Academic literature on the topic 'Cleft sentences'
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Journal articles on the topic "Cleft sentences"
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Karssenberg, Lena, Karen Lahousse, Béatrice Lamiroy, Stefania Marzo, and Ana Drobnjakovic. "Non-prototypical clefts." Non-prototypical clefts 32 (December 31, 2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00014.kar.
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Abstract In this article we present an overview of current debates in the analysis of cleft sentences. The types of sentences that are often seen as prototypical examples of the cleft category are introduced by it is or a cross-linguistic equivalent; in addition, they have specificational semantics and a focus-background information structure articulation. We argue here that other, less prototypical types of constructions, which have received less attention, also belong to the cleft category: sentences that are introduced by expressions such as there is and you’ve got (and their cross-linguistic equivalents), as well as sentences introduced by it is which do not have specificational semantics and which express other types of information structure articulations (e.g. all-focus or topic-comment). We argue that it is fruitful to analyse these ‘non-prototypical’ clefts in more depth, not only to come to a better understanding about these sentence types in their own right, but also to arrive at insights in the phenomenon of ‘clefts’ in general.
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Ennaji, Moha, and Fatima Sadiqi. "The Syntax of Cleft Sentences in Berber." Studies in Language 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 53–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.10.1.04enn.
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This paper claims that the cleft sentence in Berber has many interesting aspects of both the simple and the complex sentences; however, this construction seems to derive from the basic simple sentence rather than from the complex sentence, since it involves just one main verb and behaves like an S, and not like an NP. The pragmatic implications of the cleft sentence reveal that the clefted constituents are generally contrasted with other constituents of the same structural status in some previous discourse. It is also argued that a WH-movement analysis of the cleft construction is intuitively plausible since clefting involves constituents being moved to the initial position of the sentence. The aim of this paper is to give a syntactic description of the cleft sentence in Berber.1 The reason for undertaking this study is that clefts in Berber pose interesting problems in terms of their structural possibilities, their pragmatic effect and their possible derivation.
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Paul, Rhea. "The emergence of pragmatic comprehension: a study of children's understanding of sentence-structure cues to given/new information." Journal of Child Language 12, no. 1 (February 1985): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900006292.
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ABSTRACTThird- and fifth-grade children, who had passed pretests of comprehension for words and sentence types used in the experiment, were tested on their ability to assign given/new roles in active, passive and cleft sentences controlled for stress. The experimental task involved a best-fit judgement that required the child to decide which one of two context sentences was the first part of a story continued by the target sentence. There was a significant difference in response to passive and cleft sentences, as opposed to actives. Despite a strong statistical tendency to perform correctly on passives and clefts, there were a substantial number of subjects who performed near chance in all sentence conditions. Five individual patterns of response to the task are identified. Strategies used by subjects in responding to the task, and the implications of the results for functionalist theories of language acquisition are discussed.
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Fischer, Klaus. "Cleft Sentences: Form, Function, and Translation." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 21, no. 2 (June 2009): 167–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542709000257.
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Although cleft sentences are possible constructions in both English and German, they are far more frequent in English texts. Durrell (2002: 479) observes in his Hammer's German Grammar and Usage that “with the exception of the type Er war es, der mich davon abhielt […], cleft sentence constructions sound unnatural in German and should be avoided.” The article discusses the form and function of cleft sentences in the context of other focusing devices. It shows that, although German and English cleft sentences have the same information structure, their stylistic value is very different. Using a short translation, Durrell's observation is confirmed: in translating cleft sentences into German, semantic equivalence is often sacrificed for stylistic appropriateness. Although structural features of both languages are the ultimate cause of the contrast, they cannot explain choices in each individual case. The article argues that structural typology should be complemented with a typology of parole: the respective frequencies of cleft sentences in both languages reflect neatly into the more verbal style, more hierarchical sentence construction and, in certain respects, greater semantic transparency of English texts (by comparison with their German counterparts).*
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De Cesare, Anna-Maria. "French adverbial cleft sentences." Non-prototypical clefts 32 (December 31, 2018): 86–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00017.dec.
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Abstract The goal of this contribution is to deepen our knowledge of French cleft sentences through the study of a special category of clefts called adverbial clefts. The issues that we will address concern their form, discourse frequency and boundaries with resembling structures. In order to shed light on these issues, we start by defining the concept of adverbial from a morphosyntactic and functional point of view. We then present a corpus-based description of the categories of adverbials that can be cleaved. Finally, we propose a general semantic principle capable of describing and explaining, in a coherent and unitary way, both the data obtained in our empirical study and found in the form of constructed examples in the existing literature. In addition to explaining why certain adverbials can be cleaved while others cannot, this principle also allows for a distinction to be made between two syntactic realizations of the structure ‘c’est Adv que p’, as well as for a solution to the controversial issue of the status of domain adverbials.
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Madadzhe, R. N. "Cleft sentences in Venda." South African Journal of African Languages 19, no. 2 (January 1999): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.1999.10587386.
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Ahlemeyer, Birgit, and Inga Kohlhof. "Bridging the Cleft." Languages in Contrast 2, no. 1 (December 31, 1999): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.2.1.03ahl.
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Using real translation data, this paper examines the facts and reasons underlying the various translations of English it-clefts into German. Corpora of translated English-German texts reveal that only about a third of English it-clefts (or less, depending on text type) are translated with the German equivalent, a Spaltsatz. This may in part be due to differences in the restrictions the two languages place on the focused XP with regard to both grammatical function and category. Against this background we look at the different structures that German uses to render the English it-cleft. It is notable that even where the German Spaltsatz is a grammatically possible translation, other structures are frequently employed instead. This shows that factors such as the discoursefunction (s) of cleft sentences also play a decisive role in selecting stylistically well-formed translations. After a thorough study and analysis of a small sample of translated it-clefts (English-German) in their contexts, we propose the following hypothesis: The main discourse function of English it-clefts — the focusing of an XP element — may not only be translated into German with a Spaltsatz, but can also be presented adequately by introducing specific word orders, focusing particles, or both. In this way, the often cumbersome German cleft construction is dropped in favor of mono clausal sentences.
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Hupet, Michel, and Brigitte Tilmant. "How to make young children produce cleft sentences." Journal of Child Language 16, no. 2 (June 1989): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900010400.
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ABSTRACTThe present study focuses on the effects of contextual demands on the selection of a particular syntactic device, in asking whether French-speaking children from 4 to 10 years old will spontaneously produceit-cleft sentences if there is a functional necessity arising from the context. Taking into account recent studies that have specified the discourse function(s) served by this marked sentence form, it was hypothesized that the cleft formulation would be more likely than its uncleft counterpart whenever the child's intention was to contrast their own belief or knowledge with that of their addressee. The study showed this to be the case when the matter of the disagreement concerned the agent of an action: that situation elicited an overwhelming majority (from 80% to 97%) of cleft constructions, even from the youngest children. On the other hand, when the matter of the disagreement concerned the patient, there were only a few cleft constructions, even with the oldest children; contrastive stress on the object constituent was the predominant device employed for marking information in that situation. The high proportion of clefts in the Agent condition, and the high proportion of stressed object constituents in the Patient condition, both differ from previously reported data. These differences are discussed with reference to differences in task requirements and to differences between the prosodie constraints of French and English.
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Gomes, Juliana Novo, and Aniela Improta França. "Processing it-cleft sentences in Brazilian Portuguese: an ERP study of leftward-moved constituents in role-reversed sentences." Revista Linguíʃtica 16, Esp. (November 7, 2020): 495–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.31513/linguistica.2020.v16nesp.a43720.
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In this paper we deepened on the processing of cleft role-reversed structures, based on empirical evidence of standard Brazilian Portuguese (BP). We used the electrophysiological technique (EEG/ERP) to map distinguished syntactic and semantic processes, for instance, the N400 and the P600, addressing the focus structures in It-clefts clauses structured in three different experimental conditions: (i) Congruous Cleft Condition: It was the SURFER that the shark attacked in Hawaii; (ii) Reversed Cleft Condition: It was the SHARK that the surfer attacked in Hawaii; and (iii) Incongruous Cleft Condition: It was the COUCH that the shark attacked in Hawaii. Taken together, our findings suggest that the presence of P600s related to role-reversed sentences in previous studies could be attributed to the syntactic reanalysis, instead of the processing of the role reversed item per se. Also, the presence of an N400 effect to the reversals could be due to the frustration of the strong combination of contextual constraints and strong lexical association. Our results make a unique contribution to the ERP response profiles, specially regarding the relationship between the role-reversals and the animacy violations in the Cleft structural frame. Our ERP findings seem to be compatible with the long-held assumption that the N400 and P600 appear to be modulated by the subject-object asymmetry, and were sensitive to, respectively, the semantic attraction between words in the sentences and, the congruency of the predicate. We thus claim that the syntactic anomalies blocked the detection of semantic anomalies, therefore, semantically incongruous sentences, such as role-reversals were perceived to be odd due to a syntactic constraint satisfaction that assigns the right theta-roles to the verbs arguments despite the semantic cues.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------O PROCESSAMENTO DE SENTENÇAS CLIVADAS NO PORTUGUÊS DO BRASIL: UM ESTUDO DE ERP DE CONSTITUINTES MOVIDOS PARA A ESQUERDA EM SENTENÇAS COM PAPEIS TEMÁTICOS REVERSOSNeste artigo nos profundamos no processamento de estruturas clivadas com argumentos reversos, com base nas evidências empíricas do Português Brasileiro (PB) padrão. Utilizamos a técnica eletrofisiológica (EEG / ERP) para mapear processos sintáticos e semânticos distintos, por exemplo, o N400 e o P600, relacionados às estruturas de foco em cláusulas estruturadas em três diferentes condições experimentais: (i) Condição clivada Congruente: Foi o SURFISTA que o tubarão atacou no Havaí; (ii) Condição de clivada Invertida: Foi o TUBARÃO que o surfista atacou no Havaí; e (iii) Condição clivada incongruente: Foi o SOFÁ que o tubarão atacou no Havaí. Tomados em conjunto, nossos resultados sugerem que a presença de P600s relacionados a sentenças invertidas em estudos anteriores poderia ser atribuída à reanálise sintática, em vez do ser relativo ao processamento do item de papel invertido em si. Além disso, a presença de um efeito N400 nas reversões de argumento pode ser devido à frustração da forte combinação de restrições contextuais combinadas a forte associação lexical. Nossos resultados prestam alguma contribuição para o entendimento dos padrões de resposta do ERP, especialmente no que diz respeito à relação entre as reversões de papéis e as violações de animacidade no quadro estrutural das clivadas. Os ERP que colhemos parecem ser compatíveis com a suposição já de longa data de que o N400 e P600 parecem ser modulados pela assimetria sujeito-objeto, e são também sensíveis à atração semântica entre as palavras nas frases. Assim, afirmamos que as anomalias sintáticas bloquearam a detecção de anomalias semânticas, portanto, sentenças semanticamente incongruentes, como reversões de papéis, foram percebidas como estranhas devido a uma satisfação de restrição sintática que atribui os papéis teta corretos aos argumentos dos verbos, apesar do viés semântica.---Original em inglês.
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Faghiri, Pegah, and Pollet Samvelian. "A corpus-based description of cleft constructions in Persian." Faits de Langues 52, no. 1 (July 23, 2021): 183–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05201009.
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Abstract This paper presents a corpus-based description of cleft constructions in Persian showing that they display more diversity and complexity than currently described in the literature. Previous studies have only focused on constructions that echo one of the three main classes of clefts (IT-clefts, pseudoclefts and reversed pseudoclefts), and generally use Persian data in parallel to their English counterparts in order to contribute to the ongoing theoretical debates on the analysis of clefts. In order to achieve a more accurate picture of Persian clefts, we annotated and studied cleft and cleft-like sentences in a sample of about 550 relative clauses extracted from a journalistic corpus. Our study revealed new categories of cleft constructions that have not been reported previously; in particular, the lexically headed pseudoclefts whose usage is straightforwardly linked to the abundance of noun-verb light verb constructions in Persian. Moreover, we take issue with some claims made in prior work on the nature of the demonstrative in Persian IT-clefts based on empirical arguments.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cleft sentences"
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Patten, Amanda L. "Cleft sentences, construction grammar and grammaticalization." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/27175.
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This thesis examines the structure and function of the English it-cleft configuration within the framework of construction grammar. My analysis begins with the claim that it-clefts are a subtype of specificational copular sentence. After identifying problems with previous accounts, I outline my own, original analysis of specificational NP be NP sentences. I argue that specificational meaning involves an asymmetric predication relation and is dependent upon the inherent semantics of definite noun phrases (rather than syntactic movement). I treat nominal predication set theoretically, as a semantic relation between members and sets. I claim that specificational meaning is brought about by a reinterpretation of the class-membership relation involving definite NP predicates, whereby the referent is identified as the unique member of a restricted and existentially presupposed set. As a member of the family of specificational copular sentences, the it-cleft inherits properties from the more basic construction. From this, it follows that it-clefts should also involve a nominal predication relation, containing a definite NP predicate. This leads me to argue in favour of a non-derivational extraposition-from-NP analysis of it-clefts, in which the pronoun it and the cleft clause (analysed here as a restrictive relative) function together as a discontinuous definite description. My analysis improves on similar accounts of this type in two ways. First, since my analysis explains the role that definite descriptions play in the creation of specificational meaning, I am able to explain, rather than simply identify, the numerous similarities between it-clefts and definite noun phrases. Second, my analysis of specificational sentences as involving a nominal predication relation allows for a straightforward account of the relationship between specificational and predicational it-clefts. The thesis also examines the historical development of the it-cleft construction. I show that (a) much of the it-cleft's structure is reminiscent of an earlier stage of the language and (b) the construction has become increasingly schematic and productive over time, sanctioning instances which override inheritance from the more basic specificational schema. In this way, the historical evidence provides an explanation for the it-cleft's idiosyncratic properties. Together, my synchronic and diachronic analyses add up to a maximally explanatory account of the it-cleft construction.
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Elgerwi, Ibtisam. "The pragmatics of IT-cleft and WH-cleft sentences in literary texts with reference to English-Arabic translation." Thesis, Durham University, 2013. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9402/.
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Transferring the pragmatic meaning of cleft sentences from one language into another is one of the most problematic issues in any translation task whether oral or written. It requires adequate knowledge of the linguistic and structural features as well as of the cultural peculiarities of such constructs in both languages. Filature to apply such knowledge will result in an ambiguous and inaccurate translation, and hence, communication breakdown. The aim of this study is to highlight the role of pragmatics in translation, focusing on IT-cleft and WH-cleft sentences involved in an Arabic translation of Charles Dickens’s A Tale of Two Cities by Mounir Albᶜlbakki. The study tries to determine whether the translation of the clefts in this translated literary text is pragmatically transferred into the target text. The analysis in this thesis is carried out to investigate the following hypotheses: (1) ignoring the pragmatic meaning of IT-cleft sentences and WH-cleft sentences leads to inadequate rendering and consequently communication failure; (2) understanding of the pragmatic meaning of a literary text requires a comprehensive knowledge of its setting; and (3) in translation, transferring the basic/general meaning of the source text is easier than transferring its pragmatic meaning. For this purpose, this study provides a comprehensive linguistic and pragmatic analysis of the English novel and its Arabic translation. The researcher examines the translation of (32) from the total of (68) extracts in the light of their original settings and situations to pinpoint the pragmatic meaning of the clefts. The results show that: (1) while 59 % of the pragmatic meaning of the analysed cleft sentences has always not been preserved nonetheless achieved 41 % success-rate has been achieved in this regard; (2) instances of non pragmatic achievment that occurred in the translation of the extracts were due to the translator’s unfamiliarity with or unawareness of the importance of translating such structures; and (3); Albᶜlbakki’s translation of the novel concentrate on lexical accuracy rather than conveying the communicative value and pragmatic meaning of the source text.
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Vigo, Eugenio M. "Copular inversion and non-subject agreement." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/397778.
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In this thesis I propose an explanation for the facts of copular inversion in Spanish, Catalan, and other Romance languages, as well as in German. Copular inversion is a phenomenon found in some languages, in which, at least superficially, the copula may be found agreeing with the postverbal DP instead of the preverbal DP. At first sight it appears that the agreeing postverbal DP is the subject of the sentence, but in this work I provide evidence that this is not the case: the agreeing postverbal DP is, in fact, the complement of the copula. This yields a singular case of non-subject agreement in Spanish, Romance and the rest of copular inversion languages that is not found in the rest of the grammar of these very same languages (e.g. they do not ever show object-agreement in transitive sentences). This requires an explanation that is integrated with the rest of the grammars of the languages. I claim that coreference is the driving force behind the presence of copular inversion: in copular inversion languages, all verbs actually seek agreement with it and all those grammatical functions that are coreferential with the subject. In intransitive and transitive sentences, the only possible candidate is the subject, but in copular sentences the complement is usually coreferential with the subject. The choice of the agreeing function among the possible candidates is decided with respect to a Person-Number Hierarchy: the copula will always agree with the function that has the most marked person and number agreement features with respect to it. This requires challenging the standard view of LFG by which the lexical entries of verbs determine the person and number features of the subject: the solution requires accepting that the person and number features of the verb must be represented in a function-independent “bundle” that is unified with the right grammatical function according to syntactic well-formedness constraints in an OT setting. Additionally to explain the facts of copular inversion languages, the proposed OT-LFG hypothesis predicts why other languages do not have copular inversion. Moreover, the proposed hypothesis can easily be extended to other phenomena of non-subject agreement, e.g. Catalan cleft sentences, Icelandic non-subject agreement in “quirky case” constructions, English locative inversion and agreement phenomena in the Dargwa family of languages.En la presente tesis doctoral expongo una explicación para la inversión copulativa –presente en la mayoría de las lenguas romances como también en alemán–. Este fenómeno consiste, superficialmente, en que la cópula concuerda con el sintagma nominal posverbal en vez del preverbal. A primera vista, esto puede parecer simplemente que el sujeto se encuentra en posición posverbal, pero la evidencia que se presenta en este trabajo demuestra que ese sintagma posverbal no es el sujeto, sino el complemento del verbo. Por tanto, esta es una construcción singular en la que un verbo concuerda con un no-sujeto, con la misma morfología empleada para la concordancia con el sujeto, cosa absolutamente inusitada para la gramática de las lenguas analizadas –que carecen de cualquier tipo de concordancia verbo-objeto, por ejemplo–. Así pues, defiendo que la inversión copulativa es consecuencia del hecho de que la concordancia en estas lenguas es, en realidad, entre el verbo y alguna función gramatical que sea correferente con el sujeto, incluido el propio sujeto. Naturalmente, solo las oraciones copulativas poseen dos funciones correferentes con el sujeto –el sujeto y el complemento–, debido al significado de la cópula; en otros tipos de oraciones, la única función disponible es el sujeto, por lo cual el verbo solo puede concordar con este. La función con la cual se concuerda será aquella correferente con el sujeto cuyos rasgos de persona y número sean los más marcados según una Jerarquía de Persona y Número. Para ello, es absolutamente necesario abandonar la premisa de la Gramática Léxico-Funcional por la cual la concordancia del verbo se establece en su entrada léxica como una determinación de los rasgos de las funciones gramaticales concordantes. Aquí defiendo que los verbos simplemente determinan sus rasgos de concordancia, independientes de toda función gramatical, y que estos son unificados con los rasgos de una u otra función o funciones según restricciones formales de la gramática que, en este trabajo, se estipulan en un marco teórico inspirado en la Teoría de la Optimidad. Esto me permite explicar por qué existen lenguas como el inglés que carecen de dicha construcción e, incluso, explicar fácilmente otros fenómenos de concordancia verbal con no-sujetos en otras lenguas, como, por ejemplo, en islandés en construcciones de sujeto en caso oblicuo, en la inversión locativa presente en inglés y en general en las lenguas dargwa.
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Hsieh, Chia-ling, and 謝佳玲. "Focusing Constructions in Mandarin Chinese: Cleft and Pseudocleft Sentences." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30665791555414522181.
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Young-Stein, Yu-yuan, and 楊尤媛. "A Study of the Information Structures of Cleft Sentences in Chinese and German with Pedagogical Applications." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25370359855578530400.
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博士國立臺灣師範大學
華語文教學系
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Chinese information structure is a derived structure, extended from basic structure by modifying syntax and semantics for purposes of communications. As information structures are very often understood as basic structures, learners frequently struggle with such sentences. Therefore, explaining the syntax and function of derived structures is a major pedagogical issue in Chinese as a second language. The cleft sentence structure in Chinese indicates informational focus within a sentence. Teng was the first to study Chinese cleft sentences in 1979; Tang (1981) and other linguists have continued this research. However, all of them have different opinions about the function and the syntactic category of "是" (shi) and "的" (de) within these sentences. This thesis uses Teng's (1997) theory of cleft sentence structures to demonstrate that "是"(shi) acts not as a verb, but as a focus marker, using Fang's (1995) definition of focus markers. While others consider "的" (de) to be a "past tense affirmative particle", from the standpoint of information structure, it acts as a "presupposition" marker. Furthermore, this work uses the weak formulation of the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis to investigate the differences between Chinese and German cleft sentences in order to assist native German speakers in their pursuit of the Chinese language. This dissertation provides a pedagogical grammar for describing the grammar points and content of cleft sentences to native speakers of German, using both overt and covert instruction where appropriate to design a teaching sequence. This section first defines the difficulty levels and cross-languages distances of Chinese cleft sentences to establish the teaching sequence. Current Chinese teaching materials are examined and deficiencies in teaching cleft sentences are addressed to appropriate suggestions.
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Dubišarová, Zdislava. "Francouzské vytýkací konstrukce a jejich protějšky v češtině a ve španělštině." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-406140.
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French cleft sentences and their counterparts in Czech and in Spanish The aim of this thesis is to describe the impact of the thematic-rhematic structure to the occurrence of cleft sentences in French language using the theory of functional sentence perspective, also, this thesis searches possible Czech and Spanish equivalents of this structure in literature. In both of these languages exist cleft sentences, however we can also find other ways in how to divide the sentence to the theme and rheme parts, which, also means various ways on how to translate this French structure. Within the theory of functional sentence perspective we will describe the differences between the syntax of these three languages which imply the use of different linguistic resources to connect the language utterance to the context and also to emphasize one constituent of the sentence. One of the aims of this thesis is to find and describe actually used translations of this structure from French language to Czech language and to Spanish language, their variability, frequency depending on the type of text and last but not least, other factors affecting the choice of the translation. The thesis is aiming to connect the findings from theoretical and practical part so we can find out which language resources are possible to be...
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Řeháková, Petra. "Vytýkací konstrukce v norštině a ve francouzštině." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-309667.
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This thesis deals with cleft senteces in Norwegian and French. The analysis is carried out on Norwegian originals and their French translations. This makes it possible to study the cleft sentence in the same context. Cleft sentences in Norwegian were analysed from the functional sentence perspective, syntactic and morfological point of view. It means that I studied the contextual dependece or indepence of the sentence elements and their degree of communicative dynamism, syntactic function of the focused elements and which words represent the focused elements. The main aim of the thesis is to find out how cleft sentences are translated from Norwegian to French
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ELIŠKOVÁ, Kristýna. "Syntaktické prostředky rematizace v současné francouzštině - srovnání s češtinou." Master's thesis, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-51360.
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The aim of the thesis "Syntactic Means of Rhematisation in Contemporary French in Comparison to Czech" is to describe syntactic means of rhematisation in French and denote its parallel in Czech language. First part of the thesis deals with the theoretical resources concerning Functional sentence perspective mainly in Czech-written literature by the most important authors (F. Daneš, J. Firbas, P. Sgall and others) and it also describes French conceptions by B. Combettes and M. Rothenberg concerning thematisation and rhematisation in French. The second part, which is practical, shows the concrete use of means described. The phrases are quoted from the literary texts contained in language corpus InterCorp.
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Kudrnová, Anna. "Rématický podmět v psané angličtině v pravidelném preverbálním postavení vs. vytčení vytýkací konstrukcí." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-329195.
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The thesis aims to describe and compare the use of two English syntactic structures: sentences with a rhematic subject in the preverbal position and it-clefts with focused subject. It does so from the viewpoint of functional sentence perspective as conceived and elaborated by the members of the Prague Linguistic School and their Brno School followers. The main goal of the thesis is to determine whether the constructions are mutually exclusive or whether they can be under certain circumstances interchangeable. For the purposes of the analysis, 200 example sentences were collected from contemporary fiction, i.e. 100 for each construction. Subsequently, their relevant features were examined, especially those concerning dynamic semantic scales and realization form of the subjects; these aspects were expected to differ. The analysis has shown that each of the constructions has rather specific uses and they overlap only rarely, in sentences in which the two basic dynamic semantic scales, the Presentation Scale and the Quality Scale, intersect.
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Beták, Kryštof. "Vytýkací konstrukce v odborném stylu: diachronní vývoj frekvence a funkcí v přírodních a humanitních vědách." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-415053.
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This diploma thesis maps the diachronic tendencies in the frequency and functions of it-cleft sentences in two sub-registers of academic prose, humanities and natural sciences, from 1800 to 2019. Biber and Gray (2016) showed changes in grammatical complexity in academic writing, namely the shift between phrasal and clausal grammatical complexity and explicitness, which motivated the hypothesis of this thesis, i.e. that the frequency of it-clefts is expected to decrease in the course of 20th century in both sub-registers with the development being faster and more salient in natural sciences. General description presents the syntactic and semantic properties of it-clefts together with discussion about FSP and the distinction between new and given information, as the objective of the thesis is also to study the development of the functional types of clefts. The empirical part analyses a corpus of 170 academic texts, covering the time period under study. It is divided into sections based on time periods displaying similar features concerning the frequency of it-clefts in natural sciences and humanities. The analysis confirms that the expected decrease in the frequency of it-clefts is clearly notable in the case of natural sciences, while in humanities the frequency of it-clefts in individual texts...
Books on the topic "Cleft sentences"
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Ayyat, Jamal. The role of pragmatics in the English Arabic translation of cleft sentences. Salford: University of Salford, 1986.
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Declerck, Renaat. Studies on copular sentences, clefts, and pseudo-clefts. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, 1988.
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Hastuti, Tri Iryanti. Kalimat terbelah (cleft sentence) dalam bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1995.
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Huber, Stefan. Es-Clefts und det-Clefts: Zur Syntax, Semantik und Informationsstruktur von Spaltsätzen im Deutschen und Schwedischen. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 2002.
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Collins, Peter C. Cleft and Pseudo-Cleft Constructions in English. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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Tomioka, Satoshi. Information Structure in Japanese. Edited by Caroline Féry and Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.42.
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Japanese is known to have rich encoding of information structure in its grammar. Focus and givenness can be prosodically marked, and there are syntactic structures that are sensitive to information structure, such as cleft sentences, right dislocation, and a variety of phonologically silent structures. This chapter introduces core empirical facts surrounding Japanese information structure, which form the basis of numerous theoretical endeavours. Special attention is paid to the properties ofwa-marked phrases. While the particlewais closely tied to the notion of ‘aboutness’ topic, it has other uses that are not obviously connected to aboutness. The grammar ofwa-marking also figures prominently in the discussion of a few additional issues that the chapter addresses, namely contrastiveness and its possible link to scalar implicature, and the recursively/embeddability of topicality in the context of ‘embedded root phenomena’.
Book chapters on the topic "Cleft sentences"
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Butt, John, and Carmen Benjamin. "Nominalizers and cleft sentences." In A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish, 458–63. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8368-4_36.
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Guitart, Jorge M. "On Spanish cleft sentences." In Studies in Romance Linguistics, 129. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.60.09gui.
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Howkins, Angela, Christopher Pountain, Teresa de Carlos, and Javier Muñoz-Basols. "Nominalizers and cleft sentences." In Practising Spanish Grammar, 185–88. Fourth edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Practising grammar workbooks: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429441165-29.
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Gundel, Jeanette K. "Contrastive perspectives on cleft sentences." In Languages and Cultures in Contrast and Comparison, 69–87. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pbns.175.06gun.
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Hedberg, Nancy. "Multiple focus and cleft sentences." In Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 227–50. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.208.08hed.
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Clech-Darbon, Anne, Georges Rebuschi, and Annie Rialland. "Are There Cleft Sentences in French?" In Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 83. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.24.04cle.
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Stenson, Nancy. "Focus and emphasis with cleft sentences." In Modern Irish, 67–72. New York : Taylor & Francis, 2019. |: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315302034-10.
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Delin, Judy. "Towards a model for generating cleft sentences." In Pragmatics at Issue, 113. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pbns.6.1.09del.
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Kamio, Akio. "Cleft Sentences and the Territory of Information." In Interdisciplinary Approaches to Language, 353–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3818-5_18.
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Kato, Mary Aizawa, and Ilza Ribeiro. "Cleft sentences from Old Portuguese to Modern Portuguese." In Studies in Language Companion Series, 123–54. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.112.06kat.
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