developed (paleo)soils showed no age offsets due to a dominance of leaf wax n-alkanes produced on-site, less intensively developed paleosols showed much larger age offsets due to larger proportions of inherited leaf wax n-alkanes from the fluvial parent material. Accordingly, age offsets in nonpedogenic fluvial sediments were largest and strongly increased after ∼4 ka cal BP. The leaf wax n-alkane homolog distribution from intensively developed (paleo)soils indicates a local dominance of grasses and herbs throughout the Holocene, which was most likely caused by anthropogenic activity. The leaf wax n-alkanes from fluvial sediments show a dominance of deciduous trees and shrubs as well as grasses and herbs in different parts of the catchment between ∼8 and ∼5.6 ka cal BP. Since no older deciduous tree- or shrub-derived n-alkanes were dated, this seems to confirm a delayed regional postglacial reforestation of parts of the catchment compared with western and central Europe.
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Smith, Richard W. "THE SHALES AND BRICK CLAYS OF GEORGIA*." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 16, no. 1-12 (October 17, 2006): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1933.tb19191.x.
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De Little, Alex. "Georgia Rodgers, Line of parts. hcmf//, 2019." Tempo 74, no. 292 (March 6, 2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298219001311.
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As I enter Georgia Rodgers’ Line of parts, I am struck by the instrument for which she has composed: three levitating circles of loudspeakers, one above the other, that form a cylinder of sound rising up above my head. They are housed inside a space-age enclosure, clad in complex geometric foam shapes; a circular array of chairs facing outwards sits in centre of this space, inviting an independent and reflective – rather than communal – listening experience. This space wraps you in it: a womb-like architecture of sonic potential.
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Shelobolina, Evgenya S., Sam M. Pickering, and Derek R. Lovley. "Fe-cycle bacteria from industrial clays mined in Georgia, USA." clays and clay minerals 53, no. 6 (December 1, 2005): 580–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.2005.0530604.
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Yuan, J., and R. J. Pruett. "Zeta potential and related properties of kaolin clays from Georgia." Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 15, no. 1 (February 1998): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03402787.
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Kodali, Deepa, Md-Jamal Uddin, Esperidiana A. B. Moura, and Vijay K. Rangari. "Mechanical and thermal properties of modified Georgian and Brazilian clay infused biobased epoxy nanocomposites." Materials Chemistry and Physics 257 (January 2021): 123821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.123821.
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Handoo, Z. A., A. M. Skantar, and R. P. Mulrooney. "First Report of the Sting Nematode Belonolaimus longicaudatus on Soybean in Delaware." Plant Disease 94, no. 1 (January 2010): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-1-0133b.
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In late July of 2005, several, large, irregular areas of severely chlorotic, stunted, and dead soybean plants were observed in two fields of soybean (Glycine max), 8.05 km apart, in sandy soil (94% sand, 2% silt, and 4% clay) in southwestern Sussex County, DE. The grower also had observed stunted corn the previous year in the same areas and thought the fields had a fertility problem. The morphology of adults and molecular analyses of the juveniles isolated from soil samples established the identity of the species as the sting nematode, Belonolaimus longicaudatus (1–4). The population density was 216 nematodes per 250 cm3 of soil. Morphological characters used for identification included female body, stylet and tail length, shape of head, stylet knobs, tail and tail terminus, number of lines in the lateral field, and vulva percentage in relation to body length. The male characters critical for identification were the following: body, stylet, spicule, and gubernaculum length; shape of head and stylet knobs; and number of lines in the lateral field. Measurements of females (n = 5) included body length (range = 2,035 to 2,120 μm, mean = 2,073.7, standard deviation [SD] = 37.0), stylet (117.0 to 127.5, 123.4, 4.5), V% (48.4 to 52.3, 50.6, 1.5), and tail (109 to 140, 120, 14.2). The lateral field had one incisure. Shape of head, stylet knobs, and tail were also consistent with B. longicaudatus. Males (n = 4) were characterized by the body length (range = 1,500 to 2,070 μm, mean = 1,753.3, SD = 290.2), stylet (117.0 to 127.5, 121.5, 5.4), spicules (41 to 50, 47, 5.2), and gubernaculum (17.0 to 18.5, 17.8, 0.8). Molecular diagnosis as B. longicaudatus was confirmed by sequencing two ribosomal DNA markers from three juveniles. Sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region ITS1 and 2 (GenBank Accession No. GQ896549) from this population was 99% identical to Florida isolate BlCi6 (DQ672368), and the 28S large ribosomal subunit D2-D3 expansion region (GQ896548) was 99% identical to Florida isolate BlCi4 (DQ672344). A high degree of similarity (>98%) was also shared by several other B. longicaudatus sequences (1). This detection represents a new state record in Delaware for B. longicaudatus. Since this detection in 2005, there have been no new reports of other observations of sting nematode or spread from these two fields tilled by the same farm operator in Delaware. Elsewhere, B. longicaudatus is known to occur in subtropical regions of the lower coastal plain, from Virginia to Florida and along the Gulf Coast into Texas. On the east coast, USDA Nematode Collection records document this nematode from Florida, Georgia, New Jersey, and South Carolina. Within Delaware, another sting nematode species, Belonolaimus maritimus, was detected on American beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata) and bitter panicgrass (Panicum amarum var. amarulum) from Fenwick Island, near the Maryland border. Sting nematodes have also been reported in Burlington County, NJ. References: (1) U. Gozel et al. Nematropica 36:155, 2006. (2). H.-R. Han et al. Nematropica 36:37, 2006. (3) G. J. Rau. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 25:95, 1958. (4) G. J. Rau. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 30:119, 1963.
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Lo, K. Y., B. H. Cooke, and D. D. Dunbar. "Design of buried structures in squeezing rock in Toronto, Canada." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 24, no. 2 (May 1, 1987): 232–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t87-028.
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The construction of the Domed Stadium in Toronto necessitated the relocation of the John Street Pumping Station and associated water supply tunnels for the downtown Toronto area. The proposed structures include tunnels, shafts, and a new pumping station built in or founded on rock. The shale rock of the Georgian Bay formation is known to possess high horizontal stresses and time-dependent deformation and at this site contains numerous horizontal fractures filled with clay seams. This paper presents the results of the site investigation, field and laboratory testing, analysis, and design for the buried structures. Special provisions for "rock squeeze" for different structures are also described. Key words: tunnels, shafts, shale, squeezing rock, horizontal stress, rock–structure–time interaction.
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Momol, M. T., G. W. Simone, W. Dankers, R. K. Sprenkel, S. M. Olson, E. A. Momol, J. E. Polston, and E. Hiebert. "First Report of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in Tomato in South Georgia." Plant Disease 83, no. 5 (May 1999): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.5.487c.
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In October 1998, symptoms characteristic of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) were observed on fresh market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in four production fields, two in Decatur County, Georgia, and two in Gadsden County, Florida. Symptoms observed were plant stunting, reduced leaf size, yellow leaf margins, and mottling. The incidence of symptomatic plants was less than 1% in all fields examined. In most cases, symptoms were observed only on the upper portion of plants, suggesting these plants had been infected by secondary spread from an unknown source. Nuclear inclusions characteristic of geminiviruses were observed by light microscopy in leaf tissue from symptomatic plants (1). To identify the geminivirus, total DNA from infected plants was extracted from six symptomatic tomato plants (two from Georgia and four from Florida) for polymerase chain reaction (PCR; J. E. Polston, personal communication). DNA was amplified with geminivirus DNA A degenerate primer set PAL1v1978 and PAR1c496 (2) from these extracts in addition to extracts from a known TYLCV-infected, a tomato mottle virus (ToMoV)-infected, and a healthy tomato plant. A PCR product of 1.4 kb was obtained from plants with TYLCV-like symptoms, while a 1.4-kb product and a 1.1-kb product were obtained from extracts of the known TYLCV-infected and ToMoV-infected tomato plants, respectively. No PCR product was obtained from extracts of healthy tomato plants. The 1.4-kb PCR products from one Georgia sample and one Florida sample were compared with those of TYLCV and ToMoV by restriction enzyme (RE) digestion with EcoRI and ClaI. The RE pattern of the 1.4-kb fragment from both samples was identical to the RE pattern of TYLCV and different from that of ToMoV. Adult and immature whiteflies collected from the fields where TYLCV was found were identified as Bemisia tabaci, the vector of TYLCV, but the biotype was not established. This report of TYLCV in south Georgia and north Florida extends the geographic range of TYLCV in the U.S. northward approximately 100 km. Georgia is the second state in which TYLCV was found since its initial detection in south Florida in July 1997 (J. E. Polston, personal communication). Monitoring of silverleaf whitefly populations and detection of TYLCV on alternate hosts will continue in order to estimate the potential impact of this virus on south Georgia and north Florida agriculture. References: (1) R. G. Christie and J. R. Edwardson. Plant Dis. 70:273, 1986, (2) M. R. Rojas et al. Plant Dis. 77:340, 1993.
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Tan, Yong, and Guoming Lin. "Comprehensive Load Test on Prestressed Concrete Piles in Alluvial Clays and Marl in Savannah, Georgia." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 28, no. 1 (February 2014): 178–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0000305.
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Moody, Joycelyn. "Transforming Scriptures: African American Women Writers and the Bible. By Katherine Clay Bassard. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2010.Activist Sentiments: Reading Black Women in the Nineteenth Century. By P. Gabrielle Foreman. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009.Enslaved Women and the Art of Resistance in Antebellum America. By Renee K. Harrison. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 37, no. 3 (March 2012): 749–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/662963.
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Martin, Benjamin E. "Differences in proportional claw size among left- and right-handed Atlantic sand fiddler crabs Leptuca pugilator (Bosc, 1801) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Ocypodidae)." Journal of Crustacean Biology 39, no. 6 (September 26, 2019): 720–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruz067.
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Abstract The sexually dimorphic, enlarged major claw is a prominent feature among fiddler crabs and acts as both a sexual signal and weapon. Most often the enlarged claw occurs on the left and right sides of fiddler crabs in relatively even proportions (40–60%), but populations exhibit an extreme right handedness bias (> 90%) in a few cases. The mechanisms maintaining relatively even handedness proportions among fiddler crabs remains debatable, but from an evolutionary perspective it should be maintained through an evenness in fitness (reproduction and survival) between left- and right-handed crabs. I investigated handedness ratios and claw to body size in a Leptuca pugilator (Bosc, 1801) population on Sapelo Island, Georgia, USA. In collecting 417 adult male crabs, there was a slight right-hand bias (54%, χ 2= 2.9376, P = 0.087), which was similar to the previous study of this population 17 years prior. I nevertheless found right-handed crabs had significantly smaller claw size relative to their carapace size (P = 0.018). Overall, this study documents inequality in the body proportions between left- and right-handed L. pugilator within a population operating at a slight right hand-bias. I discuss how my study contributes to previous discussions on handedness bias in fiddler crabs as well as potential mechanisms that control its widespread handedness evenness.
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Mikesell, J. L., F. E. Senftle, T. A. Lloyd, A. B. Tanner, C. T. Merritt, and E. R. Force. "Borehole field calibration and measurement of low‐concentration manganese by decay gamma rays." GEOPHYSICS 51, no. 12 (December 1986): 2219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442075.
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The manganese concentration in the Arundel clay formation, Prince Georges County, Maryland, was determined from a borehole by using delayed neutron activation. The neutrons were produced by a [Formula: see text] source. The 847 keV gamma ray of manganese was detected continuously, and its counting rate was measured at intervals of 15 s as the measuring sonde was moved at a rate of 0.5 cm/s. The technique measured the concentration ratio of manganese to aluminum. This ratio, when combined with an estimate of the aluminum concentration of the clay, made it possible to determine the percentage concentration of manganese without using a test‐pit calibration facility. The measurements were made by using an NaI(Tl) scintillation detector and a Ge(HP) solid‐state detector cooled by solid propane. A two‐pass technique had to be used with the scintillation detector because Compton background from the 1 779 keV photopeak of aluminum masked the manganese line. The Compton background did not interfere when the solid‐state detector was used. The borehole measurements compared favorably with a chemical core analysis and were unaffected by water in the borehole.
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Knight, Thomas Daniel. "A Scotch-Irish Clan in Middle Georgia? The Migration and Development of a McCarty Family across Two Centuries." Journal of Family History 45, no. 1 (October 30, 2019): 39–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363199019881341.
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This essay argues that characteristics of the Irish and Scottish kin-based clan systems brought to America by settlers from Ireland and Scotland in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries had lasting effects on American kinship systems. Using a case study to focus on a single family, it suggests that elements of kinship systems originating in Ireland and Scotland could be found in a central Georgia community in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This is significant because the location was far removed from areas often identified with Irish, Scottish, and Scotch-Irish settlers, such as the hill country of the lower Appalachian Mountains. It suggests that cultural folkways could persist across many generations of a family, even outside areas where they were heavily concentrated. The latter portion of the essay focuses on the role of one woman, family matriarch Rhoda Johnson, in shaping identity and transmitting culture across generations.