Academic literature on the topic 'Clay industries'
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Journal articles on the topic "Clay industries"
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O, Ademila, Ogunribido T. H. T, and Abidoye J. M. "Geotechnical and geochemical appraisal of IFON clay, Southwestern Nigeria: Implications for industrial utilization." International Journal of Physical Research 7, no. 1 (May 5, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijpr.v7i1.26336.
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Clays are geological materials of economic potential in the manufacturing and environmental industries. Geotechnical properties and geochemical composition of Ifon clay deposits in Ondo State, Nigeria were investigated with the aim of determining their economic potentials. The geotechnical investigation includes consistency limits, strength, permeability and firing tests, while, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method was used for determination of the bulk elemental composition of the clays using standard techniques. Geotechnical appraisal of the clay deposits revealed that high proportion of clay size fractions (52.3 – 66.1%) makes the clays suitable in their natural state for industrial raw materials. Activity of the clays was found to be low at approximately 0.3 – 0.7 and classified as inactive clays. Unconfined compressive strength varies between 3.4 N/mm2 and 4.7 N/mm2 and moderate shrinkage values (≤ 12%) indicate that the clays could be used as building construction materials. Coefficient of permeability of 7.75 × 10-8 to 1.72 × 10-5 cm/sec described the clays as low to impermeable soils suitable as barrier soils. SiO2 (64.41 – 68.74%) and Al2O3 (22.98 – 28.45%) contents dominate the clay geochemistry followed by iron oxide, Fe2O3 (3.57 – 8.31%) content among other oxides in traces, imply that they originated from underlying basement rocks subjected to varying degree of weathering. Low MgO, CaO, K2O and Na2O indicate no expandable clay minerals in the clays. The clays show low heavy metal concentrations which guarantee their suitability as raw materials in chemical industries. Thus, Ifon clay deposits are suitable for the production of ceramics, refractory bricks, paper, paints, rubber and fertilizer.
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Mousharraf, Adnan, Md Sazzad Hossain, and Md Fakhrul Islam. "Potential of Locally Available Clay as Raw Material for Traditional-Ceramic Manufacturing Industries." Journal of Chemical Engineering 26 (March 24, 2012): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v26i1.10179.
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The traditional white-ware manufacturing industries in Bangladesh use clay as the prime raw material which is mostly imported from abroad. The main reasons are the lack of proper clay refining technolo gy in the country and in some part the unsuitable chemical and structural composition of the locally available naturally occurring clays. Moreover, particle size has also been identified as a major challenge in processing of naturally available clay. These two vital aspects affect plasticity and strength of clay during their processing. The composition and particle size of locally available clay were investigated using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to reveal the potential of these clays for industrial purpose upon refining. XRF analysis showed presence of excess SiO2 content in the form of Silicate, Fe2O3 and TiO2; all of which pose a challenge in the refining process. Moreover the amount of Al2O3 in most of the compositions is also not up to the minimum level. Using the data based on statistics on particle sizes of raw materials of various origins, this experiment was aimed to reveal the composition and properties of locally available clay that can be projected for further refining to make suitable as raw material for whiteware industries. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v26i1.10179 JCE 2011; 26(1): 34-37
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Inegbenebor, A. I., A. O. Inegbenebor, R. C. Mordi, N. Kalada, A. Falomo, and P. Sanyaolu. "Determination of the Chemical Compositions of Clay Deposits from Some Part of South West Nigeria for Industrial Applications." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v4i1.14214.
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Clay is one of the major raw materials in ceramics, paint and paper industries. In this paper, a report is given on the chemical composition of clay deposits in Ilaro and Ikorodu, South West Nigeria and their suitability as raw materials in the above mentioned industries is suggested by comparison of their composition with industry standards. The clay samples were activated with H2SO4 and their moisture content was determined. The mineral content of the clays was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy, which showed significant presence of Si, Al, Fe, and Ti. The morphology of the clays was studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM/EDX) in combination with X-ray analysis. The investigation revealed the agglomeration of the particles of quartz and rutile on the surface structure of the activated clays. The results obtained from their observed properties and chemical compositions indicate that these clays are suitable for use in the ceramics, paint and paper industries. This proposition is supported by reduction in moisture contents of the activated clay samples from both Ilaro and Ikorodu.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(1): 21-26
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Jeminatu, Aliu Okpo, Itiowe Kiamuke, and Avwenagha Enivwenaye Oghenero. "Geochemical composition, mineralogy, geotechnical characteristics of some clay deposits in parts of the southern Niger Delta, Nigeria." Global Journal of Geological Sciences 19, no. 1 (July 13, 2021): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjgs.v19i1.4.
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Clay soil samples from the Afo-Okpella and Okpekpe in parts of the southern Niger Delta were analyzed for their geochemical composition, mineralogical and geotechnical characteristics. X-ray fluorescence analysis, x-ray diffraction analysis and index property tests were carried out to determine elemental composition, mineralogical nature and geotechnical attributes of the clay. The XRF reveals that SiO2 and Al2O3 are the predominant oxides. The XRD analysis shows that kaolinite is the predominant clay mineral with varying amount of quartz also traces of illite, smectite. The geotechnical index test shows that the clay soil samples studied also contains considerable amounts of silt-size particles (18%-70%) which makes them unsuitable in their raw state for use as fillers, raw materials in the paint industries. The clays were generally of medium to high plasticity and medium to high compressibility, however the classification of degree of expansion as regard to percentage linear shrinkage places the entire clay bodies studied in the critical degree of expansion. The study reveals that they are good for the production of quality bricks, ceramics and other industrial usage such as rubber, paper and paint industries.
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Apkar'yan, A. S., and T. Yu Sablina. "Investigation of the properties of overburden clays from the Kornilovskoye deposit of the Tomsk region." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Fizika, no. 7 (2022): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/00213411/65/7/35.
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Analytical and laboratory-technological studies of overburden clays of the Kornilovskoye deposit in the Tomsk region have been carried out. The chemical composition, mineral composition, granulometric composition, plasticity and refractoriness of clays have been determined. The sensitivity of clay raw materials to drying, apparent density, water absorption, shrinkage, mechanical characteristics of samples from clay raw materials have been investigated. The possibilities of using clay in various industries are determined.
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SHEKHAWAT, M. S. "THERMO GRAVIMETRIC AND DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS OF CLAY OF WESTERN RAJASTHAN (INDIA)." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 22 (January 2013): 458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194513010519.
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The paper presents the study of thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analysis of blended clay. Western part of Rajasthan (India) is rich resource of Ball clays and it is mainly used by porcelain, sanitary ware, and tile industry. The quality and grade of clay available in the region vary from one deposit to other. To upgrade the fired colour and strength properties, different variety of clays may be blended together. The paper compares the results of thermal analysis one of blended clay B2 with reference clay of Ukraine which is imported by industries owners. The result revealed that the blended clay is having mineral kaolinite while the Ukrainian clay is Halloysite.
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Nasedkin, V. V., N. M. Boeva, and A. L. Vasiliev. "Akkalkan deposit of bentonite clays (Southeast Kazakhstan): formation conditions and prospects for technological use." Геология рудных месторождений 61, no. 5 (November 18, 2019): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-777061584-95.
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The article presents the results of the bentonite clays study of Akkolkanskoye deposit, located in South-Eastern Kazakhstan. Based on the mapping, four main types of bentonites were identified: light gray argillite-like clay; dark gray clay lamellar and crushed stone morphology; waxy light brown and pale yellow clay lamellar texture; black plastic clay. Mineralogical study of these varieties allowed to establish the relationship of crystal-morphological features of the main rock-forming mineral in clays with the conditions of their formation and with the technological properties of bentonite raw materials for use in various industries.
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Karpiński, B., and M. Szkodo. "Clay Minerals – Mineralogy and Phenomenon of Clay Swelling in Oil & Gas Industry." Advances in Materials Science 15, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/adms-2015-0006.
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Abstract Among the minerals found in the earth's crust, clay minerals are of the widest interest. Due to the specific properties such as plasticity, absorbing and catalytic properties clay minerals are used in many industries (oil & gas, chemistry, pharmacy, refractory technology, ceramics etc.). In drilling, a phenomenon of swelling clays is frequently observed. It has an important impact on the cementing quality. During the last few decades clays have been the subject of research on a scale unprecedented in the history of mineralogy. This paper presents review literature on mineralogy of clay minerals and phenomenon of swelling in oil and gas industry. Unique ion exchange properties and clay swelling mechanisms are also considered.
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Apkarian, A. S., and T. Yu Sablina. "Investigation of the properties of overburden clays from the Kornilovskoye deposit of the Tomsk region for use in the refractory, ceramic and oil industries." Perspektivnye Materialy 11 (2022): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/1028-978x-2022-11-53-60.
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Analytical and laboratory-technological studies of overburden clays of the Kornilovskoye deposit in the Tomsk region have been carried out. The chemical composition, mineral composition, granulometric composition, plasticity and refractoriness of clays have been determined. The sensitivity of clay raw materials to drying, apparent density, water absorption, shrinkage have been investigated. To determine the possibility of using clay from the Kornilovskoye field in the Tomsk region in the refractory, ceramic, electrical, construction and oil industries instead of clay “Vesko-Prima” from the Veselovskoye field in Druzhkovka (Donbass), comparative physicochemical characteristics of the clays of both deposits are given.
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Efendiyeva, Zarifa J., Maral G. Aliyeva, and Matanat J. Hamashayeva. "Possibility of complex use of bentonite clays and modeling of research processes." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 32, no. 2 (June 24, 2023): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112322.
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The efficient and complex use of resources of high quality bentonite clays, as well as the application of relatively low quality bentonite clays in accordance with their mineralogical and lithological properties are identified in the article. As Azerbaijan’s oil industry developed, interest in studying the geological structure of bentonite deposits increased. Prospects for bentonite production to reach 1-1.5 million tons of annual productivity in the next 40-50 years are related to the industrial development of the Daşsalakhli deposit, the largest in terms of resources (explored reserves are 180 million tons). The Dashsalakhli field is unique in terms of mineral quality and is one of the largest deposits in the world. Since the Dashsalakhli field has been researched and prepared for industrial development, and taking into account the demand of the world market, it is possible to increase the production and pro- cessing of bentonites by 1.5-2 times with the production of various commodity products in the republic. For this purpose, a unique and powerful “Azbentonite” processing enterprise equipped with modern equipment was established in Baku. One of the most important physical properties of bentonite clay which determines its industrial use is swelling. The swelling of clays is determined by their granulometric and mineral composition, as well as the content of absorbed cations. Massive bentonites have a relatively low density due to the significant moisture content, in most cases greater than 2.09 g/cm3. Attention was paid principally to the study of the degree swelling of the studied clay samples . The process of swelling in clays depends on their mineralogical composition. As is known, according to P.A. Rebinder, clays with a hard crystal lattice are less exposed to swelling. The elastic skeletal lattice of «Dashsalahli» bentonite clay, which is characteristic of other bentonite clays, causes the swelling process to intensify on contact with water. Bentonite clays are char- acterized by high water absorption or water retention capacity compared to other types of clay. One of the important natural properties of bentonites is their dispersibility, which depends on the type and amount of functionally modifiable clay cations .The more alkali metal (usually sodium) cations in the diffuse layer of bentonite particles, the higher the dispersion. In order to comprehensively study the physical and chemical properties of «Dashsalahli» bentonite clay, samples were taken from the northern, southern, western, eastern and central directions of the clay deposit, and research work was carried out. As a result of the research, it was established that «Dashsalahli» bentonite clay belongs to the class of small dispersed, alkali-based montmorillonite clays and is characterized by plastic texture. The composition of these clays is weakly carbonate and consists mainly of quartz and plagioclase minerals. Reconstructive diagnostic and electron-microscopic data of the corresponding montmorillonite showed that these clays have variable cation capacity. The analysis of «Dashsalahli» bentonite clay ultimately examined the use of this clay in the production of drilling fluids used in wells drilled in the oil industry and in other industries. Bentonite clays, as well as their processed products, have many special qualities and are widely used in certain leading sectors of the economy, as well as in many industries. The possibility of their application in high-quality detergent used in the steel casting industry, granulation of iron ore concentrate, drilling of deep wells, production of expanded clay in the construction industry, production of special purpose aluminum sheets, and their application in the oil refining, chemical , food , liquid and gas in- dustries was determined. The feature of using low-condition bentonite clays and opening rocks in various fields ensures the full use of this raw material and the complex development of the deposit. Currently, bentonite clays, especially their montmorillonite varieties, are considered an important raw material in the world market due to the use of bentonites in the production of iron ore pellets.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Clay industries"
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Giddings, Donald. "Investigation into the operation of a cement works precalciner vessel." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10116/.
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This Ph.D thesis describes an investigation into the operation of the Blue Circle Cauldon Works precalciner vessel. The vessel is part of the cement making plant and it serves the purpose of providing a furnace that is maintained at approximately 900C to calcine the limestone in the raw meal prior to cementation in the kiln. At Cauldon, tyre chips are used as a support fuel. It was the aim of this work to predict the likely behaviour of the gases and particles in the precalciner by using Computational Fluid Dynamics modelling. The commercial code Fluent was used. Investigation of the likely trajectories and combustion behaviour of tyre chips was particularly important. In this way it was hoped that a method of assessing the suitability of alternative waste fuels for incineration in the precalciner might be established. CFD models were constructed that simulated the precalciner with all main reactions and energy exchanges occurring. The first model predicted the behaviour of the precalciner burning coal and the full load of raw meal. Subsequent models assessed the sensitivity of the first model to changes in the boundary conditions. Further models were developed together with experimental work to assess the combustion and aerodynamic behaviour of the tyre chips. Alternative injection points for the tyre chips were investigated. This type of precalciner had not previously been modelled elsewhere. Similar models were found for the operation of the precalciner without tyre chips but the geometrical accuracy of the models was improved in this work due to improvements in commercial CFD code. No similar study of tyre chip combustion has been made elsewhere. CFD was used successfully to model a precalciner vessel with tyre chip and coal combustion and the full raw meal loading simulated. Adjustments can be made quickly to the model to assess minor geometrical alterations. Alternative fuel injection points can be quickly assessed using the model.
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Shen, Jingyi. "Chemical and isotopic analysis in the investigation of glazes from northern China and the Middle East, 7th-14th centuries AD." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48201/.
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Both Chinese and Islamic glazed ceramics played a significant role in the history of ancient ceramic production. Moreover, it was innovation in glazes that made the Chinese and Islamic ceramics constantly innovative in various categories with different manufacturing techniques. This study applies chemical and isotopic analyses to investigate the manufacturing techniques and provenances of different types of glazes from Northern China and the Middle East, and extends the use of Sr isotopic analysis to investigate raw materials and glaze recipes used to making lime/alkaline glazes in Northern China and the Middle East for the first time. By chemical compositions of the lead glazes, the glazing techniques used to produce Chinese Tang Sancai lead glazes and splashed lead glazes from the Middle East have been identified. The mixture of lead oxide plus quartz/quartz sand was used for making both Chinese Tang Sancai glazes and Islamic splashed lead glazes. Besides, for the Chinese lead glazes, the trace element and lead isotopic analyses of them have been effective in grouping glazes made in different production kiln sites, and hence associating the Tang Sancai wares excavated from archaeological sites of unknown origin with their production centres. Furthermore, by comparing the lead isotopic ratios of Islamic lead glazes and those of lead ore deposits, the possible sources of lead used for making lead glazes can be determined, although more than one source was suggested due to the overlap of Pb isotopic ratios of different lead ore sources in some cases. This study is the first time that Sr isotopic analysis has been applied to the lime/alkaline glazes from Northern China and the Middle East. It has revealed that Sr isotopic compositions of lime/alkaline glazes from Northern China and the Middle East have been very effective in providing information on the glaze recipes and characteristics of raw materials used for making them. Based on Sr isotopic compositions, the case study of Nothern Chinese lime glaze has identified that the Yaozhou celadon glaze was probably produced by local ‘Fuping glaze stone’ combined with botanic ash. Besides, the case study of the Middle East alkaline glaze has suggested that the Raqqa ware glaze was probably made by ‘Cenozoic sand’ containing a certain content of limestone grains and feldspar and that botanic ash was used as a flux.
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Akgun, Mehmet Can. "A Parametric Study On Hydrothermal Synthesis Of Zinc Oxide Nanowires With Various Zinc Salts." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614230/index.pdf.
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ZnO is a promising semiconducting material for manufacturing optoelectronic
devices. Its most important properties are its wide and direct band gap and its high
electron-hole binding energy. Synthesis of ZnO in bulk and thin film form has been
investigated intensively over recent decades. Likewise, nanomaterials have been in
the point of focus for their different properties compared to their bulk form. The
vastly increased ratio of surface area to volume and change in electronic properties
with great reduction in particle size enable improved performance in conventional
applications where their bulk counterparts have been used for decades. As a result of
this trend, research on synthesis of ZnO nanowires and their incorporation in
prototype optoelectronic devices has been intensive in recent years. Therefore,
synthesis of ZnO nanowires in a cost effective way and understanding the factors
influencing the ZnO nanowire growth is essential for contribution to ongoing
research.
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In this thesis, hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanowires, which is a solution based
method enabling vertically aligned ZnO nanowire array fabrication over large areas,
is investigated. In the first part of this thesis, the effect of using various zinc salts as
zinc sources on ZnO nanowires is investigated by monitoring pH, temperature and
light transmittance of growth solutions. In the second part, a detailed parametric
study on the use of zinc acetate dihydrate salt is provided with regard to the existence
of its unique properties compared to other two zinc salts. The effect of growth time,
temperature, ratio of concentration of precursor chemicals and precursor chemical
concentrations is investigated. The results show that hydrothermal synthesis method
could replace the conventional ZnO nanowire fabrication methods. It was shown that
specific nanowire lengths for any application can be obtained simply by adjusting the
parameters of hydrothermal growth system.
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Calvo, Carrascal Miguel Angel. "Sustainable manufacturing of next generation building materials using microwave energy." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/55508/.
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Global warming and the high energy demands of fossil fuel in industries have led governments to implement legislation aimed towards developing more energy efficient and sustainable processes. In the brickwork industry, the burning of coal and natural gas provides the energy to fire clay bricks in the 900-1200 oC range into high quality building materials. Microwaves powered by renewable energy sources have been suggested as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Microwave heating has been considered a promising technique for the processing of clays due to the potential energy consumption and carbon footprint reductions, and for its volumetric heating nature, which enables the fast and uniform heating of a load. This could result in improving the mechanical properties of the fired products. The aims of this project were to develop an understanding of how microwaves interact with clays in order to show whether they could be used to fire clay-based building materials, and to understand how this could be achieved and the parameters that affect it. The composition of Danish clays was quantified, i.e. quartz, calcite, albite, orthoclase, kaolinite, montmorillonite and muscovite, and their thermal evolution was studied across the firing range. The dielectric properties of clays were measured at 912-2470 MHz and 20-950 oC in order to investigate the microwave/clay interaction, assess the effects of changing composition, temperature, frequency and material's density on their potential for microwave processing, and provide critical information on the design and scale up of this technology. Relating the mineralogy of a material and its evolution during heating to changes on the dielectric property trends, and thus microwave processability, was examined for the first time in this thesis. Insight into the influence of individual components on the potential for microwave heating was gained from an analogous study on clay constituents. While the dielectric constants of clays were found to be relatively stable during heating, their loss factors fluctuated with temperature. Free and physically bound water were the dominant dielectric species near room temperature, while their removal halved the loss factors until 350 oC. Beyond this temperature, a steady increase in the loss factors concurred with the mineral dehydroxylations. The loss factors sharply rose beyond 800 oC due to sintering effects, while calcite decomposition partially counteracted this growth. Montmorillonite and muscovite were the most microwave absorbing mineral species due to their water affinity and interlayer cation content, enabling the microwave treatment of the whole clay. On the other hand, a frequency shift from 2470 MHz to 912 MHz resulted in a loss factors increase. This is mainly due to the frequency shifting towards the dipolar dispersion area of physically bound water and the zone in which ionic conductivity heating effects dominate. Mixing rules were used to relate each single mineral to dielectric property variations, and thus rapidly gain knowledge of the microwave processability of any clay across the firing range based on its composition. Böttcher model provided accurate estimations when compared to experimental measurements, and with the same degree of uncertainties at the 912-2470 MHz frequencies and 0.56-0.37 void fraction ranges. The model was expanded for different compositions with clays from Spain, England and Netherlands. This was the first time that mixing rules were successful in estimating mixtures of more than three constituents. A microwave system was developed with the aim of firing clay products of comparable quality to conventional specimens. The basis of design focused on maximising the thermal uniformity of the clay load. The process design steps involved remodelling the clay load, building heat transfer models of the load, carrying out trials to study whether clays behave as expected from their dielectric properties, i.e. volumetric or selective heating, minimising thermal gradients, and assessing alternative methods for the control of the holding stage. Microwave firing cycles manufactured clays with a thermal uniformity at the height of firing of 1050±55 oC and reduced processing times to < 3 h. This is 92% faster than in brickworks, where conventional samples could not match the heating rates without cracking. High temperature (>800 oC) mineral reactions went unfinished due to the reduced holding time of the microwave treatment (30 min), which resulted in dimmer surface colorations. Enhanced thermal uniformity and reduced time for densification resulted in specimens with a 12% higher compressive strength, 38% larger water absorption and 7% higher void fraction. Clay samples three times as big were fired to gain an insight into the scale up of the technique. A tighter process control and higher reproducibility were reported, which is promising for potentially allowing longer holding times in scaled up processes, but the product quality improvement did not change. Looking into an industrial scale up, further work would be required to assess possible design concepts, and an optimal microwave firing process may require complete redesign of the furnace configuration, where several challenges need to be considered, such as brick arrangement, power availability and applicator size and shape. For the purposes of assessing the possible economic and environmental impact of implementing microwave clay firing at industrial scale, one of the most straightforward designs, i.e. retrofitting of an industrial tunnel kiln for microwave processing, was considered. Although energy expenditures would decrease from 11.6 GJ fuel/h to 6.1 GJ electricity/h when using a microwave system for the same throughput, the higher cost of electricity and microwave equipment over conventional burners made the conventional technique more economically feasible. The substitution of natural gas by electricity powered by green energy sources resulted in carbon footprint reductions of >95%, and agreed with the energy policies of numerous countries and supranational organisations worldwide.
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Paulsen, Eric. "Investigating the effect of coarse particle addition on the measured rheological parameters of fine clay slurries." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18629.
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Thesis (MScIng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Due to economic and environmental constraints mining operations are placed under increasing pressure to effectively manage and operate tailings disposal operations. Restrictions imposed on water usage and tailings operations footprint have led to higher density and wider particle size distribution slurries conveyed to tailings areas. One means of efficiently disposing the tailings is co-disposal. In this method a concentrated fine vehicle slurry is used to convey a coarser fraction. This produces a higher density of tailings, with a number of advantages both upstream and downstream of the tailings process. Limited research has been conducted on the effect of coarse particles on the non-Newtonian rheological properties of these slurries. This lack of information complicates the design and reliable operation of these systems. This project aims at gaining a clearer understanding as to the mechanisms involved in the addition of coarse particles to a fine clay slurry vehicle; and to provide a means of estimating the measured slurry rheological properties. A number of experiments were designed to test the slurry (both Kaolin only, and Kaolin-coarse particle mixtures) rheological properties using a Couette viscometer (for the dynamic flow properties of yield stress and plastic viscosity) and a vane instrument (for the static yield stress measurements). The slurries were prepared in varying Kaolin clay solids concentrations with reverse osmosis water. Glass beads and two types of industrial sand were used as the coarse fractions. All of the coarse particles had a similar size but varied significantly in shape. Slurry pH and temperature readings were monitored throughout the tests. Tests were done initially on clay only slurries. The rheological properties of these slurries were repeatable, and no noticeable variations of properties with time were observed. The yield stress (both static and dynamic) and plastic viscosity data were well correlated with established relationships. Coarse particles were added to the clay only slurries, and then removed. The remaining clay only slurry exhibited the same rheological properties as the initial clay only slurry. The presence of coarse particles increased all the measured rheological properties (i.e. dynamic yield stress, Bingham viscosity, and static vane yield stress) in a fashion resembling the effect of adding clay to a clay only slurry. In addition, the change in measured rheological property by addition of coarse particle was independent of the clay fraction in the clay slurry. Furthermore, with both the clay only slurries and clay and coarse sand slurries, a constant linear relationship existed between the static and dynamic yield stress. Several correlations from the literature were found to provide reasonable prediction of the rheological property variations observed. These empirical and semi-empirical models however did little to explain the mechanisms involved in coarse particle addition. A new correlation has been proposed, Residual Clay Concentration, which predicts the change in rheological property based on an additional clay concentration, which in turn is a linear function of the coarse particle concentration. The accuracy of this model further strengthens the belief that the coarse particle acts in a similar fashion to a floc. By means of a case study example the importance of selecting an appropriate model for design was illustrated. The Residual Clay Concentration method provided the most conservative results. This combined with its theoretical basis strengthens the models recommendation for use in design.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: As gevolg van ekonomiese en omgewings beperkinge word mynwese nywerhede onder toenemende druk geplaas om doeltreffende afvalstroom bestuur en operasie toe te pas. Beperkinge geplaas op water gebruik en afvalstroom area-groote ly tot hoër digthede en wyer partikel-grooteverspreidings van flodders vervoer na afval areas. Een manier om van die afval doeltreffend ontslae te raak en te berg is deur medeberging. In die metode word ‘n gekonsentreerde fyn flodder gebruik as draer van ‘n growwer partikel-fraksie. Dit ly tot ‘n hoër digtheid flodder, met verskeie voordele in beide die op – en afstroom prosesse. Beperkte navorsing is gedoen op die effek van growwe partikels op die nie-Newoniese rheolgiese eienskappe van hierdie flodders. Hierdie tekort aan informasie maak die effektiewe, betroubare bedryf en operasie van die sisteme meer ingewikkeld. Hierdie projek is daarheen gemik om ‘n beter begrip te ontwikkel met betrekking tot die meganismes betrokke in die byvoeging van growwe partikels aan ‘n fyn klei-agtige flodder draer; en om ‘n manier te voorsien wat die rheologiese eienskappe kan beraam. Verskeie eksperimente was ontwerp om die flodders (beide slegs Kaolien, en Kaoliengrowwe partikel mengsels) se rheologiese eienskappe te toets deur die gebruik van ‘n Couette-viskometer. Die Couette viskometer was gebruik om die dinamiese eienskappe (van grens-spanning, en plastiese viskositet) te meet. ‘n Vaan apparaat is gebruik om die eienskap van statiese grens-spanning te meet. Die flodders was voorberei in verskeie Kaolien konsentrasies met tru-osmosis water. Glas krale en twee tipes industriële sand is gebruik as die growwe fraksies. Al die growwe partikels het soortgelyke groottes gehad, maar het grootliks verskil in vorm. Die flodder pH en temperatuur lesings is deurentyd nagegaan. Toetse was aanvanklik gedoen op die klei-alleenlike flodders. Die gemete reologiese eienskappe van die flodders was herhaalbaar, en geen opmerkbare veranderinge van die eienskappe met betrekking tot tyd is gemeet nie. Die grens-spanning (beide statiese en dinamiese) en plastiese viskositeit is goed gekorrelleer met gevestigde verhoudinge. Growwe partikels is aan die klei-alleenlike flodders bygevoeg, en daarnae verwyder. Die oorblywende klei-alleenlike flodder het dieselfde gemete rheologiese eienskappe getoon as die oorspronklike klei-allenlike flodder. Die teenwoordigheid van growwe partikels het na ‘n toename van al die gamete rheologiese eienskappe gelei wat fisies baie soortgelyk is aan die byvoeging van klei tot ‘n klei-alleenlike flodder. Verder, met beide die klei-alleenlike en klei-growwe partikel flodders het ‘n konstante liniëre funksie tussen die statiese en dinamiese grens-spannings bestaan. Verskeie verhoudings uit die literatuur het goeie korrelasie bewerkstellig met die waargenome rheologie veranderinge. Hierdie empiriese en semi-empiriese modelle doen egter min om die megansimes betrokke in die toevoeging van growwe partikels te verduidelik. ‘n Nuwe korrelasie is voorgestel, naamlik die Residu Klei Konsentrasie. Hierdie model voorspel die verandering in reologiese eienskappe gebaseer op ‘n addisionele klei konsentrasie, wat ‘n liniëre funkise is van die growwe partikel konsentrasie. Die goeie korrelasie gesien met die model versterk die idée dat die growwe partikel in ‘n soortgelyke manier as ‘n flok gedra in die teenwoordigheid van ander flokke. Deur middel van ‘n tipiese industriële voorbeeld is die belangrikheid in die keuse van die regte korrelasie geillustreer. Die Residu Klei Konsentrasie metode het die mees konservatiewe resultate gelewer. Hierdie feit gekombineerd met die model se soliede teoreitiese beginsels versterk dit as voorgestelde korrelasie vir ontwerp.
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Van, Niekerk Frans Christie. "The impact of BB-BEE and the relevant legislation on the South African clay brick industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97612.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: For decades black South Africans suffered under apartheid, being excluded from active participation in the South African economy. Following the first democratic election in 1994, which was won by the African National Congress, the new government immediately made clear its intentions to transform the economy by including all the South Africans citizens. In 2004 the government promulgated the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act (BB-BEE), which aimed to redress the wrongs of the past and to realise the country's full economic potential whilst assisting the black majority to become part of the economic mainstream. The BB-BEE act focused primarily on the upliftment and empowerment of historically disadvantaged people, particularly black people, women, the youth and the disabled and on those living in rural communities; it aims to include these people in the management and ownership structures of South African companies. The clay brick industry, one of the oldest industries in the world, had been severely affected by the introduction of the legislation, as 75% of businesses were predominantly family owned, and 69.39% of them are predominantly white owned. The primary objective of this research assignment was to investigate the impact of Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (BB-BEE) on the South African clay brick industry and to make recommendations to the various stakeholders regarding the management of the introduction of BB-BEE into the industry. The methodology followed a survey approach by using specific indicators to ascertain what the perceptions and experiences of the business owners were, regarding the implementation of BB-BEE in the industry. The study found that the business owners were concerned about losing control of their businesses, that there is very little support from government for businesses entering into BB-BEE deals and that it is difficult to find the “right” empowerment partner which “fits” the culture and management style of the business. The study concluded that much uncertainty, fear and anxiety exists amongst business owners regarding the introduction of BB-BEE. The study also makes practical recommendations to the various stakeholders who may assist with facilitating the introduction of BB-BEE in the industry.
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Owen, Patrick Hugh Thomas, and Douglas Campbell Surmon. "A critical analysis of Mozambique with specific reference to assessing the opportunity for a development in the clay brick industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/69488.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 1992.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Development in the world and particularly in South Africa has resulted in change. This presents new opportunities and challenges to today's managers and entrepreneurs. As a result of our local political reform process, together with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the general deterioration of communistic ideologies, south Africans are experiencing a growing acceptance back into the world and neighbouring African communities. south African businessmen are faced with opportunities in foreign countries, especially neighbouring African countries, with South Africa cited as the key to Africa. The problem South African managers face, is how to evaluate opportunities in a neighbouring African country and to ascertain the type of trading conditions in that country. After eighteen years of communistic rule and ten years of civil war Mozambique is amongst the poorest countries in the world. World aid programs have come to the country's assistance, introducing economic recovery programs as well as replacing the out-dated socialistic ideas with western style free market principles. Although the country is suffering the effects of an ongoing civil war, indications are that a peace settlement is imminent. The Mozambique government has .introduced an attractive foreign investment package which is aimed at attracting foreign capital. A first impression indicates that this country is ready for foreign investment and exploitation, but is it? This research proj ect firstly evaluates existing feasibility models in an attempt to find a suitable model to assess the feasibility of investing in a clay brickworks located in Mozambique. Failing to find such a feasibility model, a suitable model is then presented. The feasibility model presented takes a holistic approach, acknowledging that first world structures, such as a financial or transportational infrastructure, should not be assumed to exist. The model is divided into two parts, the first evaluating the macro parameters of the country and the second evaluating the micro parameters or specifics of the opportunity. The assessment of macro parameters is divided into five sections, namely, socio- cultural, political, economic, technological and physical parameters. After the completion of each section parameters are summarised and graded. At the end of the macro parameters, an interim evaluation is required to assess whether the country is favourable for investment. If the investor believes the country is ready for investment, the following section covering the micro parameters is investigated. If, however, the investor believes that the country is not suitable for investment then further analysis is suspended. The second section which covers the micro parameters is also divided into five sections, namely, financial, manufacturing, proposed infrastructure, marketing and personnel parameters. These parameters cover the project specifically and are similar to those of a normal business plan. Following this analysis, a final evaluation is done culminating in a decision on whether the project is feasible or not . In applying this model to evaluate the feasibility of establishing a clay brickworks in Mozambique, the researchers concluded at the interim evaluation that it was premature to invest in a clay brickworks in Mozambique . This type of investment might only become attractive after a peace settlement were reached between the government and the resistance movement and with the restoration of the country's infrastructure.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ontwikkeling wereldwyd, en veral in Suid-Afrika, het verandering meegebring. Dit stel nuwe geleenthede en uitdagings aan vandag se bestuurders en entrepreneurs. Na aanleiding van veranderinge in die politieke bestel in Suid-Afrika, die verbrokkeling van die Sowjet-Unie en die verlies van geloofwaardigheid van die kommunistiese ideologie, beleef Suid-Afrika toenemende aanvaarbaarheid in die wereld asook met sy naburige Afrika lande. Nuwe geleenthede buitelands en veral in die naburige Afrika lande, word nou aan besigheidslui in Suid-Afrika gebied, derhalwe word Suid- Afrika gesien as die sleutel tot Afrika. Die probleem wat Suid-Afrikaanse bestuurders tans in die gesig staar, is die evaluasie van lewensvatbare geleenthede in 'n naburige Afrika land en om die handelstoestande te bepaal waaronder hulle sal moet funksioneer. Na agtien jaar van kommunistiese heerskappy en tien jaar van burgeroorloe is Mosambiek een van die armste lande ter wereld. Buitelandse noodlenigingsprogramme het tot die land se redding gekom met die daarstel van ekonomiese herstel programme sowel as die vervanging van sosialistiese idees met 'n Westerse vryemarkstelsel. Alhoewel Mosambiek nog swaar gebuk gaan onder burgeroorloe, is daar wel aanduidings dat 'n vredesooreenkoms onafwendbaar is. Die Mosambiekse regering bied tans aantreklike beleggingspakkette aan wat hoofsaaklik gerig is op die buitelandse belegger. Die eerste indrukke wat gelaat word, is dat Mosambiek gereed is vir buitelandse belegging en ontginning. Die vraag is, is dit wel so? Hierdie navorsingsprojek evalueer eerstens bestaande uitvoerbaarheidsmodelle ten einde 'n toepaslike model te vind om die uitvoerbaarheid te bepaal van investering in 'n kleibaksteenfabriek in Mosambiek. Die uitvoerbaarheidsmodel wat hier voorgestel word, neem 'n holistiese benadering aan, met die erkenning dat elemente soos die finansiele- en vervoer-infrastruktuur nie noodwendig tans bestaan nie. Die model is verdeel in twee dele waarvan die eerste die makro- parameters van die land evalueer, en die tweede die mikra-parameters, of spesifieke besonderhede aangaande die geleentheid. Die evaluering van makro- parameters word opgedeel in vyf afdelings, naamlik, die sosio-kulturele, politiese, ekonomiese, tegnologiese en fisiese parameters. Na voltooiing van elke afdeling word 'n kort opsomming en gradering gedoen. Aan die einde van die deel wat handel oor makro-parameters, is daar 'n tussentydse evaluasie gedoen om te bepaal of die land gunstig is vir beleggings. As die belegger glo dat die land gereed is vir belegging, word die volgende afdeling, naamlik mikro-parameters, ondersoek. Indien die belegger egter van mening is dat die land nie geskik is vir beleggings nie, word die ontleding na die eerste gedeelte gestaak. Die tweede afdeling, wat na mikro-parameters verwys, word ook in vyf sub- afdelings opgedeel, naamlik, finansieel, vervaardiging, voorgestelde infrastruktuur, bemarking en personeel parameters. Hierdie parameters is soortgelyk aan 'n gewone besigheidsplan en is omvattend en spesifiek. Hierdie ontleding word gevolg deur 'n finale evaluasie wat uitloop op 'n besluit of die projek uitvoerbaar is of nie. Deur middel van die toepassing van hierdie model om die lewensvatbaarheid van die vestiging van 'n kleibaksteenfabriek in Mosambiek te evalueer, het die navorsers in die tussentydse ontleding getoon dat so 'n belegging nie op hierdie stadium lewensvatbaar sal wees nie. 'n Belegging sal moontlik aantreklik wees nadat daar ' n vredesooreenkoms bereik word tussen die regering en die weerstandsbeweging, en met die herstel van die land se infrastruktuur.
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Lorentz, Romain. "Formalisation d'un modèle de conception et d'innovation dans le domaine des bio-industries : cas des particules d'argile." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENAM0039/document.
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Cette thèse de doctorat a été menée dans le cadre d'un partenariat entre le Laboratoire Conception de Produits et Innovation des Arts et Métiers ParisTech et l'Ecole de Biologie Industrielle. Le projet de recherche porteur de nos travaux de thèse vise à accompagner la valorisation de nouvelles particules d'argile ayant fait l'objet d'un dépôt de brevet au sein du laboratoire EBInnov®. Ce nouvel ingrédient polyfonctionnel est destiné à satisfaire de multiples applications dans les secteurs bio-industriels, notamment dans l'industrie pharmaceutique, le secteur des cosmétiques, le phytosanitaire ou encore l'environnement. L'objectif de nos travaux de thèse est d'intégrer les spécifications techniques, sensorielles et réglementaires des entreprises de ces secteurs au sein d'un modèle de conception axé innovation. Pour ce faire, les hypothèses de recherche s'appuient sur l'émergence du paradigme de l'innovation ouverte dans ces secteurs. Nous soutenons que les nouveaux intermédiaires de l'innovation sont performants dans les bio-industries et permettent la prise en compte du potentiel d'innovation dès les phases amont du processus de conception. La validité de ces hypothèses a ensuite été vérifiée en milieu industriel par le biais d'expérimentations en lien direct avec les secteurs d'application de la technologie EBISilc®. Finalement, nous proposons un modèle de conception axé innovation prenant en compte l'évolution des modèles d'innovation dans les bio-industriesThis doctoral thesis was realized within the framework of a partnership between the Product Design and Innovation Laboratory of Arts et Métiers ParisTech and the Ecole de Biologie Industrielle. The research project behind our thesis aims to support the promotion of new clay particles having been patented by the EBInnov® laboratory. This new polyfunctional ingredient is designed to satisfy several applications in the bio-industries, including the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry, the phytosanitary sector or the environment. The aim of the thesis is to integrate the technical, sensory and regulatory specifications of bio-industrial companies in an innovation-oriented design process. Thus, the research hypotheses rely on the emerging paradigm of open innovation in these sectors. We support that the new innovation intermediaries are efficient in the bio-industries and allow the integration of the innovation potential in the early stages of the design process. The validity of these assumptions was studied by means of industry-related experiments directly linked to the main application sectors of the EBISilc® technology. Finally, we propose an innovation-oriented design process taking into account the evolution of the innovation models in the bio-industries
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Kirmizi, Burcu. "An Archaeometric Application To A Group Of Early Ottoman Ceramics From Iznik." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605391/index.pdf.
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This study investigates the physical, mineralogical and chemical
characteristics of a group of pottery sherds that are mostly Miletus-ware ceramics,
belonging to the Early Ottoman period and excavated during 2003 season, from the
The sherds examined are mostly characterized by cobalt-blue designs which
are occasionally coupled with black, green and purple paintings. After grouping the
sherds according to their stylistic and color differencespetrographic, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray and Fourier Transform Infrared analyses were carried out for investigating the mineralogical and chemical properties. Most of the ceramic samples have slip and glaze on both sides. The glaze part is mostly fresh without any devitrification products. Bodies of the ceramics have tones of reddish yellow and/or red, indicating abundant amount of iron in their raw material. Grains consist mainly of metamorphic rock fragments (quartz-mica schist), quartz, feldspar, hornblende, hematite and biotite. Pyroxene, epidote, chert, muscovite, opaque minerals, chlorite are also encountered. Micritic calcite occurs in some of the pores. Ceramic bodies investigated are usually fine-grained and well-sorted. Clay raw material used for the production of the ceramics seems to be originated from a metamorphic source. Bodies usually show a low degree of vitrification with few exceptions, indicating a rather simple technology with non-uniform and low degree of firing, probably not exceeding 900°
C. Technological characteristics of the sherds examined do not seem to have changed much between 14th and 16th century.
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Guvenir, Ozge. "Synthesis And Characterization Of Clinoptilolite." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606392/index.pdf.
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Clinoptilolite is the most abundant zeolite mineral in nature. In this study a reproducible synthesis recipe for clinoptilolite was established and the limits of the crystallization field were developed by changing synthesis parameters such as temperature, composition and the nature of reactants.
Clinoptilolite was reproducibly synthesized as a pure phase and in high yield at 140oC using a benchmark batch composition of 2.1 Na2O:Al2O3:10SiO2:110.1 H2O. Clinoptilolite was crystallized from 10wt% or 28wt% seeded systems while it was not formed if no seeds were present. Clinoptilolite was also crystallized as a pure phase when the cation in the benchmark batch composition was Na,K mixture, or when alkali salts such as carbonates or chlorides were used besides alkali hydroxides, or when the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio was in the range of 10-12. Clinoptilolite was still
crystallized as a single phase when alkali hydroxides in the batch were reduced by 20%.
With the benchmark batch composition, clinoptilolite was crystallized in pure phase form at 100oC, 120oC, 140oC and 160oC while synthesis at 175oC resulted in the formation of pure mordenite. At 140oC clinoptilolite was crystallized together with Linde L when cation in the benchmark composition is only potassium. Phillipsite crystallized together with clinoptilolite at SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of 8 to 9. At SiO2/Al2O3 ratios of 6 or 4, phillipsite or analcime was formed as pure phase respectively. When the alkali hydroxides in the batch was increased by 20%, sanidine was formed. Use of reactive aluminosilicate gels enhanced the formation of clinoptilolite while attempts to use mineral raw materials were unsuccessful.
For both Na and (Na,K)-clinoptilolite, Si/Al ratio of products were greater than four. Thermal stability of synthetic clinoptilolites were comparable with natural clinoptilolite and potassium ion increased thermal stability of clinoptilolite.
Books on the topic "Clay industries"
1
Prud'homme, Michel. The clay products industry. Ottawa, Ont: Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, Minerals = Energie, mines et ressources Canada, Minéraux, 1986.
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2
Mines, Ontario Bureau of, ed. Clay and the clay industry of Ontario. Toronto: L.K. Cameron, 1997.
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3
United States. Bureau of Mines., Mississippi Mineral Resources Institute, and University of Mississippi. Dept. of Geology and Geological Engineering., eds. Clay composition of commercial clay deposits: Final report. University, Miss: Mississippi Mineral Resources Institute, 1990.
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Ontario. Ministry of Natural Resources. The Clay and shale industries of Ontario. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 1987.
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Tom, Kendall, ed. Industrial clays: An Industrial minerals special review. 2nd ed. London: Industrial Minerals, 1996.
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K, Oglethorpe M., Scottish Industrial Archaeology Survey, and Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland., eds. Brick, tile and fireclay industries in Scotland. [Edinburgh]: Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland, 1993.
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Branch, Canada Mines, ed. Report on the clay resources of southern Saskatchewan. Ottawa: Govt. Print. Bureau, 1997.
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International Symposium on Suction, Swelling, Permeability and Structure of Clays (2001 Shizuoka-shi, Japan). Clay science for engineering: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Suction, Swelling, Permeability and Structure of Clays, Is-Shizuoka 2001, Shizuoka, Japan, 11-13 January 2001. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 2001.
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Arthur, Marshel. The autobiography of a china clay worker: With a short history of the rise of the china clay industry. (St. Austell): Federation of Old Cornwall Societies, 1995.
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Zabidi, Hasnida, Khoo Kay Khean, Malaysia Jabatan Penyiasatan Kajibumi, and Dialogue Session "Opportunities in the Clay-based Industries" (1996 : Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia), eds. Opportunities in the clay-based industries, 10 September 1996. Kuala Lumpur: Geological Survey Dept. Malaysia, Ministry of Primary Industries, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Clay industries"
1
Achaw, Osei-Wusu, and Eric Danso-Boateng. "Cement and Clay Products Technology." In Chemical and Process Industries, 135–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79139-1_5.
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Mukherjee, Swapna. "Environmental Impacts of Clay-related Industries." In The Science of Clays, 280–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6683-9_19.
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Jafary, Tahereh, Anteneh Mesfin Yeneneh, Luqman Abidoye, Thirumalai Kumar, Abdulhameed Khalifullah, Jimoh Adewole, Khadija Al-Balushi, and Maryam Al Buraiki. "Functional Clay Minerals Application in Oil and Gas Industries." In Functional Materials for the Oil and Gas Industry, 207–20. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003242550-12.
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Demirbaş, Özkan, Mehmet Harbi Çalımlı, Esra Kuyuldar, İ. Halil Baydilek, Mehmet Salih Nas, and Fatih Şen. "Thermodynamic Kinetics and Sorption of Bovine Serum Albumin with Different Clay Materials." In Applications of Ion Exchange Materials in Biomedical Industries, 139–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06082-4_6.
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Manning, D. A. C. "Industrial clays: kaolin (china clay), ball clay and bentonite." In Introduction to Industrial Minerals, 35–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1242-0_3.
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Chihab, Yassine. "Thermal Performance Improvement of Hollow Fired Clay Bricks Embedding Phase Change Materials." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 555–63. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4355-1_53.
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AbstractThe construction industry in Morocco constitutes a substantial share, surpassing 33%, of the total energy consumption in the country, positioning it as one of the industries with the highest energy intensity. In spite of its considerable impact on energy consumption, the architectural design of buildings in Morocco frequently overlooks essential aspects such as the time lag and decrement factor linked to walls. This work aimed to examine the influence of incorporating phase change materials (PCMs) with three distinct melting temperatures on the dynamic thermal characteristics of bricks. The PCM is encapsulated in cylinders and integrated into the brick's solid matrix. The numerical simulations were conducted using COMSOL software, employing finite element and the apparent heat capacity methods. The results derived from the study indicate that integrating a 20% mass fraction of PCM with a melting point at 32 ℃ Results in a notable decrease of 34% in the heat flux swings. Additionally, there is a 2.5 h delay in the infiltration time of the external thermal temperature into the indoor space when comparing it to conventional bricks. Moreover, the application of PCM contributes to mitigating a significant portion of fluctuations in interior temperature. Consequently, incorporating PCMs into hollow clay bricks emerges as an effective approach for diminishing the energy demand associated with cooling buildings.
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Abeysinghe, Hansini, and Thusitha N. B. Etampawala. "Clay–Polymer Adsorbents for the Treatment of Industrial Effluents." In Clay Composites, 297–317. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2544-5_14.
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Della Porta, Cinzia. "Industrial Treatments and Modification of Clay Minerals." In Rubber-Clay Nanocomposites, 87–100. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118092866.ch3.
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Murad, Enver, and John Cashion. "Clay Firing." In Mössbauer Spectroscopy of Environmental Materials and Their Industrial Utilization, 291–313. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9040-2_11.
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Zalba, Patricia Eugenia, Martín Eduardo Morosi, and María Susana Conconi. "Overview." In Gondwana Industrial Clays, 1–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39457-2_1.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Clay industries"
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Burlakovs, Juris, Ruta Ozola-Davidane, and Maris Klavins. "INNOVATIVE COMPOSITE SORBENTS FOR ORGANIC AND INORGANIC POLLUTANTS REMOVAL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS IN LANDFILL LEACHATES." In International Scientific Conference “EcoBalt 2021”. University of Latvia Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/isceb.2021.01.
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The study reveals the development of appropriate innovative sorbents based on clay material for arsenic and p-nitrophenol sorption using iron oxy-hydroxide and surfactant modification. Natural and manufactured clay were chosen for comparison of modification efficiency to obtain the best sorption results for As (V) and p-nitrophenol. Obtained results indicate that modification of clay with iron compounds and various surfactants significantly improve the sorption capacity of newly developed materials used for sorption of inorganic and organic compounds from aqueous solutions in landfill leachates.Natural clay minerals have received a lot of attention as potential sorbents, because of their abundance, cost-effectiveness, high sorption and ion-exchange properties [1]. Clay minerals can be modified using different approaches to obtain innovative materials for application as sorbents in the removal of inorganic and organic pollutants from leachates, wastewater, groundwater and soil [2, 3]. Modification with surfactants improves hydrophobization needed if interaction with low polarity organic molecules is necessary, but chemical modification with inorganic species, e.g., hydrated iron supports the physical improvement of sorption and ion exchange process in order to benefit the treatment of media from inorganic pollutants [4]. Materials achieved better properties for specific remedial applications regarding heavy metals and metalloids, prepared organoclays from hydrophilic montmorillonite by intercalating cationic or nonionic surfactants can interact with organic molecules of differing polarity and serve as immobilizers for organic molecules and toxicants, e.g., phenols and NOCs. Further studies will reveal improved properties to benefit landfill leachate treatment, wastewater engineering and environmental remediation industries.
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Bhardwaj, Abhinav, Negar Kalantar, Elmer Molina, Na Zou, and Zhijian Pei. "Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Porcelain: Feasible Regions." In ASME 2019 14th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2019-3004.
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Abstract 3D printing processes have found several applications in automobile, aerospace, and biomedical industries. Recent development of large-scale 3D printing processes has fueled applications in the construction industry. Materials such as ceramic clay (porcelain) can now be used in additive manufacturing (AM). However, information regarding the effect of process parameters on part quality is limited. There is a need to study the effects of various parameters on the successful printing of samples for the construction industry. This paper presents an experimental study to determine the feasible parameter regions for extrusion-based 3D printing of porcelain using a Delta WASP 2040 Clay printer. The printing parameters studied are extruder height, layer thickness, print speed and air pressure. The effects of these parameters on the surface quality of the printed samples are examined. The identified feasible parameter regions from this study would provide preliminary insights on material extrusion-based 3D printing of porcelain.
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Syahril, Syahril, Agus Suyono, Hendry Hendry, Muchtar Muchtar, and Muhammad Raihan Riandi. "The effect of adding marble dust on compressive strength and bearing capacity value for soft clay soil." In THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NATURAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS, APPLICATIONS, RESEARCH, AND TECHNOLOGY (ICON-SMART2022): Mathematical Physics and Biotechnology for Education, Energy Efficiency, and Marine Industries. AIP Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0201795.
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Furqan, Mursal, and Engr Mahaveer Rathi. "Industrial Robotic Claw for Cottage Industries." In 2019 2nd International Conference on Computing, Mathematics and Engineering Technologies (iCoMET). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icomet.2019.8673426.
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Aluvihara, Suresh, C. S. Kalpage, and P. W. S. K. Bandaranayake. "The elementary characterization of anthill clay for composite materials." In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.i.2.
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Anthill clay is a distinct soil/clay genre among common soil types because of the extraordinary stockpiling method. The small particles are carried in and erected an anthill by a small creature that it is called as termite. In generally, clay is a conspicuous raw material for industrial applications greatly and the assay of expediencies of anthill clay for advanced material applications were the prospects of the existing research. Carefully collected anthill clay samples were characterized under the physically and chemically using standard procedures and instruments. The mechanical characteristics of prepared bricks from anthill clays under 8000C were investigated. As the major outcomes of the existing investigation of raw clays, there were looked to 5.56 of PH value, 15% of natural moisture content, gap graded and symmetrically distributed arrangement of grains, 60% finer particle percentage (<0.075mm) according to the weight, composition of Fe, Ti, Ba and K based compounds including Fe minerals with large sorption capacity for other metals. In addition that 25% of water absorption, 2.62 of bulk specific gravity, 65% of apparent porosity, 21 Mpa compressive strength and 0.4 Mpa splitting tensile strength were observed with respect to the bricks which were prepared from the anthill clay. Based on the behaviors of such anthill clay it should be an influential material in the advanced material manufacturing in the industrial purposes such as the water treatments, rigid materials, catalysts and refractors.
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Awad, Walid, Amal Esawi, and Adham Ramadan. "Fabrication and Properties of Nylon-6/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites by Melt Blending." In ASME 2008 2nd Multifunctional Nanocomposites and Nanomaterials International Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mn2008-47039.
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Polymer/clay nanocomposites currently attract immense interest from both research and industrial communities. By dispersing at the molecular level a tiny amount of clay within a polymeric matrix, a wide range of properties can be significantly improved. The efficiency of the clay (layered silicate) in improving the properties of the polymer materials is primarily determined by the degree of its dispersion in the polymer matrix. To promote the molecular and stable dispersion of the clay layers, the clays should be organically-modified with onium salts. In this work, nylon-6 nanocomposites based on two types of commercial organoclays were prepared by melt blending via single-screw extrusion. The good dispersion of clay in the nylon-6 nanocomposites was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The influence of the dispersed nano-clay fillers on the thermal and mechanical properties of the resulting nanocomposites was characterized using thermogravimetric analysis and nanoindentation.
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Vesely, Andreas. "Processes for the Treatment of NORM and TENORM." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4623.
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By contract with the Austrian government, the ARC is treating radioactive waste from research institutions and industries. In the last years, one focus was the development of processes for the treatment of NORM and TENORM. Our goal in developing such processes is to recycle valuable compounds for further industrial usage and to concentrate the radioactive elements as far as possible, to save space in the waste storage facilities. Austria is an important producer of tungsten-thoria- and tungsten-molybdenum-thoria-cermets. Scrap is generated during the production process in the form of turnings and grinding sludge and dust. Although big efforts have been undertaken to replace Thorium compounds, waste streams from past production processes are still waiting for treatment. The total amount of this waste stored in Austria may be estimated to be approx. 100 tons. In close co-operation with the tungsten industries, recycling processes were tested and further developed at ARC in laboratory, bench scale and pilot plants. Three different approaches to solve the problem were studied: Dissolution of tungsten in molten iron in an arc or induction furnace, thus producing an Fe-W or Fe-W-Mo alloy. Slag is produced upon the addition of lime and clay. This slag extracts nearly all of the Thorium contained in the metal melt. Selective dissolution of Tungsten in aqueous alkaline medium after oxidation of the metal to the hexavalent state by heating the scrap in air at temperatures of 500°C to 600°C. The resulting oxides are treated with sodium hydroxide solution. Tungsten and Molybdenum oxides are readily dissolved, while Thorium oxide together with silicon and aluminum compounds remain insoluble and are separated by filtration. Sodium tungstate solution is further processed by the usual hydrometallurgical tungsten mill process. Oxidation and dissolution of Tungsten can be achieved in one step by an electrochemical process. Thus, thoriated Tungsten scrap is used as an anode in an electrolysis cell, while sodium hydroxide or ammonia serve as electrolyte. After dissolution of Tungsten, the solids are separated from the liquid by filtration. With the electrochemical process, treatment of Tungsten-Thoria scrap can be achieved with high throughput in rather small reactors at moderate temperatures and ordinary pressure. The Tungsten solution exhibits high purity. Another process which we examined in detail is the separation of radium from rare earth compounds. Radium was separated by co-precipitation with barium sulfate from rare earth chloride solutions. The efficiency of the separation is strongly pH-dependent. Again, the valuable rare earth compound can be reused, and the radioactive elements are concentrated.
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Aluvihara, Suresh, C. S. Kalpage, P. W. S. K. Bandaranayake, W. M. A. T. Bandara, and Ciprian Chelaru. "Investigations and Analysis of Earth Materials towards the Developments in Some Advanced Chemical and Catalytic Uses." In The 9th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2022.i.3.
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Earth materials are some sort of valuable resources with some multiples uses in some of industrial purposes and they are obtaining some economical values based upon the demand and the abundance. According to the most of research and experiments that relevant with the characteristics of solid earth materials, mainly there were obtained and disclosed some various outstanding physic-chemical characteristics of a large number of earth materials including the applications of material processing, nano-materials, composite materials and hard materials. In the existing research there were expected to characterize some selected clay varieties, a dolomite variety and a feldspar variety which are available in Sri Lanka towards the developments especially in some advanced chemical and catalytic applications. The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopic analysis and Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis were done for all of selected materials. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was done for three different selected clays and the Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic analysis was done for three different clay types and for a dolomite variety. According to the obtained results for the research, there were found the presence of at least 75% of Fe as the major element in each of clay with some other trace metallic elements such as K, Ti, Ca, Ba and Zr in such clays, kaolinite, montmorillonite and some of Fe minerals namely as muscovite and glauconite in such clays with quartz as a non-clayey mineral. There were found some higher amount of calcite in the selected dolomite with a trace amount of K and also there were found some higher K and Ca amounts presence in the selected feldspar rocks. When comparing the obtained results with past research out comes and modifications of materials, it seems that these materials will be much useful in the industrial applications such as the catalytic activities, waste water treatment applications in the removal of heavy metals due to the adsorption capacity, ion exchanging materials to remove unnecessary ions from waste water and in the removal of hardness from waste water due to the adsorption capacity of dolomite.
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Konate, Nabe, Saeed Salehi, Mehdi Mokhtari, and Ali Ghalambor. "Experimental Characterization of Linear Swelling of Reactive Clays Dominated Wells: Comparison of Drilling Fluid Systems." In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/217869-ms.
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Abstract Shale drilling remains one of the oil industry's most challenging and expensive operations. One of the main concerns in shale drilling is the instability of the wellbore, which can be attributed to the physio-chemical interaction between the drilling fluid systems and the shale formation. This poor interaction is primarily caused by the presence of high-reactive clays, which are known to cause swelling and dispersion issues during drilling. This paper evaluates the linear swelling characteristics of a shale formation dominated by high-reactive clay. A comparative analysis of various drilling fluids’ performance in controlling shale swelling is performed for four (4) clay-dominated wells drilled in the Tuscaloosa Marine Shale (TMS). The mineralogy concentration of samples obtained from different wells drilled in the shale formations is characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Additionally, clay swelling tests are performed in accordance with the American Society of Material Testing (ASTM) Standard Section D5890 to determine the swelling indices of the wells under investigation when exposed to different drilling fluid systems. The study reveals that all the wells tested have a clay concentration of at least 50%. Furthermore, the choice of drilling fluid systems significantly affects the swelling rate. High-performance water-based mud (HPWBM) systems, such as KCl and high salinity formate brine, exhibit improved swelling inhibition and compatibility with high-reactive shale formations. The study revealed that the use of high-performance water-based systems reduces the swelling tendency of clay by as much as 60% compared to conventional water-based systems. The use of inhibitive mud systems also minimized the size of the opening of the tetrahedral sheet of the clay during water invasion as opposed to the conventional water-based mud systems.
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Murtaza, Mobeen, Zeeshan Tariq, Muhammad Shahzad Kamal, Muhammad Mahmoud, and Dhafer Al Sheri. "Application of Okra Mucilage for the Prevention of Shale Swelling." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207281-ms.
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Abstract Maintain wellbore stability is a very critical aspect of the drilling operation. The unstable wellbore provides severe loss to the drilling operators in terms of time and money. One of the significant reasons for unstable wellbore occurs due to the expansion of shale formation. Several solutions are utilized to tackle the expansion of shales, such as salts, PHPA, silicates, and oil-based drilling fluids. There are limitations associated with these solutions, such as thermal instability, limited supply, unfriendly to the environment and marine life, etc. In this study, Okra mucilage has been introduced as a shale swelling inhibitor in drilling fluids. Okra is widely used in the medical and food industries as a viscosifier as it is abundantly available in tropical and subtropical regions. Okra powder has been used as a fluid loss control additive in the literature. The application of the Okra solution as a shale swelling inhibitor in drilling fluids was not investigated in the past. In this study, Okra mucilage was extracted from the Okra plant and used as shale swelling inhibitor. Three different concentrations (5, 10 & 20) vol% of Okra mucilage mixed solutions were used for linear swell test. The test was performed using a linear swell tester at atmospheric conditions for 24 hours on bentonite wafers. Further zeta potential, particles size and capillary suction timer test (CST) were conducted. The experimental study revealed that Okra mucilage reduced the swelling of bentonite. For instance, 10 and 20% of Okra mucilage solutions reduced the swelling by 36.8% and 50.5%, respectively. The Okra mucilage decreased the zeta potential of clay and increased its particle size. CST time decreased initial at low concentration and increased with concentration. Overall, experimental investigations suggested that Okra mucilage could be an alternate green shale inhibitor in drilling fluids without compromising other drilling fluids' properties.
Reports on the topic "Clay industries"
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Litaor, Iggy, James Ippolito, Iris Zohar, and Michael Massey. Phosphorus capture recycling and utilization for sustainable agriculture using Al/organic composite water treatment residuals. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600037.bard.
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Objectives: 1) develop a thorough understanding of the sorption mechanisms of Pi and Po onto the Al/O- WTR; 2) determine the breakthrough range of the composite Al/O-WTR during P capturing from agro- wastewaters; and 3) critically evaluate the performance of the composite Al/O-WTR as a fertilizer using selected plants grown in lysimeters and test-field studies. Instead of lysimeters we used pots (Israel) and one- liter cone-tainers (USA). We conducted one field study but in spite of major pretreatments the soils still exhibited high enough P from previous experiments so no differences between control and P additions were noticeable. Due to time constrains the field study was discontinued. Background: Phosphorous, a non-renewable resource, has been applied extensively in fields to increase crop yield, yet consequently has increased the potential of waterway eutrophication. Our proposal impetus is the need to develop an innovative method of P capturing, recycling and reuse that will sustain agricultural productivity while concurrently reducing the level of P discharge from and to agricultural settings. Major Conclusions & Achievements: An innovative approach was developed for P removal from soil leachate, dairy wastewater (Israel), and swine effluents (USA) using Al-based water treatment residuals (Al- WTR) to create an organic-Al-WTR composite (Al/O-WTR), potentially capable of serving as a P fertilizer source. The Al-WTR removed 95% inorganic-P, 80% to 99.9% organic P, and over 60% dissolved organic carbon from the agro-industrial waste streams. Organic C accumulation on particles surfaces possibly enhanced weak P bonding and facilitated P desorption. Analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM- EDS), indicated that P was sparsely sorbed on both calcic and Al (hydr)oxide surfaces. Sorption of P onto WW-Al/O-WTR was reversible due to weak Ca-P and Al-P bonds induced by the slight alkaline nature and in the presence of organic moieties. Synchrotron-based microfocused X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) spectrometry, bulk P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES), and P K-edge micro-XANES spectroscopy indicated that adsorption was the primary P retention mechanism in the Al- WTR materials. However, distinct apatite- or octocalciumphosphatelike P grains were also observed. Synchrotron micro-XRF mapping further suggested that exposure of the aggregate exteriors to wastewater caused P to diffuse into the porous Al-WTR aggregates. Organic P species were not explicitly identified via P K-edge XANES despite high organic matter content, suggesting that organic P may have been predominantly associated with mineral surfaces. In screen houses experiments (Israel) we showed that the highest additions of Al/O-WTR (5 and 7 g kg⁻¹) produced the highest lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolial) yield. Lettuce yield and P concentration were similar across treatments, indicating that Al/O- WTR can provide sufficient P to perform similarly to common fertilizers. A greenhouse study (USA) was utilized to compare increasing rates of swine wastewater derived Al/O-WTR and inorganic P fertilizer (both applied at 33.6, 67.3, and 134.5 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹) to supply plant-available P to spring wheat (TriticumaestivumL.) in either sandy loam or sandy clay loam soil. Spring wheat straw and grain P uptake were comparable across all treatments in the sandy loam, while Al/O-WTR application to the sandy clay loam reduced straw and grain P uptake. The Al/O-WTR did not affect soil organic P concentrations, but did increase phosphatase activity in both soils; this suggests that Al/O-WTR application stimulated microorganisms and enhance the extent to which microbial communities can mineralize Al/O-WTR-bound organic P. Implications: Overall, results suggest that creating a new P fertilizer from Al-WTR and agro-industrial waste sources may be a feasible alternative to mining inorganic P fertilizer sources, while protecting the environment from unnecessary waste disposal.
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Alexandrov, Boian. PR-650-174516-R01 Corrosion Resistant Weld Overlays for Pipeline Installations. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012108.
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Pipeline failure due to corrosion is a common problem in the oil and gas and petrochemical industry. A cost-effective way to prevent these failures is the application of corrosion-resistant weld overlays (WOLs) onto the internal surface of line pipe. A WOL is a deposition of a filler metal - such as a nickel-base alloy - onto the surface of a part - usually carbon or low alloy steels - to introduce desired surface properties to the original substrate [1]. As such, the service life of the substrate is increased which results in reduced costs to industries such as oil and gas and petrochemical as well as to the environment. WOLs are commonly created using arc welding processes such as cold wire and hot wire gas tungsten arc welding (CW-, HW-GTAW), gas metal arc welding (GMAW), and submerged arc welding (SAW). Previous research performed at OSU indicates that a low heat input GMAW process, such as cold metal transfer (CMT), can produce WOLs which corrode up to ten times slower than overlays produced with CW-GTAW [2, 3], with up to four times higher deposition rates [4]. However, the majority of research into WOLs produced with the CMT process has been done with respect to nuclear applications, so there is a need for process optimization directed towards oil and gas applications. This project investigates the potential of CMT as an alternative to HW-GTAW for use with nickel-base alloys 625, 686 and 825 clad onto low alloy steel X65.
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Pelletier, Austin, Amanda Hohner, Idil Deniz Akin, Indranil Chowdhury, Richard Watts, Xianming Shi, Brendan Dutmer, and James Mueller. Bench-scale Electrochemical Treatment of Co-contaminated Clayey Soil. Illinois Center for Transportation, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-018.
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Industrial soil contamination is frequently unearthed by transportation agencies during construction within the right-of-way. As a result, transportation agencies may experience construction delays. Soils co-contaminated with high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAHs) and metals are commonly encountered in Illinois and exhibit recalcitrance towards conventional treatment technologies. This issue is exacerbated in the fine-grained soils common to Illinois, where low-permeability and immense sorption capacity increase treatment complexity, cost, and duration. Contaminated sites are spatially and temporally restrictive and require rapid in situ treatments, whereas conventional soil remediation requires 1 to 3 years on average. Consequently, transportation agencies typically pursue excavation and off-site disposal for expediency. However, this solution is expensive, so a comparatively expeditious and affordable treatment alternative is needed to combat the increasing cost of hazardous waste disposal. The objective of this work was to develop an accelerated in situ treatment approach adaptable for use at any construction site to cost-effectively remove HMW-PAHs and metals from clayey soil. It was hypothesized that an in situ electrochemical treatment which augments electrokinetics with H2O2 could remediate both HMW-PAHs and metals in less than a month. Bench-scale reactors resemblant of field-scale in situ electrokinetic systems were designed and fabricated to assess the electrochemical treatment of clayey soils contaminated with HMW-PAHs and metals. Pyrene, chromium, and manganese were used as model contaminants, spiked into kaolinite as a model clay. Electrokinetics were imposed by a low-intensity electrical field distributed by graphite rods. Electrolytic H2O2 systems were leveraged to distribute electrical current and facilitate contaminant removal. Average contaminant removals of 100%, 42.3%, and 4.5% were achieved for pyrene, manganese, and chromium, respectively. Successful development of this bench-scale treatment approach will serve to guide transportation agencies in field-scale implementation. The results from this work signify that electrochemical systems that leverage eco-friendly oxidant addition can replace excavation and disposal as a means of addressing clayey soils co-contaminated with HMW-PAHs and metals.
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Kelly, Luke. What Accountability Means in Somalia. Institute of Development Studies, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.113.
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This rapid literature review finds that accountability programming in Somalia is focused on working effectively with the country’s hybrid governance. A number of programmes have generated findings on the potential of non-state actors to improve accountability, with a focus on contextual analysis and adaptive programming. Accountability is defined as mechanisms to hold people in power to account according to an agreed standard. Improving accountability may be difficult in fragile and conflict-affected states such as Somalia where power is dispersed and informal. Somalia is commonly described as a hybrid political order. Regions in Somalia have more and less robust governments and non-state actors have a number of important but informal roles in governance. Moreover, the prevalence of clan-based politics and patriarchal norms limits the inclusivity of accountability mechanisms, with women and members of minority clans among those commonly excluded. This report is focused on accountability in governance. It surveys both evidence on the status and contours of accountability in Somalia, and on programmes to improve accountability. It is based on evidence from the Implementation and Analysis in Action of Accountability Programme (IAAAP) Somalia programme, as well as other relevant programmes. It describes the findings on the barriers and enablers to greater accountability in Somalia, as well as lessons on implementing programmes. It does not survey every accountability programme, or programme with accountability components, but instead focused on published evaluations and evidence syntheses. Several programmes, such as IAAAP, have sought to research, improve and learn lessons on accountability in Somalia. IAAAP ran from 2013 to 2019 and had a budget of GBP 23 million. It worked as an innovation laboratory to test models for greater accountability through adaptive programming. IAAAP worked on different themes, including civil society-state engagement, financial flows and extractive industries.