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1
O, Ademila, Ogunribido T. H. T, and Abidoye J. M. "Geotechnical and geochemical appraisal of IFON clay, Southwestern Nigeria: Implications for industrial utilization." International Journal of Physical Research 7, no. 1 (May 5, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijpr.v7i1.26336.
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Clays are geological materials of economic potential in the manufacturing and environmental industries. Geotechnical properties and geochemical composition of Ifon clay deposits in Ondo State, Nigeria were investigated with the aim of determining their economic potentials. The geotechnical investigation includes consistency limits, strength, permeability and firing tests, while, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method was used for determination of the bulk elemental composition of the clays using standard techniques. Geotechnical appraisal of the clay deposits revealed that high proportion of clay size fractions (52.3 – 66.1%) makes the clays suitable in their natural state for industrial raw materials. Activity of the clays was found to be low at approximately 0.3 – 0.7 and classified as inactive clays. Unconfined compressive strength varies between 3.4 N/mm2 and 4.7 N/mm2 and moderate shrinkage values (≤ 12%) indicate that the clays could be used as building construction materials. Coefficient of permeability of 7.75 × 10-8 to 1.72 × 10-5 cm/sec described the clays as low to impermeable soils suitable as barrier soils. SiO2 (64.41 – 68.74%) and Al2O3 (22.98 – 28.45%) contents dominate the clay geochemistry followed by iron oxide, Fe2O3 (3.57 – 8.31%) content among other oxides in traces, imply that they originated from underlying basement rocks subjected to varying degree of weathering. Low MgO, CaO, K2O and Na2O indicate no expandable clay minerals in the clays. The clays show low heavy metal concentrations which guarantee their suitability as raw materials in chemical industries. Thus, Ifon clay deposits are suitable for the production of ceramics, refractory bricks, paper, paints, rubber and fertilizer.
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Mousharraf, Adnan, Md Sazzad Hossain, and Md Fakhrul Islam. "Potential of Locally Available Clay as Raw Material for Traditional-Ceramic Manufacturing Industries." Journal of Chemical Engineering 26 (March 24, 2012): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v26i1.10179.
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The traditional white-ware manufacturing industries in Bangladesh use clay as the prime raw material which is mostly imported from abroad. The main reasons are the lack of proper clay refining technolo gy in the country and in some part the unsuitable chemical and structural composition of the locally available naturally occurring clays. Moreover, particle size has also been identified as a major challenge in processing of naturally available clay. These two vital aspects affect plasticity and strength of clay during their processing. The composition and particle size of locally available clay were investigated using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to reveal the potential of these clays for industrial purpose upon refining. XRF analysis showed presence of excess SiO2 content in the form of Silicate, Fe2O3 and TiO2; all of which pose a challenge in the refining process. Moreover the amount of Al2O3 in most of the compositions is also not up to the minimum level. Using the data based on statistics on particle sizes of raw materials of various origins, this experiment was aimed to reveal the composition and properties of locally available clay that can be projected for further refining to make suitable as raw material for whiteware industries. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v26i1.10179 JCE 2011; 26(1): 34-37
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Inegbenebor, A. I., A. O. Inegbenebor, R. C. Mordi, N. Kalada, A. Falomo, and P. Sanyaolu. "Determination of the Chemical Compositions of Clay Deposits from Some Part of South West Nigeria for Industrial Applications." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v4i1.14214.
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Clay is one of the major raw materials in ceramics, paint and paper industries. In this paper, a report is given on the chemical composition of clay deposits in Ilaro and Ikorodu, South West Nigeria and their suitability as raw materials in the above mentioned industries is suggested by comparison of their composition with industry standards. The clay samples were activated with H2SO4 and their moisture content was determined. The mineral content of the clays was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy, which showed significant presence of Si, Al, Fe, and Ti. The morphology of the clays was studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM/EDX) in combination with X-ray analysis. The investigation revealed the agglomeration of the particles of quartz and rutile on the surface structure of the activated clays. The results obtained from their observed properties and chemical compositions indicate that these clays are suitable for use in the ceramics, paint and paper industries. This proposition is supported by reduction in moisture contents of the activated clay samples from both Ilaro and Ikorodu.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(1): 21-26
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Jeminatu, Aliu Okpo, Itiowe Kiamuke, and Avwenagha Enivwenaye Oghenero. "Geochemical composition, mineralogy, geotechnical characteristics of some clay deposits in parts of the southern Niger Delta, Nigeria." Global Journal of Geological Sciences 19, no. 1 (July 13, 2021): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjgs.v19i1.4.
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Clay soil samples from the Afo-Okpella and Okpekpe in parts of the southern Niger Delta were analyzed for their geochemical composition, mineralogical and geotechnical characteristics. X-ray fluorescence analysis, x-ray diffraction analysis and index property tests were carried out to determine elemental composition, mineralogical nature and geotechnical attributes of the clay. The XRF reveals that SiO2 and Al2O3 are the predominant oxides. The XRD analysis shows that kaolinite is the predominant clay mineral with varying amount of quartz also traces of illite, smectite. The geotechnical index test shows that the clay soil samples studied also contains considerable amounts of silt-size particles (18%-70%) which makes them unsuitable in their raw state for use as fillers, raw materials in the paint industries. The clays were generally of medium to high plasticity and medium to high compressibility, however the classification of degree of expansion as regard to percentage linear shrinkage places the entire clay bodies studied in the critical degree of expansion. The study reveals that they are good for the production of quality bricks, ceramics and other industrial usage such as rubber, paper and paint industries.
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Apkar'yan, A. S., and T. Yu Sablina. "Investigation of the properties of overburden clays from the Kornilovskoye deposit of the Tomsk region." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Fizika, no. 7 (2022): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/00213411/65/7/35.
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Analytical and laboratory-technological studies of overburden clays of the Kornilovskoye deposit in the Tomsk region have been carried out. The chemical composition, mineral composition, granulometric composition, plasticity and refractoriness of clays have been determined. The sensitivity of clay raw materials to drying, apparent density, water absorption, shrinkage, mechanical characteristics of samples from clay raw materials have been investigated. The possibilities of using clay in various industries are determined.
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SHEKHAWAT, M. S. "THERMO GRAVIMETRIC AND DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS OF CLAY OF WESTERN RAJASTHAN (INDIA)." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 22 (January 2013): 458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194513010519.
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The paper presents the study of thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analysis of blended clay. Western part of Rajasthan (India) is rich resource of Ball clays and it is mainly used by porcelain, sanitary ware, and tile industry. The quality and grade of clay available in the region vary from one deposit to other. To upgrade the fired colour and strength properties, different variety of clays may be blended together. The paper compares the results of thermal analysis one of blended clay B2 with reference clay of Ukraine which is imported by industries owners. The result revealed that the blended clay is having mineral kaolinite while the Ukrainian clay is Halloysite.
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Nasedkin, V. V., N. M. Boeva, and A. L. Vasiliev. "Akkalkan deposit of bentonite clays (Southeast Kazakhstan): formation conditions and prospects for technological use." Геология рудных месторождений 61, no. 5 (November 18, 2019): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-777061584-95.
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The article presents the results of the bentonite clays study of Akkolkanskoye deposit, located in South-Eastern Kazakhstan. Based on the mapping, four main types of bentonites were identified: light gray argillite-like clay; dark gray clay lamellar and crushed stone morphology; waxy light brown and pale yellow clay lamellar texture; black plastic clay. Mineralogical study of these varieties allowed to establish the relationship of crystal-morphological features of the main rock-forming mineral in clays with the conditions of their formation and with the technological properties of bentonite raw materials for use in various industries.
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Karpiński, B., and M. Szkodo. "Clay Minerals – Mineralogy and Phenomenon of Clay Swelling in Oil & Gas Industry." Advances in Materials Science 15, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/adms-2015-0006.
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Abstract Among the minerals found in the earth's crust, clay minerals are of the widest interest. Due to the specific properties such as plasticity, absorbing and catalytic properties clay minerals are used in many industries (oil & gas, chemistry, pharmacy, refractory technology, ceramics etc.). In drilling, a phenomenon of swelling clays is frequently observed. It has an important impact on the cementing quality. During the last few decades clays have been the subject of research on a scale unprecedented in the history of mineralogy. This paper presents review literature on mineralogy of clay minerals and phenomenon of swelling in oil and gas industry. Unique ion exchange properties and clay swelling mechanisms are also considered.
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Apkarian, A. S., and T. Yu Sablina. "Investigation of the properties of overburden clays from the Kornilovskoye deposit of the Tomsk region for use in the refractory, ceramic and oil industries." Perspektivnye Materialy 11 (2022): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/1028-978x-2022-11-53-60.
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Analytical and laboratory-technological studies of overburden clays of the Kornilovskoye deposit in the Tomsk region have been carried out. The chemical composition, mineral composition, granulometric composition, plasticity and refractoriness of clays have been determined. The sensitivity of clay raw materials to drying, apparent density, water absorption, shrinkage have been investigated. To determine the possibility of using clay from the Kornilovskoye field in the Tomsk region in the refractory, ceramic, electrical, construction and oil industries instead of clay “Vesko-Prima” from the Veselovskoye field in Druzhkovka (Donbass), comparative physicochemical characteristics of the clays of both deposits are given.
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Efendiyeva, Zarifa J., Maral G. Aliyeva, and Matanat J. Hamashayeva. "Possibility of complex use of bentonite clays and modeling of research processes." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 32, no. 2 (June 24, 2023): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112322.
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The efficient and complex use of resources of high quality bentonite clays, as well as the application of relatively low quality bentonite clays in accordance with their mineralogical and lithological properties are identified in the article. As Azerbaijan’s oil industry developed, interest in studying the geological structure of bentonite deposits increased. Prospects for bentonite production to reach 1-1.5 million tons of annual productivity in the next 40-50 years are related to the industrial development of the Daşsalakhli deposit, the largest in terms of resources (explored reserves are 180 million tons). The Dashsalakhli field is unique in terms of mineral quality and is one of the largest deposits in the world. Since the Dashsalakhli field has been researched and prepared for industrial development, and taking into account the demand of the world market, it is possible to increase the production and pro- cessing of bentonites by 1.5-2 times with the production of various commodity products in the republic. For this purpose, a unique and powerful “Azbentonite” processing enterprise equipped with modern equipment was established in Baku. One of the most important physical properties of bentonite clay which determines its industrial use is swelling. The swelling of clays is determined by their granulometric and mineral composition, as well as the content of absorbed cations. Massive bentonites have a relatively low density due to the significant moisture content, in most cases greater than 2.09 g/cm3. Attention was paid principally to the study of the degree swelling of the studied clay samples . The process of swelling in clays depends on their mineralogical composition. As is known, according to P.A. Rebinder, clays with a hard crystal lattice are less exposed to swelling. The elastic skeletal lattice of «Dashsalahli» bentonite clay, which is characteristic of other bentonite clays, causes the swelling process to intensify on contact with water. Bentonite clays are char- acterized by high water absorption or water retention capacity compared to other types of clay. One of the important natural properties of bentonites is their dispersibility, which depends on the type and amount of functionally modifiable clay cations .The more alkali metal (usually sodium) cations in the diffuse layer of bentonite particles, the higher the dispersion. In order to comprehensively study the physical and chemical properties of «Dashsalahli» bentonite clay, samples were taken from the northern, southern, western, eastern and central directions of the clay deposit, and research work was carried out. As a result of the research, it was established that «Dashsalahli» bentonite clay belongs to the class of small dispersed, alkali-based montmorillonite clays and is characterized by plastic texture. The composition of these clays is weakly carbonate and consists mainly of quartz and plagioclase minerals. Reconstructive diagnostic and electron-microscopic data of the corresponding montmorillonite showed that these clays have variable cation capacity. The analysis of «Dashsalahli» bentonite clay ultimately examined the use of this clay in the production of drilling fluids used in wells drilled in the oil industry and in other industries. Bentonite clays, as well as their processed products, have many special qualities and are widely used in certain leading sectors of the economy, as well as in many industries. The possibility of their application in high-quality detergent used in the steel casting industry, granulation of iron ore concentrate, drilling of deep wells, production of expanded clay in the construction industry, production of special purpose aluminum sheets, and their application in the oil refining, chemical , food , liquid and gas in- dustries was determined. The feature of using low-condition bentonite clays and opening rocks in various fields ensures the full use of this raw material and the complex development of the deposit. Currently, bentonite clays, especially their montmorillonite varieties, are considered an important raw material in the world market due to the use of bentonites in the production of iron ore pellets.
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Ishanova, M. N., A. A. Kadirbayeva, and N. K. Sarypbekova. "Research on the production of sorbent based on bentonite clay for wastewater treatment from chemical industries." Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra = Complex Use of Mineral Resources 333, no. 2 (July 9, 2024): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2025/6445.14.
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In our country, the problem of water purification remains urgent, with the growth of external factors contributing to this, which can include an increase in the number of industrial enterprises, the development of agriculture, urban growth and others. To solve the problem of water purification it is economically advantageous to create new sorbents, with the available resources in our country.For the processing of of bentonite clay under experimental conditions, instrumental test methods were chosen using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) of the Jeol JSM-6490l V brand, a multi-parameter portable cyberscanner (PCD 650 Eutech) and a Q-1500 Derivatograph. In this article, we studied the bentonite of the Darbaza deposit. For physico-chemical analysis of clay from the Darbaza deposit, a specially selected sample was crushed, and sieved and its chemical composition was determined. Results. Based on the results of instrumental studies, the elemental and mineralogical composition of bentonite clay from the Darbazinsky deposit was determined using a scanning electron microscope JSM-6490l V (Jeol, Japan) using the energy-dispersive method. The resulting sorbent based on bentonite clay has a high sorption capacity and is recommended for use in the treatment of wastewater from chemical industries. The resulting sorbent based on bentonite clay from the Darbaza deposit makes it possible to purify wastewater from phosphate production from phosphate and other ions up to 60%. The developed sorbent based on bentonite clay has environmental and economic efficiency and connections with the use of local natural resources. Thus, it should be noted that for adsorption treatment of wastewater from chemical industries with a high degree, it is possible to use effective sorbents based on bentonine clays from the Darbaza deposit. It should also be noted that the use of bentonite clays for water purification by the sorption process is an effective and affordable alternative to adsorbents that show high adsorption capacity for various compounds.
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Kumar, Awinash, and Pradip Lingfa. "Acid-activated Sodium Bentonite and Kaolin Clay: Comparative Study by Physicochemical Properties." Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 23, no. 5 (July 9, 2020): 433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1386207323666200311114349.
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Aim and Objective: This paper aims to reveal the useful industrial aspects of kandite and montmorillonite group of clays using as a catalyst after acid activation. A comparative study of modified characteristics of clay samples has been explored based on industrial requirements. Materials and Methods: In this study sodium bentonite and kaolin clay have been focused. The modified characteristics of clay samples are investigated by characterization methods of FT-IR, XRD, SEM/EDAX, TGA and DSC before and after treated with 4M of Hydrochloric acid. Clay samples were refluxed at 105ºC and calcined at 500ºC consecutively for 3 hours at room temperature. Results: Maximum crystalline size 104.02 nm has been evaluated for acid-activated sodium bentonite. Alkyl halides compounds have a strong band position for all samples and have more extent on acid activation. The small numbers of manganese particles have been noticed in the acidactivated samples. 14% of decrement and 61.02% of increment of aluminates have been found respectively for acid-activated kaolin and acid-activated sodium bentonite. Conclusion: The novelty of this study is about sodium bentonite characterization and the results show the prominent behaviour with structural, elemental, morphological, and thermal analysis. Acid-activated kaolin sample has less effect in comparison with acid-activated sodium bentonite. As the removal of the hydroxyl group of compounds has been reported through FT-IR and XRD analysis also some other industries like ceramic and paper industries may have accepted these types of modified minerals for special production with a simple process.
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Odewole, Olufemi A., Francis K. Ojo, Ogechi L. Alum, Kovo G. Akpomie, Anthony C. Ofomatah, Helen O. Chukwuemeka-Okorie, Julius U. Ani, Sunday C. Agbo, and Emmanuel E. Omeje. "Investigation on the physicochemical properties of Nru clay deposit and its industrial application." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1178, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1178/1/012025.
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Abstract The utility of Nru clay for industrial application, which was taken from the Nsukka local government area in Enugu State, Nigeria, is assessed in this study for its physical and chemical properties. The clay was investigated chemically which showed SiO 2 51.2%, Al 2 O 3 18.3% as the predominant constituents while other metallic oxides such as Fe 2 O 3 5.3%, MgO 2.2%, Na 2 O 1.8%, CaO 1.4%, K 2 O 1.3% and MnO 0.7% were present in considerable proportion. The physical and mechanical analysis acknowledged a range in the linear shrinkage (4.17 - 6.25%), total shrinkage (7.8 - 10.2%), apparent porosity (36.92 – 26.58%), apparent density (2.59 - 2.37 g/cm3), bulk density (1.63 - 1.74 g/cm3), water absorption (22.64 – 15.33%) and modulus of rupture (6.70 – 9.15 kg/cm2) with an increase in firing temperature from 900°C to 1200°C. Nru clay can withstand heat without melting or deforming at temperature up to 1200 °C and exhibited reasonable plasticity with a modulus of plasticity of 1.42. We can infer from our investigation that Nru clay is a potential raw material for industries in the production of ceramics, high melting clays, fired bricks, and paints. Alternatively, the clays’ properties can be tailored to achieve superior physical and mechanical properties by enhancing them with additives. Therefore, it can be employed to cushion the exorbitant cost of importing clay minerals from other nations.
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Kalendova, Alena, Jana Kupkova, Martina Urbaskova, and Dagmar Merinska. "Applications of Clays in Nanocomposites and Ceramics." Minerals 14, no. 1 (January 13, 2024): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14010093.
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Clays and clay minerals are common natural materials, the unique properties of which have attracted the interest of the industry, especially because these materials are easily available, cheap, and non-toxic. Clays and clay minerals are widely used in many applications, such as in ceramic production, in the clarification of liquids, pollutant adsorbers, filler in composites and nanocomposites, soil amendments, in pharmacy, etc. This review assesses the development in the area of clay application in nanocomposites and ceramics. The first part of this study covers polymer/clay nanocomposites. Topics of interest include nanofiller sources for polymer nanocomposites, the possible ways of clay modification, polymer/clay nanocomposite classification and their processing, and polymer matrix overview with possible enhancement of nanocomposite properties. Some of the applications have already been commercialized. Approximately 80% of the polymer/clay nanocomposites are destined for the automotive, aeronautical, and packaging industries. The second part of this study describes ceramic materials with a focus on silicate ceramics. Talc and kaolinite represent the main natural raw materials for traditional ceramic applications. Less traditional cordierite, steatite, and forsterite could offer property enhancement and seem to be useful in electronics, electrical engineering, catalysts, solar thermal storage, or medical applications.
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Schackow, A., S. L. Correia, and C. Effting. "Influence of microstructural and morphological properties of raw natural clays on the reactivity of clay brick wastes in a cementitious blend matrix." Cerâmica 66, no. 378 (June 2020): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132020663782852.
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Abstract The physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics of raw clays used in the industries interfere greatly in the production process and final ceramic product. Raw clays from 4 industries in the South of Brazil were characterized by the XRD, XRF, FTIR, DSC, and SEM techniques. In addition, the pozzolanic potential was also verified based on the kaolinite content of the raw samples. The raw clay that presented the highest pozzolanic potential had a quantity of kaolinite of 69.7%. The use of 40% of the brick waste produced with this raw clay (particle size of 75 μm) replacing Portland cement in a mortar resulted in a gain of 51% in compressive strength at 28 days. The analysis of the hydration products resulting from the Ca(OH)2 reaction from the cement hydration with the ceramic waste showed the presence of Al2O3.2SiO2 forming the C-S-H gel.
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Miyahara, Ricardo Y., Pedro G. Lins, Ticiane S. Valera, and Samuel Marcio Toffoli. "Rheological Studies of Brazilian Clays in Water-Alcohol Suspensions." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 793–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.793.
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In this paper, the rheological behaviors of dispersions of two types of clays a kaolin and a smectitic clay from Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil, were investigated. Both clays are mainly employed by ceramics industries in the Southern States of São Paulo and Santa Catarina. Viscosity measurements of dispersions in water and three types of alcohols (methanol, ethanol, and propanol) were carried out in a concentric cylinder geometry viscometer. The concentration of the dispersions was 20 wt.% of clay in water-alcohol suspensions containing up to 75 wt.% of each one of the three alcohols. The results are compared and discussed.
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Cortés, Guillermo R. Martín, Ticiane S. Valera, Fabio José Esper, Wildor Theodoro Hennies, and Francisco Rolando Valenzuela-Díaz. "Synthesis and Characterization of Organophilic Clay from Cuban Chiqui Gomez Bentonite." Materials Science Forum 660-661 (October 2010): 1093–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.660-661.1093.
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Smectites are clay mineral with a layered structure and nanometric thickness, high specific area and a huge variety of uses. Consisting on stacked layers of about 1nm thickness, including two silica tetrahedral and one octahedral sheet. Properties of natural Smectites can be enhanced by organic modification, due to the substitution of the exchangeable cations in the interlayer area. In fact, the properties of the modified smectite (organophilic clay) are related to its modified chemical composition and structural parameters. The interaction of smectite clays with surfactants has an important interest in the fields of drilling fluids, paints, cosmetic, ceramic industries and others. Recent applications are: remediation of contaminated areas and polymer/clay nanocomposites. The aim of this paper is to obtain organophilic clays using a bentonite from the Chiqui Gómez deposit in Central Cuba. The raw and organophilic clays were analyzed by DRX, SEM, swelling capacity in organic solvents and others.
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Abulyazied, Dalia E., and Antoaneta Ene. "An Investigative Study on the Progress of Nanoclay-Reinforced Polymers: Preparation, Properties, and Applications: A Review." Polymers 13, no. 24 (December 16, 2021): 4401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13244401.
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Nanoclay-reinforced polymers have attracted considerable universal attention in academic and industrial research due to their outstanding properties and their ever-expanding utilization in diversified applications. In that regard, in the present review, the structure of layered silicate clay, as well as procedures for clay material modification, are outlined. We also discuss the general characterization techniques, synthesis methods, and various properties of polymer–clay nanocomposites (PCNs), and some examples likewise are depicted from the scientific literature. The study’s primary goal is to provide an up-to-date survey of polymer–clay nanocomposites and their specific applications in industries such as automotive, flame-retardant, and biomedical applications, coating, and packaging.
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Negrão, Leonardo Boiadeiro Ayres, Herbert Pöllmann, and Tiago Kalil Cortinhas Alves. "Mineralogical Appraisal of Bauxite Overburdens from Brazil." Minerals 11, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11070677.
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Mineralogical appraisal is an important tool for both mining and industrial processes. X-ray powder diffraction analysis (XRPD) can deliver fast and reliable mineralogical quantification results to aid industrial processes and improve ore recoveries. Furthermore, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) chemical data, thermal analysis (TA), and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) can be used to validate and refine XRPD results. Mineralogical assessment of non-traditional ores, such as mining wastes, is also an important step to consider them for near-future industries. In the Brazilian Amazon, alumina-rich clays cover the largest and most important bauxitic deposits of the region and have been considered as a possible raw material for the local cement and ceramic industry. In this work, a mineralogical evaluation of these clays (Belterra Clays) is performed using XRPD, XRF, TA, and FTIR. XRPD-Rietveld quantification confirmed that kaolinite is the main phase of the clay overburden, followed by variable contents of gibbsite and goethite and minor quantities of hematite, anatase, and quartz. The chemistry derived from Rietveld, based on stoichiometric phase compositions, presents a good correlation with the XRF data and is also supported by the TA and FTIR data. The initially assumed homogeneous composition of Belterra Clay is revealed to be variable by the present mineralogical study.
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Wonghom, Yannawut, Siripan Nilpairach, Charusporn Mongkolkachit, Thanataon Pornphatdetaudom, and Thanakorn Wasanapiarnpong. "Effects of Bituminous Coal Ash Addition in Pottery Products." Key Engineering Materials 798 (April 2019): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.798.242.
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Bituminous coal ash, fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA), from coal power plant were studied in this research for utilizations in ceramic and pottery industries. Both fly ash and bottom ash mixed with four different ball clays from two kinds of ceramic pottery products such as flowerpot and construction brick, Ratchaburi, Chantaburi, Angthong and Chonburi ball clay. The mixtures were varying ratio between ashes and clays depend on clay sources. After mixing, the bodies were formed to test pieces and were then fired at 800-1200 °C. The results indicated that, added fly ash 0-40 wt% significantly decreased water absorption and increased bending strength when fired at 1150 °C or above. For color effect, CIE L*a*b* color space, both fly ash and bottom ash revealed the samples less lightness, more red and yellow appearance. These results are obvious when fired at 1150oC or above. Following the results, fly ash is possible to be used in ceramic pottery industries replaced with other addition such as sand and pottery stone.
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Mukhopadhyay, Kausik. "(Invited) Clay: A Ubiquitous Sustainable Material for Energy Applications." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 1 (December 22, 2023): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02181mtgabs.
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Silicates and their precursors make up the majority of the land mass on Earth in the form of inorganic components of soil, silt, and sediment. Clay minerals, essentially hydrous silicates or aluminosilicates, are widely used in a variety of applications and industries, including ceramic goods, cement, drilling fluids, molding sands, anti-corrosion paints, paper manufacturing process, water treatment, polymer-clay composites for automotive industries, and even in medicine and pharmaceutical applications. Lately, it has found use in developing cost-effective ink, drug delivery, food packaging using oxygen barrier properties, and battery separators. Structure-property features of clays reveal that one can functionalize clays leveraging their porous structures, tunable surface areas, remarkable thermal and mechanical stabilities, and abundant reserves, which make clay one of the cheapest natural materials from a sustainable source and one of the most sought-after materials for a variety of applications. Clays generally have layered structures with the possibility of interchangeable intercalated ions and tunable chemical properties. They are composed of alternating tetrahedral silica (T) and octahedral alumina (O) sheets arranged in a 1:1 ratio (T-O). The tetrahedral sheets are formed from Si4+ ions coordinated with oxygen; however, the Al3+ metal ion is the central atom in the octahedral sheet. Bentonite or Montmorillonite is one of the most used clay minerals owing to its abundance and low cost. Notably, naturally occurring Bentonite has some octahedral sites occupied by the Mg2+ and Fe2+ ions. The presence of these ions allows tuning chemical properties and mechanical strength by functionalizing with organic molecules within the octahedral layers. Over the decades, polymer-based clay composites have been developed using this technique. Herein, we shed light on a new strategy to create hybrid clay films made from small organic molecules with charges at two ends, known as zwitter ions. Using this novel approach, we have developed cost-effective, environmentally benign, and biocompatible clay films with unique physical and chemical properties, where the clay galleries are infused with intercalating zwitter ions. The insertion of these ions increases the interlayer spacing while simultaneously allowing the formation of mechanically robust and thermally and chemically durable clay films. These hybrid clay films can be used as membranes and have been characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectra, rheology, ATR-IR spectra, DSC-TGA, dynamic mechanical analyses, and imaging techniques. The effect of varying the carbon chain length and changing functional groups in these zwitter ion species has been verified to significantly impact the clay slurry's rheology and control the clay films' interlayer spacing. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies of the hybrid films confirm that intercalation of zwitter ions in the clay structures leads to improved ionic conductivity of the clays. A series of impedance spectroscopy experiments conducted using various electrolytes reveal remarkable improvements in the ionic conductivity of the hybrid clay films. Contrary to metal ion batteries due to dendritic growth causing thermal degradation of the batteries, the hybrid clay films possess high thermal and mechanical stability that makes them versatile for energy materials. A cost-effective solution to engineering such hybrid films provides an efficient and recycle-free avenue to develop a new generation of materials from sustainable sources for energy applications, especially for battery separators and capacitors for the future.
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Oliveira, Michelle Souza, Fabio da Costa Garcia Filho, Fernanda Santos da Luz, Euzébio Bernabé Zanelato, Jonas Alexandre, Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo, M. T. Marvila, and Sergio Neves Monteiro. "Addition of Ornamental Rock Residues on Ceramic Blocks: Physical and Chemical Analysis." Materials Science Forum 1012 (October 2020): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1012.262.
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The incorporation of industrial waste in cementitious materials is an alternative for its adequate disposal. Among the residues that do not yet have adequate disposal are the residues created by the ornamental rock industries. In this context, this work aims to identify and characterize clays of the region where the ornamental rock industry is dominant and to verify the performance of the ceramic masses with the incorporation of the marble and granite residue. Physical and chemical characterization tests were performed on both clay and residues. After the identification of the two best clays, ceramic masses were prepared where it was possible to evaluate the performance of the clays with each of the residues in incorporations up to 20 wt.%. The results indicated that CI-A with 15 wt.% marble incorporation obtained the best performance.
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Kgabi, Dipuo P., and Abayneh A. Ambushe. "Characterization of South African Bentonite and Kaolin Clays." Sustainability 15, no. 17 (August 22, 2023): 12679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151712679.
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The present study aimed to investigate the mineralogical and morphological properties of two South African clays, namely bentonite and kaolin. These clays are mined in specific regions of the country but have not been fully characterized in terms of their properties for potential application in a number of industries. Bentonite was found to have a larger specific surface area, pore size, and more interchangeable cations than kaolin. The bentonite was also identified as Na-bentonite due to the huge Na content present in the clay. The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns revealed that both clays are crystalline, together with the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer results; presumably, some impurities of quartz could be present in the clay materials. The most prevalent functional groups present include Al-OH, Si-O-Mg, Si-O, and Si-O-Al groups. The surface charge of bentonite was consistently negative across all pH values, indicating its potential for adsorption applications. On the other hand, kaolin exhibited a negative charge at pH values greater than 2.4. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images provided visual evidence of the presence of pores in the clay structures, which supported the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) results classifying both bentonite and kaolin as mesoporous and macroporous materials. The particle size analysis revealed a broad distribution for bentonite and a bimodal distribution for kaolin. Overall, the clays revealed interesting features that can be useful for application in several industries, for example, in the treatment of wastewater. Further research and development can explore their potential to address environmental challenges, particularly the application of bentonite and kaolin in water treatment processes to remove toxic metal ions.
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Patel, Kalpana, and Adarsh Patel. "Effects of Steel Slag on the Strength Properties of Clay, Lateritic and Black Cotton Clay Soil." SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 8, no. 02 (December 25, 2016): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v8i2.7145.
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Excessive use of materials, leads to industrialization, which has an adverse impact on the environment. From industries, large amount of chemicals or other suspended particles as a waste are produced, which are mostly dumped that acquires large space leading to deterioration of soil properties. So, we should use these waste for some constructive or useful purposes. As steel industry releases waste with some good engineering properties so, we can use this type of waste with soil which has low strength and does not have good engineering properties. Various techniques are available like soil stabilization, providing reinforcement etc. to improve load bearing capacity of soil. Soil stabilization is one of the modification techniques used to improve the geotechnical properties of soil and has become the major practice in construction engineering which enables the effective utilization of industrial wastes as a stabilizer. This technique becomes more popular because of its easy availability and adaptability. In this study, the steel slag (an industrial waste) is mixed with Clay(CI), Lateritic(A-7-6(5)) , Black cotton clay soil to enhance its strength properties and make them more suitable for use. In this way industrial waste can be reduced economically.
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Ovat, FA, DE Ewa, and EA Egbe. "EVALUATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GAKEM AND ABOUCHICHE CLAY SAMPLES IN BEKWARRA LGA OF CROSS RIVER STATE FOR USE AS REFRACTORY MATERIALS." Nigerian Journal of Technology 36, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 844–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i3.26.
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The characterization of some clay as refractory materials for furnace lining has become relevant to find solutions to the cost involved in the purchase and importation of these refractory materials. This work investigated the refractory properties of clay samples for their suitability for use in the industries. Clay samples were collected from Gakem and Abouchiche areas and analysed for physical and chemical properties to determine the suitability of the clays as refractory materials. The results showed cold crushing strength (21.46MN/m2), thermal shock resistance (27 cycles), bulk density (3.52g/cm3), linear shrinkage(3.80%), apparent porosity (28.84%) and permeability (80%) for Gakem; and cold cold crushing strength (18.40MN/m2), thermal shock resistance (25 cycles), bulk density(2.81g/cm3), linear shrinkage (3.70%), apparent porosity (25.86%) and permeability (77%) for Abouchiche respectively. The chemical compositions of these clay samples were also investigated. The results showed that the samples fall under Aluminosilicate type of clay because of their high values of Aluminium Oxide and Silicon Oxide. Tests showed that clay from these areas can be used to produce refractory materials that can withstand a furnace temperature of about 1600°C. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i3.26
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Surdashy, Aveen Ali, and Ahmed Mohammed Aqrawi. "Assessment of Clay Deposits Quality from East of Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq for some Ceramic Industries." Iraqi Geological Journal 54, no. 2F (December 31, 2021): 145–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.54.2f.13ms-2021-12-30.
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For the assessment of clay deposits for brick manufacturing, seven clay samples from different locations were collected by channel sampling method from Injana, Mukdadiyah, Bai Hassan formations and Quaternary deposits in Bestana village, the study area is located east of Erbil city (NE Iraq). For ceramic manufacturing, the quality of clay should be measured according to some physical properties. The mineralogical and geochemical study revealed by using X-ray diffraction and chemical characteristics, which represented that all clay samples containing; kaolinite, smectite, illite, and chlorite with some mixed clay and non-clay mineral quartz, calcite, dolomite, and feldspar. The physical properties of clay samples including grain size analysis and Atterberg limits showed that the raw materials contain clay in high proportion, silt in medium proportion, and sand in minor proportion. Plasticity index of the studied samples showed that they are moderately plastic to plastic range. The geochemical analysis of the studied samples showed that the clay raw materials are composed mainly of silica and alumina, which act as refractory material in the ceramic industry. In addition to that, there are different proportions of calcium, iron oxides, magnesium, potassium, and sodium, which are flux oxides.
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Chin, Chee Lung, and Zainal Arifin Ahmad. "Rheological and Fired Properties of Malaysia Clay from Ipoh (Perak) and its Application in Ceramic Tiles." Materials Science Forum 1010 (September 2020): 672–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1010.672.
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Clay is an important raw material in manufacturing of ceramic products especially ceramic tiles. Local clays are important for demand of local ceramic tile industries especially the advantages in terms of transportation cost. The research work is aimed to provide scientific data on rheological behavior and fired properties of Ipoh clay from Perak, Malaysia and its application in ceramic tiles. The studied clay was characterized by mineralogical analysis and chemical composition to determine the mineralogy of Ipoh clay. Rheological behavior was identified by deflocculant demand, thixotropy and zeta potential. Fired properties were determined by linear fired shrinkage, water absorption, bulk density, apparent porosity and fired colour. The Ipoh clay is considered suitable to be used for wet milling process in manufacturing of ceramic tiles due to highly negatively charge from the outcome of zeta potential. Ipoh clay is considered as dimensional stable with range of linear fired shrinkage of 2.5 to 3.5% from firing temperature from 1000 – 1050 °C. Firing temperature of 1050 °C – 1250 °C shows drastic increase in linear fired shrinkage from about 3.5% to above 10% together with drastic reduction in water absorption from about 19% to 5%. Ipoh clay is considered not suitable to be used in high amount for application in porcelain tiles that need water absorption of almost zero together with low in apparent porosity. However, Ipoh clay has good fired colour, which is suitable for technical polished porcelain tiles.
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Dotseva, Zornitsa, Tsveta Stanimirova, and Dian Vangelov. "Characteristics of Neogene clay materials in Northwest Bulgaria – new data for the areas near Bela and Staropatitsa villages." Geologica Balcanica 52, no. 3 (September 5, 2023): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.52.3.73.
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Clay materials have a variety of unique characteristics and have various applications in many industries. In this paper, we represent new data about the mineralogical and chemical characteristics of the Neogene clay materials from the areas of the villages of Bela and Staropatitsa, Northwest Bulgaria. The phase composition of the samples mainly consists of quartz and clay minerals, which in both sites are represented by smectite and kaolinite types, with mica, chlorite, illite, and potassium feldspars present. The chemical analysis indicated that silica and alumina were predominant in the analyzed samples, with medium contents of iron oxide. The percentage of MgO, K2O, and TiO2 content is explained by the presence of montmorillonite minerals, illite/mica, and anatase. The high values of the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) show that the clay materials underwent intense alteration. Further research into the chemical and mineralogical properties and the technical parameters of these clay materials is critical for understanding their formation processes, assessing their industrial applications, and improving the geologic and geotechnical assessments related to environmental implications.
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El Abdouni, Aouatif, Kadri Taoufiq, Khadija Haboubi, Chaimae Haboubi, Mohamed El Bastrioui, Hisham Elmsellem, Sara Bouhout, and Hasnae El Allaoui. "Evaluation of slay composition in the sediments of the Mohamed Ben Abdelkrim El Khattabi Dam, Beni Bouayach, Northern Morocco." E3S Web of Conferences 527 (2024): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202452701007.
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This research analyses and identifies clays from the Mohamed Ben Abdelkrim El Khattabi dam in Beni Bouayach, northern Morocco, to assess their suitability for various applications. The study employed X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence, infrared spectroscopy, and physicochemical methods. Elemental analysis revealed high silicon and calcium levels alongside iron, aluminum, potassium, titanium, sulfur, manganese, and trace amounts of zinc, nickel, and chromium. These components suggest a clay composed mainly of montmorillonite, calcite, and quartz. The physicochemical characteristics included a neutral pH of 7.6, an average density of 2.04 g/cm3, a 16.01% moisture content, a swelling index above 0.65%, and a 0.64% loss on ignition. The XRD results support these findings. Infrared spectroscopy shows two prominent absorption bands: one at 3620 cm-1, linked to the -OH group, and another indicative of SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedral units at approximately 400 cm-1 and 600 cm-1, respectively. The comprehensive analysis of this study reveals the clay composition and provides valuable insights into its potential industrial applications. Various elements and specific physicochemical properties suggest that these clays could be valuable in industries requiring specific mineral compositions and characteristics. This work lays the groundwork for future exploration and exploitation of these natural resources, highlighting their potential in diverse fields.
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Tansripraparsiri, Sekporn. "The Development of Pottery Products from Nong Suea Clay." Key Engineering Materials 608 (April 2014): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.608.346.
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The development of pottery products was emphasized as the research and development project. The main ingredient was Nong Suea clay, Pathumthani province. Normally, Nong Suea clay was used for land-fill industries. However, the way to use Nong Suea clay as materials for pottery products could be a value added technology. In addition, the pottery products created from Nong Suea clay were used as the decorative materials. From the line blend method, six mixing ingredients were focused. The researcher found that the suitable mixing ingredient was the third formula that contained Nong Suea clay (80%) and Ranong white clay (20%). This formula was processed into five types of pottery products. Two temperatures were monitored for firing. First, the temperature at 850 °C was used for three different types of pots. This product was normally shaped by hand with a throwing wheel that led to the industrial process level. Second, the temperature at 1,200 °C was used for two different types of vases. The product decorations of these groups were applied by the flowing glaze technique which was suitable for long-term research and development. The craftmen in should be highly skilled, tool uses, and higher temperature capacity of kiln.
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de Azevedo, Afonso Rangel Garcez, Jonas Alexandre, Euzébio Barnabé Zanelato, Rafael Picanço Oliveira, Rodolfo Cretton de Souza, Gustavo de Castro Xavier, and Sergio Neves Monteiro. "Characterization of a Clay Body Used for Red Ceramics in São Sebastião, District of Campos dos Goytacazes, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil." Materials Science Forum 820 (June 2015): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.820.8.
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The municipal area of Campos dos Goytacazes in the northern region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is the state’s major industrial pole for red ceramic fabrication. The extensive clay deposits and easy to mine conditions have attracted more than one hundred ceramic industries to operate in the area. In particular, the district of São Sebastião contributes to the production of red bricks and tiles but the characterization of the existing clay and the quality of ceramic pieces has not yet been evaluated. Therefore the present work carried out an investigation of a typical clay body used in São Sebastião by means of its physical and chemical characteristics. The technological properties of red ceramics fabricated from this clay body and fired at temperatures of 700, 850 and 1100oC indicate that they comply with the mechanical strength requirements for masonry bricks. However water absorption is not satisfactory due to the excess of sand and lack of fluxing elements.
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Tchonrontcha, Koné, Abollé Abollé, Kambiré Ollo, and Bonito Karamoko. "Use of a Clay from Southern Ivory Coast (Bingerville) for the Adsorption of Methyl Orange in Aqueous Media." American Journal of Physical Chemistry 13, no. 2 (April 17, 2024): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20241302.11.
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Increasing levels of textile dyes being discharged into the environment as industrial waste represent a serious threat to human health, life, resources and ecological systems. It is therefore necessary to treat wastewater from textile industries before discharging it into the environment. The aim of this project is to eliminate methyl orange (MO) from textile industry wastewater using clay from Bingerville (Ivory Coast). The clay used was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and pH of Zero Charge. MO concentration was monitored using a UV-visible spectrophometer. Characterization of the clay by SEM and BET showed that our clay is microporous. The study showed that the surface of our clay has a pH of zero. Adsorption of methyl orange on our clay reaches adsorption equilibrium in 60 minutes. The adsorption model corresponds to the pseudo-order 2 kinetic model. Two adsorption isotherm models (Langmuir and Freundlich) are applicable to the adsorption of our dye on clay. This implies that the dye adsorption process on our clay is governed by a bimolecular process involving a collision between an active site on the clay and a dye molecule. Bingerville clay can be used to effectively treat dye-contaminated wastewater, since the maximum adsorbed quantity is equal to 58.139 mg g<sup>-1</sup>. The best adsorption rate was obtained in acid medium (pH = 2.26) with an adsorption rate of 91.84%.
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Carretero, M. Isabel, and Manuel Pozo. "Clay and non-clay minerals in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries Part II. Active ingredients." Applied Clay Science 47, no. 3-4 (February 2010): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2009.10.016.
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Aziz, Bakhtiar, and Hawker Hamaamin. "Mapping Raw Material for Brick Industries Utilizing Electrical Resistivity, Induced Polarization, and Geotechnical Properties in Kurdistan Region, Northeast Iraq." IRAQI BULLETIN OF GEOLOGY AND MINING 19, no. 2 (December 10, 2023): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.59150/ibgm1902a06.
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Electrical Resistivity and Induced Polarization Imaging (ERI and IPI) techniques are selected as non-destructive procedures, which provide continuous imaging of the subsurface. Recently, the demand has increased for obtaining raw materials that represent a more suitable and economical quantity of clay mass for brick industries. This is because of the unexpected expansion of cities and rising demand for brick materials due to their excellent characteristics of resisting earthquakes and isolation. The present study aims to delineate the extensions of the economic layer used for brick’s raw material in Sulaymaniyah Province. For this purpose, the ERT and IPI integrated with physical and geochemical analyses were carried out in three separate locations nominated as 1, 2, and 3. The ERI and IPI survey was conducted in these locations by using a Wenner-Schlumberger array with electrode spacing equal to 5 meters. The 2D data were processed, interpreted, and modified to depth view as 3D estimations for each location. The resistivity range of clay for the brick industry was revealed according to the 2D ERI model of the Aso brick quarry and the suitability of this clay was assessed depending on geotechnical parameters, chemical composition, and mineralogical analysis. It is found that the resistivity values of clay range between 7 and 11 Ωm and silty clay from 11 and 13 Ωm, which are suitable for the brick industry. Additionally, the three locations are suitable for clay or silty clay and locations 1 and 2 are economically acceptable since the clay (or silty clay) layer is exposed to the surface. There is an economic quantity in the three surveyed locations estimated as approximately 240000, 330000, and 160000 m3 for locations 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Further, the IP survey is found to be the most suitable technique used with ERI to indicate the exact boundary of clay mass due to its high capability of electrical storage. The most optimal amount of the chargeability of suitable clay layers is found as equal to more than 5 mV/V and silty clay from 0.9 to 5 mV/V.
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Nunes, Francine Machado, C. C. Ferreira, Flávio André Pavan, M. X. Guterres, and L. M. H. Quintana. "Evaluation of Physical Parameters of a Clay with the Incorporation of Industrial Ash Waste by Means of Variance Analysis." Materials Science Forum 881 (November 2016): 379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.881.379.
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This work evaluates the incorporation of solid industrial waste such as rice husk ash, bottom ash from mineral coal and ash coming from the washing of sheep wool in Red Ceramic Mass (MRC) composed of clay. These raw materials were collected from industries in the municipality of Bagé-RS, Brazil. Percentages of 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30% of these wastes were added to (MRC) in order to reduce the environmental impacts, both by the clay extraction as well as for waste disposal. The physical tests (Atterberg limits) made with the clay, follow a normative standard. However, the tests made in the formulations served to compare the formulations’ behavior in relation to the clay. In order to verify if the tests proposed in (MRC) and if the formulations have changed significantly the investigated indexes, an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed. The results generally indicate that there are statistically significant differences, mainly regarding the Plasticity Index (PI) and the Liquidity Limit (LL), as ash was added in the formulations.
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Géber, Róbert, István Kocserha, Viktor Orosz, Andrea Simon, and Csilla Paróczai. "Optimization of the Mixing Ratio of Two Different Clays Used for Ceramic Roof Tiles." Materials Science Forum 659 (September 2010): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.659.477.
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Brick- and tile manufacturing is one of the most rapidly developing industries. Professionals are constantly seeking modern technological solutions with which much better and longer lifetime of ceramic roof tiles can be reached. The aim of this R&D work was to optimize the mixing ratio of two different clay minerals of the industrial partner. The Authors have tried to develop a mixture by increasing the mixing ratio of the clay „Jamina”, which reaches or exceeds the mechanical strength and frost-resistance of the ceramic roof tiles which were made according to the present recipe used by the industrial partner. After XRD tests in virtue of preliminary mixture design, the Authors have made clay mineral mixtures that were milled and homogenized in an edge mill for an appropriate grain size. After mixing and homogenizing, samples with different length were made for further investigations with the use of a laboratory vacuum extrusion system. Shrinkage after drying and firing, apparent porosity and water absorption were measured on these samples. Mechanical test were also executed, as well as bending strength tests and compressive strength tests. On the basis of the results of the executed tests, it can be seen that the Authors were successfully developed clay mixtures, with which ceramic roof tiles can be produced with properties that are more favourable than the present mixture used by the industrial partner. The increase of the ratio of ‘Csaba I.’ clay increases the bending and compressive strength of the fired ceramic roof tiles. So the reduction of the amount of clay „Jamina” affects the mechanical properties of the ceramic roof tiles favourably.
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Hewitt, R. A. "London Clay Nautiloid Collections." Geological Curator 6, no. 3 (March 1995): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.55468/gc497.
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The history of collecting from the Eocene London Clay Formation of south-east England can be divided into six cycles. Each period of maximum collecting activity results from: 1) fashionability of pre-Pleistocene palaeontology, 2) availability of fossils from construction work, clay-based industries and coastlines, 3) establishment of public museums and higher educational establishments. The critical dates for the start of intensive collecting approximate to 1696,1747,1807, 1836,1923, and 1969. The earlier cycles are obscured by the largely private ownership of fossils before 1837, and gave rise to English systematic palaeontology in 1812. This systematics of James Sowerby was initially no more advanced than the informal classification gradually developed from older collections, but it culminated in improved taxonomic discrimination. The last three cycles represent the largely informal First, Second and Third London Clay Clubs.
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Monteiro, M. A. F., A. P. Ribeiro, A. T. Machado, S. M. Toffoli, Guillermo Ruperto Martín-Cortés, Helio Wiebeck, and Francisco Rolando Valenzuela-Díaz. "Brazilian Bentonites for Geosynthetic Clay Liners (GCL)." Materials Science Forum 591-593 (August 2008): 791–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.591-593.791.
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Bentonites have been used for several purposes, due to their excellent physical, chemical, and structural properties. The main applications of bentonites in Brazil are, among others, as agglomerants for foundry molds, in iron ore pelletizing, as drilling mud in oil and water wells, as wine clarifiers, in catalysis, at the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, for pollutants removal in water treatment plants, and in cosmetics. Since the 1980’s, bentonites have been used as barriers in landfills, thanks to the attractive characteristics of the montmorillonite, the principal clay mineral in the smectitic clays (popularly called bentonites). The inadequate accumulation of residues in soils and waters is identified as one of the most serious current problems. Nowadays, geosynthetic clay liners, or GCL’s, have been used as a geo-synthetic hydraulic barrier. They are constituted by a sodium or calcium bentonite layer encapsulated in geo-textiles or attached to geo-membranes, which are secured together by physical or chemical methods. This paper discusses GCL’s, their uses, the influences of the type of clay, the working principles, the related aspects to landfills projects, and also the main Brazil’s bentonite exploitation areas.
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Belousov, Peter E., and Victoria V. Krupskaya. "Bentonite clays of Russia and neighboring countries." Georesursy 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.2019.3.79-90.
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Bentonite clay is an important natural material, widely used in many industries. The purpose of this article is to analyze the mineral resource base of bentonite clays in Russia. The data on reserves of deposits, the degree of their development and production volumes are given. The composition and uses of the main developed deposits of bentonite clay in Russia are characterized. A comparative analysis of the reserves and production growth of bentonite over the past decade is carried out. A brief description of the world situation is given, and the mineral resource base of the CIS countries is considered. Since the quality of raw materials, its properties and reserves directly depend on the conditions of origin, a characteristic of the geological and tectonic position and genesis of the bentonite clay deposits of Russia is given. Bentonite-bearing provinces with favorable conditions for the formation of bentonite deposits with volcanogenic-sedimentary genesis are considered. The most promising regions are proposed for the purposes of expanding the mineral resource base of bentonite materials. This work is the result of the authors’ own geological works at various deposits of bentonite clays in Russia, the near and far abroad, as well as the study and interpretation of published materials on this subject over the past decades.
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Sommer, Stephan, Stella J. Sommer, and Monica Gutierrez. "Characterization of Different Bentonites and Their Properties as a Protein-Fining Agent in Wine." Beverages 8, no. 2 (May 19, 2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages8020031.
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Bentonite is a natural clay that is used in different industries as a desiccant, ion-exchange material, or additive to remove impurities. For example, marketed as healing clay and as protein-fining agent in wine, bentonite is expected to adsorb specific compounds while having no negative effects on the quality of the product in which it is used. In this study, 34 commercially available bentonites for different applications were selected and analyzed for their elemental composition, extraction of heavy metals, swelling behavior, and protein removal rate under conditions relevant to wine. The results indicate that bentonites can have a very variable composition that does not correlate with the intended use. The extraction of heavy metals is not directly related to the raw material and depends on swelling behavior and surface area of the clay. Interestingly, there is a similar degree of variability in swelling behavior among wine bentonites as there is for healing clays. This correlates with the protein removal rate but also with the extraction of iron, a transition metal that is known for its catalytic activity for oxidation reactions. Even though the protein removal rate is much higher than for other clays, bentonites that are marketed for wine show an extraction behavior that can have a negative effect on the final product.
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Omowumi., Engr Dr OLUSOLA Emmanuel, Engr Dr AKINTUNLAJI Olusola Akinbolaji, and Engr Dr OLADAPO Samuel Oluwasehun. "Evaluation of Termite Hill as Refractory Material for High Temperature Applications." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science VIII, no. XI (2023): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2023.81105.
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Evaluation of termite hill as refractory material for high temperature applications has been successfully carried out as an effort to meet the present demand in our foundry, steel and metallurgical industries and future development of other industries. The level of exploitation and degree of development of the resources is also likely to continue to play a central role in economic wellbeing of the nation in future. Therefore, the need to carry out investigation on the evaluation of termite hill as refractory material for high temperature applications is highly essential. The samples were collected from five different points of the termite hill deposits in and around the Niger State Polytechnic, Zungeru and were marked for investigation. The samples were homogenized to obtain representative sample using cone and quartering technique and were then subjected to tests to determine the refractory properties and quality of the termite hill clay sample. The physical Appearance of the Termite Hill clay sample before firing was brown. The following tests were carried out in order to determine the properties of the clay before its use for brick making for furnace lining. The tests include plasticity, moisture content, shrinkage, porosity, (Apparent porosity), permeability, refractoriness density, nitrification, water absorption, and chemical composition analysis. This paper presents some results of the investigation carried out on the refractory properties of sample obtained from the Termite hill clay sample. The sample revealed the following properties: Moisture contents (7%); Fired shrinkage at 1100oc (9.18%); Thermal shock Resistance at 900oc (15); apparent porosity at 1100oc (22%); Plasticity (40%) and Water absorption (37.64%). Others are Solid density (3.33g/cm3); bulk density (1.948g/cm3), specific gravity (2.81), permeability (80.4), and refractoriness (1200oc). The chemical analysis of the clay sample revealed a fairly high proportion of silica and alumina contents. Therefore, the clay sample could be classified as Alumino-silicate or fire clay group. The refractoriness of the brick produced based on the available furnace used revealed that the brick was quite capable of withstanding temperature range of as high as 1200oc – 1500oc. With the result obtained from this investigation, the termite hill clay sample is a suitable material capable of being used for bricks making for applications in furnace lining and metallurgical industries.
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Dibaei, Asl, Majid Abdouss, Angaji Torabi, and Aminoddin Haji. "Surface and mechanical properties of polypropylene/clay nanocomposite." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 19, no. 3 (2013): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq120226079d.
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Huge consumption of polypropylene in the industries like automotive motivates academic and industrial R&Ds to find new and excellent approaches to improve the mechanical properties of this polymer, which has no degradation effect on other required performance properties like impact resistance, controlled crystallinity, toughness and shrinkage. Nowadays, nanoparticles play a key role in improving the mechanical and surface properties of polypropylene. In this study, three compositions of "Polypropylene/nanoclay", containing 0%, 2% and 5% of nanoclay were prepared in internal mixer. For characterizing the nanoclay dispersion in polymer bulk, TEM and XRD tests were used. For scratch resistance test, scratch lines were created on the load of 900 grain on sheets and SEM images were taken and compared with neat PP scratch image. Crystallinity and mechanical behavior were studied. The results showed that mechanical properties and scratch resistance of the composites have been improved.
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Thienel, Karl‐Christian, Sebastian Scherb, Nancy Beuntner, Matthias Maier, and Ricarda Sposito. "1:1 or 2:1 ‐ Does it matter for calcined clay as supplementary cementitious material?" ce/papers 6, no. 6 (December 2023): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.2775.
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AbstractCalcined clays are the most promising future supplementary cementitious material which are capable of replacing fly ashes and blast furnace slag on the long run due to their potential to achieve high cement replacement levels and their global availability. In the last decade most research has focused on calcined clays rich in the 1:1 kaolinite. Clay with less than 20 to 25 % kaolinite were seen as worthless. Even the content of 2:1 phyllosilicates in the kaolinitic clays was neglected and not even mentioned although especially these clays are dominant in areas like central and northern Europe. Here, highly kaolinitic clays are rare or used by other industries leading to high prices. This paper is based on published works and highlights whether information obtained for calcined 1:1 dominated clays can be applied for calcined 2:1 dominated clays or not and where further research is needed.
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Bumanis, Girts, Diana Bajare, Aleksandrs Korjakins, and Danutė Vaičiukynienė. "Sulfate and Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Porous Geopolymer Based on Waste Clay and Aluminum Salt Slag." Minerals 12, no. 9 (September 8, 2022): 1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12091140.
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The search for efficient waste source precursors for geopolymer production is active in scientific society. The feasibility of using calcined kaolin clay and fly ash as suitable precursors for the production of geopolymers is widely described and acknowledged. The availability and energy input required to produce such precursors hinders their competing with traditional binders, however. Therefore, new by-product source precursors are sought in different industries. In this research, three industrial origin secondary raw materials are examined as precursors for the production of porous geopolymers. Calcined illite or kaolin clay in combination with salt cake from the aluminium scrap recycling industry after alkali activation gives lightweight material from 540–675 kg/m3. A comparison of the two precursors was made, and the physical and mechanical properties were determined. Freeze-thaw resistance and sulfate attack were used to characterize durability. Results indicate the role of waste clay type and salt cake content on geopolymer properties as materials with similar appearance performed differently. The results show that metakaolin based geopolymers outperformed red clay based geopolymers and they can withstand from 25 to 50 freeze-thaw cycles with strength loss from 10 to 65%. Sulfate attack showed significant strength loss for red clay based geopolymers after 61 days of soaking time in contrast to metakaolin based geopolymers.
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Essiber, Chaimaa, Said Akazdama, Bouchaib Bahlaouan, Said ElAntri, Ghita RadiBenjelloun, Nadia Boutaleb, and Mohamed Bennani. "Characterization of an abundant illitic clay from the Safi region in Morocco and its exploitation in the treatment of industrial effluents loaded with synthetic dyes." Applied Chemical Engineering 7, no. 2 (March 21, 2024): 2033. http://dx.doi.org/10.59429/ace.v7i2.2033.
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The objective of this work is to valorize abundant illitic clay from Morocco in the treatment of industrial effluents likely to be loaded with synthetic dyes such as the textile, stationery, cosmetic, food, and also pharmaceutical industries. The penitential adsorbing of two dyes: methylene blue (BM) and malachite green (GM) was studied on this clay. Firstly, this clay was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and X-ray fluorescence analysis. And on the other hand, Effect of different parameters on adsorption kinetics has been studied, such as contact time, initial dye concentration, pH, salinity and temperature. Adsorption tests results showed that equilibrium was established after 30 min and the adsorption of the two dyes depends on the initial dye concentration and the pH. The results showed was the adsorption of the two dyes can be described by pseudo-second-order kinetics. The results indicate also that the process is a spontaneous endothermic physisorption characterized by disorder of the environment. This study shows that this raw, abundant and low-cost natural illitic clay can be valorized and exploited to treat effluents loaded with synthetic dyes.
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de Oliveira, Sara Verusca, Milena Costa da Silva, Gustavo Figueiredo Brito, Antônio Gilson Barbosa de Lima, and Edcleide Maria Araújo. "Influence of Bentonite Clay Content in HDPE Nanocomposites." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 1780–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.1780.
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This research is to obtain nanocomposites of HDPE/bentonite clay. Inorganic polymers reinforced with materials are of great interest due to their applications in automotive, and electrical and electronic industries. The nanocomposites were produced by melt intercalation with different percentages of clay and compared with pure HDPE. Clay was used as modified and unmodified and it was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The obtained nanocomposites were characterized through thermogravimetry (TG). It was verified by XRF that clay performed compositions of bentonites characteristics. By XRD, it was observed increases basal spacing for organoclay. By TG, in general, it was verified that the nanocomposites presented greater thermal stability in relation to HDPE.
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TARASENKO, NATALIA, VIKTORIIA PLAVAN, YURII BUDASH, and INNA TKACHENKO. "ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ СОРБЦІЙНИХ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ ВОЛОКНИСТИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ, МОДИФІКОВАНИХ ГЛИНИСТИМИ МІНЕРАЛАМИ." Technologies and Engineering, no. 3 (January 4, 2022): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/2786-5371.2021.3.7.
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Abstract. The paper presents the results of determining the sorption properties of nonwoven materials modified with clay minerals, obtained on the basis of fibrous waste, in relation to the methylene blue indicator to determine the possibility of using the created materials in the purification of light industry wastewater from dyes and heavy metal ions.Purpose. Determination of kinetic regularities of sorption (by methylene blue) of fibrous nonwoven materials modified with different types and amounts of clay adsorbents.Methodology. Nonwovens obtained from elastic fibrous waste of the textile industry were used as a basis in the work. They consisted of Lycra 162 C (PU) complex fibers and Nylon 6.6 f20 / 1 (PA-6.6) fibers in a ratio of 70/30 wt. %. For bonding the nonwoven material, adhesive bicomponent fibers Acebon 4/51 black (4 den) (BVCh) (20 wt%) were added to the initial composition. To enhance the sorption capacity of the PU / PA / BV 80/20 fabric, powders of montmorillonite clay (clay grade PBA-18) and palygorskite (clay grade PP-5) type were introduced in an amount of up to 40% by weight of the nonwoven material. Evaluation of the sorption properties of modified fibrous materials with different clay adsorbents was performed by determining the change in the optical density of MS solutions of a given concentration.Scientific novelty. It was found that fibrous materials modified by the studied samples of montmorillonite and paligorskite clays show high absorption capacity relative to the methylene blue dye due to its multilayer sorption. After 24 hours of processing, the degree of absorption is 70% when using clay brand PBA-18 in the amount of 40% by weight of the fibrous material, which is higher than when using clay brand PP-5 (45%) under the same conditions.Practical value. Sorption materials modified with clay minerals can be further used to treat wastewater from light and chemical industries from heavy metal ions.
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Kumar, Awinash, and Pradip Lingfa. "Base-Activated Sodium Bentonite Clay: Mutated Characteristics and Industrial Slant." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 2303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.2303ecst.
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The industry approach for natural montmorillonite clay has been reported. Modified clays have enhanced physicochemical properties with good acceptance characteristics for different types of industries, such as cement, pharmaceutical, paper, rubber, wood, and waste recycling processes. This innovative work deals with the promising behavior of mutated sodium bentonite concerning the elemental, thermal, structural, and morphological study. In this research, commercial sodium bentonite clay has been activated with 4M of sodium hydroxide. Characterization techniques of SEM/EDAX, FT-IR, XRD,TGA, and DTA/DSC have been reported to investigate mutated characteristics after the base activation. At atmospheric conditions, samples refluxed and calcined at 105ºC and 500ºC respectively for three hours. Anhydride, carboxylic acid, andalkyl halides have been removed after base treatment. The XRD data reveals that the crystallite size (average) is more than three times than the parental after mutation. The atomic and weight percentage of silicates have been improved respectively from 45.4% to 53.02% and 41.87% to 62.85%. Morphology shows an untreated sample has an unsymmetrical bed type layer that has been improved and a bunch of similar structure molecules has been found similar to the fibers. A sharp and smooth fall has been recorded due to perennial loss of hydroxyl groups and hydration water at 100ºC. The modified structure of the commercial sodium bentonite has a prominent behavior relevant to the different industrial aspects. The thermal analysis also satisfies that the different and useful micro structure is developed after base activation.
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El-Sheikhy, Refat, and Mosleh Al-Shamrani. "Size Effect on Volume-Shape Change of both Micro and Nano Aluminum-Silicate Minerals." Advanced Materials Research 214 (February 2011): 430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.214.430.
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Both conventional and nano silicate minerals have importance for several fields of advanced technological research and industries. Nano clay can be used as filler material or reinforcement for other materials to produce nanocomposite as the case of clay based-polymer nanocomposite. Nowadays there is worldwide interest of these materials which may be synthesized or natural. In current paper, shrinkage phenomenon has been studied and cracks of this material using natural Saudi Arabian smectite type MMT. The three dimensional changes of cubic samples of nano clay are studied and compared to conventional clay, semi conventional-semi nano clay and another cementous type of clay based nanocomposite. It is found that nano clay changes are very sensitive and high without cracking while conventional clay type has less change accompanied by cracks. On the other hand semi conventional-semi nano clay mineral composite has intermediate resuls of volume change with cracks but less than the pure conventional type. SEM, EDAX and XRD characterizations are made. Both volume and length changes are recorded. The study can be considered as the base of proposing of new swelling – shrinkage theory.
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Ezomo, F. O. "Vertical Electrical Sounding as a Tool for Estimating Thickness of Clay Deposit in Delta North District, Nigeria." Advanced Materials Research 367 (October 2011): 561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.367.561.
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Geophysical survey based on “Schlumberger” array of vertical electrical sounding (VES) was carried out to study the quantity of clay deposits in Delta North District, Nigeria. Obviously, the quantity of clay deposit depends on its thickness. Previous researchers did not work in this area primarily to search for the clay deposit. The need to prospect or search for clay deposits in this area became inevitable so as to solve the problem of youth restiveness in the area by way of setting up industries in Delta North district that rely on clay for manufacturing purposes. Ten (10) VES, uniformly distributed in six different stations in Agbor were carried out using six (06) points per decade with maximum current electrode spacing of 928.0m. The software IP12WIN utilizing computer iteration was used for interpretation of apparent resistivity data. The result of the resistivity survey showed that clay and clayey soil (clay mixed with other rock types) were present. The depths and thicknesses of each clay formation were then ascertained. Depths to probable clay formations varied from 0.5m to 90m while the thicknesses varied from 0.95m to 7.00m.