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1
Igwe, C. A., M. Zarei, and K. Stahr. "Mineral and elemental distribution in soils formed on the River Niger floodplain, eastern Nigeria." Soil Research 43, no. 2 (2005): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr04046.
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Studies of mineral distribution in soils provide vital information for understanding the genesis of the soil. We studied the soils formed on the floodplain of the River Niger to determine the occurrence, distribution, and weathering transformations of minerals in a soil chronosequence in eastern Nigeria. Five soil profiles representing 5 depositional stages were studied. The soils have aquic moisture regimes and an isohyperthermic temperature regime by Soil Taxonomy. Gleysation due to poor drainage is very dominant. The soils are low in pH, organic matter, and exchangeable cations. Plinthisation and ferralitisation resulting in high values of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 were observed in the coarse sand, while in the fine sand fractions, quartz and feldspar grains have accumulated with mica being next in abundance. The occurrence of expansible minerals and kaolinite in the clay fractions is as a result of transformation of mica and feldspars giving rise to these minerals. We postulate that the origin and abundance of K2O and MgO in the clay fractions were from the breakdown of the structural units of the expansible minerals, micas and feldspars. Illite undergoes a transformation process to expansible minerals, while kaolinitisation is the major process in the clay fractions. Principal component analysis shows that 23 mineral variables which relate with kaolinite and other silicate clays can be reduced to 5 principal components.
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Adeola, Adewole John, and Modupe Adefunmi Olaleye. "Mineralogical and Geochemical Appraisal of Clay Deposits in Papalanto and Its Environs, Southwestern, Nigeria." Earth Science Research 7, no. 1 (August 22, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/esr.v7n1p1.
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Three residual clay occurrences in Papalanto, Ifo, and Imoto areas which belong to the sedimentary basin of southwestern Nigeria were investigated to determine their industrial applications.The samples were pulverized, sieved, digested with mineral acids and characterized. Clay mineralogy was determined using X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Elemental compositions of the clay samples were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Grain size distribution data were obtained by conducting grain size analysis in two parts; sieve analysis and sedimentation. Thermal properties, plasticity tests, density measurement, linear shrinkage and water absorption capacity were determined to evaluate their industrial potentials. Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) was calculated to determine the degree of weathering in the area.The X-ray diffraction results showed that kaolinite is the dominant mineral, while quartz, anatase and hematite are the major non clay minerals. Chemical data showed that the average values of SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3were 59.46%, 22.16%, and 3.06% respectively constituting 98.3% of the bulk compositions. Papalanto possessed high plasticity and mouldability.Evaluation of the clay thermal characteristics, firing colour, water absorption capacities and shrinkage values showed that the whitish Ifo clay and Papalanto kaolinitic clays could serve as raw materials for ceramics, building bricks, and other structural wares. Kaolin which is the dominant mineral in all the clays can be used for cosmetics, tooth paste, pharmaceutical purposes
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J. Adeola, Adewole. "Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Residual Clay Occurrences in Idi-Ayunre and Akure Areas, Southwestern Nigeria." Journal of Geography and Geology 7, no. 4 (December 2, 2015): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v7n4p23.
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<p class="zhengwen">Three residual clay occurrences in Idi-Ayunre, and Akure areas which belong to the Precambrian basement complex of southwestern Nigeria were investigated for their mineralogical, chemical and industrial properties. The investigation was to evaluate their industrial applications and economic importance. The clay within the weathered profiles above banded gneiss at Idi-Ayunre is whitish with red spots, whereas the clays derived from profiles above porphyritic granite and granite gneiss in Akure are grayish and brown in color respectively.</p><p class="zhengwen">The X-ray diffraction studies show that kaolinite is the dominant clay mineral, goethite, microcline, quartz, albite are the major non clay minerals in the samples. Chemical data showed that the average values of SiO<sub>2</sub>, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> were 52.3. 30.29 and 3.54 wt% respectively constituting 86.13% of the bulk compositions.</p>Evaluation of the clay thermal characteristic, firing colour, water absorption capacities and shrinkage values show that the brownish Idi-Ayunre clay, gray and brown Akure kaolinitic clays could serve as raw materials for ceramics, building bricks, and other structural wares
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Adeola, Adewole John, Adeyemi Moyosoluwa Odunayo, and Omojola Damilola Ifeoluwa. "Geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of clay deposits at Ijesha–Ijebu and its environs, southwestern Nigeria." Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 26, no. 2 (November 2, 2020): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjpas.v26i2.4.
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Two residual clay deposits and one transported clay deposit in Ijesha-Ijebu area were investigated for their mineralogical, chemical and industrial properties. The investigation was to evaluate their industrial applications and economic importance. The mineralogy of the clay samples was determined using X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The chemical composition of the clay samples was determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Physical tests which include; thermal properties, plasticity tests, density measurement, linear shrinkage and water absorption capacity were determined to determine their industrial potentials. The clay within the weathered profiles above banded gneiss and pegmatite at Ijesha-Ijebu is brownish with red spots, while the clays derived from sedimentary terrain is chocolate in colour. The X-ray diffraction results showed that kaolinite is the dominant mineral, while quartz, albite and muscovite are the major non clay minerals. Chemical data showed that the values of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 are 66.11%, 20.53% and 3.07%, respectively in weathered banded gneiss, in sedimentary the values of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 are 42.12%, 34.43% and 7.37%. In weathered pegmatite, the values of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 are 53.17%, 32.7%, 1.44%, respectively. The average percentage of clay in the banded gneiss, pegmatite and sedimentary samples are 50%, 56% and 47% respectively. The clay mouldability ranged between moderate to high. Evaluation of the clay properties and characteristics shows the industrial application of the clay like production of ceramic, building bricks and other structural wares.
Keywords: Clay, Mineralogy, Chemistry, Ceramics, Building bricks.
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Elakhame, Z. U., Y. L. Shuaib-Babata, and I. O. Ambali. "DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF CERAMIC TILES USING WASTES AND SOLID MINERALS." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 16, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol16iss1pp53-62.
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This paper focuses on the need for domesticating the production of building materials like tiles to address the problem of Nigeria over dependence on imported goods, despite adequate availability of mineral resources like clay, quartz and feldspar in the country. Clay, quartz and feldspar, and milled glass were respectively obtained from Ogijo in Ogun State, Okpila in Edo State and Oshodi, Lagos State of Nigeria were characterized using ASTM C71 as a guide. Samples of the ceramic tile were produced from varying mixtures of clay, quartz, feldspar and milled glass. The chemical and physio mechanical properties of the samples were also determined. The results showed that the clay sample belong to Alumino-silicate group with 59.20% silica and 21.25% alumina. The samples’ properties met the required standards; hence, the materials were found suitable for production of ceramic tiles of acceptable standards. Though, the porosity of the sample tiles increased as thepercentage weight of the clay material in the mixture decreased the proportion of quartz, feldspar and milled glass increased. The sample containing 70% Clay and 30% Feldspar had better formulation properties than others.
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Ihekweme, Gina Odochi, Ifenyinwa Ijeoma Obianyo, Kingsley Ikechukwu Orisekeh, Godwin Mong Kalu-Uka, Iheoma C. Nwuzor, and Azikiwe Peter Onwualu. "Plasticity characterization of certain Nigeria clay minerals for their application in ceramic water filters." Science Progress 104, no. 2 (April 2021): 003685042110121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504211012148.
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Plasticity is an essential property of clay that determines its suitability for water filtration. There are no published works on the plastic behavior of clays from the study locations. The plastic behavior of seven Nigerian clays was examined using plasticity indices and compressive stress parameters in relation to chemical compositions and moisture content. The objective is to determine plastic behavior of some Nigerian clays and their suitability in production of Expanded Clay Aggregates (ECA) for water filters. Compressive stresses and deformation parameters were determined experimentally and compared theoretically. Atterberg limits (D 4318) were used to determine the plasticity indices. Chemical compositions of the samples were examined with XRF and correlated with plasticity and mineral contents of the clays. The clays are aluminosilicates with SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of 1.61 to 3.03 and plastic indices of 8 to 49. Low plastic indices (8–11) and low compressive stresses parameters were observed for kaolinite clays (0.002 MPa) due to their low affinity for water while zeolite rich clays showed high plastic indices (46 and 49) for Obowo and Minna and sharp difference in their compressive stresses parameters (0.15 and 0.03 MPa) at optimum moisture contents of 57% and 53%, respectively. Despite varying moisture content, chemical and mineral compositions, all curves showed similar trends apart from kaolinites at 40% moisture content. Relationships exist among microstructural properties, chemical composition, moisture content, compressive strength, and plasticity indices of the clays. The plastic behaviors show they are suitable for development of ECA for water filters.
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Aliyu, Ohinowi, and Kankara Aliyu. "Utilizing landsat-8 sensor operational land image data for hydrothermal alteration mapping within Anka Schist Belt, northwestern Nigeria." Zbornik radova Departmana za geografiju, turizam i hotelijerstvo, no. 49-2 (2020): 127–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zbdght2002127a.
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Exploring for mineral deposits within the Anka Schist Belt involves the use of traditional geological techniques such as geochemical and geophysical studies that are very expensive and time consuming. There is therefore need for a better alternative that will provide accurate and reliable information with cost effective and time efficient solution. This effort seeks to explore the potential of remotely sensed digital data in highlighting mineralized zones through hydrothermal alteration studies. Landsat 8 OLI data covering the investigated area was used to detect and map locations of hydrothermal alterations. Image processing methods used were spectral enhancement, false colour composites, band rationing and Principal Component Analysis. Results of false colour composites of band 5: 7: 3 highlighted generally locations of hydrothermal alterations. Band ratios of 4/2, 6/7 and 6/5 revealed the presence of ferric iron minerals, clay rich minerals and ferrous minerals respectively. Principal Components (PCs) of two sets of images (2, 4, 5, 7 H-image and 2,5,6,7 F-image) depicting iron-oxide and hydroxyl mineral deposits as bright pixels were generated. Colour composite of H, F and H+F images enhanced the location of the mineral deposits, by showing areas of mineralization in dark blue (Fe rich), bright yellow (clay rich) and white (Fe and clay rich areas) pixels. Field coordinates of mining locations were superimposed on the remote sensing generated mineral map. The results were found to be in tune. This study recommends the use of remote sensing and geospatial technology in mineral studies through hydrothermal alteration within the basement complex rocks of Nigeria.
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O, Ademila, Ogunribido T. H. T, and Abidoye J. M. "Geotechnical and geochemical appraisal of IFON clay, Southwestern Nigeria: Implications for industrial utilization." International Journal of Physical Research 7, no. 1 (May 5, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijpr.v7i1.26336.
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Clays are geological materials of economic potential in the manufacturing and environmental industries. Geotechnical properties and geochemical composition of Ifon clay deposits in Ondo State, Nigeria were investigated with the aim of determining their economic potentials. The geotechnical investigation includes consistency limits, strength, permeability and firing tests, while, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method was used for determination of the bulk elemental composition of the clays using standard techniques. Geotechnical appraisal of the clay deposits revealed that high proportion of clay size fractions (52.3 – 66.1%) makes the clays suitable in their natural state for industrial raw materials. Activity of the clays was found to be low at approximately 0.3 – 0.7 and classified as inactive clays. Unconfined compressive strength varies between 3.4 N/mm2 and 4.7 N/mm2 and moderate shrinkage values (≤ 12%) indicate that the clays could be used as building construction materials. Coefficient of permeability of 7.75 × 10-8 to 1.72 × 10-5 cm/sec described the clays as low to impermeable soils suitable as barrier soils. SiO2 (64.41 – 68.74%) and Al2O3 (22.98 – 28.45%) contents dominate the clay geochemistry followed by iron oxide, Fe2O3 (3.57 – 8.31%) content among other oxides in traces, imply that they originated from underlying basement rocks subjected to varying degree of weathering. Low MgO, CaO, K2O and Na2O indicate no expandable clay minerals in the clays. The clays show low heavy metal concentrations which guarantee their suitability as raw materials in chemical industries. Thus, Ifon clay deposits are suitable for the production of ceramics, refractory bricks, paper, paints, rubber and fertilizer.
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Adams, Fatimoh Dupe, Shettima Bukar, Mohammed Bukar, and B. A. Umdagas. "Mineralogical and Geotechnical Properties of Clay Minerals in Northern Borno, Nigeria." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 1062–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.1767.
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Clay generally refers to either fine grained earth material with particle size of less than two micron (< 2 m) or group of hydrous aluminum silicate minerals that are characterized by sheet silicate structure of composite layers stacked along the C-axis. They are common deposits found in most geological setting like in fine grained sedimentary rocks such as shale, mudstone, and siltstone, in fine grained metamorphic slate and phyllite. The interest in clay deposits arises from its numerous uses of the mineral group and the behaviour of soils constituents when used as engineering soil and its resultant effects on engineering structures like roads, dams, bridges and houses. Evaluation of the soil properties of the Chad Formation indicated that the plasticity characteristics of the samples are of low to medium plasticity as indicated by matching the result with the DIN. chart. The results of free swell showed that the samples are susceptible to swelling when they absorbed water. The particle size distribution tests indicate that the percentage of fine (i.e. samples passing the 75µm sieve) is about 1.7 % implying that the grain sizes are within the texture of medium grain fraction
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Ikhane, Phillips Ruben, Olalekan Olayiwola Oyebolu, and Adefemi Adewole Ehinmowo. "MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERISATION OF CLAY DEPOSIT NEAR IGBILE SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA." African Journal of Science and Nature 6 (July 23, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.46881/ajsn.v6i0.139.
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X-ray diffraction is a basic tool in mineralogical analysis of sediments, and in the case of fine grained sediments an essential one. Understanding of rocks composition, the nature of clay mineralogy content and provenance is very important in Basin evaluation. This study therefore focuses on the use of X-ray diffraction to study the clay stone unit exposed along Igbile, southwestern Nigeria. Five clay stone samples were collected following fieldwork in the study area and were subjected to X-ray Diffraction analysis. This was done in order to delineate the associated mineral composition in the rock samples, determine the crystal forms and shape of the mineral and probably provenance of the mineral content. Observations from the result of the X-ray Diffraction indicated peaks with d-spacing range of 1.488Å, 1.63 Å, 1.59 Å, 1.62 Å and 7.17 Å indicative of Kaolinite and d-spacing range of 1.541Å, 1.817 Å, 2.282 Å, 2.458 Å, 3.343 Å and 4.26 Å indicative of quartz as the only significant, minor to moderate abundance minerals in the rock samples. The nature of the kaolinite in the rock samples is suggestive of a transformational and neoformational origin with acid tropical environment where the degree of leaching is probably intensive. The d-spacing and the plane axis values of the kaolinite also indicated Dioctahedral, Trioctahedral and Pinacoid crystal shape with range of forms {001},{060}, {133},{134}and {002}. Similarly the quartz d-spacing and plane axis values suggested Orthorhombic and Trigonal crystal shape with crystal forms {101}, {100}, {112}, {211}, {110}and {102}. In conclusion, the clay deposit exposed in the study area is made up of detrital kaolinite and quartz which are probably sourced from low latitude region in acid tropical high leaching environment.
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Abubakar, A. J., M. Hashim, and A. B. Pour. "HYDROTHEMAL ALTERATION MAPPING USING FEATURE-ORIENTED PRINCIPAL COMPONENT SELECTION (FPCS) METHOD TO ASTER DATA:WIKKI AND MAWULGO THERMAL SPRINGS, YANKARI PARK, NIGERIA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W5 (October 5, 2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w5-1-2017.
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Geothermal systems are essentially associated with hydrothermal alteration mineral assemblages such as iron oxide/hydroxide, clay, sulfate, carbonate and silicate groups. Blind and fossilized geothermal systems are not characterized by obvious surface manifestations like hot springs, geysers and fumaroles, therefore, they could not be easily identifiable using conventional techniques. In this investigation, the applicability of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) were evaluated in discriminating hydrothermal alteration minerals associated with geothermal systems as a proxy in identifying subtle Geothermal systems at Yankari Park in northeastern Nigeria. The area is characterized by a number of thermal springs such as Wikki and Mawulgo. Feature-oriented Principal Component selection (FPCS) was applied to ASTER data based on spectral characteristics of hydrothermal alteration minerals for a systematic and selective extraction of the information of interest. Application of FPCS analysis to bands 5, 6 and 8 and bands 1, 2, 3 and 4 datasets of ASTER was used for mapping clay and iron oxide/hydroxide minerals in the zones of Wikki and Mawulgo thermal springs in Yankari Park area. Field survey using GPS and laboratory analysis, including X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Analytical Spectral Devices (ASD) were carried out to verify the image processing results. The results indicate that ASTER dataset reliably and complementarily be used for reconnaissance stage of targeting subtle alteration mineral assemblages associated with geothermal systems.
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Adeola, Adewole John, and Emmanuel Tamunobelema Tubonemi. "Mineralogical and Geochemical Trends in the Residual Soils above Basement Rocks in Ore Area, Southwestern Nigeria." Journal of Geography and Geology 9, no. 3 (August 30, 2017): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v9n3p42.
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Residual clays and laterite of economic values often occur within weathering profiles above basement rocks in tropical regions due to supergene enrichment and leaching of liable components. Previous studies in Ore area mainly on geochemistry of the basement rocks with scanty information on the weathered profiles. This study was carried out to determine the compositional characteristics of the basement rocks, the geochemical trends within the profiles above the parent rocks and the evaluation of their economic potentials.Petrographic study was carried out on thin sections of the rock samples. Elemental compositions of the rocks, clay, laterite, and top-soil were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Clay mineralogy was determined using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. Chemical index of Alterations (CIA) was calculated from geochemical data.Weathering of granite and banded gneiss in Ore resulted in the formation of soil layer, which ranged 0-0.5m, laterite 1.2-3m and clayey zone 2.9-3.0m. Quartz, plagioclase feldspars, microcline, biotite and hornblende were the essential minerals in the parent rocks. Granite and banded gneiss is high SiO2 (>65%) but low in MgO (<2.0%) and CaO (<4.0%). Kaolinite (60-80%), goethite (3-12%) and microcline (4-10%) were the dominant minerals in the XRD of the weathering profiles. Traces of illite were present only in granite. The CIA was generally > 85 indicating advanced state of weathering producing lateritic soil. The lateritic profiles over granite and banded gneiss of Ore area varied with the composition of the parent rocks. The clay layer has economic potential for ceramics, fertilizer and structural wares.
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Okusami, T. A., R. H. Rust, and A. O. Alao. "Red soils of different origins from southwest Nigeria: Characteristics, classification, and management considerations." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 77, no. 2 (May 1, 1997): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s96-069.
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Representative profiles of the Owena, Egbeda, Alagba, and Balogun series were studied. The Owena soil is formed in amphibolite whereas Egbeda and Balogun soils are formed in biotite gneiss derived parent materials. The Alagba soil is formed in sandstone parent rock. The main objectives were to characterize the soils and their clay fraction, and to classify and interpret soil properties for agricultural land use. Most soils exhibit 2.5 YR hues in subsurface horizons. A pedon formed in biotite gneiss has the highest dithionite Fe content and Fed/clay ratio. The relationships between clay content and Fed values vary according to parent material origin and, therefore, would have to be interpreted differently for soil weathering processes. Clay coatings were noticeable in some soil horizons of all pedons studied. Soils are generally medium to slightly acid with sandstone-derived soils being the most acid. The clay mineral suite in all soils is dominated by kaolinite with traces of 2:1 and 2:2 clay minerals, goethite, hematite, anatase, maghemite, and rutile. In addition, some soils contain trace amounts of gibbsite. Kandic horizons have been identified in all soils. The low charge properties of the soils reflect the intensely weathered clay mineral suite. The base status is probably influenced by the cropping system and therefore may tend to unnecessarily differentiate highly weathered soils at the order level. The Egbeda and Balogun series were classified as Rhodic Kandiudults, clayey-skeletal, oxidic and Rhodic Kandiudalfs, clayey-skeletal, oxidic, respectively. Others, Owena, and Alagba series, were classified as Typic Kanhaplohumults, clayey, oxidic and Rhodic Kanhaplustults, fine loamy or clayey, oxidic, respectively. In the FAO-Unesco legend, all soils become Rhodic Ferralsols. In addition, the Owena (with its nitic properties) is further classified as niti-rhodic Ferralsol. The two classification systems are at variance for highly weathered (variable charge property) soils and this difference will definitely influence management decisions depending on which system is used at any particular time. Soil attributes favorable for agricultural use include thick sola and favorable structures. Chemical properties suggest minimal fixation of phosphorus. Key words: Dithionite Fe, kandic, oxidic, variable charge, ferralic, exchangeable Al
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OYEDEJI, Oluwole A., and Gabriel O. Adeyemi. "Evaluation of Shale Around Dange, Northwestern Nigeria as Raw Material for Drilling Mud." Earth Science Research 8, no. 1 (January 27, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/esr.v8n1p19.
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Shale exposed around Dange northwestern, Nigeria was studied. The aim was to determine the grade, quality and usability of the shale as drilling mud using its physico-chemical and the rheological characteristics.
Sixty-one (61) samples were collected from exposed sections and pits. Major elements such as SiO2, Al2O3, MgO and CaO were determined. X-ray diffraction method was employed for the qualitative identification of the minerals in the shale. Cation Exchange Capacity and Exchangeable cations were determined using the Methylene Blue Absorption and Ammonium Acetate Saturation Methods respectively. Grain-size distribution and Atterberg Limits tests were also conducted. Apparent Viscosity, Plastic Viscosity and Yield point were calculated from readings obtained on a multi-speed Fann viscometer.
The dominant clay mineral observed is smectite (71%) implying good expansive potential. Dominant oxides were SiO2 (42.60-57.50%), Al2O3 (12.00-16.70%), CaO (0.43-12.50%). Exchangeable cations obtained were Na+ (0.48-6.67), Ca2+ (14.03-34.50) and K+ (0.42-1.95) meq/100g clay. Liquid and plastic limits ranged from 69.40-86.00% and 30.10-36.10% respectively giving a Plasticity Index of 39.40-52.60%.
The samples plot close to Ca-montmorillonite on the clay identification chart. The viscosity increased on addition of 7-10% sodium carbonate. It has good sodium exchange potential. In the natural state, it does not meet the API/OCMA specifications. However, its rheological properties improved significantly on treatment with sodium carbonate thus confirming its suitability as raw material in drilling mud.
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Onifade, Y. S., V. B. Olaseni, I. G. Baoku, and C. Eravwodoke. "2D ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF MINERALS’ OCCURRENCES IN UGONEKI, EDO STATE, SOUTH-SOUTH, NIGERIA." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 5, no. 2 (September 20, 2021): 635–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2021-0502-703.
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Geophysical investigation using the 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) was carried out to assess the subsurface of Ugoneki and its environs in order to investigate for minerals. A total of six (6) traverses, 200 m long each, three (3) transverse lines were in the North-South direction and the other three (3) traverses in the West-East direction using the Wenner electrode configuration. 2D Wenner resistivity data were acquired along each traverse. The data were inverted to reveal a spatially continuous resistivity distribution in 2D within the study area. The 2D results reveal a depth of 39.6 m across each traverse. Resistivity values vary from 87.1 – 3423 Ωm in the entire study area. From the standard resistivity table, the following solid and non-metallic type of minerals can be delineated in the study area which is representative of sandy clay, lateritic clay sand, sandstone and limestone with resistivity values that range from 87.1 – 89.9 Ωm, 1201 – 1462 Ωm, 2069 – 3423 Ωm, and 2069 – 3423 Ωm respectively. The implication of this research is to know the type and the particular location where these non-metallic solid minerals are located in the subsurface for future exploration. The results of resistivity values are compared with those in the literature and are found to be in good agreement. In order to quantify these minerals, it is also recommended to use higher dimension (3D) of resistivity method (ERT) in the study area.
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Igwe, C. A., M. Zarei, and K. Stahr. "Mineralogy and geochemical properties of some upland soils from different sedimentary formations in south-eastern Nigeria." Soil Research 47, no. 4 (2009): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr08204.
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Geochemical and mineralogical properties of soil can be used to assess their agricultural productivity potential. Ten soils from 4 geological formations in the south-eastern Nigeria were studied. Soil samples were taken from typical A and B horizons from each soil. The soil properties assessed were the free forms of Fe and Al, particle size distribution, total elements, and clay mineralogy. The soils are deep and highly weathered. Crystalline Fe and Al were more dominant than amorphous or less crystalline forms. The geochemical properties of the soils are dominated by SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3, whereas MgO, TiO2, and ZrO2 occur in moderate to low quantities. Other basic elements such as Na2O, K2O, and CaO are very low in the soils, with an insignificant role in their genesis. The low contents of these elements in the soil may be the cause of their low nutrient release and storage in the soil. Ferritisation, laterisation, and kaolinitisation are the major pedogenic processes in the soil. The dominant clay mineral in all the soils was kaolinite; other minerals present though less common were illite, vermiculite, and smectites. Based on elemental contents and clay mineralogy, the soils can be grouped into 3 distinct groups: those with only kaolinite, illite, and vermiculites; and those that also contain smectite. These groupings can indicate the agricultural fertility potential.
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Osobamiro, T. M., E. T. Ademuyiwa, O. M. Ajibade, and A. S. Hashimi. "Evaluation of Geophagy Clay Capacity in Adsorbing Cd2+ and Pb2+ for Water Treatment in Southeast Nigeria." Journal of Toxicology 2020 (September 12, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4421117.
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Geophagy clay has been used in tropical regions as gastrointestinal protector for adsorbing toxins in human body, but it was rarely used in adsorbing heavy metals contaminants in water. This study determines elemental concentration of geophagy clay and evaluates its adsorptive capacity in removing Cd2+ and Pb2+ in water. Fifteen clay samples were randomly collected from three layers in the space of one meter apart from Amawom clay deposit in Ikwuano local government, Southeast Nigeria. Elemental analysis was carried out using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometer (ICP-MS), and chemical characterization was performed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The adsorptive capacity of Cd2+ and Pb2+ on the clay samples was evaluated using standard solutions of the metal ions. The result of the elemental analysis in mg/kg (Pb ≤ 12.4, Zn ≤ 2.75, Co ≤ 1.50, Ni ≤ 1.47, Mn ≤ 15.0, Cd = 0.01, Ca ≤ 300, Al ≤ 3466, Na ≤ 13.3, and Hg = 0.02; P≤40.0) revealed that the concentrations of most of the studied metals in the three layers are statistically similar and fall below the permissible recommended safety levels. The presence of functional groups (hydroxyl, amine, and carboxylic/ester) and minerals (kaolinite, goethite, and quartz) provided evidence of the good adsorptive properties of the clay samples. The adsorption of Cd2+ and Pb2+ unto the clay samples increased with increase in pH, concentration, time, and temperature, and the equilibrium data for the adsorption fitted well into Langmuir isotherm. The study, therefore, concluded that geophagy clay possesses the capacity to adsorb Cd2+ and Pb2+ for water treatment.
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Obasi, Romanus Ayoola, Henry Y. Madukwe, and Temitope Olaosun. "Source Area Weathering, Paleo-Environment and Paleo-Climatic Conditions of Soils from Bitumen Rich Ode Irele Area of Ondo State, Nigeria." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 3 (March 13, 2019): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.3.1159.
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The study is aimed at determining the source-weathering, paleo-redox and paleoclimatic conditions of soil from Ode Irele area of Ondo State, Nigeria. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and the Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry ICP-MS) analyses wereusd to determine the major, trace and rare earth element compositios used for the study. The Chemical index of alteration (CIA), Chemical index of weathering (CIW), Plagioclase index of alteration (PIA), Mineralogical index of alteration (MIA), Th/U nd a plot of CIA against Al2O3 as well as the A-CN-K Ternary diagram suggest a high degree of weathering of the source rocks. The positive correlation between Al2O3 with TiO2, K2O, Fe2O3 and MgO implies that they occur in clay minerals formed from weathering. The average K2O/Al2O3 ratios of the investigated samples is ≈0.006, which suggests prevalence of clay minerals relative to other minerals. Low U/Th ratio ranging between 0.14 and 0.50 (average 0.18) relative to PAAS (0.21) and UCC (0.26) suggests deposition under oxic conditions. V/Vi + Ni ratios indicate suboxic to anoxic environment of deposition. However, plots of V/V+ Ni vs Ni/Co and V/Cr vs Ni/Co indicate oxic, dysoxic and suboxic to anoxic environments all suggesting deposition under oxic and suboxic conditions. The Ode Irele sediments was deposited in low saline water with a strong continental rather than marine influence in an arid and semi-arid climatic condition; the low average ratio of P2O5/Al2O3 (0.014) is in unison with freshwater environments.
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Akinmosin, A., and C. V. Melifonwu. "Sedimentological and Scanning Electron Miscroscopic Descriptions of Afowo Oil Sand Deposits, South Western Nigeria." GeoScience Engineering 63, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gse-2017-0019.
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AbstractSedimentological and scanning electron microscopic analyses of some shallow reservoir tar sand samples in parts of Southwestern Nigeria were carried out with the aim of characterizing the reservoir properties in relation to bitumen saturation and recovery efficiency. The production of impregnated tar from the sands requires the reservoir to be of good quality. A total of thirty samples were collected at different localities within the tar sand belt (ten out of these samples were selected for various reservoir quality analyses based on their textural homogeneity). The result of particle size distribution study showed that bulk of the sands is medium – coarse grained and moderately sorted. The grain morphologies are of low to high sphericity with shapes generally sub-angular to sub-rounded, implying that the sands have undergone a fairly long transportation history with depositional energy having a moderate to high velocity. The quartz content was made up of about 96% of the total mineralogical components; the sediments of the Afowo Formation can be described to be mineralogically and texturally stable. The result of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that the oil sands contained minerals which had been precipitated and occurred as pore filling cement; these minerals include sheet kaolinite, block kaolinite, vermiform kaolinite, pyrite crystals and quartz. The SEM images also showed micro-pores ranging from 0.057µm to 0.446µm and fractures. The study showed that the clay minerals contained in the Afowo reservoir rocks were mainly kaolinite. Kaoline unlike some other clays (e.g Montimorillonite) does not swell with water, hence it is not expected to have any negative effects on the reservoir quality, especially during enhanced oil recovery operations.From overall results of the reservoir quality assessment, Oso J4 and Gbegude sands should be expected to make better reservoirs with good oil recovery efficiency due to their low content of fines and better sorting characteristics when compared to sediments of other areas.
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Eshett, E. T., J. A. I. Omueti, and A. S. R. Juo. "Soil properties and mineralogy in relation to land use on a sedimentary toposequence in south-eastern Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Science 112, no. 3 (June 1989): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600085828.
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SummaryThe mineralogy of the clay fraction (<2 μm) of nine soil samples representing three physiographic positions of a toposequence in Ochon, south-eastern Nigeria, was determined by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.Soils in the crest and middle slopes (pedons TE1 and TE2, respectively) of the toposequence, formed over fine-grained sandstone, were coarse-textured, well-drained and acidic and had low effective cation exchange capacity and percentage base saturation. Kaolinite, mica, quartz, goethite and gibbsite were the principal minerals identified in the clay fraction of these soils. Soils in the valley bottom (pedon TE3) formed over arenaceous shale were, on the other hand, fine-textured, poorly drained and weakly acidic with higher cation exchange capacity and percentage base saturation. Their clay fraction mineralogy was similar to that of the well-drained upland soils but additionally included feldspar and smectite/vermiculite mixed layer minerals.Mixed cropping of yam, cassava, maize and other annuals under traditional methods was carried out on the drier, well-drained crest and upper slopes while sole cropping of lowland rice occurred in the poorly drained, more fertile valley-bottom site. The valley-bottom soils show greater potential for improvement in agricultural productivity under good management than the upland soils.
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Oyebanjo, Olaonipekun, Georges-Ivo Ekosse, and John Odiyo. "Physico-Chemical, Mineralogical, and Chemical Characterisation of Cretaceous–Paleogene/Neogene Kaolins within Eastern Dahomey and Niger Delta Basins from Nigeria: Possible Industrial Applications." Minerals 10, no. 8 (July 28, 2020): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10080670.
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The demand for kaolinitic clays for various industrial applications is increasing globally. The present study evaluated the potential industrial applications of kaolins from the Eastern Dahomey and Niger Delta Basins, Nigeria. The colour, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), particle size distribution (PSD), plastic limits and liquid limits of the kaolins were determined. Mineralogical properties were assessed using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The chemical compositions of the kaolins were determined using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). The kaolins were generally acidic, with pH less than 7 with low EC. The moderate plasticity indices (PI ≥ 10%) for the kaolins suggested their potential use in the manufacturing of structural clay products without extrusion. Kaolinite was the only kaolin mineral present with anhedral–subhedral–euhedral crystals. The platy morphology of the kaolinites in the Cretaceous kaolins are very important in paper production. Other minerals present in the kaolins were quartz, muscovite, anatase and goethite. The major oxide contents of the kaolins were dominated by SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 and TiO2. Based on chemical specifications, the raw kaolins are not suitable for most industrial applications except for the Cretaceous Lakiri kaolins in the paper and ceramic industries (except for TiO2 and K2O content). The study concluded that the kaolin deposits would require beneficiation for large-scale industrial applications.
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Ilevbare, M. "Rare Earth Elements of Ajali Sandstone, SW, Anambra Basin in Nigeria: Implication for Soil Genesis." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 11 (January 11, 2021): 1999–2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i11.22.
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The Ajali Sandstone, South-western, Anambra Basin, was studied for Rare Earth Elements (REEs), using a Phillips 45 channel Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Emission Spectrometer. The standard deviation of the REEs (Dy, Er, Eu, Y, Yb, La and Nd) averages 3.5 mg/L, 0.34 mg/L, 0.32 mg/L, 3.93 mg/L, 1.96 mg/L, 4.02 mg/L and 2.24 mg/L respectively for each of the sampled locations. The REEs concentrations showed both positive and negative concentration anomalies. The enrichment or depletion of the REEs is generally attributed to their tendency to be incorporated into plagioclase preferentially over other minerals. The Ajali Formation is predominantly sand/sandstone, with clay occurring only as intercalations/thin beds of clay drapes with the increasing particle size of the sand grains, makes the rate of adsorption and distribution of REEs in the soil low, and explains the low values of REEs concentration. Soil organic matter (SOC) plays an important role in the adsorption and migration of REEs in the Ecosystems. The SOC is linearly associated with REEs Concentration as it increases with increasing content of SOC. The Ajali Sandstone studied falls in the vicinity of abandoned cropland to cropland in a lower/gentle slope region, correspondingly low in soil organic matter content and as such slow rate of distribution and migration of REEs concentrations in the Ajali Sandstone. The sesquioxides such as Fe oxides increases as REEs contents increases. The 0.46 mean value of Fe2O3 in the Sandstone of the area studied implies a low REEs adsorption rate and subsequently the very low REEs concentrations of the soils. The istribution of REEs within the Ajali Formation soils were grossly affected by the factors that influenced the adsorption and migration rate of the minerals during magmatic fractionation process, hence the low REEs concentration of the Sediments.
Keywords`: Sansdstone, Anambra Basin, Rare Earth Elements, Magmatic fractionation
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Omotoso, Mopelola, and Ibrahim Amoo. "Chemical Analysis of Rock and Water from dug Wells in a Residential Area in Lagos State, Nigeria." International Journal of Chemistry 7, no. 2 (October 9, 2015): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v7n2p122.
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Samples of rock deposit dug out from wells at Alimosho local government in Lagos state, Nigeria were characterized for chemical composition and ultimate utilization. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) were used to identify the rock as a mixed clay rock containing 35.04% Illite, 25.64% Illite plus Quartz, 22.20% Kaolinite and 17.09% Feldspar. This was corroborated by cation determination that showed the rock to be predominantly clayey rock. The mean concentrations of lead and copper in water of the wells in the rock location are 0.004mg/L and 0.05mg/L respectively while cadmium is less than detectable limit. The well water in the area studied is therefore not contaminated by these heavy metals. Heavy metals removal by the mixed clay from polluted underground water was studied using AAS. A general increase of sorption was observed with increase in the adsorbent dosage. 20g of the rock adsorbed a higher percentage of copper (80.23%) than lead and cadmium that were 70.25% and 65.83% respectively. The percentage of heavy metals adsorbed confirms the use of mixed clay minerals as a contaminants removal from the underground polluted water. The rock adsorbed copper readily than cadmium and lead. The maximum amount of lead removed from the contaminated underground water of the defunct battery site across the adsorbent dosage (5g, 10g, 15g and 20g) were 1.20mg/L, 3.19mg/L, 3.69mg/L and 4.09mg/L respectively indicating the effect of increase in adsorbent dosage in remediating the lead contaminated water. This data showed that the rock can be used to remove these heavy metals from contaminated water.
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Adeola, Adewole John, and Abisola M. Oyebola. "Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Weathering Profiles above the Basement Rocks in Idi- Ayunre and Akure Districts, Southwestern Nigeria." Journal of Geography and Geology 8, no. 2 (March 16, 2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v8n2p15.
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Idi-ayunre and Akure areas are part of the basement complex of southwestern Nigeria and are predominantly consisted of gneisses, granite and migmatite with some minor quartz veins and pegmatite. These rocks have been greatly weathered to form clay, laterite and soils.Chemical analysis were carried out on basement rocks and exposed profiles. The weathering profile was subjected to X ray diffraction (XRD) analysis to determine mineralogical compositions whereas Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) was calculated from the elemental concentrated data.Weathering of basement rocks in Idi-Ayunre and Akure districts resulted in the formation of soil layer which ranged 0-0.4m, laterite layer 1.2-2.2m, and clayey zone 3.8-6.6m. Quartz, plagioclase, microcline, and biotite were the main minerals in parent rocks. Some of the primary minerals such as biotite and K-feldspar have been weathered to form kaolinite. Quartz, kaolinite and goethite formed the dominant minerals revealed by X-ray diffraction on decomposed granite sequences. The results from chemical analysis showed that Al and Fe have been enriched in weathering profiles of banded gneiss, migmatite gneiss and porphyritic granite whilst on the other hand Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, Ti were reported to be depleted.. Silica was relatively stable from basement to the topsoil in the profile. The CIA generally ranged between 80 - 99The lateritic profiles over banded gneiss, granite and porphyritic granite of Idi-Ayunre and Akure areas varied with the composition of the parent rocks. The thick clayey layers could be of great economic importance for the production of ceramics wares and for constructional purposes.
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Igwe, Charles Arizechukwu, Hermansah, Martin Eze Obi, and Toshiyuki Wakatsuki. "Using Selected Structural Indices to Pinpoint the Field Moisture Capacity of Some Coarse-Textured Agricultural Soils in Southeastern Nigeria." Journal of Tropical Soils 16, no. 2 (July 9, 2013): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2011.v16i2.151-159.
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Over- or underestimation of field capacity (FC) of agricultural soils could misguide soil and water management and this might have negative agronomic and environmental impacts. The study sought to identify the moisture tension for reliably estimating in the laboratory the FC of some sandy soils with low-activity clay minerals and at different levels of structure development in Nsukka agroecological zone in southeastern Nigeria. Fifty-four samples of topand subsoils under contrasting vegetation cover at three locations in the zone were analyzed for texture, organicmatter contents, bulk density and total porosity. Saturated hydraulic conductivities (Ksat) of the samples were equallydetermined. Water-conducting and water-filled porosities at each of 0.06-, 0.10- and 0.33-bar tensions were implied from water retention data at the respective tensions. The soils were categorized based on their levels of structure development using a structural stability index [(organic matter: silt+clay) %] as follows: very low (< 4%), low (4-7.5%) and moderate to high (> 7.5%) stability soils. Series of simple correlation tests were run among the waterconducting porosities at the various tensions and the Ksat of the soils. In each case, the soil was assumed to have attained FC at that moisture tension which the associated water-conducting porosity showed significant positive correlation with the Ksat. Our results revealed that the 0.06-bar tension overestimated the FC of the soils. The 0.10-bar tension, the commonly used moisture tension for the purpose in the study area, proved suitable only for soils within the moderate to high structural stability category. From all indications, the 0.33-bar tension best corresponded to the FC of the less structurally developed soils in the other two categories. The level of soil structure development should therefore be considered before deciding the suitable moisture tension for the determination of FC of these and similar soils in other tropical locations.Keywords: Coarse mineral soils, field moisture capacity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, structural stability,water-conducting pores
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Ohioma, Ohi Jerry. "Detection of Sulphide Deposit Using Uranium/Potassium Ratio Map." Ghana Journal of Geography 12, no. 1 (July 25, 2020): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjg.v12i1.8.
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Potassium (K) response is associated with minerals that can be easily weathered, whereas uranium (U) is usually related to residual clay, oxides and accessory minerals. With a view to interpret for the detection of sulphide deposit based on similar responses exhibited by the various rock units, radiometric data set was interpreted. The study area is located within Latitude +8000’00’’to +8030’00’’ and Longitude +5030’00’’E to +6000’00’’E. The data was collected in most parts of the Nigeria by Fugro Airborne Services Ltd. Johannesburg in collaboration with the Nigerian Geological Survey agency using a light aircraft that was flown in NW-SE direction with a nominal terrain clearance of 80 m and at a speed of 70-80 m/s, with a flight line spacing of 500 m apart. The acquired data was subjected to elemental concentration enhancement using Geosoft Oasis Montaj Software. From the interpreted data, the red coloured portions indicate high uranium and low potassium formations (H-U/K), while the blue coloured portions indicate low uranium and high potassium formations (L-U/K). The regions L-U/K have recorded low U/K ratios, meaning that L-U/K have very low uranium count rates as compared to the count rates of potassium in these regions; this signifies potassium abundance. This also suggests igneous activities that usually culminate to the emplacement of the meta-volcanic lithologies. H-U/K and M-U/K (Moderate U/K formations) are seen to have patches of high U/K ratios within the central portions. This high U/K ratio was therefore, as a result of sulphide deposition.
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U. Ozulu, G., A. U. Okoro, and V. O. Ndubueze. "Petrographic and geochemical interpretations of source provenance and tectonic setting of the Lokoja Sandstone, Bida Basin, Nigeria." International Journal of Advanced Geosciences 8, no. 2 (November 28, 2020): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v8i2.31196.
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The petrography and geochemistry of major and trace elements distribution pattern for the Lokoja Sandstones, Southern Bida Basin, Nigeria; were used to interpret their provenance, weathering conditions and paleotectonic setting. A total of seven (7) representative sandstone samples were selected for petrographic, heavy minerals and inorganic geochemical analyses; that is X- ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Results of the petrographic analysis showed 52.14 % quartz, 39.29 % feldspar, 2.00 % rock fragments, 5.14 % matrix and cement fraction as well as 1.43 % unfilled voids. Results of major elements and oxides suggests intermediate to felsic source rocks while the dominance of Na-rich feldspar to the k-feldspar and high value of Fe2O3+MgO shows contribution from ferromagnesian minerals of mafic igneous source provenance and oceanic island arc region. Average concentrations of designated trace elements in the studied sandstones are low in concentrations. The lower concentrations of Cr, Co, and Ni and higher concentrations of Zr, Ba, and Sr suggest a felsic progenitor rock. But significantly high values of Ni (7.02 ppm), La/Co (7.99), and Ni/Co (3.28) as well as the low concentration value of Y, (3.23 ppm) suggests contributions from mafic source rocks. Low average ratios for La/Co, Th/Co, Th/Sc, Ni/Co, Cr/Ni, Cr/Sc, Cr/Th, Ni/Co, Cr/Ni, Cr/Th, Cr/Sc, Th/Sc, La/Co and Th/Co also suggest a felsic source provenance. An average CIA value of 78.04% is indicative of an intense recycling in the source area while an average MIA value of 56.13% suggests a moderate degree of weathering. The high clay matrix and feldspar content have been used to classify the sandstones as feldspathic greywackes deposited in dry arid climatic conditions under a basement uplifted tectonic setting.
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Akpabio, Godfrey, Ubong Johnson, Calrlos Vargas Cana, and Okechukwu Agbasi. "Peat stratigraphy mapping using ground penetration radar and geotechnical engineering implications." International Journal of Advanced Geosciences 5, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v5i2.7890.
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A Combined Land and Marine Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) surveys was carried out in Southwestern part of Lagos, Badia, Nigeria with a view of delineating the subsurface peat stratigraphy that would aid geotechnical engineering design of the appropriate soil stability processes. The GPR study was conducted along eight parallel traverses trending East-West, using the Geophysical survey system incorporated (GSSI) SIR-3000 200MHZ Monostatic shielded antenna. Geographically, the study area is approximately between latitude 715000N and 716000N and longitude 538600E and 540300E of the universal traverse Mercator. The antenna was present with three gain points in order to improve the scans during data acquisition while 33 scans per meter were taken (representing 3cm station spacing) with a sampling window of 400ns with offset of +25ns.The topography is generally flat with localized undulations due to sand heaps from canals dredging and sand filling activities in the area. The peat depth was found to vary from 1.5m to 6m and the thicknesses from traverse one (1) to eight (8) on chainage 625m to 1100m. The area belongs to Dahomey Basin which is also known as Dahomey Embayment or Benin Benin or as West Nigeria Basin. The mineralogy, micro-fabrics and Morphology of the delineated stratigraphy was determined using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) methods. The results obtained revealed the presence of five subsurface (Topsoil/ sand filled Layer, Silty Clay, Peat, sandy Clay and Silty Sand) geological Layers, distinct geomorphological features, and high, moderate and low amplitudes, to continuous and discontinuous planer relax Facies structures. SEM and XRD analyses of the field samples obtained showed the dominance of Kaolinite, illite and quarts minerals in the clay/peat mapped. The derived engineering parameters suggest that the peat found in the study area are “fibrous peat” with low strength and medium to low bedding stress. It is observed that the peat generally depict high compressibility value, low internal frictional angle, they exhibit low elastic properties such as low shear modulus, low bulk modulus and young modulus values. The findings confirm the efficacy and relevance of GPR technique for pre-construction engineering investigation.
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Amiewalan, F. O., and F. A. Lucas. "Geochemical characterization of FE-1 well, Onshore Western Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 2 (April 20, 2020): 381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i2.26.
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Major oxides and trace elements analysis was carried out on ditch cutting samples of FE-1 well, Onshore, Niger Delta Basin, to define their oxygen condition, paleo-climatic conditions, provenance, tectonic setting, sandstone classification and maturity of the sediments. Sedimentological analysis revealed five main lithofacies comprising of sandstone, shaly sand, mudstone, sandy clay and sandy shale. Geochemical results indicates that the average value of silica (87.1 wt. %) is far higher than the average values of the rest oxides which shows the duration and intensity of weathering and destruction of other minerals during transportation. Bivariate plot of La/Sc versus Th/Co, Zr versus TiO2, and trace elemental ratios of Th/Sc, Th/Co, Th/Cr, Cr/Th, La/Sc establishes that the source of the sediment are from felsic rock. Different chemical classification schemes characterized the sediments as quartzarenite, lithic arenites and Fe-rich sand. The plot of Log (K2O/Na2O) versus Log (SiO2/Al2O3) and K2O/Na2O versus SiO2 all plotted mainly in the passive margin zone. The low average value of uranium content, trace elemental ratios of U/Th, Ni/Co, Cu/Zn, V/Cr and binary plot of Ni/Co versus V/Cr indicated an oxic environment of deposition. However, the binary plot of Ni/Co versus V/ (V+Ni) indicates oxic to anoxic condition during deposition of the mixed marine and terrigenous source input sediment. Binary plot of SiO2 versus (Al2O3+Na2O+K2O) designates deposition mainly in humid/semi-humid climatic condition. The samples studied have a much higher SiO2/Al2O3 ratio with low Fe2O3/K2O ratio, thus, they are mineralogically mature. The Al2O3/(CaO+MgO+Na2O+K2O) ratio inferred that there are stable mobile oxides in the samples.
Keywords: Major oxides, lithic arenites, provenance, tectonic setting.
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Ajayi, A. E., M. S. Dias Junior, N. Curi, and I. Oladipo. "Compressive response of some agricultural soils influenced by the mineralogy and moisture." International Agrophysics 27, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10247-012-0091-x.
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Abstract This study aimed to investigate the mineralogy, moisture retention, and the compressive response of two agricultural soils from South West Nigeria. Undisturbed soil cores at the A and B horizons were collected and used in chemical and hydrophysical characterization and confined compression test. X-ray diffractograms of oriented fine clay fractions were also obtained. Our results indicate the prevalence of kaolinite minerals relating to the weathering process in these tropical soils. Moisture retention by the core samples was typically low with pre-compression stress values ranging from50 to 300 kPa at both sites. Analyses of the shape of the compression curves highlight the influence of soil moisture in shifts from the bi-linear to S-shaped models. Statistical homogeneity test of the load bearing capacity parameters showed that the soil mineralogy influences the response to loading by these soils. These observations provide a physical basis for the previous classification series of the soils in the studied area. We showed that the internal strength attributes of the soil could be inferred from the mineralogical properties and stress history. This could assist in decisions on sustainable mechanization in a datapoor environment.
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Uzoekwe, S. A., and U. L. Anekwe. "Physicochemical Characteristics, Particle Size Distribution and Total Hydrocarbon Content in Soil from Abandoned Landfill Site in Igbogene, Bayelsa state, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 4 (May 22, 2020): 729–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i4.27.
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Most household and some industrial solid wastes end up in the landfill which is the commonest means of solid waste management in many parts of Baylesa state, Nigeria. This study assessed the physicochemical characteristics, particle size distribution and total hydrocarbon content in soil samples from abandoned landfill site in Igbogene, Bayelsa state, Nigeria by collecting samples from varying distances (50m, 100m and 150m) at a depth of 0-20cm and analyzed using standard methods. Results were in the range of 5.01 – 5.34 (pH), 0.73 – 0.98 meg/100g (Exchangeable Acidity), 2.45 – 3.48 meg/100g (sodium), 0.19 – 0.31 meg/100g (potassium), 3.94 – 5.33 meg/100g (calcium), 1.52 – 2.15 meg/100g (magnesium), 9.57 – 11.49 mg/kg (nitrate), 4.18 – 5.19 mg/kg (sulphate), 6.99 – 8.85 mg/kg (available phosphorus), 8.23 – 12.60 mg/kg (total hydrocarbon content), 76.48 – 100.25 mg/kg (chloride), 5.14 – 7.59 mg/kg (ammonium), 8.83 – 8.95% (clay), 2.70 – 3.10% (silt), 87.93 – 88.35% (sand), 2.62 – 3.58% (organic carbon), 4.51 – 6.16% (organic matter) and 0.22 – 0.33% (total nitrogen). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed no significant deviations (p>0.05) across the various distances for all parameters except for organic carbon and matter, total nitrogen, potassium and ammonium. In addition, most of the nutrients showed positive significant relationship at p<0.05. This suggests that at large the activities of old landfill in the study area is not influencing the soil characteristics under study. Rather the apparent decline in value away from old landfill may be due to mobility level of minerals in the soil toward the southwest direction, which the cluster analysis clearly showed.
Keywords: Physicochemical Properties, Environmental Contamination, Hydrocarbon Content, Landfill
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Gregory, Peter J. "Dennis James Greenland. 13 June 1930—23 December 2012." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 66 (January 30, 2019): 225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2018.0030.
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Dennis Greenland was an outstanding soil scientist who combined the analytical rigour of a chemist with the practical application of an agricultural scientist. His early research employed X-ray diffraction and other emerging analytical techniques to determine the surface properties of clay minerals and their interactions with organic components of soils. This, in turn, led to research to understand the forces leading to aggregate and structural stability (and instability) in soils of the UK, Australia, Nigeria and the tropics generally. Simultaneously, Dennis engaged with the practical problems faced by farmers in the tropics to maintain the fertility of their soils and ensure long-term crop production; his early work (with Peter Nye) on shifting cultivation is regarded as a classic of the soil science literature. These two elements of his research came together during his periods as deputy director general, with responsibility for research, at the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Nigeria (1974–1976) and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in The Philippines (1979–1987). At both institutions he sought to improve the research in natural resources so that the genetic gains delivered by crop breeding could be achieved by farmers on their fields. At IRRI he encouraged research on rice-growing environments and improved water management taking account of catchment uses, and he promoted integrated approaches to nutrient management that combined organic and inorganic sources. This passion for integrated approaches to soil management led to his championing, and eventually chairing, the International Board for Soil Research and Management (IBSRAM), in which he played a major role in forming networks of multi-location experiments with many institutions.
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E. Mark, Okorobia, Etim D. Uko, Amechi Bright, and Onengiyeofori A. Davies. "DELINEATION OF CONCENTRATION OF FERRUGINOUS MINERALS IN AQUIFERS IN YENAGOA, BAYELSA STATE, NIGERIA, USING GEOELECTRIC VERTICAL ELECTRICAL SOUNDING (VES) AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES." Earth Science Malaysia 4, no. 2 (April 17, 2020): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/esmy.02.2020.90.101.
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A total of sixteen Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) surveys and five physicochemical analyses were carried out in selected locations within the Yenagoa Metropolis, in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, to delineate the concentration of ferruginous minerals in freshwater aquifers in the area. For the geophysical survey, the Schlumberger electrode configuration was employed. The resulting data obtained was processed and interpreted using Excel suite, IPI2WIN resistivity, Surfer-11 and Rockworks software. The results revealed four to six geologic layers across the area, and were used to generate geoelectric maps which showed that in most part of the study area, there were uneven distributions of shallow aquifers (4 – 10m), and uneven layers of clay and sandy-silt at varying depths up to 20m. The physicochemical analysis of raw water samples collected from five boreholes located in close proximity to the VES sounding locations were analysed for physical and chemical parameters. Physical parameters tested include colour, conductivity, turbidity, and temperature. Chemical parameters analysed are pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Alkalinity, Total Iron, Carbonate, Chloride, Sulphate, and heavy metals such as copper, chromium, nickel, cadmium, manganese, zinc and lead. The pH was determined using a Mettler Toledo (GmbH 8603 Schwerzenbach) pH meter by direct measurement. An analogue mercury thermometer was used for temperature measurements and a Hach 2100A turbidimeter for turbidity determination. Also, the concentrations of Zinc, Lead, and Copper in the water samples were obtained using the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. It was observed that the values SO42- , Cl-, Na2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, F- have values below World Health Organization (WHO) standard in all boreholes tested while Mn2+, NH3, PO3−and Fe2+, K+, and Cu2+ have values above WHO standard in some boreholes. The pH values all showed that the water was slightly basic as the values all exceeded the neutral limit 7, with only station showing slightly elevated pH value 9, suggesting the presence of iron bacteria. F-, K+, Fe2+ and Mn2+ have values that exceeded the WHO standard. The results from Physicochemical and geophysical analysis suggest that at depths of 20 – 45m, the concentration of ferruginous minerals is high especially towards the north eastern section of the study area and so drilling should be made to approximate depths of 50 – 80m for minimal iron contamination in the aquifers.
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Inegbenebor, A. I., A. O. Inegbenebor, R. C. Mordi, N. Kalada, A. Falomo, and P. Sanyaolu. "Determination of the Chemical Compositions of Clay Deposits from Some Part of South West Nigeria for Industrial Applications." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v4i1.14214.
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Clay is one of the major raw materials in ceramics, paint and paper industries. In this paper, a report is given on the chemical composition of clay deposits in Ilaro and Ikorodu, South West Nigeria and their suitability as raw materials in the above mentioned industries is suggested by comparison of their composition with industry standards. The clay samples were activated with H2SO4 and their moisture content was determined. The mineral content of the clays was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy, which showed significant presence of Si, Al, Fe, and Ti. The morphology of the clays was studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM/EDX) in combination with X-ray analysis. The investigation revealed the agglomeration of the particles of quartz and rutile on the surface structure of the activated clays. The results obtained from their observed properties and chemical compositions indicate that these clays are suitable for use in the ceramics, paint and paper industries. This proposition is supported by reduction in moisture contents of the activated clay samples from both Ilaro and Ikorodu.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(1): 21-26
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Jeminatu, Aliu Okpo, Itiowe Kiamuke, and Avwenagha Enivwenaye Oghenero. "Geochemical composition, mineralogy, geotechnical characteristics of some clay deposits in parts of the southern Niger Delta, Nigeria." Global Journal of Geological Sciences 19, no. 1 (July 13, 2021): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjgs.v19i1.4.
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Clay soil samples from the Afo-Okpella and Okpekpe in parts of the southern Niger Delta were analyzed for their geochemical composition, mineralogical and geotechnical characteristics. X-ray fluorescence analysis, x-ray diffraction analysis and index property tests were carried out to determine elemental composition, mineralogical nature and geotechnical attributes of the clay. The XRF reveals that SiO2 and Al2O3 are the predominant oxides. The XRD analysis shows that kaolinite is the predominant clay mineral with varying amount of quartz also traces of illite, smectite. The geotechnical index test shows that the clay soil samples studied also contains considerable amounts of silt-size particles (18%-70%) which makes them unsuitable in their raw state for use as fillers, raw materials in the paint industries. The clays were generally of medium to high plasticity and medium to high compressibility, however the classification of degree of expansion as regard to percentage linear shrinkage places the entire clay bodies studied in the critical degree of expansion. The study reveals that they are good for the production of quality bricks, ceramics and other industrial usage such as rubber, paper and paint industries.
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Ibrahim, AO, OR Momoh, and MT Isa. "ENHANCEMENT OF GAMBE CLAY USING UN-FERMENTABLE POLYMERS FOR DRILLING MUD FORMULATION." Nigerian Journal of Technology 36, no. 1 (December 29, 2016): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.15.
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There is availability and large deposits of bentonite (700 million tons in North Eastern part) in Nigeria but the clays had not been abundantly harnessed and enhanced with polymer for drilling fluid formulation because they are mostly composed of calcium montmorillonite. This work was aimed at enhancing Gambe clay using un-fermentable polymers (three carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) with different average molecular weight). The clay was obtained from Gambe town in Adamawa State, Nigeria, beneficiated for quartz removal, as well as enhancement with Na2CO3 (6 wt.%). The mineral and oxides composition of the clay was determined using X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence analyses respectively, and finally used to formulate the drilling fluid. The effect of the polymer on the rheological and physico-chemical properties of the formulated drilling fluid was investigated employing FANN 35SA viscometer. It was found that the carboxy methyl cellulose enhanced the plastic viscosity from 1.5 cP to 34 cP and the apparent viscosity from 2.25 cP to 44 cP. The higher the average molecular weight of the sodium carboxy methyl cellulose the higher the apparent and plastic viscosities of the formulated fluid. Similarly, the resultant viscosities compared well with that of commercial standard of 15 cP and 14 cP of apparent and plastic viscosities respectively. The sets of data generated from this work is going to be very useful for water and oil/gas drilling operations. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.15
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Al-Ghamdi, A. A. M., and A. M. Ashram. "Effect of silicon application on soil physical and chemical properties under drought stress." Journal of Environmental Biology 42, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/42/2/mrn-1631.
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Aim: To study the effect of silicon application on soil properties under normal conditions and different levels of drought stress (75%, 50% and 25% field capacity). Methodology: Nigella sativa seeds were sown in pots filled with 5 kg of homogeneously mixed 2:1 ratio of sand to clay soil. Two set of plants were grown-one set was grown in soil without silicon treatment, and the other was treated with silicic acid (120 g kg-1 soil). For drought stress conditions, each set was subdivided into four sets, which were irrigated at 100% (control), 75%, 50%, and 25% field capacity. Dry soil samples were used to determine the inorganic content, including phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron. Results: The results showed that the concentration of soil minerals (phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron) increased due to silicon treatment. However, this increase in mineral concentration was more pronounced at higher water levels (100%, 75% field capacity) in the case of potassium, calcium, and iron. Of note, the increase in phosphorus and magnesium concentration after silicon treatment was remarkable under higher stress conditions (50%, 25% field capacity). Interpretation: Overall, silicon application increased soil minerals and alleviated drought stress. Key words: Drought stress, Mineral ions, Nigella sativa, Silicic acid
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Akpomie, K. G., C. C. Ezeofor, O. L. Alum, U. A. Augustine, and F. N. Ibeanu. "Performance of Dioscorea rotundata Peel as an Environmental Waste Additive in Enhancing the Insulating Properties of a Local Clay Mineral." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 15, no. 1 (March 25, 2018): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2608.
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The effect of Dioscorea rotundata peel environmental waste as an insulating additive for local clay was studied. The potential of a low cost indigenous clay mineral obtained from Akpugu-Ezedike in Nigeria for industrial application was also evaluated. The clay was characterized by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Prepared slurry mixture of the clay and peels were shaped, dried and fired. The chemical composition of the clay was determined by classical methods. Physical properties such as linear shrinkage, total shrinkage, modulus of rupture, apparent density, bulk density, apparent porosity,s welling index and water absorption, modulus of plasticity and refractoriness of the fired samples were determined. The clay was found to have a refractoriness of 12000C. SEM analysis revealed an increase in porosity of the fired clay bodies with increase in dosage of Dioscorea rotundata added. This result was corroborated by the high apparent porosity 49.67 – 60.02% and water absorption recorded 30.92 – 48.44% for the mixed fired samples. The result of this study clearly indicated the potential of Dioscorea rotundata peel as additive in enhancing insulating properties of fired clay as well as the usefulness of the local clay mineral for industrial purposes.
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Ihekweme, Gina Odochi, Josiah Ngenev Shondo, Kingsley Ikechukwu Orisekeh, Godwin Mong Kalu-Uka, Iheoma Chigoziri Nwuzor, and Azikiwe Peter Onwualu. "Characterization of certain Nigerian clay minerals for water purification and other industrial applications." Heliyon 6, no. 4 (April 2020): e03783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03783.
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Mark, Udochukwu, Charles Nwachukwu Anyakwo, Okechukwu Onyemaobi, and Chijioke Samson Nwobodo. "The Thermal Activation of Nsu Clay for Enhanced Alumina Leaching Response." International Journal of Engineering and Technologies 16 (March 2019): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ijet.16.34.
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The thermal activation conditions for enhancing the leaching of alumina from Nsu clay from south-eastern Nigeria was investigated. The clay assayed 28.9% and 50.59% , comprising mainly kaolinite mineral (82.6%) and quartz (12.5%). Thermal activation rendered the alumina in the clay acid-soluble by transforming the clay from its crystalline nature to an amorphous phase or metakaolinite. The clay samples were heated at calcination temperatures of 500, 600, 700, 800, and 900 °C at holding times of 30, 60, and 90 minutes. Uncalcined clay samples and samples calcined at 1000 °C (holding for 60 minutes) were used in the control experiments. Leaching of alumina from the resulting clay calcines passing 300 μm sieve (-50 mesh) was done in 1M hydrochloric acid solution at room temperature using a solid/liquid ratio of 0.02g/ml and shaking speed of 100 rpm. The solubility data given by the fraction of Al ion taken into leach solution showed that the clay calcined at 700 °C (holding for 60 minutes) responded most to leaching. In general, it was observed that samples calcined for 60 minutes responded better than those held for 30 or 90 minutes. The activation energies for leaching the clay calcines were 29.50, 32.92, 26.71, 30.18, 29.18, and 33.24 kJ/mol for samples calcined for 60 minutes at 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 °C, respectively. The activation energy of leaching for the uncalcined sample was 35.07 kJ/mol. Thus, calcines produced at 700 °C (holding for 60 minutes) had the highest leaching response for alumina and the lowest leaching activation energy of 26.71 kJ/mol. It is concluded therefore that Nsu kaolinite clay should be best calcined for alumina yield by heating up to 700 °C and holding for 60 minutes at that temperature. The clay deposit can be used as alternative resource for alumina production.
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Oladoja, Nurudeen A., and Imohimi O. Asia. "Studies on the Use of Fortified Kaolinitic Soil-Clay in Industrial Wastewater Treatment." Water Quality Research Journal 40, no. 4 (November 1, 2005): 500–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2005.054.
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Abstract This study aimed to design an uncomplicated, reliable, technologically simple and low energy consuming decentralized wastewater treatment system using kaolinitic soil-clay fortified with stone pebbles to enhance the permeability to water. Soilclay samples were obtained from different deposits in Nigeria viz: Auchi (AU), Ozanagogo (OZ) and Ubulu-Uku (UB). The geochemical analysis of the soil-clay samples was done using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The mineralogical analysis, studied with an X-ray diffractometer, revealed the presence of kaolinite as the domineering clay mineral present. Illite was also found in the clay OZ and AU (6.50% and 0.50%, respectively). Composite wastewater samples were obtained from brewery, textile and polymer industries. Performance efficiency studies were conducted to determine the best combination ratio of pebbles/soil-clay. Soil-clay fortified with pebbles in combination ratios of 1:3 (i.e., pebbles: soil-clay = 1:3 [w/w]) showed optimum water treatment while the combination 3:1 gave the least. The flow rate studies showed that the wastewater had a longer residence time in non-fortified soil-clay than in fortified soil-clay. Two modes of treatment methods were employed: single and double column treatment (SCT and DCT). The two methods gave effluents with goodquality characteristics but those from the DCT were of better quality. The quality of effluents also varied from one fortified column to another. The fortified column containing OZ exhibited the best performance while UB showed the least performance in the entire treatment processes. Results obtained from the studies on the effects of repeated use on the performance efficiency of the fortified soil-clay showed that the pH of effluents decreased with time toward acidity; the amount of TS also decreased with time; and, as the COD value increased, depletion in the DO was also recorded.
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Afolabi, Richard O., Temitope F. Ogunkunle, Oluwasanmi A. Olabode, and Esther O. Yusuf. "Dataset on the beneficiation of a Nigerian bentonite clay mineral for drilling mud formulation." Data in Brief 20 (October 2018): 234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.07.071.
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Olu, S. C., P. E. Dim, and J. O. Okafor. "REMOVAL OF CU (II) FROM DYE EFFLUENT USING NATURAL AND PHOSPHATE-MODIFIED NIGERIAN KAOLINITE CLAY." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 8 (August 31, 2019): 402–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i8.2019.690.
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This study indicates kaolinite clay as an effective adsorbent for the uptake of Cu (II) from wastewater. The adsorption process was studied with variation of time, temperature and adsorbent dosage at the effluent pH of 6. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer Emmett and Teller (BET) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the adsorbents. XRD spectra showed that modification with KH2PO4 did not significantly change the crystal spacing on the lattice structure of the clay mineral; however, there were shifts in the intensity of the peaks for the modified kaolinite clay. The FTIR spectra showed that certain functional groups are responsible for binding the metal ions from solution. SEM indicated an increase in the porosity of the modified adsorbent as compared with the unmodified kaolinite, which enhances metal ion adsorption on modified kaolinite clay. The BET indicate that acid modification increased the surface area and total pore volume of the kaolinite clay. The kinetic study revealed that the pseudo-first-order model fitted poorly to the equilibrium data, however, the pseudo-second-order model had a good fit for all reaction time at different initial concentrations. The mechanism of the sorption process was evaluated using thermodynamic properties such as enthalpy change (ΔH), Gibbs free energy change (ΔG), and entropy change (ΔS), which were evaluated using Van’t Hoff equations. The negative values of free energy change (ΔG), suggests spontaneity and feasibility of the process. The positive values of enthalpy change (ΔH) indicate endothermic nature of the process.
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Peters, Edem Etim. "Reflections on Pottery Art in the Oil Rich Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: A Study of Pottery Art in Akwa Ibom and Rivers States." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 3 (March 24, 2019): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.3.1093.
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Niger Delta region is very rich in oil and gas deposits, clay, agricultural land, fisheries, extensive forest and other resources. They are nine states which make the region namely, Abia, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Imo, Ondo and Rivers. The most oil producing communities among them are Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Edo, Delta and Rivers State. Clay is equally found in abundance in all the states like crude oil is found in Niger Delta communities. The available clay mineral in the region has the capacity to transform the nation’s economy if properly utilized. Clay is the basic material for pottery or ceramics production. It is also used to ease the penetration of pipes in drilling of crude oil. This paper looks at the practice of pottery in Niger Delta Area with a focus on pottery practice in both Akwa Ibom and Rivers States. Indigenous and contemporary pottery or ceramics practices in these communities indeed have played vital role in the economic, social religious and cultural ways of life of the people. Clay products such as dinnerware and sanitary wares and others are highly sought for and they have the capacity to boast the national economy as experienced in other nations such as Japan, Italy, Britain, United States of America, India and China among others. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources and were subsequently assessed. The result shows that proper utilization of clay found in Niger Delta has the potential to create numerous job opportunities for the teaming population of youths in the region. The availability of abundant clay in the region, if well harnessed could adequately compete with crude oil exploitation for economic purposes in the region.
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Azunna, D., G. Chukwu, E. Nwokoma, and A. Akenami. "Evaluation of Clay Mineral Deposits in Ohiya, Southeast Nigeria Using the Self Potential Method and Lithologs." Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 22, no. 6 (July 31, 2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2017/26621.
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Chibuzor, Stella Nwaife, Elizabeth lfeyinwa Okoyeh, and Boniface Chukwukadibia Ezeanyaoha Egboka. "Geotechnical Characteristics of Regolith Derived from Nanka Formation, Southeast Nigeria." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 12 (December 16, 2020): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.12.2230.
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Regolith derived from Nanka Formation; Southeast Nigeria was evaluated for their geotechnical characteristics. The methods of investigations include Fieldwork experiment and laboratory analysis of water and soil samples. The result of hydraulic parameters of the soil at 1meter, 2 meters depth and drilled cuttings from boreholes revealed permeability average values of 1.29E-05(cm/s) and 9.15E-6(cm/s), hydraulic conductivity average value of 1.27E-04(cm/s) and 8.93E-05(cm/s). Drilled cuttings from three boreholes revealed permeability average value of 8.15E-06(m/s), 2.68E-06(m/s) and 6.20E-06, hydraulic conductivity average values of 8.90E-03(m/s), 2.92E-03(m/s) and 6.75E-3(m/s).These values indicate permeable soil with high hydraulic conductivity typical of silty-clay and sand. The permeability/hydraulic conductivity accounts for the high infiltration/percolation of water into the soil. Infiltration of water through the soil initiates geochemical reactions and dissolution mineral which leaves the soil loose and unconsolidated. Geotechnical characteristics show low to medium plasticity and a liquid limit average of 42.36 and 35.45, indicating the capacity of the soil to absorb moisture and expand, bulk density average value of 1.90 mg/m3and compaction test of maximum dry density average value of 1.80 g/cm3 at an optimum water content average of 12.89% indicate low density. Shear strength components of cohesion values range from 0 to 55KN/m2 with average value of 25 KN/m2 and friction angle values range from 7° to 25° suggesting low cohesion and angle of internal friction. This is attributed to the low clay content and the cohesive force is not enough to sustain the soil. Field experiments of cone penetration test of in-situ results indicate a weak and incompetent soil material that is unstable and vulnerable to erosion. The finding would be relevant in soil mechanics problems.
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Edomwonyi-Otu, L. C., B. O. Aderemi, O. Edomwonyi-Otu, A. Simo, and M. Maaza. "Alum Production from some Nigerian Kaolinite Deposits." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 7 (September 2012): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.7.13.
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The Development of Sustainable Processing Technologies for the Vast Mineral Resources Available in Nigeria and their Varied Applications Is a Major Pursuit by the Federal Ministry of Science and Technology. in this Work, Alum Was Produced from Three Different Kaolin Deposits in Nigeria Namely Kankara Brown, Bauchi and Kankara White by Acid Dealumination of the Metakaolin Obtained by Calcination of the Beneficiated Kaolinites and the Yields Were Measured to Ascertain the Process Repeatability. the Reproducibility Studies Carried Out on Samples from each Deposit Showed a Mean Yield of 80 %, 92 % and 87 % and Standard Deviation of 2.50 %, 1.063 % and 1.296 %, for Kankara Brown, Bauchi and Kankara White Respectively. the Values from the Three Deposits Fall within 3 Standard Deviations of the Mean in Accordance with the 68-95-99.7/three-Sigma Rule. the Alum Quality Also Compares Well with Available Commercial Alums in the Market. BET Analysis, of the Alumina Obtained by Calcination of the Alum (Kankara White), Gave a Surface Area of 192.2441m2/g Comparable to Commercial Alumina. these Results Suggest/establishes the Huge Possibility of Commercial Alum Production, Including Alumina, Using Kaolinite Clay from these Deposits as Starting Materials.
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Oyewole, O. O., Segun Oladele, Moses Awodun, and Rasheedat Ajala. "Evaluation of four microbial bio-effectors for growth promotion and nutrient acquisition in bambara nut Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. (Fabales: Fabaceae) without mineral fertilization." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 5, no. 11 (2018): 837–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.051119.
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This study seek to evaluate the potential of four BEs (Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Rhizobium and Arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF)) without complementary inorganic fertilizer in promoting plant growth and nutrient uptake in contrasting soil types. Field studies set up in completely randomized design (CRD) were conducted in Southwestern Nigeria using bambara groundnut Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. (Fabales: Fabaceae) as test crop sown on a sandy loam and clay loam alfisol. Result indicates that performance of inoculated BEs in improving bambara nut growth and nutrient uptake did not differ according to soil types. Promising results were obtained with all BEs with Rhizobium, AMF and Azospirillum showing exceptional performance respectively across all measured parameters. These BEs are recommended for adoption by local farmers in the study area to optimize bambara nut performance with the aim of reducing dependence on inorganic fertilizers and improving fertilizer use efficiency.
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Ola, Peter S., Ademola K. Aidi, and Olabode M. Bankole. "Clay mineral diagenesis and source rock assessment in the Bornu Basin, Nigeria: Implications for thermal maturity and source rock potential." Marine and Petroleum Geology 89 (January 2018): 653–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.10.031.
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Mayomi, Ikusemoran, Didams Gideon, and Michael Abashiya. "Analysis of the Spatial Distribution of Geology and Pedologic Formations in Gombe State, North Eastern Nigeria." Journal of Geography and Geology 10, no. 1 (February 27, 2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v10n1p83.
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This paper focused on the mapping and analysis of the spatial distribution of the geology and soils in Gombe State. The ever rapid rise in population of the country has called for the need for expansion of agricultural activities which necessitates an in-depth knowledge of the spatial location of soil types for agricultural related activities. There is also the need to explore the environment for possible endowments of mineral resources which can be exploited to meet the economic demands of the populace. The soil and geology maps of Gombe State were extracted from existing soil and geology maps of Nigeria, obtained from Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)/United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)/International Soil Reference and Information Center (ISRIC) and Nigeria Geological Survey Agency (NGSA) respectively. The soil and geology types were digitized as polygon, while other important features such as LGA boundaries, state boundaries were also digitized and overlain on the two generated maps (soils and geology). The clip sub module of the ArcGIS was used to delineate each of the LGAs in both maps, that is, extraction of each LGA as well as the soil and geology units in each of the LGAs. The area in square kilometers of the soils and geology units in the entire state and in each LGA were obtained through the use of the area calculation module of the ArcGIS. The result of the study revealed that Gombe State consists of fourteen (14) geologic units. Among them, the KerriKerri which comprised of sandstone, shale and clay geologic unit covers almost half (42.75%) of the State. Limestone and Shale of the Pindiga formation which are principally used for cement making are found mainly in Funakaye LGA which is the home of Ashaka Cement. It was also found out that there are eleven soil units in the state with Nitisols almost covering half of the state. It was recommended that the generated soil and geologic maps of the State are expected to be considered for mineral exploration and crop suitability assessments in order to reduce time, cost and energy that would likely be incurred if the entire state is assessed.