Relevant bibliographies by topics / Clay volume

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Academic literature on the topic 'Clay volume'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Clay volume"

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Baldi, G., T. Hueckel, and R. Pellegrini. "Thermal volume changes of the mineral–water system in low-porosity clay soils." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 25, no. 4 (November 1, 1988): 807–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t88-089.

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The effect of temperature on the volumetric strains of the clay skeleton and clay – water system has been examined experimentally. Heating tests at (various) constant effective stress and isotropic loading tests at (various) constant temperatures were performed on low-porosity clays under drained conditions. The results indicate that the thermal expansion of adsorbed water in these clays is significantly lower than that of free water. Depending on the effective pressure, the clay skeleton may undergo either compression or expansion. Key words: nuclear waste isolation, clay, low porosity, thermal strain, adsorbed water.
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Barbour, S. L., and D. G. Fredlund. "Mechanisms of osmotic flow and volume change in clay soils." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 26, no. 4 (November 1, 1989): 551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t89-068.

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The mechanical behavior of compressible clay soils may be strongly influenced by physicochemical effects when concentrated pore fluids are introduced to the soil. Conceptual models have been used to explain the influence of pore fluid chemistry on the mechanical behavior of clays in a qualitative way. In this paper an alternate macroscopic description of the osmotic volume change behavior of a clay soil undergoing changes in pore fluid chemistry is provided.Theoretical descriptions of two potential mechanisms of osmotic volume change (osmotic consolidation and osmotically induced consolidation) are presented. Osmotic consolidation occurs as a result of a change in the electrostatic repulsive-minus-attractive stresses, R — A, between clay particles. Osmotically induced consolidation occurs because of fluid flow out of the clay in response to osmotic gradients.A numerical simulation is used to demonstrate the characteristic behavior of a clay soil undergoing either of these volume change processes. The results of a laboratory testing program on two clay soils exposed to concentrated NaCl solutions are used to illustrate that the dominant mechanism of osmotic volume change in surficial clay soils is osmotic consolidation. Key words: physicochemical, osmosis, volume change, NaCl salt, montmorillonite, clay, stress state variables, R – A.
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Abuel-Naga, H. M., D. T. Bergado, A. Bouazza, and G. V. Ramana. "Volume change behaviour of saturated clays under drained heating conditions: experimental results and constitutive modeling." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 44, no. 8 (August 2007): 942–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t07-031.

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One of the essential features of thermomechanical behaviour of saturated fine-grained soils is the thermally induced volume change occurring under a drained heating condition. In this study, a modified oedometer apparatus, able to handle temperatures up to 100 °C, was used to investigate the thermally induced volume change behaviour of soft Bangkok clay. The results of this experimental study provide additional experimental evidence and insights that may enhance the understanding of volume change behaviour of saturated clays at elevated temperatures. This paper also introduces an isotropic thermoelastoplastic constitutive model that closely predicts the thermally induced volume change behaviour of saturated clay specimens under normally consolidated conditions as well as overconsolidated conditions obtained by unloading process in the temperature range of 20–95 °C. Two yield limits, namely: loading yield limit and thermal yield limit, each of which can be measured from simple experimental results, are proposed to capture the volumetric plastic strain behaviour induced either by mechanical or thermal loading (or any combination thereof). The capability of the proposed model has been verified against experimental results obtained on soft Bangkok clay as well as on two other clays (Boom clay and MC clay) as reported in the literature.
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Matteson, A., J. P. Tomanic, M. M. Herron, D. F. Allen, and W. E. Kenyon. "NMR Relaxation of Clay/Brine Mixtures." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 3, no. 05 (October 1, 2000): 408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/66185-pa.

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Summary Effective interpretation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logs in shaly sands requires an understanding of the NMR contribution of clays. Of particular importance is the role of clays in the rapidly relaxing part of the NMR signal. In this study we measured the transverse relaxation time spectrum T2 of brine mixed with four clays (illite, smectite, kaolinite and glauconite) as a function of compaction. The Larmor frequency was 2 MHz and the echo spacing 0.16 ms. Mild compaction was achieved by centrifuging the clay slurry at three successive pressures ranging from 1 to 125 psi. Highly compacted samples were produced in a uniaxial press at six sequential pressures ranging from 500 to 16,000 psi. Each clay/brine slurry and its associated compacted sample showed a single peak in the T2 distribution spectrum. A second peak, which could be interpreted as the "clay-bound water," was never observed. The T2 peak position shifted to faster relaxation times as compaction increased, in proportion to the pore volume-to-surface ratio, Vp/As. The single peak and Vp/As proportionality are consistent with fast diffusion between the pore water and the monolayer of water on the clay surface. Surface relaxivity varied among the four clay minerals; glauconite, the clay with the highest magnetic susceptibility and iron content had the largest surface relaxivity. These results have important implications for the interpretation of NMR logs in shaly sands. Because of the effects of compaction and to a lesser extent the iron content on a clay's T2 peak position, it is not possible to independently determine clay type from some characteristic relaxation time. These data also imply that it is not feasible to estimate the cation exchange capacity from a single time cutoff of the T2 distribution without additional information such as laboratory measurements or other log data. Introduction Nuclear magnetic resonance logging has become an important tool in evaluating a formation's petrophysical properties. The unique and valuable advantage that NMR provides is pore size distribution information. No other logging method provides these data, which are the key component of log-based estimates of capillary-bound water volume, and permeability to flow.1 It has been proposed that NMR logging can be extended to estimate clay-bound water volumes, and identify clay minerals. Clay-bound water volume, important in determining water saturation from resistivity, has been correlated with the short-T2 less than 3 ms, porosity of 45 oilfield sandstones.2 Prammer et al.'s3 NMR clay/brine study found that the T2 distribution of clay-bound water associated with kaolinite and chlorite was greater than 3 ms, for illite it ranged between 1 and 2 ms and for smectite it was less than 1 ms. Observed T2 's were then used as an indicator of cation exchange capacity (CEC) because the number of available exchange sites is proportional to a clay's specific surface area. CEC is fundamental to converting bulk resistivity measurements into water saturation. The ability to estimate clay-bound water, and to identify the clay type, from NMR T2 distributions is not compatible with the ability to determine pore size distribution from the same data. In the first two cases the molecular diffusion rate of water in the pores must be slow, whereas in the latter case it is assumed to be fast. For example, consider a monolayer of water on the surface of room-dry clay. The monolayer has a short relaxation time, less than a millisecond, because of its interaction with the solid rock. Now fill the void space between the clay particles with water and consider the two extreme cases. In the first case, there is no molecular diffusion (exchange) between the surface-monolayer water and bulk water. Thus, the T2 spectrum will contain two separate peaks, one associated with the surface-monolayer water at less than a millisecond and one associated with the bulk water. In the opposite case, molecular diffusion is highly effective, and both the surface monolayer and bulk water have a common relaxation time, a single peak in the T2 spectrum with time constant: 1 T 2 = ρ s ( A s V p ) . ( 1 ) In this equation, which provides the fundamental connection between T2 and pore size, the term ?2 is the surface relaxivity parameter that indicates the capacity of the rock to cause the decay of magnetization in the water. Fig. 1 is a conceptual drawing of a T2 distribution for a sandstone that includes fluid in small pores that are typically associated with clays, capillary-bound and producible fluid. The objective of this study was to determine whether it is possible to infer a clay-bound water volume (peak or T2 cutoff), or clay type, and a pore size distribution from a NMR distribution spectrum. To achieve this goal we designed a set of experiments that examined the NMR relaxation of clay/brine mixtures at various compaction states. In contrast to shaly sands, the clay/brine mixtures provided the means to minimize the pore volume-to-surface ratio, so that any water-monolayer-related signal might be detected. The pore volume-to-surface ratio was easily varied through compaction, and the monomineralic samples enable the NMR response of individual clay types to be evaluated. We chose to study four clays commonly found in oil-bearing sedimentary environments: kaolinite, illite, smectite and glauconite. Experimental Procedures Samples of illite and glauconite were obtained from Wards Natural Science Establishment. Kaolinite and smectite (Ca Montmorillonite) were procured from ECC Intl., Georgia Kaolin Co. and the Source Clay Minerals Repository, respectively. Various physical properties of the clays were measured. Prior to the surface area and magnetic susceptibility measurements, the clays were dried overnight in a vacuum oven at 100°C. Surface area measurements were collected using the Micromeritics Gemini 2360 with nitrogen gas as adsorbate, and magnetic susceptibilities were measured on a Johnson Matthey MSB-AUTO magnetic susceptibility balance. CEC measurements were taken using the ammonium acetate/ammonium ion-specific electrode method by David K. Davies & Assoc., Inc. Table 1 is a summary of clay type, clay origin and clay physical properties. The samples were analyzed for mineralogy using dual-range Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.4 In addition, the samples were sent to X-Ray Assay Laboratories for chemical analyses (Table 2). The mineralogy data indicate the presence of quartz in the illite sample. Consequently, a <2 ?m fraction of the sample was extracted by centrifuging the illite and drying the supernatant. The physical properties for these clays are in good agreement with those in the literature.5 The clay samples used for the room-dry and clay/brine mixture NMR experiments were kept at room temperature and at typical laboratory humidity conditions of 50%. To evaluate whether clay samples have a measurable NMR signal at room-dry conditions, samples were prepared by placing the clay in a test tube and sealing it off with a stopper and Teflon tape.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Investigation of the Porosity of Certain Iraqi Clay Deposits by Mercury Porosimeter." Baghdad Science Journal 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.6.1.163-172.

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Pore volume, pore diameter, and pore volume distribution of three of Iraqi natural clay deposites were measured using mercury intrusion porosimetry .The clays are white kaolin, colored kaolin, and bentonite .The results showed that the variation of the pore area of the clay deposites followed the following order :- Coloured Kaolin > White Kaolin > Bentonite While the pore volume may be arranged as in the following sequence:- White Kaolin > Coloured Kaolin >Bentonite Also , Bentonite exhibits the narrow range pore size distribution than the white and coloured kaolin.
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Tall, Andrej, Branislav Kandra, Milan Gomboš, and Dana Pavelková. "The influence of soil texture on the course of volume changes of soil." Soil and Water Research 14, No. 2 (April 5, 2019): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/217/2017-swr.

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Volume changes of soil associated with soil moisture changes are caused by the presence of clay minerals from illite and montmorillonite groups. Clay minerals are found in the so-called clay soil component which can be quantified by laboratory analysis of the soil particle-size distribution. Consequently, the potential for volume changes in soil can be assessed from soil texture. In our study, 172 soil samples with different textures were used to measure dependencies between volume changes in soil and changes in soil moisture under laboratory conditions. The samples were collected from 11 sites in the Eastern Slovak Lowland. On the basis of the measurements, 10 mathematical models were created to compute the correlation between volume changes of soil and soil moisture content and texture. The highest accuracy was obtained with the model which assumes the content of particles < 0.002 mm. When comparing the clay particles < 0.001 mm (colloidal clay) with the particles < 0.002 mm (colloidal + physical clay) it was also found that the particles < 0.002 mm have a larger impact on the volume changes of soil than the particles < 0.001. The inclusion of particles > 0.002 mm (silt + sand) into the models resulted in either no or only negligible refinement of the soil volume change calculations.
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Casarella, Angela, Alessandro Tarantino, and Alice Di Donna. "Micromechanical interpretation of thermo-plastic behaviour of clays." E3S Web of Conferences 205 (2020): 09003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020509003.

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The effect of temperature on mechanical behaviour of clay-based geomaterials is relevant in a number of geotechnical applications (e.g. low enthalpy geothermal systems and energy geostructures, nuclear waste disposal, and heating in rapid shear deformation). Mechanical response of (saturated) clays upon heating is not always intuitive as volume changes may occur due to both thermal expansion of clay constituents and temperature-induced changes of clay microstructure. This paper first revisits the macroscopic thermally-induced mechanical behaviour of saturated clays available in the literature via an advanced thermo-elastoplastic constitutive model and then elucidates the dependence on clay mineralogy of the two key parameters of the model (mechanical hardening and thermal softening respectively) by inspecting differences in clay inter-particle electro-chemical forces occurring in kaolinitic, illitic, and smectitic clays. The micromechanically-based interpretation of constitutive parameters can serve as a guidance for soil parameter selection in the design of energy geostructures.
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Dagesse, D. F. "Freezing-induced bulk soil volume changes." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 90, no. 3 (August 1, 2010): 389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss09054.

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The volumetric expansion accompanying the phase transition from water to ice does not always cause structural deterioration in soil, as at low water contents the empty pore volume of the soil may be sufficient to contain this expansion. The objective of this study was to investigate the volume change in soils of varying clay contents and initial water contents during the freezing process. Volume change upon freezing was measured for seven soils with clay contents ranging from 0.11 to 0.75 kg kg–1. Curve fitting revealed percent saturation levels corresponding to maximum shrinkage, zero volume change and maximum expansion. Curves for all soils exhibited similar shapes, composed of zones dominated by volumetric decreases at values less that 63 to 70% saturation, and expansion at percent saturations above this level. Zero volume change occurred at percent saturations of 74 to 90%. Clay content was found to control the maximum amount of shrinkage, with greater shrinkage in soils with higher clay contents. Bulk soil volume decreases occur in non-rigid clay containing soils due to desiccation and shrinkage when frozen at low water contents.Key words: Volume change, soil freezing, cla
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Nascimento, J. J. S., F. A. Belo, and Antônio Gilson Barbosa de Lima. "Experimental Drying of Ceramics Bricks Including Shrinkage." Defect and Diffusion Forum 365 (July 2015): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.365.106.

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This work presents an experimental study on the behavior of clays during the drying process. Experimental tests were carried out with clay material for the production of red ceramics and white ceramic (ball clay). Different dimensions and the material initial moisture content plus temperature and relative air-drying humidity were taken into account. Drying kinetics and volume changes of parallelepiped-shaped samples were shown and analyzed. It has been verified that air-drying temperatures and body shape have an enormous influence on the drying rate process. The drying process occurs during the falling drying period and the volume changes display two linear periods.
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Ohtsubo, Masami, Kazuhiko Egashira, and Masateru Takayama. "Properties of a low-swelling smectitic marine clay of interest in soil engineering." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 22, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t85-033.

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Smectite is generally a high-swelling clay. However, the smectite found in marine quick clays in the Ariake Bay area of Japan is a low-swelling clay like illite and kaolinite. The low swelling properties of an Ariake marine clay are investigated here in terms of consolidation, swelling, and shrinkage characteristics. The void ratios in compression curves of soils containing sodium are lower at 0.01 N than at 1.0 N NaCl concentration, and the slopes of swelling curves are independent of salt concentration in the pore water and cation valency. These tendencies are contrary to those observed for montmorillonite and a paddy soil containing high-swelling smectite. Measurements of swelling pressure suggest that the smectite in the Ariake marine clay exhibits little intracrystalline swelling even after saturation with Na. The volume shrinkage of the Ariake marine clay by air-drying is smaller than that of the paddy soil. Key words: compressibility, marine clays, smectite, swelling.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Clay volume"

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Zuniga, Cynthia R. "Estimating variation in stiffness and volume change of clays from geochemical and index properties." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2009. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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Bunker, Daniel Thomas. "The Influence of drying rate on the pore volume distribution of clay coatings." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5783.

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Wayllace, Alexandra Likos William J. "Volume change and swelling pressure of expansive clay in the crystalline swelling regime." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/7110.

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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on March 2, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dr. William Likos, Thesis Supervisor. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Pearce, Caroline Louise. "The influence of physico-chemical stresses on sorption and volume change behaviours of bentonite." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340138.

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Wanyan, Yaqi. "Expert system design guide for lower classification roads over high PI clays." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2008. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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Spencer, John M. "Comparing a low-volume piezometer to traditional wells in evaluating hydraulic lag caused by low-permeability sediments." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002435.

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Castillo, Gonzales Mayela Danixa, and Muñaqui Kevin Aldo Hernández. "Propuesta de concreto de baja permeabilidad con adición de polvo de ladrillo de arcilla para la construcción de viviendas en ambientes marinos, Cerro Azul Cañete." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/654635.

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El deterioro de las estructuras de concreto debido al ataque de agentes externos, es una de las problemáticas con más énfasis en el rubro de la construcción, ya que afecta directamente las propiedades de la infraestructura, dando como resultado la reducción de vida útil. Por otro lado, tenemos el incremento de construcciones cerca al litoral marítimo, sin embargo, surge la problemática de presencia de eflorescencia, desprendimiento, corrosión o manchas en el concreto, por el ataque de sulfatos presente en el agua de mar, en el suelo, y en la humedad. A lo largo de los años se ha propuestos productos como adiciones en la composición del cemento o productos no permeables para aplicar al concreto, con el fin de minimizar el impacto. Para la presente investigación se estudia la efectividad del polvo de ladrillo, como reemplazo parcial del cemento, mediante los ensayos de resistencia a la compresión, trabajabilidad en estado fresco, volumen de contenido de vacíos y permeabilidad. Se realizó pruebas con cuatro diferentes proporciones de reemplazo como es 5%, 15%, 25% y 30%, para una resistencia de f´c 300 kg/cm2. De acuerdo a los resultados, se concluyó que la muestra con reemplazo parcial de polvo de ladrillo de arcilla en 25%, demuestran resultados óptimos como mayor resistencia, además de un bajo volumen de contenido de vacíos y una permeabilidad baja. Asimismo, muestra una reducción económica de fabricación por m3 de 8.72%, en comparación a la muestra convencional.
The deterioration of concrete structures due to the attack of external agents, is one of the problems with more emphasis in the construction sector, since it directly affects the properties of the infrastructure, resulting in a reduction in useful life. On the other hand, we have the increase in constructions close to the sea coast, however, the problem of efflorescence, detachment, corrosion or stains on the concrete arises, due to the attack of sulphates present in seawater, in the soil, and in the humidity. Over the years, products such as additions in the cement composition or non-permeable products have been proposed to apply to concrete, in order to minimize the impact. For the present investigation, the effectiveness of brick dust is studied as a partial replacement for cement, through tests of compressive strength, workability in a fresh state, void content volume and permeability. Tests were carried out with four different replacement proportions such as 5%, 15%, 25% and 30%, for a resistance of f'c 300 kg / cm2. According to the results, it was concluded that the samples with partial replacement of clay brick dust in 25% demonstrate optimal results such as greater resistance, in addition to a low volume of voids content and a low permeability. Likewise, it shows an economic reduction in manufacturing of m3 of 8.72%, compared to the conventional sample.
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Schreiner, Hilson Deneys. "Volume change of compacted highly plastic African clays." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47643.

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Panontin, Flavia. "Determinação de volume de poro de silicas para CLAE utilizando espectroscopia no infravermelho proximo." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/250552.

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Orientador: Ivo Milton Raimundo Junior
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T15:37:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Panontin_Flavia_M.pdf: 2358588 bytes, checksum: 5556de1b55db28438143379cca4b4281 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: Um método para a determinação do volume de poros de sílicas, utilizadas como suportes de fases estacionárias para CLAE (Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência), foi desenvolvido utilizando a espectroscopia na região do infravermelho próximo (NIR). Foram preparadas amostras pela adição de sílica em soluções de diferentes concentrações de compostos de recobrimento, como polímeros, hidrocarbonetos lineares e ramificados, nujol, glicerol, entre outros, em meio de diclorometano ou metanol. Foram registrados espectros de reflectância difusa na região de 1100 a 2300 nm. Os espectros obtidos foram submetidos à primeira derivada e as intensidades em 1688 nm (primeiro sobretom de ligações C-H) foram empregadas para a construção de uma curva em função da carga inicial (massa recobrimento/massa total) da amostra. Foram obtidos dois ramos lineares, o primeiro (praticamente paralelo à abscissa) indica que a imobilização do reagente no interior dos poros da sílica, e o segundo mostra um aumento crescente dos valores de primeira derivada, indicando o recobrimento de sua superfície externa. A intersecção destas duas retas fornece o valor de carga equivalente ao total preenchimento dos poros. Os resultados obtidos de volume de poro são concordantes com os valores fornecidos pelo método padrão (BJH), apresentando desvios padrão menores que 10%. O método proposto apresenta boa reprodutibilidade, com desvios menores que 1,0%, sendo rápido, simples e não destrutivo o que mostra uma grande vantagem frente ao método BJH, que faz uso de equipamentos caros e procedimentos lentos
Abstract: A method for the determination of pore volume of silicas, used as stationary phases for HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) was developed using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR). Samples were prepared by the addition of silica in covering compounds solutions of different concentrations, as linear and ramified polymers, hydrocarbons, nujol, glycerol, and among others, using dichloromethane or methanol as solvents. Diffuse reflectance spectra were registered in the 1100 to 2300 nm region. Spectra were submitted to a first derivative pre-treatment and the intensities at 1688 nm (first overtone of C-H bonds) were used for the construction of a curve as a function of the initial load (covering/total mass) of the sample. Two linear branches were obtained; the first one (practically parallel to the abscissa) indicates the immobilization of the reagent in the interior silica pores, and the second one shows increasing values of first derivative, indicating the covering of its external surface. The intersession of these two straight lines supplies the load value that is equivalent to the total fulfilling of the pores. The results obtained for of pore volume are in agreement with those supplied by the standard method (BJH), presenting deviation lower than 10 %. The proposed method presents good reproducibility with standard deviation lower than 1.0 %, being fast, simple and no destructive technique, that is a great advantage over the BJH method, which uses expensive equipment and slow procedures
Mestrado
Quimica Analitica
Mestre em Química
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Powell, Katherine M. "Templated synthesis of tailored clays to yield increased pore volumes for sorption and exchange." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2005. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843226/.

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The study aimed to enhance the textural properties of the synthetic hectorite clay Laponite RD. In the early 1990s Mobil Research and Development Corporation produced the first ordered mesoporous molecular sieves. This family of materials, M41S, were fabricated via liquid crystal templating (LCT), a technique involving the condensation and hydrolysis of a silica source around an organic template. As clays are primarily silicates, the question arises "Why not apply the same principles to enhance porosity characteristics of other silicates such as clays?" Optimization of reagent concentrations, template choice, synthesis protocol and template removal strategy led to a maximum total pore volume of 0.95 cm3 g-1. This was achieved through templating Laponite RD with the neutral surfactant polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan trioleate (Tween 85). This more than trebled the original total pore volume of Laponite RD, 0.27 cm3 g-1. An increase in modal pore diameter was also observed after use of this template; from 36.6 A to 52.3 A. Synthesis of Laponite-like compounds within the laboratory led to enhancement of porosity characteristics without templating; a total pore volume of 0.44 cm3 g-1 was observed for this synthetic hectorite (KP). Use of a template further enhanced the porosity characteristics of these samples. The cationic surfactant CTMA+ (used in the original Mobil synthesis) led to a total pore volume of 0.60 cm3 g-1 for modified hectorite KP. A similar result, 0.65 cm3 g-1, was achieved through templating Laponite RD with this same surfactant. Sorption and exchange properties of the newly modified hectorites were assessed by simple equilibrium batch testing methods using both single metal and multi-metal solutions. Hectorite KP samples removed a greater percentage of metal ions from aqueous solution than its Laponite RD analogues. For 5 mg dm-3 single element solutions CTMA+ modified hectorite removed > 95% of all eight metals tested. For solutions containing higher concentrations of ions the removal efficiency of all tested clays were reduced due to greater competition between ions. Partial interlayer collapse was observed during powder XRD studies, due to the acidic nature of the metal ion solutions.
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Books on the topic "Clay volume"

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Uhrich, Mark A. Monitoring instream turbidity to estimate continuous suspended-sediment loads and yields and clay-water volumes in the upper North Santiam River basin, Oregon, 1998-2000. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003.

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Uhrich, Mark A. Monitoring instream turbidity to estimate continuous suspended-sediment loads and yields and clay-water volumes in the upper North Santiam River basin, Oregon, 1998-2000. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003.

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(Editor), F. Bergaya, B.K.G. Theng (Editor), and G. Lagaly (Editor), eds. Handbook of Clay Science, Volume 1 (Developments in Clay Science). Elsevier Science, 2006.

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Handbook of Clay Science, Volume 1 (Developments in Clay Science). Elsevier Science, 2006.

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L, A. Utracki. Clay-Containing Polymeric Nanocomposites Volume 1. Smithers Rapra Technology, 2004.

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Life of Henry Clay: Volume 2. Adamant Media Corporation, 2001.

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Life of Henry Clay: Volume 1. Adamant Media Corporation, 2001.

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Murray, Haydn H. Applied Clay Mineralogy, Volume 2: Occurrences, Processing and Applications of Kaolins, Bentonites, Palygorskitesepiolite, and Common Clays (Developments ... Clay Science) (Developments in Clay Science). Elsevier Science, 2007.

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(Editor), Fernando Wypych, and Kestur Gundappa Satyanarayana (Editor), eds. Clay Surfaces, Volume 1: Fundamentals and Applications (Interface Science and Technology). Academic Press, 2004.

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Occelli, M. L., and H. Robson. Synthesis Of Microporous Materials: 2 Volume Set, Volume 2. Springer, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Clay volume"

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Johnston, John, Stephen Fityus, Olivier Buzzi, Chris Rodgers, and Robert Kingsland. "Engineering Properties of Permian Clay Tuffs." In Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 6, 273–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09060-3_45.

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Zhang, Tongwei, Yongfeng Deng, Haocheng Xue, Xingjun Zhang, and Shijun Wang. "Salinity and Clay Mineralogy Effects on Consolidation Behavior of Pure Clays." In Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics Volume 2, 529–36. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2224-2_65.

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Ding, Y. Q., W. H. Tang, X. Xu, and X. W. Ran. "Dynamic Compressive Response of Unsaturated Clay Under Confinements." In Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Volume 1, 479–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00771-7_58.

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Kurka, M., and K. H. Gutjahr. "Observation of Expansive Clay Movement with DInSAR." In Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 5, 151–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09048-1_30.

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Edwards, Doreen. "Impedance Spectroscopy of Clay-Based Systems." In Whitewares and Materials: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, Volume 24, Issue 2, 67. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470294796.ch8.

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Svoboda, Jenna S., and John S. McCartney. "Shearing Rate Effects on Dense Sand and Compacted Clay." In Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Volume 1, 389–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00771-7_47.

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McConville, Caspar J. "Thermal Transformations in Kaolinite Clay Minerals." In Materials & Equipment/Whitewares: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, Volume 22, Issue 2, 149–60. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470294673.ch26.

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Dao, Linh-Quyen, Yu-Jun Cui, Anh-Minh Tang, Pierre Delage, Xiang-Ling Li, and Xavier Sillen. "Anisotropy in Oedometer Test on Natural Boom Clay." In Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 6, 499–502. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09060-3_87.

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Giese, R. F. "The Surface Thermodynamic Properties of Clay Minerals." In Materials & Equipment/Whitewares: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, Volume 22, Issue 2, 33. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470294673.ch8.

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Ahmad, Juhaizad, Mohd Ikmal Fazlan Rosli, Abdul Samad Abdul Rahman, Syahrul Fithri Senin, and Mohd Jamaludin Md Noor. "Volume Change Behaviour of Clay by Incorporating Shear Strength: A Review." In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Future of ASEAN (ICoFA) 2017 – Volume 2, 495–503. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8471-3_49.

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Conference papers on the topic "Clay volume"

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Monfared, M., J. Sulem, M. Mohajerani, and P. Delage. "The Thermal Volume Change of Opalinus Clay." In 3rd EAGE Shale Workshop - Shale Physics and Shale Chemistry. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20143926.

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Alshawabkeh, Akram N., Nima Rahbar, Thomas C. Sheahan, and Guoping Tang. "Volume Change Effects on Solute Transport in Clay Under Consolidation." In Geo Jordan Conference 2004. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40735(143)9.

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Dafalla, Muawia A., and Mosleh A. Al-Shamrani. "Influence of Cell Pressure on Clay Volume under Suction Control." In Geo-Frontiers Congress 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41165(397)277.

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Claverie, Michel, Richard Leech, and Olumide Akinsanmi and Paul Pillai. "Calculating Volume Fraction of Clay, Silt and Sand from Nmr Logs." In PGCE 2006. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.256.r18.

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Konishi, Chisato. "Representation of the resistivity model using volume fraction of porous clay." In Proceedings of the 12th SEGJ International Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, 18-20 November 2015. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Society of Exploration Geophysicists of Japan, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segj122015-058.

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Cui, Yu-Jun, Altin-Théodor Mantho, Kai Cui, and Martine Audiguier. "Water Retention Properties and Volume Change Behaviour of Natural Romainville Clay." In Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40802(189)69.

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Wayllace, Alexandra, and William J. Likos. "Microstructural Fabric Model for Upscaling Interlayer Volume Changes in Expansive Clay." In Geo-Denver 2007. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40917(236)31.

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Herlin, Bruno, and Kent von Maubeuge. "Geosynthetic Clay Liners (GCLs)." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27012.

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Abstract:
Geosynthetic Clay Liner’s (GCLs) are an established sealing product in the geoenvironmental industry. They are used in landfill applications as caps and base liners, secondary containment for fuel storage facilities, as well as within various other containment structures such as dams, canals, rivers, and lakes. Rolled out like a carpet to provide a durable impermeable liner, Geosynthetic Clay Liners consist of a layer of high swelling sodium bentonite sandwiched between two geotextiles. Manufactured around the world in different techniques, the Canadian manufactured GCL, is mechanically bonded by needlepunching from one nonwoven geotextile through the bentonite to the other nonwoven or woven geotextile. The low hydraulic conductivity of the GCLs are used mainly as a replacement to thick, difficult to build compacted clay liners to provide a barrier to liquids and gases, offering both a technical and economical advantage. GCLs, with an average thickness of 7mm, offer a volume advantage over Compacted Clay Liners. They are more capable of withstanding freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycles; offer substantial construction cost savings in reduced on-site QC/QA and a quicker installation. Furthermore, GCLs offer equivalent or lower rates of release of fluids and chemicals than Compacted Clay Liners (CCLs). Bentonite is a clay mineral with expansive characteristics and low permeability, where montmorillonite is the chief mineral. Montmorillonite, swells when contacted with water approximately 900% by volume or 700% by weight. When hydrated under confinement, the bentonite swells to form a low permeability clay liner, the equivalent hydraulic protection of several feet of compacted clay. A relatively new engineering material for some, geosynthetic clay liners have been used extensively over the past two decades, and are finding increasing use in every sector of the environmental industry. This paper will review the technical properties of these materials, their documentation at the research level, their integrity as a sealing barrier and recent field applications in the pipeline industry. Further, because these materials are factory produced, their properties are predictable, assisting the engineer to design with a high confidence level. Technical properties and economical benefits are sure to further increase GCL installations around the world to protect our environment and more importantly our groundwater.
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Prasse, Eric, John Hornbrook, Bala Dharanidharan, Mohammad Al-Bahar, Amal Al-Sane, Anup Bora, Ashique Shrinivisan, and Prashante Dhote. "Clay Volume Is Not Shale Volume – A Case Study In The Miocene Lower Fars Formation in Kuwait." In SPE Kuwait Oil & Gas Show and Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/198087-ms.

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Kennedy, David. "GAMMA RAY INDEX–SHALE VOLUME TRANSFORMS." In 2021 SPWLA 62nd Annual Logging Symposium Online. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2021-0073.

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Abstract:
Although a relationship between gamma ray log response and shale volume had been recognized since the introduction of gamma ray logging in the late 1930s and early 1940s, the formula for gamma ray index, and the equating of gamma ray index to shale volume apparently appeared in the late 1960s. Contemporaneously there appeared three similar, alternative, non-linear relationships in 1969, 1970, and 1971. These functions were based upon observations and empirical graphical functions. Subsequently, these graphical functions were fit using very dissimilar-looking formulas. Only the 1969 data set was published in support of the graphical functions. No attempt to link these functions with a single formula was ever made, and only vague verbal explanations have been offered for the non-linear functions. Further, the 1969 publication was in Russian, partly mistranslated, and the mistranslation never corrected. Consequently, two of the resulting formulas are misapplied. In this article I review the four standard non-linear functions (i.e., Larionov’s two, Stieber’s, Clavier’s), examine their similarities, and show that a single function would serve the same purpose as all four, thereby eliminating a source of confusion for formation evaluators. When these shale (or clay) volume versus gamma ray index transforms are inverted to functions of gamma ray index versus shale (or clay) fractional volume a remark-able property is revealed: the increment of radioactivity per unit shale volume decreases with increases in fractional shale volume. In other words, if one unit of shale per unit volume produces a gamma ray intensity of 10 API units we would think it strange if 10 units of shale per unit volume produced only, say, 60 API units of gamma radiation (instead of 100). Yet, this is the message contained in these functions. The cause for this phenomenon has been speculated upon, but only briefly and not often. To remedy this lack of speculation, I propose a physical model and give it mathematical form. This model is in-tended as a challenge to theoretical-minded petrophysicists to falsify it, make it better, or propose an alternative and more realistic model. I also provide (in Appendix C) a digital listing of all the published graphical data in the literature that support the introduction of the non-linear shale (and clay) fractional volume – gamma ray index transforms.
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Reports on the topic "Clay volume"

1

Sharma, B. Techniques for mapping the types, volumes, and distribution of clays in petroleum reservoirs and for determining their effects on oil production. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6512563.

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Sharma, B. Techniques for mapping the types, volumes, and distribution of clays in petroleum reservoirs and for determining their effects on oil production. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10160364.

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Ruhter, W. D. Plutonium isotopic analysis system for plutonium samples enriched in {sup 238}Pu in EP 60/61 and fuel-clad containers. Volume 3, Part 2: Software listings. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10129594.

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Monitoring instream turbidity to estimate continuous suspended-sediment loads and yields and clay-water volumes in the upper North Santiam River Basin, Oregon, 1998-2000. US Geological Survey, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri034098.

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