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1
Grimmett, Michael R., and Gregory S. H. Ogawa. "Measurement of Radial Keratotomy Clear Zone Diameters." Journal of Refractive Surgery 14, no. 3 (1998): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/1081-597x-19980501-18.
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Wijana, IW, and IM Mudita. "Degradation of Lignin Substrates by Lignolytic Bacteria Isolated from Earthworm." Chemistry Research Journal 3, no. 1 (2018): 60–63. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13925536.
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A research has been carried out to evaluating potency of bacteria isolated from earthworm as lignin substrates degrader. The potency of lignolytic was identified based on degradation of lignin substrates measurement using clear/diffusion zone diameters. This study showed that lignolytic bacteria isolated from earthworm produce clear/diffusion zone diameters 0.821–0.876 cm; 0.910–0.964 cm; 1.200–1.269 cm cm respectively for tannic acid, rice straw and rice bran substrates, while bacteria isolates coded EB1LG and EB3LG produced highest clear/diffusion zone diameters on all substrates measured. It was concluded that bacteria isolates coded EB1CL was potential as ellulosic substrates degrader.
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Sambuaga, Natalia V., Mokosuli Y. Samuel, and Helen J. Lawalata. "Endophytics Bacteria from Pangi Fruit (Pangium edule REINW.) and Its Potential as Producer of Antibacterial Compound." Biofarmasetikal Tropis (The Tropical Journal of Biopharmaceutical) 7, no. 2 (2024): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.55724/jbiofartrop.v7i2.470.
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Natural antibacterials can be derived from various types of plants, one of which is the Pangi plant (Pangium edule REINW.). Pangi fruit contains an antioxidant and antibacterial compound that can inhibit bacterial growth. This study aims to determine the isolates of endophytic bacteria contained in Pangi fruit and its potential as a producer of antibacterial compounds against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This study used exploratory description research method. Results Isolation research of endophytic bacteria from Pangi fruit obtained seven isolates. Each Isolate has a different morphology both from the shape, color, edges, and colony elevation. Based on the results of antibacterial activity testing, each isolate of endophytic bacteria showed different clear zone diameters. Endophytic bacteria showed different clear zone diameters against E. coli (0.75 mm – 4.5 mm) and S. aureus (1 mm – 5 mm). Endophytic bacterial isolates That have the potential as antibacterial with the largest clear zone diameter are Isolate PA 2.1 (4.5 mm) against E. c oli and isolate PA 3.2 (5 mm) against the bacteria S. aureus. Based on the results of morphological characterization of isolate PA 1.1 has similarities with the genus Basillus sp., isolates PA 1.2, PA 1.3 PA 2.2, PA 3.1 and PA 3.2 have similarity with the genus Basillus sp. PA 3.2 has similarities with the genus Paracoccus alcaliphilus and isolate PA 2.1 has similarities with the genus Alcaligenes sp.
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ISMAIEL, M. H., A. M. EI ZANATY, and K. S. ABDEL-LATEIF. "MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION OF TRICHODERMA ISOLATES FROM EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE WASTES-RICH SOIL." SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics 54, no. 3 (2022): 598–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.3.12.
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Twenty isolates of Trichoderma were recovered from lignocellulosic agriculture wastes-rich soil collected from different Egyptian cities (Sadat, Tala, Abo Hamad, Belbeis, Zagazig, Mansoura, Belqas, Kafer-Elshikh, Bella, Tanta, Borg El Arab, Banha, Kafr Shoker, Qalyoub, Shebien Elqanater, Damanhur, Abu al-Matamir, Damietta, Kafr al-Battikh, and Kafr Saad). The Trichoderma isolates were first identified morphologically using conidiophore branching type and conidium morphology. Furthermore, molecular identification based on the ITS (internal transcribed spacers) barcode differentiated between Trichoderma isolates having 98.6% to 100% identity with two Trichoderma species: T. asperellum and T. longibrachiatum. Qualitative and quantitative tests were used for screening the cellulolytic activity of these isolates. The isolates were screened for cellulase production based on the clearing zone diameters and calorimetrically tested on minimal media supplemented with sugar cane bagasse and rice straw as sole carbon sources. The isolates TM41 (T. longibrachiatum) and TM35 (T. asperellum) exhibited the highest diameters of clear zones and showed higher Fpase and CMCase activities. Moreover, the isolate TM18 of T. asperellum displayed the highest diameters of clear zones and showed higher Fpase and Xylanase activities.
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Arifin, Zainul, Ida Bagus Wayan Gunam, Nyoman Semadi Antara, and Yohanes Setiyo. "ISOLASI BAKTERI SELULOLITIK PENDEGRADASI SELULOSA DARI KOMPOS." JURNAL REKAYASA DAN MANAJEMEN AGROINDUSTRI 7, no. 1 (2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jrma.2019.v07.i01.p04.
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This study aimed to isolate cellulolytic bacteria that have the potential to degrade cellulose taken compost samples from Temesi and Bondowoso, this study was also conducted to determine the ability of bacteria to degrade cellulose based on Congo red test and filter paper degradation test. All isolates were tested for cellulolytic activity using soluble Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC). Characterization was carried out by growing selected pure isolates on CMC media and then dripping 0.1% congo red to test the cellulolytic potential (cellulolytic potential was characterized by the emergence of clear zones around the colony). The results of isolation of bacteria obtained 38 isolates, namely 26 Bondowoso sample isolates and 12 Temesi isolates that were able to grow and utilize cellulose as a carbon source. But only fourteen isolates produced clear zones in the Congo red test with diameters ranging from 1.66 cm to 6.76 cm. Six isolates that have the largest diameters clear zone, were tested for degradation of filter paper (Whatman no. 1). Isolates bacteria of B2S8 obtained from Bondowoso compost samples has the highest ability to degrade cellulose on Whatman paper no. 1 as much as 51.30%. 
 Keywords: Compost, Isolation, Screening, Cellulolytic Bacteria.
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Agustiani, Rina Dwi, Oedjijono Oedjijono, Nanik Rahmani, and Nuraeni Ekowati. "Isolation and Characterization of Rhizospheric Bacteria Associated with Canna Plant for Production of Maltooligosaccharide Amylase." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 8, no. 2 (2023): 78346. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.78346.
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The objectives of the study were to isolate amylolytic bacteria from the rhizosphere and plant tissue of Canna edulis Ker., as well as litter; to know oligosaccharide compounds produced from starch hydrolyzed by the bacterial enzymes, and to identify the amylolytic bacteria based on phenetic and 16S rRNA gene sequences. From the rhizosphere, Canna plant tissue, and litters obtained thirty-two amylolytic bacterial isolates. Eight isolates (TH6, TH7, T5, T10, D2, D3, A3, S1) produced high clear zone diameters ranging from 18-30 mm; especially an isolate T10, which was consistent in producing a total clear zone diameter of 20 mm. The hydrolysate of starch hydrolysed by the T10 amylase resulted in three oligosaccharide compounds maltotriose, maltotetraose, and maltopentose. The amylase activity of isolate T10 was optimal at a temperature of 40°C and pH at 0.801 U/mL. The isolate T10 was identified as a species member of Bacillus toyonensis based on phenotyphic characterization and 16S rDNA gene sequencing analysis with a similarity value of 99.93%
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Dewi, Ratna Stia, Moh Husein Sastranegara, and Batari Citra Ayunda. "Preliminary study of the ability of indigenous fungi from river as an alternative to degrade pesticides and their effect on insect larvae." BIO Web of Conferences 123 (2024): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202412301014.
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Agriculture relies on pesticides for crop protection, but their negative impacts on the environment, human health, and ecosystems are concerning. Pesticide residues in river water, especially in agricultural areas, threaten organism survival. This study aims to explore fungi's role in mitigating these negative effects and their potential to degrade pesticide residues. Fungi were isolated from river water in Banyumas regency's Mengaji and Prukut rivers, where pesticides are used in surrounding rice fields. The fungi's potential was tested by inoculating them on PDAchlorpyrifos medium, measuring mycelium diameter, and conducting a clear zone test to assess pesticide degradation capability. Indigenous fungal isolates from Mengaji and Prukut showed diameters ranging from 1.0-7.1 cm. Eleven isolates demonstrated pesticide degradation abilities, producing clear zones, including I12, 121, I24, and I25. Isolate I24, identified as Trichoderma sp., was the most effective. Environmental parameters (current speed, temperature, pH, O2) were measured at nine collection sites, influencing fungal diversity. Additionally, Trichoderma sp. is effective at rapidly degrading pesticides and are safe for non-target insects. This preliminary study highlights fungi's potential as future agricultural technology for managing pesticide residues.
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Iien, Huurun, Lalu Zulkifli, and Prapti Sedijani. "Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Metanol Daun Turi (Sesbania grandiflora L.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Klebseilla pneumonia." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 20, no. 2 (2020): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v20i2.1790.
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Abstrak: Turi merupakan tanaman yang memiliki berbagai khasiat diantaranya sebagai anti bakteri. Turi mengandung golongan senyawa tanin, saponin dan terpenoid yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan dasar obat-obatan modern. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan aktivitas ekstrak daun turi terhadap pertumbuhan Klebseilla pneumoniae berdasarkan diameter zona hambat. Pengujian dilakukan dengan mengekstraksi daun Turi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut metanol. Uji daya hambat antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode difusi sumuran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun turi memiliki daya hambat terhadap bakteri Klebsiella pneumoniae dengan konsentrasi 10%, 25%, 40% dan 55% dengan diameter zona hambatnya ialah 7.2mm, 14.4mm, 17.9mm, dan 22.5mm. Kemampuan penghambatan pertumbuhan bakteri pada metode sumuran untuk konsentrasi 55%, 40% dan 25% dikategorikan sangat kuat karena memiliki diameter zona hambat rata-rata >12 mm dan konsentrasi 10% di kategorikan lemah karena memiliki diameter zona hambat rata-rata <8 berdasarkan kategori Vasanthakumari. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dalam menghambat pertumbuhan Klebsiella pneumoniae mempunyai nilai tertinggi pada konsentrasi 55% dibandingkan konsentrasi lainnya.Kata kunci: Ekstrak Daun Turi, maserasi, antibakteri, Klebseilla pneumoniae, Metabolit SekunderAbstract: Turi is a plant that has various of benefits include as anti-bacterial. Turi contains some compounds include thanin, saponins and terpenoids which can be used for modern medicines. This study aims to determine the activity of turi leaf extract on the growth of Klebseilla pneumoniae based on the inhibition zone diameter. The test was carried out by extracting Turi leaves by maceration method using methanol as a solvent. The antibacterial inhibition test was carried out by the wells method. The results showed that turi leaf extract has inhibitory properties against Klebsiella pneumoniae with concentrations of 10%, 25%, 40% and 55% with clear zone diameters of 7.2mm, 14.4mm, 17.9mm, and 22. 5mm. The ability to inhibit bacterial growth in methods of 55%, 40% and 25% is categorized as sangat kuat because it has an average inhibition zone diameter> 12 mm and for a concentration of 10% is categorized lemah because the average inhibition zone diameter is <8 based on the Vasanthakumari theory. Antibacteria activity test in inhibiting the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae has the highest value at a concentration of 55% compared to other concentrations.Keywords: Turi Leaf Extract, maceration, antimicrobial, Klebseilla pneumoniae, Secondary Metabolites
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Tambunan, Thomas Febrian. "Synthesis of Schiff Base through the Condensation Reaction Between Cellulose Dialdehyde with Ethylenediamine and Aniline as Well as Antibacterial Activity Test." Journal of Chemical Natural Resources 6, no. 1 (2024): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jcnar.v6i1.16224.
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Schiff base was created using a condensation reaction involving Ethylene diamine or Aniline and dialdehyde cellulose (DAC), which was obtained by oxidizing α-cellulose with sodium periodate as the oxidizing agent. The cellulose dialdehyde was identified through qualitative analysis, which involved observing the formation of a brick red sediment during the Fehling test and a rise in solubility in water. Additionally, the presence of an aldehyde group was confirmed by analyzing the FT-IR spectrophotometer data, which showed a peak at a wave number of 1635.64 cm-1. The synthesized dialdehyde cellulose has an oxidation degree of 80.9% and a carbonyl level of 10.36%. The Schiff base was analyzed using an FT-IR spectrophotometer, which revealed peaks at wave numbers 1635.64 cm-1 and 1604.77 cm-1. These peaks suggest the creation of a Schiff base bond (C=N) resulting from the condensation of the amine group from Ethylene diamine and Aniline with the aldehyde group from DAC. The antibacterial activity of Schiff bases was evaluated using the disc plate diffusion method. The Schiff base resulting from the condensation of DAC with Ethylenediamine at concentrations of 0.15%, 0.30%, and 0.45% was tested against S.aureus and E.coli. Clear zones of inhibition were seen, indicating the antibacterial effect. The Schiff base resulting from the condensation of DAC with Aniline at concentrations of 0.15%, 0.30%, and 0.45% showed clear zone diameters of 6.9 mm, 9 mm, and 12.5 mm against S.aureus and 7 mm, 12.5 mm, and 13 mm against E.coli. The clear zone diameters in a row were 10 mm, 10.8 mm, and 20.1 mm against S.aureus and 10.5 mm, 14.6 mm, and 17.1 mm against E.coli. The condensation of dialdehyde cellulose with ethylene diamine and Aniline leads to Schiff base formation. This Schiff base has antibacterial characteristics that are effective against S.aureus and E.coli.
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Hassan, Ashraf S. "The effect of cold aqueous extract of lemon peel against types of bacteria isolated from the cooling devices Filters." Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science 28, no. 1 (2017): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.23851/mjs.v28i1.315.
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The antibacterial effect of citrus peel lemon against the bacterial strains obtained from the filters of air conditioners have been selected based on the presence most in these filters such as Streptococcus, Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas, E coli. agar well diffusion method used to evaluate antibacterial activity of citrus peels water extract. through the results became clear to us that the cold aqueous extract of lemon peel showed a significant effect on the growth of bacterial species through the diameters of inhibition zone that appeared in all concentrations of the extract (125, 250, 500, 1000) mg/ml. Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus spp were the most affected Where the diameters of inhibition zone (18, 15, 12, 0, 0) mm respectively, while The Gram-negative bacteria E coli least affected. The results obtained in this study indicate that citrus lemon peel can be used in the treatment of diseases caused by organisms for the purposes of the pharmaceutical.
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Ahmed El Melegy. "Roundness Deviations and Diameter Measurements for Diameter Standards." Power System Technology 48, no. 3 (2024): 1231–46. https://doi.org/10.52783/pst.937.
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Diameter standards have clear importance at both laboratory and industrial levels. The calibration of such standards acts as a challenge to be carried out in high accuracy and to fulfill all related parameters. Diameter measurements and roundness deviations of diameter standards are basic parameters that shall be measured in precise ways. In this work, a proposed method is used to measure the diameter and roundness errors of set of diameter standards; 50 mm ring and plug gauges. A length-measuring machine and roundness roundness-measuring machine are used for diameter and roundness measurements respectively. The internal/outer diameters are measured at different thicknesses and angles inside/outside the standard. The roundness deviations are measured at the same thickness values that the diameter measurements are carried out. Four algorithms of Least Squares Reference (LS) Circle, Minimum Zone Reference (MZ) Circles, Minimum Circumscribed (MC) Circle and Maximum Inscribed (MI) Circle are used in analysis of measurements of roundness deviations. The measurement results of diameter and roundness in different types and positions are analyzed and evaluated
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Sitanggang, Fitri Maria Clarensia, Agus Selamet Duniaji, and I. Desak Putu Kartika Pratiwi. "DAYA HAMBAT EKSTRAK BUAH ANDALIMAN (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) DALAM ETIL ASETAT TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Escherichia coli." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan (ITEPA) 8, no. 3 (2019): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/itepa.2019.v08.i03.p04.
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This study aims to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Consentration (MIC) of andaliman fruit extract (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) in ethyl acetate against the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria. The design of this study used an experimental method with 10 extract concentrations for MIC testing, namely 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% with 2 repetitions so that they were obtained 20 experimental units. The variables observed were the formation of clear zones, namely the inhibition produced by the presence of antimicrobial activity from andaliman fruit extract in ethyl acetate against the growth of Escherichia coli. Data from research results are presented in the form of tables, figure and discussed descriptively. Andaliman fruit extracts in ethyl acetate have varying inhibitory forces, namely at the concentrations of concentrations of 10% to 20% was 0.65 mm to 3.15 mm with weak inhibition categories, concentrations of 30% to 50% was 5.25 mm to 6, 60 mm in the moderate inhibition category and concentrations of 60% to 100% showed strong inhibition categories with inhibition diameters of 7.20 mm to 9.60 mm. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for the growth of Escherichia coli was at the concentration of 60% with a clear zone diameter of 7.2 mm with a strong category.
 
 
 Keywords : Andaliman fruit, Escherichia coli, antibacterial.
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Pasaribu, Olivia Yolanda, Ade Pryta Simaremare, and Joseph Partogi Sibarani. "Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Dari Air Perasan Bawang Putih Terhadap Bakteri Salmonella Typhi." Nommensen Journal of Medicine 6, no. 1 (2020): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36655/njm.v6i1.233.
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Background : Garlic is a plant which is used to treat various types of diseases, especially the ones caused by bacterial infection. Allicin in garlic is one of the active compounds which has an antibacterial effect. Some studies found that garlic has an inhibitory effect on Salmonella typhi.
 Objective : This study aimed to determine the antibacterial effect of garlic juice against Salmonella typhi.
 Methods : This study was an experimental-laboratory research using disc diffusion method on MHA media. This study used five concentrations, namely 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Amoxicillin and aquadest were used as positive and negative controls. The inhibition zone was determined by observing the clear zone around the disc then the results of the study were compared with positive control with CLSI 2017 guidance table where Salmonella typhi was susceptible when the amoxicillin inhibitory diameter zone was ≥ 17 mm, intermediate was 14-16 mm, and resistant was ≤ 13 mm.
 Results : The results showed that garlic juice has an antibacterial effect on various consentration. The minimum concentration of garlic juice to inhibit the growth of Salmonella typhi is on 50% with 19.25 mm diameters.
 Conclusion : There was an antibacterial effect of garlic juice on Salmonella typhi.
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LLABRÉS, CARLOS M., and BONNIE E. ROSE. "Antibacterial Properties of Retail Sponges." Journal of Food Protection 52, no. 1 (1989): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-52.1.49.
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Seven different brands of cellulose sponges and one polyurethane variety were evaluated for inhibitory properties on twelve strains of gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Sponges were cut in 13 mm or 17 mm discs, autoclaved and aseptically placed on inoculated Tryptic Soy agar plates. The inhibitory effects of sterile sponges, unrinsed, and rinsed in distilled water, were measured. The zone of inhibition values were based on the average of the diameters of the clear zones on the inoculated plates. Polyurethane and EXPANDING CELLULOSE SPONGES were the only varieties which did not exhibit antimicrobial properties with any of the selected bacterial strains. A thorough rinsing procedure was often insufficient to remove the inhibitory agents from the sponges. Listeria monocytogenes strain Scott A and Staphylococcus aureus, both gram positive, were strongly inhibited.
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Ginting, Indra, Asriwati Asriwati, Mayang Mayang, and Noviyanti Tambunan. "Antibacterial Activity Test of Leaf Ethl Acetate Extract Distance of Fence (Jatropha curcasL.) Against Bacteria Propionibacterium Acnes and Staphylococcus Aureus." International Journal Papier Advance and Scientific Review 4, no. 1 (2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.47667/ijpasr.v4i1.195.
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Skin diseases are very easy to found in countries with a tropical climate. The climate that facilitate the development of bacteria, parasites, and fungi. Acne is a skin disease that occurs due to inflammation of the follicles polisebasea characterized by the presence of comedones, papules, pustules and nodules. Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that play a role in the pathogenesis of acne that will cause inflammation. The study was to determine the concentration of ethyl acetate extract of leaves of jatropha effectively inhibits the growth of bacteria Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus. This study was experimental research that includes plant identification, manufacture of crude dru, ethyl acetate extract of jatropha, examination of the phytochemical screening, and test the antibacterial activity of extracts of jatropha leaves by the method of pitting using MHA media, the manufacture of the extract with maceration using solvent ethyl acetate. The results of phytochemical screening of Jatropha showed the presence of flavonoid compounds, alkaloids, saponins and tannins. The results of the antibacterial activity test showed that each concentration had an inhibitory response that was categorized as moderate to strong on Propionibacterium acnes bacteria with clear zone diameters of 10% (7.50mm), 20% (9.18mm), 30% (12.10mm), and 40% (15.16mm) in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with a clear zone diameter of 10% (8.13mm), 20% (10.21mm), 30% (12.13mm), and 40% (15.53mm). The conclusion showed that the ethyl acetate extract of Jatropha leaves (Jatropha curcas L.) has antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus.
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Rakhman, Farizky, Ratna Widayati, Oktaviani Naulita Turnip, Fatmaria Fatmaria, and Hanasia Hanasia. "Potential of Ciplukan Leaf Extract (Physalis angulata L.) Against Streptococcus pneumoniae Growth in Vitro." Journal of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacy (JECP) 5, no. 1 (2025): 20. https://doi.org/10.52365/jecp.v5i1.1314.
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Pneumonia is a disease that infects the lungs, and antibiotics such as tetracycline show a high degree of resistance. Therefore, the use of alternative natural materials, such as ciplukan leaves (Physalis angulata L.), which the Dayak people commonly use to treat lung diseases, is necessary. This study aimed to prove that the extract of ciplukan leaves can inhibit Streptococcus pneumoniae by measuring the diameter of the clear zone and determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The extract was obtained by maceration using 96% ethanol, and then concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% were prepared. The positive control was levofloxacin 5 µg, and the negative control was DMSO 1%. The average inhibition zone diameters of the ciplukan leaf extract were 5% (0 mm), 10% (0.17 mm), 15% (0.45 mm), 20% (1.95 mm), 25% (2.67 mm). Antibacterial test using the disk diffusion method. From the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney Post Hoc statistical test, a significance value of <0.05 was obtained. Therefore, There is an effect of ciplukan leaf extract on Streptococcus pneumoniae at concentrations of 15%, 20%, and 25%, with the MIC 15%.
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S., Thuraisingam, Prabagar S., J.Nanthakumar, and Prabagar J. "Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts of Acalypha indica." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 4, March & April 2020 (2020): 155–62. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3986633.
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<em>Acalypha indica is a small herb which is distributed in most of Asian countries such as Sri Lanka, India, and Pakistan. It is commonly known as Indian Copper leaf and it is used in traditional medicines for bacterial and fungal diseases. Aqueous extraction of plant materials such as leaf and whole plant were investigated for anti-microbial property without changing concentration. Results of this study revealed that all extracts had good inhibitory activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The clear zone for Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella were found with the diameter of 1.85cm and 1.9cm respectively, though the inhibitory diameters of these bacteria were smaller than the streptomycin control. Antifungal activity of whole plant and leaf extract of Acalypha indica against all fungal species showed the inhibitory growth less than 20%. The findings exhibit that aqueous extracts have broad spectrum activity and there is a possibility in treatment of infectious diseases. </em>
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Angela, Elva, Aan Kunaedi, Ine Suharyani, and Andriana Andriana. "Pengaruh Waktu Fermentasi Madu dengan Bawang Putih Tunggal (Allium sativum L.) terhadap Daya Hambat Bakteri Propionibacterium acnes." Sci-tech Journal 1, no. 1 (2022): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.56709/stj.v1i1.25.
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Honey is a substrate that has widely used by the people of Indonesia for treatment, one of which is used to treat acne. Honey has antimicrobial inhibitory power, antimicrobial ability is also found in other natural ingredients, one of it is Single Garlic (Allium sativum L.). Community trend towards the two natural ingredients, one of which is by combining Honey and Single Garlic (Allium sativum L.) using the method of soaking Single Garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Honey. The purpose of the study is to determine the inhibitory power of honey bacteria from soaking / fermentation against propionibacterium acnes bacteria.Testing use the disc paper diffusion method with a sample of fermented Honey and a single Garlic (Allium sativum L.) against the length of honey fermentation time, positive control (Clindamycin 300 mg), and negative control (aquadest). Sample Honey and Garlic Sample (Allium sativum L.) were fermented length time at weeks 1,2,3 and 4. The results showed that the length of time honey fermentation can increase the inhibitory power of the growth of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria by the presence of clear zones around the disc paper. The diameters of honey fermentation in weeks 1,2,3 and 4 are 0.416 mm, 0.65 mm, 0.775 mm and 1.8 mm. The conclusion that the length of fermentation time of Honey and Single Garlic (Allium sativum L.) will increase in diameter in the clear zone of its inhibitory power known in the fourth week to have a maximum inhibitory power of 1.8 mm. Keywords: Fermented honey, Single Garlic,Inhibitory power of bacteria Propionibacterium acnes
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McQueen, Kate, Josef Hrabowski, and Uwe Krumme. "Age validation of juvenile cod in the Western Baltic Sea." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 2 (2018): 430–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy175.
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Abstract The methods routinely used to estimate fish age are often un-validated and susceptible to errors and uncertainties. Despite numerous attempts, age determination of western Baltic cod (WBC, Gadus morhua) using otoliths is still unreliable, predominantly due to inconsistent interpretation of the first translucent zone (TZ). Length-frequencies of undersized (&lt;38 cm) cod collected during 2013–2016 from pound nets near Fehmarn Island were analysed to understand TZ formation patterns. A clear minimum separated two cohorts within the length-frequency samples every year. The length-frequency information was combined with otolith edge analysis to observe the development of TZs in age-0 and age-1 cod otoliths, and to validate the timing of TZ formation, which was consistently completed between September and December. Mean TZ diameters of 4 917 juvenile cod otoliths varied between cohorts (mean diameters of the first TZ: 2.0 ± 0.5 mm; second TZ: 3.9 mm ± 0.5) and TZ diameter variation was found to be related to individual growth rate. The timing of formation of the first TZ was positively related to water temperature, and was confirmed as a “summer ring” rather than a “winter ring”. TZ formation and shallow-water occupancy suggest an influence of peak summer water temperatures on WBC ecology. An age reading guide for juvenile WBC otoliths is provided.
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Wiwin Retnowati, Ni Made Mertaniasih, Marijam Purwanta, et al. "Antibiotic-Producing Streptomyces sp. Isolated from the Soil of a Mangrove Ecosystem." Folia Medica Indonesiana 59, no. 3 (2023): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v59i3.45806.
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Highlights: 1. The unexplored soil of mangrove ecosystems in Surabaya, Indonesia, has the potential to be home to biodiversity,including Streptomyces sp. that can produce antibiotics.2. Streptomyces sp. has antibacterial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and the duration ofincubation plays a critical role in regulating the antibacterial activity. Abstract A mangrove ecosystem in Surabaya, Indonesia, has a high salinity, pH, potassium, phosphorus, and nitrate contents. This ecosystem comprises a mixture of sand, dust, mud, and clay, which has the potential to be a conducive environment for the isolation of Streptomyces. The importance of Streptomyces in biotechnology lies in its ability to produce bioactive secondary metabolites, which represent a valuable reservoir of antibiotics. This research aimed to assess the antibiotic activity exhibited by Streptomyces sp. isolated from the soil of a mangrove ecosystem in Wonorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia. The analysis focused on the potential of Streptomyces sp. to produce antibiotics that work against Gram-positive bacteria (i.e., Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Bacillus subtilis) as well as Gram-negative bacteria (i.e., Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and Salmonella Typhimurium). The antibacterial activity test was conducted using the modified agar diffusion method. Observations were performed to identify any clear zone formation around the Streptomyces sp. agar colonies with a diameter of 0.8 cm and a height of 3 mm. The clear zone diameter was measured every 24 hours during the 10-day incubation period to assess the diversity of antibacterial activity. The antibacterial profile of Streptomyces sp. exhibited varying levels of activity against different bacterial strains in the tests conducted. The inhibition zone diameters demonstrated the highest levels of activity in Bacillus subtilis (15.9 mm) on day 7, Staphylococcus aureus (27.6 mm) on day 2, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24.3 mm) on day 7, Escherichia coli (29.2 mm) on day 5, and Salmonella Typhimurium (27.5 mm) on day 7. The results indicated that Streptomyces sp. had inhibitory effects against Gram-positive bacteria as well as Gram-negative bacteria. In conclusion, Streptomyces sp. is a source of biodiversity found in the soil of mangrove ecosystems and has the ability to produce antibiotics.
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Wichatham, Kawinthip, Pitchaya Piyaviriyakul, Narin Boontanon, Nawatch Surinkul, and Suwanna Kitpati Boontanon. "Potential Bacteria Isolated from Contaminated Sites as Bio-degraders of Various Types of Plastic." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 14, no. 6 (2023): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2023.14.6.1454.
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The growing demand for plastics and their improper disposal have resulted in a significant environmental pollution problem. While various management strategies have been employed to tackle this issue, the persistence of plastic pollutants in the environment is still a major concern. Therefore, exploring and developing sustainable and environmentally safe techniques, such as biodegradation using potential bacteria, can help mitigate plastic pollution and provide a viable solution. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify potential bacteria for degrading plastics from six soil samples collected from five plastic-contaminated sites. The population of microorganisms in the soil ranged from 1.9 ×105 to 8.2 × 104 CFU/g. The screening of biodegradation abilities to degrade various types of plastics, including Polypropylene (PP), Polystyrene (PS), Polyethylene (PE), Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and Polylactic acid (PLA) (Bioplastic), as measured by the diameters of the clear zones surrounding the colonies, revealed that out of 40 strains, only 8 strains could degrade various types of plastics. These bacteria were identified using 16S rRNA genes, which showed that NBI0106, NBI0108, NBI0109, and NBI0111 tend to be Streptomyces ardesiacus with similarity 99%, NBI0113 tend to be Pseudomonas plecoglossicida with similarity 99%, and NBI0305 tend to be Streptomyces cellulosae with similarity 100%. In addition, The Streptomyces ardesiaca strain NBI0111 demonstrated the highest degradation efficiency for PP plastic, with a clear zone diameter of 32.19 0.34 mm. This study shows the importance of identifying bacteria in plastic-contaminated soils and landfills, which may lead to the discovery of more effective bacteria strain with the capacity to degrade various types of plastic in real environmental conditions.
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Al-Qaysi, Safaa A. S., Halah Al-Haideri, Zaid Akram Thabit, Wijdan Hameed Abd Al-Razzaq Al-Kubaisy, and Jamal Abd Al-Rahman Ibrahim. "Production, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Mycocin Produced byDebaryomyces hanseniiDSMZ70238." International Journal of Microbiology 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2605382.
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The present study was conducted to estimate the antimicrobial activity and the potential biological control of the killer toxin produced byD. hanseniiDSMZ70238 against several pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, the effects of NaCl, pH, and temperature, killer toxin production, and antimicrobial activity were studied. The results showed that the optimum inhibitory effect of killer toxin was at 8% NaCl, and the diameters of clear zones were 20, 22, 22, 21, 14, and 13 mm forStaphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Candida albicans,andCandida neoformans, respectively. The largest inhibition zones were observed at pH 4.5 with inhibition zone of 16, 18, 17, 18, 11, and 12 mm for the same microorganisms. The results also showed that 25°C is the optimal temperature for toxin killing activity against all targeted microorganisms. In addition, the activity of killer toxin significantly inhibited the growth of fungal mycelia for all target pathogenic fungi and the percentages of inhibition were 47.77, 48.88, 52.22, and 61.11% forTrichophyton rubrum, Alternaria alternata, Trichophyton concentricum,andCurvularia lunata, respectively. The results showed the highest growth rate ofD. hanseniiDSMZ70238 under condition of 8% NaCl concentration, pH 4.5, and 25°C for 72 h.
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Kunji, A. K. "Characteristic of Safety Recovery Zone and Roadside Hazard Cases in Malaysia Road: A Review." International Journal of Engineering Technology and Sciences 5, no. 3 (2018): 90–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijets.v5i3.1133.
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The increasing number of highway crashes and the rising rate of fatality on run-off-road accidents has alarmed institutions to introduce design guidelines, evaluate their outcomes and improve the guidelines accordingly. This paper presents a case study on some of the existing roadside hazards in Malaysia, their impact to motorists, and reviews the current related provisions in the published design guidelines. Observations and in-depth study were made to the selected existing roadside hazards and assess their compliance to the available design guidelines and recommend improvement to some areas. The scope of the study covers on roadside trees, lighting and signboard poles, drainage structures, kerbs and safety barriers. The previously planted trees of less than 100 millimetres diameter within the clear zone of 9 and 6 meters to rural and urban roads respectively have grown in size to more than 500 mm diameters over 15 years, and today they have become hazards and causing deaths or serious injuries to passengers. The lighting and signboard poles installed near to the travel lane have resulted in high impact collisions to the extent of splitting vehicles and killing the motorists. The current roadside drainage structures are made of concrete and some with rubble lined walls are harmful and have been killing and injuring motorists when they are placed within the roadside safety recovery zone or corridor that are meant for skidding errant vehicle to make recovery traversing back to travel lane. The study showed some roadside barriers are not correctly applied and have become hazards instead of protecting the motorists. The outcomes of the case study suggest improvement to the design guidelines and roadside physical condition to minimise hazards to motorists.
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Simaremare, Beatrice Kezya, Paulina V. Y. Yamlean, and Jainer P. Siampa. "Formulasi Pasta Gigi Herbal Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Lemon Suanggi (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.) Sebagai Agen Antibakteri Streptococcus mutans." CHEMISTRY PROGRESS 16, no. 2 (2023): 106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/cp.16.2.2023.48447.
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Lemon Suanggi (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.) banyak dibudidayakan di Kawasan Asia selatan berpotensi sebagai agen antibakteri. Lapisan bagian dalam kulit buah lemon suanggi terdiri atas glikosida, kumarin, dan flavonoid yang dapat berperan sebagai antibakteri, anti mikroba dan antioksidan alami. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan fitokimia dari ekstrak kulit buah lemon suanggi, aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak kulit buah lemon suanggi terhadap Streptococcus mutans, untuk memformulasikan ekstrak kulit buah lemon suanggi ke dalam bentuk sediaan pasta gigi, mengevaluasi stabilitas sediaan selama 14 hari dan menguji efektivitas antibakteri sediaan pasta gigi ekstrak kulit buah lemon suanggi. Untuk mengetahui kandungan fitokimia ekstrak dilakukan dengan skrining fitokimia terhadap ekstrak dan didapat positif memiliki kandugan senyawa metabolit sekunder antara lain Alkaloid, Flavonoid, Tanin, Steroid, dan Saponin. Pengujian antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode difusi cakram terhadap ekstrak kulit buah lemon suanggi dengan konsentrasi 2, 4, dan 6% menggunakan pelarut DMSO dan diukur diameter zona bening yang terbentuk. Hasil rata-rata diameter zona bening yang terbentuk masing – masing adalah 12,8mm, 13,5mm, dan 14,5mm. Hasil dari uji antibakteri sediaan pasta gigi herbal F1 (2%)= 12,5mm, F2(4%)= 14mm, dan F3(6%)= 15,6mm. Formulasi pasta gigi herbal dilakukan dengan tiga formula yang berbeda konsentrasi zat aktifnya. Uji evaluasi yang digunakan adalah uji pH, uji daya sebar, dan uji tinggi busa yang menunjukkan hasil yang sesuai dengan syarat sediaan pasta gigi. Lemon Suanggi (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.) is widely cultivated in the South Asian region as a potential antibacterial agent. The inner layer of suanggi lemon peel consists of glycosides, coumarins, and flavonoids which can act as natural antibacterial, anti-microbial and antioxidant. This study was aimed to determine the phytochemical content of suanggi lemon peel extract and the antibacterial activity of suanggi lemon peel extract against Streptococcus mutans, to formulate suanggi lemon peel extract into toothpaste dosage form, and to evaluate the stability of the preparation for 14 days and the antibacterial effectiveness of suanggi lemon peel extract toothpaste. To determine the phytochemical content of the extract, phytochemical screening was carried out on the extract and it was found positive for secondary metabolite compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and saponins. Antibacterial testing was carried out using the disc diffusion method on suanggi lemon peel extract with a concentration of 2, 4, and 6% using DMSO solvent and the diameter of the clear zone formed was measured. The average diameters of the clear zone formed were 12.8mm, 13.5mm and 14.5mm, respectively. The results of the antibacterial test for herbal toothpaste preparations F1 (2%)= 12.5mm, F2(4%)= 14mm, and F3(6%)= 15.6mm. Formulation of herbal toothpaste was carried out using three formulas with different concentrations of the active substance. The evaluation tests used were the pH test, spreadability test, and height foam test which showed results that were in accordance with the requirements for toothpaste preparation.
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Fallo, Gergonius, Lukas Pardosi, and Anjelina M. Da Cruz. "Karakterisasi Bakteri Endofit Tanaman Sirih Timor (Piper betle L.) Penghasil Antibakteri." JURNAL BIOLOGI PAPUA 14, no. 2 (2022): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31957/jbp.2366.
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Indonesia has a wealth of various types of plants that are useful as traditional medicinal plants. One of the medicinal plants that are often used by Indonesian people, especially on the island of Timor, East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) Province, is betel plant (Piper betle L.). Isolation of endophytic bacteria using the scratch method and the scatter method. The results of the isolation obtained 9 isolates. The results of the characterization of 9 isolates had round colonies, small, medium, large, flat elevation, and clear white color. The results of the bacterial test showed that 3 isolates had the potential as antibacterial, namely: SDE01, SAE03 and SBE04 isolates. Of the three isolates, SBE04 isolates had inhibition zone diameters of 1.7 and 1.35 mm against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.Key words: antibacterial; endophytic bacteria; characterization; P. betle.
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Popovic, Tatjana, Zoran Milicevic, Violeta Oro, et al. "A preliminary study of antibacterial activity of thirty essential oils against several important plant pathogenic bacteria." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 33, no. 3-4 (2018): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1804185p.
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Numerous scientific research studies all over the world have addressed the problem of agriculture in the 21st century as being particularly sensitive to climate change, which has caused phytopathogenic bacteria to spread. Therefore, there is a clear and urgent need to contain this kind of risk in agricultural production (both conventional and organic farming). The objective of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of 30 essential oils (EOs) against three harmful plant pathogenic bacteria of agricultural importance, Erwinia amylovora, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. The study included in vitro testing, using an agar-diffusion assay. The EOs of Ceylon cinnamon (leaf and bark), oregano, clove bud and palmarosa revealed antibacterial activity against the test bacteria, and the maximum mean inhibition zone diameters of 35 mm was found against E. amylovora and X. campestris pv. campestris (highly sensitive reaction), while it was smaller in the case of P. syringae pv. syringae, from 18.25-26.25 mm (sensitive to very sensitive reaction). Maximum diameter of the zone of inhibition (35 mm) was obtained using basil and peppermint against E. amylovora, and rosemary, blue gum and camphor tree against X. campestris pv. campestris. Not a single EO inhibited P. syringae pv. syringae with the resulting total diameter zone of 35 mm, and this test bacteria was resultingly classified as the least susceptible bacterium of the three tested. EOs of lemongrass, aniseed, ylang ylang, silver fir, lemon, dwarf mountain pine, bay laurel and scots pine caused sensitive reaction of the tested bacteria. Peppermint, black cumin, Indian frankincense, bergamot orange, common juniper, bitter orange and neem produced variable reactions from total to weakly or no inhibition at all. Weakly activity was found in niaouli and Atlas cedar. Eastern red cedar, patchouli, Indian sandalwood and ginger caused no reaction of any of the test bacteria. The results offer a basis for further work based on in vivo testing for the purpose of developing ?natural pesticides? for control of phytopathogenic bacteria, thus giving a significant contribution to reducing yield losses in agriculture and sustainable development.
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Rianti, Dian Ratna, Octariana Sofyan, and Andi Wijaya. "Formulasi dan evaluasi sediaan sabun cair hidrosol kulit bawang sebagai antibakteri." Sasambo Journal of Pharmacy 6, no. 1 (2025): 33–39. https://doi.org/10.29303/sjp.v6i1.411.
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Onion peels (shallots and garlic) can be developed into valuable products. One approach to utilizing onion peels is by processing them into hydrosol, which can be used in liquid soap formulations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of liquid soap derived from the hydrosol of onion peel waste. Onion peels was processed into hydrosol by water distillation method. Hydrosol was subjected to phytochemical screening and formulated into liquid soap dosage form. Soap was made into 3 formulas with different concentrations of hydrosol in formulas F1 (5%), F2 (7.5%), and F3 (10%). The liquid soap was evaluated for characteristics including organoleptic test, pH, foam height, viscosity, and antimicrobial activity. The results of the hydrosol phytochemical screening test showed the presence of saponins and alkaloids. The results of the liquid soap organoleptic test showed that F1, F2, and F3 gave a clear color, liquid shape, and aromatic odor. F1 liquid soap pH 6.51, F2 6.44 and F3 6.43; foam height 2.50 cm, 2.10 cm, 2.33 cm; and viscosity F1 316 m.Pa.s, F2 99.99 m.Pa.s and F3 99.99 m.Pa.s. The results of the antimicrobial test of negative control (base), F1, F2, and F3 produced a clear zone. The characteristics of the soap produced provide good organoleptics, pH and foam stability. Hydrosol concentration affects the viscosity produced. Onion peel liquid soap F3 exhibit the highest average diameters of the inhibition zones 10,02±0,49 mm, and is categorized as having strong antimicrobial properties.
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Reingwirtz, Idan, Jake Uretsky, Italo F. Cuneo, et al. "Inherent and Stress-Induced Responses of Fine Root Morphology and Anatomy in Commercial Grapevine Rootstocks with Contrasting Drought Resistance." Plants 10, no. 6 (2021): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061121.
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Some grapevine rootstocks perform better than others during and after drought events, yet it is not clear how inherent and stress-induced differences in root morphology and anatomy along the length of fine roots are involved in these responses. Using a variety of growing conditions and plant materials, we observed significant differences in root diameter, specific root length (SRL) and root diameter distribution between two commonly used commercial grapevine rootstocks: Richter 110 (110R; drought resistant) and Millardet et de Grasset 101-14 (101-14Mgt; drought sensitive). The 110R consistently showed greater root diameters with smaller SRL and proportion of root length comprised of fine lateral roots. The 110R also exhibited significantly greater distance from tip to nearest lateral, longer white root length, and larger proportion of root length that is white under drought stress. Mapping of fine root cortical lacunae showed similar patterns between the rootstocks; mechanical failure of cortical cells was common in the maturation zone, limited near the root tip, and increased with drought stress for both genotypes; however, lacuna formed under wetter soil conditions in 110R. Results suggest that drought resistance in grapevine rootstocks is associated with thick, limitedly branched roots with a larger proportion of white-functional roots that tend to form lacuna under more mild water deficit, all of which likely favor continued resource acquisition at depth.
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Rahman, Md Ziyaur, Zahid A. Khan, Arshad Noor Siddiquee, Mustufa Haider Abidi, Mohamed K. Aboudaif, and Abdulrahman Al-Ahmari. "Mechanical and microstructural characterization of Ti-SiC reinforced AA5083 surface composites fabricated via friction stir process." Materials Research Express 8, no. 12 (2021): 126523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac433b.
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Abstract A mixture of Titanium and silicon-carbide powders was embedded in the AA5083 matrix by Friction Stir Processing (FSP). Experiments were performed as per Taguchi L8 orthogonal array, and the effect of reinforcement on hot strength (at 100 °C), processed zone (PZ) geometry, and microstructure were investigated. The effect of PZ geometry on the surface properties was also analyzed. The effect of heating the tensile test specimens to 540 °C on the strength at 100 °C was also separately investigated. It was observed that surface hardness was significantly enhanced by FSP, and the highest mean hardness of 90.4 HV was observed. Furthermore, it was observed that the surface properties also significantly depend on PZ geometry. From experimental results, it was found that the specimens with the lowest width to depth ratio bears the highest hardness and vice versa. A clear effect of parameters was evident on the geometry of processed zones with a deep bowl, and shallow cup-shaped zones were formed with smaller and larger shoulder diameters, respectively. The samples were processed at 355 rpm, 63 mm min−1, 17 mm shoulder, and 355 rpm, 80 mm min−1. The 20 mm shoulder showed high tensile strength 292 MPa and 294 Mpa, respectively. The strength of these samples did not reduce much even after heating to 540 °C.
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Indah Pratiwi, Rikhsan Kurniatuhadi, and Rahmawati. "Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Buah Asam Kalimbawan (<i>Sarcotheca diversifolia </i>(Miq) Hallier F) terhadap Bakteri <i>Staphylococcus aureus </i>dan <i>Escherichia coli</i>." Life Science 13, no. 2 (2024): 98–108. https://doi.org/10.15294/unnesjlifesci.v13.i2.1312.
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Asam kalimbawan (Sarcotheca diversifolia (Miq) Hallier F) is a native plant found in Kalimantan, especially in West Kalimantan. This species belongs to the Oxalidaceae family, known for producing compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims to investigate the antibacterial activity of kalimbawan tamarind fruit extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. Fruit extraction was carried out using the maceration method with methanol solvent, and the antibacterial activity was performed using the disc diffusion method. This research utilized a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with seven treatment levels and four replications for each bacterium. The test concentrations of the extract against S. aureus and E. coli were 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 g/mL, as well as ciprofloxacin and 10% DMSO. The study results revealed that all concentrations of the extract were able to inhibit the growth of the test bacteria, as indicated by the presence of a clear zone. The effective extract concentrations against S. aureus and E. coli bacteria were 0.4 g/mL and 0.3 g/mL, respectively, with corresponding zone diameters of 16.55 mm and 14.22 mm, respectively. Asam kalimbawan, which has been traditionally used by the people of Sambas Regency, has the potential to be developed as a source of natural metabolite-derived medicines.
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Kurniawan, Ronal, Sri Wahyuni, and Fitrian Armando. "Inhibition Test of Hot Water Extract of Rhizophora apiculata Leaves Against Edwardsiella tarda Bacteria in-Vitro." Jurnal Natur Indonesia 20, no. 1 (2022): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jnat.20.1.30-34.
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One of the plants that have the potential as antibacterial ingredients is Rhizophora apiculata leaf because it contains secondary metabolites, such as tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and terpenoids. This study aims to find out the inhibition of hot water extract of R. apiculata leaves in inhibiting the growth of Edwardsiella tarda. The research method used is an experimental method which includes sample preparation, extraction, antibacterial activity test using the Kirby-Bauer disc method and applying a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The doses used were 100% (10000 ppm), 90% (9000 ppm), 80% (8000 ppm), 70% (7000 ppm), 60% (6000 ppm), 50% (5000 ppm), 40% (4000 ppm), 30% (3000 ppm), 20% (2000 ppm), 10% (1000 ppm) and control (Oxytetracycline). The results showed that the hot water extract of R. apiculata leaves at a dose of 1000-10000 ppm gave various inhibitory diameters ranging from 6.25-10.08 mm and the clear zone formed was classified as medium
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Saleh, Reham, Shaymaa Nagi, Hanaa Elgamily, Shahinaz Hassan, Hadeer El-Hashemy, and Mohamed Zaazou. "Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity and the Remineralizing Potentiality of Two Natural Extracts and Their Mixture (In Vitro Study)." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, no. D (2022): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.8228.
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AIM: This study aimed to assess the antibacterial activity against the cariogenic Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) and the commensal Actinomyces viscous (1300 EMCCN) oral bacteria and to determine the remineralizing effect of the previously demineralized bovine enamel lesion of ginger extract, eggshell extract as well as their mixture. METHODS: The two different extracts; eggshell extract and ginger extract were prepared as well as their mixture in an equal volume. Their antibacterial activity against S. mutans and A. viscous was assessed by well diffusion test and clear zones diameters measurement (mm). Chlorhexidine and Dimethyl sulfoxide solution were utilized as positive and negative control, respectively. Thirty-six anterior bovine teeth were subjected to artificial caries pH cycling regimen including alternate demineralization and remineralization for 5 days. Then they were randomly divided into three groups (G) (n = 12): G1: Ginger, G2: Eggshell, and G3: Mixture. Specimens of each group were separately immersed in 50 ml of the tested extract for 12 h seven successive days. Vickers Microhardness and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Analysis were assessed at baseline, after demineralization and remineralization. RESULTS: Both extracts had antibacterial effect against the profile growth of S. mutants. However, the mixture showed the highest statistically significant mean inhibition zone diameters (mm), followed by ginger and eggshell extracts with no statistically significant difference between them. Regarding the remineralizing efficacy; G1:(Ginger) group showed the highest statistically significant mean microhardness followed by G3:(Mixture) group, then eggshell treated specimens; which showed the least statistically significant mean microhardness values. Regarding EDIX analysis results, a statistically significant increase in F (wt%) after remineralization in both eggshell and ginger treated specimens. CONCLUSION: Ginger as well as mixture extracts not only have antibacterial effect against cariogenic bacteria but also have a strong remineralizing ability of demineralized enamel.
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Rafiqi, Akbar, Alivianisa Nabilatusyifa, Oyi Candra Santoso Putri, Ikromatul Hasanah, Sabrina Firdayani Rahmah, and Dimas Andrianto. "Coagulation and Antibacterial Activity of Chicken Eggshell Hydrogel and Button Fungus Ethanol Extract as a Diabetic Wound Healer." Current Biochemistry 10, no. 2 (2024): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/cb.10.1.5.
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Diabetic patients are susceptible to severe wound conditions due to high blood sugar levels and bacterial infections. This study aims to determine the formulation and effectiveness of the hydrogel plaster combination of laying hen eggshells with button mushrooms in curing diabetic wounds. The research methods consisted of making the hydrogel, coagulation test, and antibacterial tests. Hydrogels were made with 5%, 10%, and 20% eggshell concentrations. The coagulation activity test used rabbit blood, which was added with glucose. Antibacterial test was performed using Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). This research shows that the coagulation activity of F2 and F3 formulations significantly differed from the control, with an average blood clotting time of 64.67 minutes and 63.00 minutes. The antibacterial test results produced a clear zone for S. aureus and E. coli with diameters of 10.27 mm and 9.18 mm for F2, 6.90 mm, and 11.66 mm for F3. This research concludes that hydrogel formulation 3, with 20% eggshell and 6.4% button mushroom, had the best blood clotting effect and antibacterial activity.
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Grimmett, Michael R., and Gregory S. H. Ogawa. "Radial Keratotomy Clear Zone Diameter Errors." Journal of Refractive Surgery 14, no. 6 (1998): 623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/1081-597x-19981101-09.
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Setyawan, Agus, Muhammad Kholiqul Amiin, Hilma Putri Fidyandini, et al. "Environmental Effect on the Growth and Enzyme Activity of Fucoidanase-Producing Bacteria Cytobacillus kochii GSD." Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan 17, no. 2 (2025): 438–52. https://doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v17i2.69263.
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Graphical Abstract Highlight Research 1. Sargassum polycystum has been extracted and analyzed. 2. Cytobacillus kochii GSD in response to fucoidanase-producing enzyme activity was analyzed. 3. Optimum temperature, pH, and salinity can suppress the activity of the fucoidanase enzyme through the inhibition test. 4. Cytobacillus kochii GSD can produce fucoidanase enzyme with low molecular weight. Abstract Extensive research has shown that low molecular weight fucoidan exhibits significantly greater biological activity than its high molecular weight. C. kochi GSD, a Sargassum symbiont bacterium, is proven to have the activity of hydrolyze fucoidan. This study proposes the growth optimization and fucoidanase enzymatic activity of C. kochii GSD bacteria under varying environmental conditions (temperature, pH, and salinity) cultured in basic liquid medium (BLM) for 48 hours. Based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM), the range of temperature, pH, and salinity for the growth optimization test of C. kochi GSD bacteria were 26.591, 30, 35, 40, and 43.49oC, the pH used starts from 3.636, 5, 7, 9, and 10.363, while the salinity to be used starts from 3.522, 5, 17.5, 30, and 38.522 ppt, respectively. The best conditions for growth of each environment were then continued with the test of fucoidanase enzyme activity in vitro. The results showed that C. kochii GSD bacteria grew optimally at temperature, pH, and salinity of 35oC, 7, and 30 ppt, respectively. The optimum enzyme activity of C. kochii GSD is at 72 hours with the forming of clear zones on media containing fucoidan and given Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) solution with clear zone diameters of 31.17 mm (temperature), 25.9 mm (pH), and 20.97 mm (salinity), respectively. The conclusion of this study is a high novelty finding to produce low molecular weight fucoidan enzymatically with C. kochii GSD bacteria to be used as an immunostimulant.
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Sari, Siti Lusi Arum, Wida Puspa Tanjung, Klara Rizky Amilia, Ratna Setyaningsih, and Artini Pangastuti. "Pectinase Production by Rhizopus stolonifer A3 Isolated from Apple Peels." Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 39, no. 1 (2023): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/carakatani.v39i1.77610.
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The application of pectinase in industries will continue to be developed. To broaden the applicability of enzyme manufacturing in new industries, more research to investigate pectinolytic microorganisms with high activity and stability is still required. Therefore, this study aimed to obtain pectinolytic fungi that have the potential as pectinase producers. Pectinolytic fungi were isolated from rotten apple peels and selected based on clear zone formation on pectic agar media after cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) staining. Pectinolytic fungi were identified based on 18S rRNA partial gene sequences and morphological characteristics. Pectinase production used Mandels and Weber medium with citrus pectin 20 g l<sup>-1</sup> addition. Pectinase activity was determined based on the measurement of reducing sugars by a colorimetric method. A total of 5 fungal isolates were successfully isolated. All of the isolates had pectinolytic activities with clear zone diameters ranging between 0.99 to 7.32 mm. The isolate A3 showing the highest pectinolytic activity was identified as <em>Rhizopus stolonifer</em>. Microscopically, <em>R</em>. <em>stolonifer </em>A3 showed typical characteristics for <em>Rhizopus</em>, characterized by the presence of rhizoids, stolons and sporangiophores bearing a single spherical sporangium. The pectinase production of <em>R.</em> <em>stolonifer </em>A3 was optimum at initial pH 5.0, temperature 35 °C and incubation period of 3 days with pectinase activity of 14.75 U ml<sup>-1</sup>. <em>R. stolonifer </em>A3 produced acidic pectinase having optimum activity at pH 5.0 and temperature 50 °C. Thus <em>R.</em> <em>stolonifer </em>A3 has the potential to be used as a producer of acidic pectinase appropriate for use in the processing of fruit products.
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Cao, Pei‐Jie, Dong‐Guk Paeng, and K. K. Shung. "The “black hole” phenomenon in ultrasonic backscattering measurement under pulsatile flow with porcine whole blood in a rigid tube." Biorheology: The Official Journal of the International Society of Biorheology 38, no. 1 (2001): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0006355x2001038001002.
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The “black hole” phenomenon was further investigated with porcine whole blood under pulsatile flow conditions in a straight rigid tube 120 cm long and of 0.95 cm diameter. A modified Aloka 280 commercial scanner with a 7.5 MHz linear array was used to collect the radio frequency (RF) signal of backscattering echoes from the blood inside the tube. The transducer was located downstream from the entrance and parallel to the longitudinal direction of the tube. The experimental results showed that higher hematocrits enhanced the black hole phenomenon, leading to a more apparent and larger diameter black hole. The black hole was not apparent at hematocrits below 23%. The highest hematocrit used in the experiment was 60%. Beat rates of 20, 40 and 60 beats per minute (bpm) were used, and the black hole became weaker in amplitude and smaller in diameter when the peak flow velocity was increased at each beat rate. These results are consistent with the suggestion in previous work that the black hole arises from insufficient aggregation of red blood cells (RBCs) at the center of the tube because of the low shear rate. At 20 and 40 bpm, the peak flow velocity ranges were 10∼25 cm/s and 18∼27 cm/s, respectively. The black hole was very clear at the minimal peak flow velocity but almost disappeared at the maximal velocities for each beat rate. At 60 bpm, experiments were only performed at one peak flow velocity of 31 cm/s and the black hole was clear. The results showed that the black hole was more pronounced at higher beat rates when the peak velocity was the same. This phenomenon cannot be explained by previous hypotheses. Acceleration seems to be the only flow parameter that varies at different beat rates when peak velocities are the same. Therefore, the influence of acceleration on the structural organization and orientation of RBC rouleaux might be another factor involved in the formation of the black hole in addition to the shear rate. As the entrance length was changed from 110 to 15 diameters (D) in seven steps at the hematocrit of 60%, it was found that a position farther downstream yielded a black hole with a greater contrast relative to the surrounding region, while the backscattering power at the central hypoechoic zone did not increase with increasing entrance length.
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Arlofa, Nina, Ismiyati Ismiyati, Muhammad Kosasih, and Nurul H. Fitriyah. "Effectiveness of Durian Peel Extract as A Natural Anti-Bacterial Agent." Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia & Lingkungan 14, no. 2 (2019): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.23955/rkl.v14i2.14275.
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Durian (durio zibertinus) is a native tropical fruit from Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia. Durian peel is the highest composition of durian fruit (60-75%), and is still considered as waste that causes environmental problems. This study aimed to analyze the content of secondary metabolites extract, to analyze the anti-bacterial activity of durian peel extract against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, and to calculate the effectiveness of durian skin durian peel extract as a natural anti-bacterial ingredient in hand sanitizer products by using the paper disc method. Durian peel was extracted with ethanol to obtain extract solution which was then separated from the solvent and applied as an ingredient for hand sanitizer. The Analysis results showed that durian peel extract contains triterpenoids, alkaloids, and saponins, which are phytochemical compounds that anti-bacterial function. Durian peel extract at concentration of 1% wt. inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Salmonella thyposa and Sthapylococcus aureus with a clear zone diameters of 7.4 mm, 8.2 mm and 8.6 mm, respectively. In anti-septic tests, hand sanitizer samples containing durian peel extract showed that the interaction between the concentration of durian peel extract and the sampling duration simultaneously gave a significant effect in reducing the number of microorganism colonies.
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Labri, Khadidja, Houria Moghrani, Affaf Kord, Ahmed Doukara, Abdelkrim Gueffai, and Aboun Assia. "Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed extracts from red globe and Valenci Algerian varieties." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 51 (2020): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt2051137l.
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Until now, there is no documentation concerning the composition, biological and pharmaceutical activities of Algerian grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seeds. The present study aims to evaluate the phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of grape seed extracts (GSEs) from the Algerian Red globe and Valenci varieties. The total polyphenols content (TPC) in the GSEs was evaluated by spectrophotometry, it was 398.01 ? 18.12 mg GAE/g GSEs and 335.11 ? 11.44 mg GAE/g GSEs for the Red globe and Valenci varieties respectively. The antioxidant activity of GSEs was also evaluated by spectrophotometry on stable free radicals of DPPH. The IC50 for the Red globe variety was 4 ? 0.2 ?g/ml, while for the Valenci variety it was 4.6 ? 0.36 ?g/ml. The antimicrobial activity was determined using the disk diffusion method. Both extracts showed antimicrobial activity against the eight studied strains: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pasteurella sp., Salmonella sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Clostridium sp., and Candida albicans. The extracts produced a clear inhibition zone for all the tested strains. Inhibition diameters greater than 19 mm were registered. The obtained results in this study indicate the differences between the Red globe and Valenci varieties, in terms of polyphenol content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in Algerian GSEs.
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Broecker, Tabea, Katharina Teuber, Vahid Sobhi Gollo, Gunnar Nützmann, Jörg Lewandowski, and Reinhard Hinkelmann. "Integral Flow Modelling Approach for Surface Water-Groundwater Interactions along a Rippled Streambed." Water 11, no. 7 (2019): 1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071517.
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Exchange processes of surface and groundwater are important for the management of water quantity and quality as well as for the ecological functioning. In contrast to most numerical simulations using coupled models to investigate these processes, we present a novel integral formulation for the sediment-water-interface. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model OpenFOAM was used to solve an extended version of the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations which is also applicable in non-Darcy-flow layers. Simulations were conducted to determine the influence of ripple morphologies and surface hydraulics on the flow processes within the hyporheic zone for a sandy and for a gravel sediment. In- and outflowing exchange fluxes along a ripple were determined for each case. The results indicate that larger grain size diameters, as well as ripple distances, increased hyporheic exchange fluxes significantly. For higher ripple dimensions, no clear relationship to hyporheic exchange was found. Larger ripple lengths decreased the hyporheic exchange fluxes due to less turbulence between the ripples. For all cases with sand, non-Darcy-flow was observed at an upper layer of the ripple, whereas for gravel non-Darcy-flow was recognized nearly down to the bottom boundary. Moreover, the sediment grain sizes influenced also the surface water flow significantly.
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Abaji, Shende. "Histoarchitectural changes of Adrenal gland in Emballonurid male bat, Taphozous longimanus (Hardwicke) during the reproductive cycle." Journal of Biological Studies 2, no. 4 (2020): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.62400/jbs.v2i4.2447.
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Taphozous longimanus has two adrenal glands, one on each side, situated retroperitoneally occupying an antero-mesial position abutting against the ipsilateral kidney. The left adrenal gland is pyramidal and the right adrenal gland is oval in shape. The diameter of the left adrenal gland is always higher than that of the right adrenal gland during different periods of reproductive activity. Each gland is duplex organ consisting of cortex and medulla. Cortex is divided into two zones which are poorly differentiated from each other. An outer zone is zona glomerulosa, and inner zone is zona fasciculata. The zona glomerulosa of left and right adrenal gland during the breeding period are larger than that of zona glomerulosa of left and right adrenal gland during the pre-breeding period respectively. The diameter of zona fasciculata of left and right adrenal gland during the breeding period is smaller than that of zona fasciculata of left and right adrenal gland of the pre-breeding period. There is no clear histological difference between medulla of right adrenal gland to that of left adrenal gland during the breeding period but the diameter of zona glomerulosa and medulla during the breeding period is larger than that of the pre-breeding period.
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Mahdi, Nadia Mohammed. "Antibacterial Effect of Dill Seed Oil Anethum graveolens Anethum graveolens." Kufa Journal for Nursing Sciences 6, no. 2 (2016): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36321/kjns.vi20162.2635.
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Background: study the inhibiter activity of Dill seed oil A. graveolens L. on growth of some pathogenic bacteria. Objective: assay the inhibition effectiveness of Dill seed oil on some pathogenic bacteria which causes different infections. Methodology: an experiment was run to study the antibacterial activities of Dill seed oil on six isolates of bacteria: E. coli, K. pneumonia, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, , and E. faecalis which isolated of patients suffer of different infections of both genders their age ranged (15-50) year, used agar well diffusion method. The isolates selected of Baghdad Teaching Hospital-Teaching Laboratories in December 2014 to the February 2015. Data was analyzed by using the Lycart scale analysis, and assays the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Results: Dill seed oil significantly reduced the growth of test bacteria: E. faecalis (15-25mm), P. mirabilis (20-25mm), P. aeruginosa (17-27mm), K. pneumonia (15-35mm), E. coli (20-52mm), and the widest inhibition zone diameters was showed on S. aureus (70-72mm). Conclusion: Dill seed oil has clear inhibition effect on the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Recommendation: done further studies on dill seed oil for development of novel drugs of A. graveolens to treat human diseases as a result of its inhibition effectiveness on growth of bacteria and decreasing the use of antibiotics because the problem of resistant of bacteria and side effects, and it is necessary to determine the toxicity of the active constituents and pharmacological -kinetic properties.
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Burdon, R. D., and C. B. Low. "Performance of Pinusponderosa and Pinusjeffreyi provenances in New Zealand." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 9 (1991): 1401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-197.
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Provenance trials were assessed at age 22–24 years at four sites: (1) moist oceanic; (2) moist, semicontinental; and (3–4) dry, semicontinental. The trials at sites 2 and 3 were the main ones, involving nearly 40 provenances of Pinusponderosa Laws. and five of Pinusjeffreyi Grev. & Balf. The P. ponderosa covered from 36°N northwards in the west of its natural range, with 12 provenances in northern and central Sierra Nevada. Past data on Dothistroma blight came from two additional sites. Large provenance differences reflected both relatively discrete races and superimposed clinal patterns. The main divisions of P. ponderosa were (in addition to the eastern variety, scopulorum) as follows: the North Plateau race, east of the Cascade Range extending northwards therefrom; and the Pacific race, in the Sierra Nevada, Coast Ranges, and western Cascade Range. However, there was an apparent transition zone east of the southern Cascade Range, with some Pinuswashoensis Mason & Stockwell south of there. Apart from previously reported differences, the North Plateau race showed better Dothistroma resistance and abundant anthocyanin in cones. Within the Pacific race, Sierra Nevada material suffered more Dothistroma blight, while the northern provenances had more cone anthocyanin. Strong provenance–site interaction occurred for growth, which related largely to differences among races in relative performance at different sites. On the moist sites, height showed very close negative correlations with altitude of origin adjusted for latitude, low-altitude provenances from Sierra Nevada and the Coast Ranges being the tallest. Stem diameter at those sites, while also showing close negative correlations with latitude-adjusted altitude, showed additional effects of race, North Plateau tending to have smaller diameters relative to adjusted altitude. However, at the dry site 3, where growth was less, North Plateau provenances ranked much better; they survived well and included the tallest lot, although diameters still were less than in the Pacific race. Wood density averaged ca. 350 kg/m3 in rings 6–15 from the pith, with very minor differences between sites; this being less than in rings 1–5 and much less than in outer-wood of adjoining Pinusradiata D. Don. The North Plateau race had slightly higher density, particularly in rings 11–15. Some between-provenance variation existed within races, but with no clear pattern. Provenance–site interaction was generally minor. The P. jeffreyi provenances were always among the slowest growing. The one Coast Ranges provenance was distinct from others. Also it grew better relative to the others on the moister sites and had evidently hybridized with P. ponderosa.
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Devda, Sakshi, and Harshada Joshi. "Screening and Characterization of Calcite Solubilizing Bacteria isolated from Marble Slurry dumped in Sukher, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India." Research Journal of Biotechnology 16, no. 11 (2021): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1611rjbt7882.
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Rajasthan is known as mineral majestic state as more than 50 types of minerals are produced including marble. Various types of marbles are spread over in 16 belts in 33 districts of the State. Large amount of marble slurry is discharged as a waste generated by the quarries which is dumped in empty pits in the forest area; thereby creating huge dumping area. The present study was undertaken for screening and characterization of calcite solubilizing bacteria from marble slurry collected from dumping yard in Sukher, Udaipur, India. Screening of calcite solubilizing bacteria was done on calcite agar medium. Calcite solubilizing efficiency (CSE) and calcite solubilizing activity index (CSAI) of the isolates were determined using 0.1% calcite agar medium at 37C for 10 days of incubation. Characterization of the isolates was done on the basis of morphological, biochemical and molecular methods. A total of 27 isolates appeared on calcite agar medium after an incubation of 24 hours at 37°C. Among them only 3 isolates namely isolate CS6, CS13 and CS25 showed clear halo zone of 20 mm, 29 mm and 2mm diameters respectively after 10 days of incubation indicating demonstrable calcite solubilizing activity. The maximum CSE and CSAI 362% and 4.62 respectively were observed for isolate CS13. Isolates CS6, CS13 and CS25 were identified as Exiguobacterium aquaticum CS6 (accession no. MK353511), Staphylococcous aureus CS13 (accession no. KY694446) and Bacillus endophyticus CS25 (accession no. MK353513) respectively. Two isolates that showed remarkable calcite solubilizing activity can be further analyzed for their possible use in restoration of marble slurry contaminated soil.
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Essiedu, Justice Amakye, Frank Seth Johnson, and Francis Ayimbila. "ISOLATION OF AMYLASE PRODUCING FUNGI FROM CASSAVA FLOUR." Fungal Territory 4, no. 1 (2021): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ft.151.
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Amylases are among the most important enzymes with potential applications in the present-day industry. Thus, isolating pure culture from cassava as the cheap source has manifold importance for food industries. In the present study, eleven amylase producing fungal strains were isolated from cassava flour and growth pattern, as well as optimum growth condition, was determined. All isolates showed amylases activity but isolate BR005, BR001 and GR003 recorded maximum clear zone diameters of 54.75 ± 0.957 mm, 53.25 ±0.645 mm 51.5 ± 1.414 mm, respectively. The submerged fermentation method was employed for crude amylase and biomass production. There were significant differences (p˂0.05) in starch concentrations and growth rates between the three isolates. GR003 and BR005 attained their optimal amylase activities of 4.23±0.25 U/mL and 3.75±3.16 U/mL at 50 °C, respectively, whiles BR001 attained its optimum amylase activity of 3.43±0.77 at 60 °C. Whereas, BR005, BR001 and GR003 attained their optimal amylase activity of 5.14±1.99 U/mL, 4.53±0.01 U/mL and 1.25±1.11 U/mL at a pH range of 6 to 7, making them neutrophilic fungi. Moreover, isolates BR005, BR001 and GR003 recorded the highest amylase activities of 4.31±0.14U/mL, 4.67±1.16±U/mL and 3.16±0.12U/mL at the starch concentrations of 3%, 2%, and 2.5% and fermentation period of 48 h, 66 h and 42 h, respectively. Lastly, BR005, BR001 and GR003 achieved their optimal amylase activities of 5.41±0.11U/mL, 6.24±0.14 U/mL and 6.22±0.12 U/mL at 48 h, 66 h and 42 h of incubation, accordingly. Indicating that cassava flour is a good source of amylolytic fungi with a potential application under wide conditions.
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Nurfadillah, Arafah, Juniati Binti Lukman, Ade Irma, Miladiarsi, Wahdaniar, and Tenri Ayu Adri. "Uji Efektivitas Daya Antibakteri Ekstrak Alga Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Patogen Streptococcus Mutans." Journal of Vocational Health Science 1, no. 1 (2022): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31884/jovas.v1i1.7.
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Background: Steptoccocus mutans is one of flora normal bacteria in the human body which can cause infections in the mouth cavity. Algae are plant-like organisms that may be found in a marine ecosystem. Recents studies have reported that algae contains numerous pharmacological activities compounds, such us: antibiotic, cytotoxic, antifungal, anti virus and antitumor. Purpose: this research aimed to know the antibacterial activity of algae extract against the growth of pathogen bacteria Streptococcus mutans. Methods: Algae were extracted by using aquades.The inhibition test was performed by agar diffusion method on Glucose Nutrient Agar (GNA) using three types of algae extracts: Eucheuma cottoni, Turbinaria decurrens and Ulva reticulata on the incubation period 1x24 and 2x24 hours at 37◦C. Data collection technique was based on the results of measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone (clear zone) for the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria using a caliper. The data obtained were analyzed using quantitative descriptive analysis methods. This data analysis was processed to see if there was a difference in antibacterial power from extract algae samples. Results: U. Reticulate algae extract formed a clear zone 11.2 mm in diameter at 1x24-hour incubation, and 10.3 mm at 2x24-hour incubation. T. deccurens formed clear zones 12.7 mm in diameter at 1x24-hour incubation, and 11.4 mm at 2x24-hour incubation. E. cottonii formed clear zones 10.1 mm in diameter at 1x24-hour incubation, and 9.3 mm at 2x24-hour incubation. Conclusion: Extracts of T. decurrens have the most potential in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microbes of S. mutants.
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Asyhari, Hanif Fibiana, Kibedi B. Cabral, and Erindyah R. Wikantyasning. "Optimization of Soursop (Annona muricata L.) Leaf Extract in Nanoemulgel and Antiacnes Activity Test Against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis Bacteria." Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia 20, no. 2 (2023): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/pharmacon.v20i2.23308.
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Soursop leaf extract (Annona muricata L.) has antibacterial activity with active components of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and saponins. This research aims to optimize the use of VCO, Tween 80, and PEG 400 in the nanoemulsion system, which will be added Carbopol 940 as a gelling agent to form a nanoemulgel and to determine antibacterial activity. By utilizing the simplex lattice design method in Design Expert 13.0, the nanoemulsion formula has been successfully optimized involving a mixture of VCO, Tween 80, and PEG 400. A total of 14 different nanoemulsion formulas were produced through this process. The process of making nanoemulsion is carried out by mixing extracts, oils, surfactants and cosurfactants, homogenized using a vortex, then sonicated. Evaluation of % transmittance, emulsification time, and pH were carried out to determine nanoemulsion physical properties. The nanoemulsion optimal formula was evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential and made into nanoemulgel with the addition of Carbopol 940. The optimal formula has a composition of 10.86% VCO, 67.33% Tween 80, 21.81% PEG 400 form homogeneous and clear nanoemulsion with % transmittance of 91.97±1.11%, emulsification time of 56.42±0.72 seconds, and pH of 5.67±0.24. Particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of the optimal formula were 229.47±38.79 nm, 0.41±0.10, and -39.13±0.19 mV, respectively. Evaluation of nanoemulgel physical properties showed homogeneous, pH value of 5.83±0.24, spreadability of 5.57±0.25 cm, adhesive force of 3.80±0.25 seconds, viscosity of 11479.33±167.49 cP, antibacterial activity against P. acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis with inhibition zone diameters of 9.67±0.47 mm, 7.33±0.47 mm, and 5.67±0.47 mm. respectively. Nanoemulgel soursop leaf extract has suitable physical properties, and antibacterial activity is in the medium category.
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Mardhiyani, Dini, and Moni Afriani. "Antibacterial Activity Test Of Leaves Bidara (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam) Ethanolic Extracts Against Staphylococcus aureus." JPK : Jurnal Proteksi Kesehatan 10, no. 1 (2021): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36929/jpk.v10i1.343.
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Infection is the most common ilnness in public. One of the triggers of infection is bacteria. Bidara leaf (Ziziphus mauritiana L) is a plant that has antibacterial compounds is phenolics, saponins and triterpenoids/steroids. The study aims to test antibacterial potency Staphylococcus. antibacterial activity testing was carried out using paper disc difussion methode, the etanol extract show antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus Aureus which is characterized by the presence of clear zone on the media. The results of ethanol extract of bidara leaves with concentrations of 30%, 50% and 70% against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, the average diameter of inhibitory zones respectively were 8,39 mm, 10,64 mm and 12 mm with the positive control diameter of inhibition zone was 23,46 mm, the negative control diameter of inhibition zone was 0 mm.
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Holder, Ian Alan. "Incorrect Comparison Relating Test MICs and Clear Zone Diameter by Use of NAWD." Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 19, no. 2 (1998): 17A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004630-199803000-00020.
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Marlina, Elen, and Eka Nurdianty Anwar. "Uji Daya Hambat Air Rebusan Daun Teh Hijau ( Camellia sinensis, L) Terhadap Kutu Air (Tinea pedis)." Jurnal Vokasi Kesehatan 1, no. 1 (2022): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.58222/juvokes.v1i1.19.
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Green tea foliphenol catechins are hydroxylated phenols that can be toxic to microorganisms, these compounds form protein complexes and inhibit the work of enzymes that act on cell membranes so that they damage the microbial membrane. The aim of this study was to determine the most effective concentration of green tea leaf (Camellia sinensis, L) boiled water on the growth of the water flea fungus (Tinea pedis). This research was conducted at the Pathology Laboratory of the Harapan Bangsa Health Analyst Academy, Bengkulu on July 13-17, 2020. The sampling technique was simple random sampling and the inhibition zone was the diffusion method. In this study, the results obtained at 20% concentration obtained a clear zone with a diameter of 7 mm, 40% obtained a clear zone with a diameter of 7.3 mm, 60% obtained a clear zone with a diameter of 7.6 mm, 80% obtained a clear zone with a diameter of 9, 3 mm and 100% obtained clear zone with a diameter of 11.5 mm. The results of this study can be said that the boiled water of green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis, L) is most effective against the growth of the water flea fungus (Tinea pedis) at a concentration of 100% of 11.5 mm..