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Karssenberg, Lena, Karen Lahousse, Béatrice Lamiroy, Stefania Marzo, and Ana Drobnjakovic. "Non-prototypical clefts." Non-prototypical clefts 32 (December 31, 2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00014.kar.
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Abstract In this article we present an overview of current debates in the analysis of cleft sentences. The types of sentences that are often seen as prototypical examples of the cleft category are introduced by it is or a cross-linguistic equivalent; in addition, they have specificational semantics and a focus-background information structure articulation. We argue here that other, less prototypical types of constructions, which have received less attention, also belong to the cleft category: sentences that are introduced by expressions such as there is and you’ve got (and their cross-linguistic equivalents), as well as sentences introduced by it is which do not have specificational semantics and which express other types of information structure articulations (e.g. all-focus or topic-comment). We argue that it is fruitful to analyse these ‘non-prototypical’ clefts in more depth, not only to come to a better understanding about these sentence types in their own right, but also to arrive at insights in the phenomenon of ‘clefts’ in general.
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Ennaji, Moha, and Fatima Sadiqi. "The Syntax of Cleft Sentences in Berber." Studies in Language 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 53–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.10.1.04enn.
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This paper claims that the cleft sentence in Berber has many interesting aspects of both the simple and the complex sentences; however, this construction seems to derive from the basic simple sentence rather than from the complex sentence, since it involves just one main verb and behaves like an S, and not like an NP. The pragmatic implications of the cleft sentence reveal that the clefted constituents are generally contrasted with other constituents of the same structural status in some previous discourse. It is also argued that a WH-movement analysis of the cleft construction is intuitively plausible since clefting involves constituents being moved to the initial position of the sentence. The aim of this paper is to give a syntactic description of the cleft sentence in Berber.1 The reason for undertaking this study is that clefts in Berber pose interesting problems in terms of their structural possibilities, their pragmatic effect and their possible derivation.
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Paul, Rhea. "The emergence of pragmatic comprehension: a study of children's understanding of sentence-structure cues to given/new information." Journal of Child Language 12, no. 1 (February 1985): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900006292.
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ABSTRACTThird- and fifth-grade children, who had passed pretests of comprehension for words and sentence types used in the experiment, were tested on their ability to assign given/new roles in active, passive and cleft sentences controlled for stress. The experimental task involved a best-fit judgement that required the child to decide which one of two context sentences was the first part of a story continued by the target sentence. There was a significant difference in response to passive and cleft sentences, as opposed to actives. Despite a strong statistical tendency to perform correctly on passives and clefts, there were a substantial number of subjects who performed near chance in all sentence conditions. Five individual patterns of response to the task are identified. Strategies used by subjects in responding to the task, and the implications of the results for functionalist theories of language acquisition are discussed.
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Fischer, Klaus. "Cleft Sentences: Form, Function, and Translation." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 21, no. 2 (June 2009): 167–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542709000257.
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Although cleft sentences are possible constructions in both English and German, they are far more frequent in English texts. Durrell (2002: 479) observes in his Hammer's German Grammar and Usage that “with the exception of the type Er war es, der mich davon abhielt […], cleft sentence constructions sound unnatural in German and should be avoided.” The article discusses the form and function of cleft sentences in the context of other focusing devices. It shows that, although German and English cleft sentences have the same information structure, their stylistic value is very different. Using a short translation, Durrell's observation is confirmed: in translating cleft sentences into German, semantic equivalence is often sacrificed for stylistic appropriateness. Although structural features of both languages are the ultimate cause of the contrast, they cannot explain choices in each individual case. The article argues that structural typology should be complemented with a typology of parole: the respective frequencies of cleft sentences in both languages reflect neatly into the more verbal style, more hierarchical sentence construction and, in certain respects, greater semantic transparency of English texts (by comparison with their German counterparts).*
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De Cesare, Anna-Maria. "French adverbial cleft sentences." Non-prototypical clefts 32 (December 31, 2018): 86–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00017.dec.
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Abstract The goal of this contribution is to deepen our knowledge of French cleft sentences through the study of a special category of clefts called adverbial clefts. The issues that we will address concern their form, discourse frequency and boundaries with resembling structures. In order to shed light on these issues, we start by defining the concept of adverbial from a morphosyntactic and functional point of view. We then present a corpus-based description of the categories of adverbials that can be cleaved. Finally, we propose a general semantic principle capable of describing and explaining, in a coherent and unitary way, both the data obtained in our empirical study and found in the form of constructed examples in the existing literature. In addition to explaining why certain adverbials can be cleaved while others cannot, this principle also allows for a distinction to be made between two syntactic realizations of the structure ‘c’est Adv que p’, as well as for a solution to the controversial issue of the status of domain adverbials.
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Madadzhe, R. N. "Cleft sentences in Venda." South African Journal of African Languages 19, no. 2 (January 1999): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.1999.10587386.
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Ahlemeyer, Birgit, and Inga Kohlhof. "Bridging the Cleft." Languages in Contrast 2, no. 1 (December 31, 1999): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.2.1.03ahl.
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Using real translation data, this paper examines the facts and reasons underlying the various translations of English it-clefts into German. Corpora of translated English-German texts reveal that only about a third of English it-clefts (or less, depending on text type) are translated with the German equivalent, a Spaltsatz. This may in part be due to differences in the restrictions the two languages place on the focused XP with regard to both grammatical function and category. Against this background we look at the different structures that German uses to render the English it-cleft. It is notable that even where the German Spaltsatz is a grammatically possible translation, other structures are frequently employed instead. This shows that factors such as the discoursefunction (s) of cleft sentences also play a decisive role in selecting stylistically well-formed translations. After a thorough study and analysis of a small sample of translated it-clefts (English-German) in their contexts, we propose the following hypothesis: The main discourse function of English it-clefts — the focusing of an XP element — may not only be translated into German with a Spaltsatz, but can also be presented adequately by introducing specific word orders, focusing particles, or both. In this way, the often cumbersome German cleft construction is dropped in favor of mono clausal sentences.
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Hupet, Michel, and Brigitte Tilmant. "How to make young children produce cleft sentences." Journal of Child Language 16, no. 2 (June 1989): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900010400.
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ABSTRACTThe present study focuses on the effects of contextual demands on the selection of a particular syntactic device, in asking whether French-speaking children from 4 to 10 years old will spontaneously produceit-cleft sentences if there is a functional necessity arising from the context. Taking into account recent studies that have specified the discourse function(s) served by this marked sentence form, it was hypothesized that the cleft formulation would be more likely than its uncleft counterpart whenever the child's intention was to contrast their own belief or knowledge with that of their addressee. The study showed this to be the case when the matter of the disagreement concerned the agent of an action: that situation elicited an overwhelming majority (from 80% to 97%) of cleft constructions, even from the youngest children. On the other hand, when the matter of the disagreement concerned the patient, there were only a few cleft constructions, even with the oldest children; contrastive stress on the object constituent was the predominant device employed for marking information in that situation. The high proportion of clefts in the Agent condition, and the high proportion of stressed object constituents in the Patient condition, both differ from previously reported data. These differences are discussed with reference to differences in task requirements and to differences between the prosodie constraints of French and English.
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Gomes, Juliana Novo, and Aniela Improta França. "Processing it-cleft sentences in Brazilian Portuguese: an ERP study of leftward-moved constituents in role-reversed sentences." Revista Linguíʃtica 16, Esp. (November 7, 2020): 495–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.31513/linguistica.2020.v16nesp.a43720.
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In this paper we deepened on the processing of cleft role-reversed structures, based on empirical evidence of standard Brazilian Portuguese (BP). We used the electrophysiological technique (EEG/ERP) to map distinguished syntactic and semantic processes, for instance, the N400 and the P600, addressing the focus structures in It-clefts clauses structured in three different experimental conditions: (i) Congruous Cleft Condition: It was the SURFER that the shark attacked in Hawaii; (ii) Reversed Cleft Condition: It was the SHARK that the surfer attacked in Hawaii; and (iii) Incongruous Cleft Condition: It was the COUCH that the shark attacked in Hawaii. Taken together, our findings suggest that the presence of P600s related to role-reversed sentences in previous studies could be attributed to the syntactic reanalysis, instead of the processing of the role reversed item per se. Also, the presence of an N400 effect to the reversals could be due to the frustration of the strong combination of contextual constraints and strong lexical association. Our results make a unique contribution to the ERP response profiles, specially regarding the relationship between the role-reversals and the animacy violations in the Cleft structural frame. Our ERP findings seem to be compatible with the long-held assumption that the N400 and P600 appear to be modulated by the subject-object asymmetry, and were sensitive to, respectively, the semantic attraction between words in the sentences and, the congruency of the predicate. We thus claim that the syntactic anomalies blocked the detection of semantic anomalies, therefore, semantically incongruous sentences, such as role-reversals were perceived to be odd due to a syntactic constraint satisfaction that assigns the right theta-roles to the verbs arguments despite the semantic cues.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------O PROCESSAMENTO DE SENTENÇAS CLIVADAS NO PORTUGUÊS DO BRASIL: UM ESTUDO DE ERP DE CONSTITUINTES MOVIDOS PARA A ESQUERDA EM SENTENÇAS COM PAPEIS TEMÁTICOS REVERSOSNeste artigo nos profundamos no processamento de estruturas clivadas com argumentos reversos, com base nas evidências empíricas do Português Brasileiro (PB) padrão. Utilizamos a técnica eletrofisiológica (EEG / ERP) para mapear processos sintáticos e semânticos distintos, por exemplo, o N400 e o P600, relacionados às estruturas de foco em cláusulas estruturadas em três diferentes condições experimentais: (i) Condição clivada Congruente: Foi o SURFISTA que o tubarão atacou no Havaí; (ii) Condição de clivada Invertida: Foi o TUBARÃO que o surfista atacou no Havaí; e (iii) Condição clivada incongruente: Foi o SOFÁ que o tubarão atacou no Havaí. Tomados em conjunto, nossos resultados sugerem que a presença de P600s relacionados a sentenças invertidas em estudos anteriores poderia ser atribuída à reanálise sintática, em vez do ser relativo ao processamento do item de papel invertido em si. Além disso, a presença de um efeito N400 nas reversões de argumento pode ser devido à frustração da forte combinação de restrições contextuais combinadas a forte associação lexical. Nossos resultados prestam alguma contribuição para o entendimento dos padrões de resposta do ERP, especialmente no que diz respeito à relação entre as reversões de papéis e as violações de animacidade no quadro estrutural das clivadas. Os ERP que colhemos parecem ser compatíveis com a suposição já de longa data de que o N400 e P600 parecem ser modulados pela assimetria sujeito-objeto, e são também sensíveis à atração semântica entre as palavras nas frases. Assim, afirmamos que as anomalias sintáticas bloquearam a detecção de anomalias semânticas, portanto, sentenças semanticamente incongruentes, como reversões de papéis, foram percebidas como estranhas devido a uma satisfação de restrição sintática que atribui os papéis teta corretos aos argumentos dos verbos, apesar do viés semântica.---Original em inglês.
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Faghiri, Pegah, and Pollet Samvelian. "A corpus-based description of cleft constructions in Persian." Faits de Langues 52, no. 1 (July 23, 2021): 183–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05201009.
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Abstract This paper presents a corpus-based description of cleft constructions in Persian showing that they display more diversity and complexity than currently described in the literature. Previous studies have only focused on constructions that echo one of the three main classes of clefts (IT-clefts, pseudoclefts and reversed pseudoclefts), and generally use Persian data in parallel to their English counterparts in order to contribute to the ongoing theoretical debates on the analysis of clefts. In order to achieve a more accurate picture of Persian clefts, we annotated and studied cleft and cleft-like sentences in a sample of about 550 relative clauses extracted from a journalistic corpus. Our study revealed new categories of cleft constructions that have not been reported previously; in particular, the lexically headed pseudoclefts whose usage is straightforwardly linked to the abundance of noun-verb light verb constructions in Persian. Moreover, we take issue with some claims made in prior work on the nature of the demonstrative in Persian IT-clefts based on empirical arguments.
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Widmer, Paul. "Satzspaltung im Avestischen und Altpersischen (mit einem Ausblick auf das Mittelpersische)." Indo-Iranian Journal 55, no. 2 (2012): 119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/001972412x620178.
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AbstractThis paper investigates the formal and functional properties of cleft sentences in Avestan and Old Persian, a construction whose existence has not been recognised in these languages hitherto. In Avestan, cleft sentences mainly function as focussing device, whereas in Old Persian, their principal function consists in the structuring of information on a text level. It is, furthermore, pointed to the fact that the usage of cleft sentences increases considerably in Middle Persian where this construction developed a much wider range of formal and functional properties as compared to the older stages of Iranian.
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Doherty, Monika. "Clefts in Translations between English and German1." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 11, no. 2 (December 31, 1999): 289–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.11.2.06doh.
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Abstract A great number of translation problems are linguistic in nature, but they can only be properly diagnosed and their solutions 'objectively ' assessed if one takes account of the context in which the problematic elements occur. The paper focuses on a prototypical case of such translation problems: English cleft sentences and their counterparts in German. Clefts are claimed to establish a rhetorical relation with a propositional antecedent located beyond the local context, thus contributing to the formation of textual macro-structures. While the local context determines the focal interpretation of clefts within the current discourse, the appeal to earlier ideas attributes to the cleft a higher degree of contextual relevance.
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Abdulameer Hashim AL-Ghazali, Tawfeeq. "Cleft Sentences in Spoken Arabic of Iraq." International Journal of Language and Linguistics 4, no. 1 (2016): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijll.20160401.14.
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Wertheimer, A. "Special types of cleft sentences in Syriac." Journal of Semitic Studies 46, no. 2 (September 1, 2001): 221–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jss/46.2.221.
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WERTHEIMER, A. "SPECIAL TYPES OF CLEFT SENTENCES IN SYRIAC." Journal of Semitic Studies XLVI, no. 2 (January 1, 2001): 221–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jss/xlvi.2.221.
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Fichtner, Edward G. "Cleft sentences in English: A comprehensive view." WORD 44, no. 1 (April 1993): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1993.11435891.
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Thornton, Rosalind, Hirohisa Kiguchi, and Elena D’Onofrio. "Cleft sentences and reconstruction in child language." Language 94, no. 2 (2018): 405–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2018.0021.
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Kim, Suk-Jin. "Movement Analysis on Korean ‘Kesun’ Cleft Sentences." Urimal Society 59 (October 31, 2019): 75–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.35902/urm.2019.59.75.
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Smith, Jennie, Tim Pring, and Debbie Sell. "Speech Methodologies in Cleft Palate Assessment: A Pilot Project to Compare Two Phonetically Different Sentence Sets." Journal of Clinical Speech and Language Studies 20, no. 1 (September 1, 2013): 49–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/acs-2013-20106.
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Objective: To investigate the impact of the phonetic content of two sentence sets on speech outcomes, specifically the effects of nasal phonemes. Method: Audio-video recordings of a consecutive series of 15 participants (age range 4–22 years), with cleft palate (syndromic or non-syndromic), with and without velopharyngeal dysfunction were taken. Participants repeated Sentence Set 1 (with nasals across sentences) and Sentence Set 2 (without nasals except the three nasal target sentences) during a routine speech recording. Two experienced Specialist Speech and Language Therapists, blinded to the study’s purpose, analyzed participants’ speech using the Cleft Audit Protocol for Speech-Augmented (CAPS-A). On day 1, recordings included Sentence Set 1. On day 2, 23 days later, recordings included Sentence Set 2. Main results: The difference between Sentence Set 1 and Sentence Set 2 ‘total scores’ (sum of scores on all CAPS-A parameters) was significant. The Pearson Product Moment showed high correlation. A Wilcoxon test revealed a significant difference between Sets 1 and 2 on the hypernasality parameter, and this alone accounted for the significant difference in total scores. Conclusion: The inclusion or exclusion of nasal consonants in the sentence set significantly affected perceptual ratings of hypernasality but none of the other CAPS-A parameters, highlighting the need for further investigation into perceptual nasality ratings.
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Sornicola, Rosanna. "It-Clefts and Wh-clefts: two awkward sentence types." Journal of Linguistics 24, no. 2 (September 1988): 343–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700011828.
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The aim of this paper is to examine two constructions, It-Cleft Sentences (e.g. It is me who/that wrote the book) and Wh-Cleft Sentences (e.g. The one who wrote the book is me), which constitute a problematic area of contemporary research in grammar.It-Cleft Sentences and Wh-Cleft Sentences (henceforth ICS and WCS, respectively) appear in a number of languages which are typologically different from each other, and have some, but not all, of their characteristics in common. In Malayalam, for example, in the configuration of the ICS, S¯ is not recognizable: cf. Mohanan, 1978. Both ICS and WCS are present in many European languages (although ICS seem to have a more limited geographic distribution) and in Chinese. In the Semitic languages (Arabic, Hebrew) only the WCS type occurs. The present paper will deal mainly with English constructions and will also present, at the syntactic level, a comparative analysis between the constructions in English and the corresponding constructions in the Romance languages (French, Italian and Spanish). This comparison is useful in that it allows us to study the existence of a field of variability in the syntactic properties characterizing the way these types of sentences are realized in European languages.
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Miller, A. Kate. "Accessing and maintaining referents in L2 processing of wh-dependencies." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 4, no. 2 (May 27, 2014): 167–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.4.2.02mil.
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This study considers the role of lexical access in the activation and maintenance of referents interacting with syntactic computations during the online processing of wh-dependencies in second-language French by beginning (N = 39), low intermediate (N = 40), and high intermediate (N = 35) learners. Two computer-paced reading tasks involving concurrent picture classification were designed to investigate trace reactivation during sentence processing: The first task targeted sentences that contained indirect object relative clauses, whereas the second task involved indirect object cleft sentences. Response time profiles for sentences containing English-French cognates as antecedents were compared with those for sentences with noncognate vocabulary. All learner participants produced differing response patterns for cognate and noncognate items. Intermediate learners’ response patterns were consistent with trace reactivation for cognate items only; noncognate items induced inhibitions or erratic response patterns. Additionally, a (French-English bilingual) native speaker control group (N = 35) showed the predicted response pattern with the noncognate items only. These findings indicate that the role of lexical access in sentence processing merits further consideration.
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박철우. "The Syntactic Structure of Cleft Sentences in Korea." Korean Language Research ll, no. 22 (June 2008): 76–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.16876/klrc.2008..22.76.
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Suastini, Ni Wayan, Ketut Artawa, Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya, and I. Ketut Darma Laksana. "Translation and Markedness." International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies 6, no. 4 (October 31, 2018): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.6n.4p.28.
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Translation is a task which involves different aspects of linguistics. Producing equivalent degree of markedness is one of linguistic competences which should be owned by the translators. This ability has a contribution in maintaining the thematic structure and the propositional meaning through the translation process. The present study is a descriptive analytical corpus-based aimed to analyze (1) the translation of English marked structures, those are passive, it-cleft, existential and pseudo-cleft into Indonesian, and (2) the ways presenting the thematic structures in the target language. The development of English marked sentences involves thematization process, therefore analyzing the ways in translating these marked sentences and transferring the thematic structures to their Indonesian counterparts are interesting to be conducted. The corpus found in an English book entitled The Intelligent Investor and its Indonesian translation. The corpus is a parallel data consists of 191 marked English sentences and their Indonesian translations. Comparative analysis conducted to the data showed that 78.5% of the marked English sentences were translated into marked sentences in Indonesian. Translating the marked English sentences into Indonesian marked sentences supported the process of preserving the information.
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Schleif, Eshan Pua, Kazlin Mason, and Jamie L. Perry. "English-Only Treatment of Compensatory Speech Errors in a Bilingual Adoptee With Repaired Cleft Palate: A Descriptive Case Study." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 30, no. 3 (May 18, 2021): 993–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_ajslp-20-00072.
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Purpose The purpose of this clinical focus article is to provide a descriptive case study of a late-adopted, bilingual adolescent with cleft palate speech errors. Specifically, we examined the cross-linguistic generalization of remediated compensatory cleft errors, following treatment in English (second language) only. The overarching goal of this study is to gain insights into the complexity of speech intervention for the adopted population with delayed cleft palate repair. Method A 14-year-old female adopted from China with a repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate and maladaptive articulation errors underwent 55 one-hour sessions of a motor-based, speech therapy approach over a 15-month span, targeting English phonemes only. Pre-, mid-, and posttreatment evaluation included perceptual and instrumental assessment of speech and resonance. Outcome measures at each time point included perceptual speech and resonance ratings, nasometry scores, and percent consonants correct (PCC) in both English and Mandarin. Results PCC in English improved from 60% in single words and 35% in sentences pretreatment to 100% in single words and sentences during posttreatment assessment. Without direct treatment in Mandarin, PCC in Mandarin improved from 56% in single words and 50% in sentences pretreatment to 100% in single words and 99% in sentences during posttreatment assessment. Posttreatment nasometry scores decreased by 20% for the nasal sample and 17% for the oral sample compared to pretreatment. Conclusions This descriptive case study demonstrated successful remediation of cleft palate speech errors, following 15 months of treatment in a late-adopted bilingual adolescent using a motor-based therapy approach. Treatment of errors in English (second language) led to generalization of correct productions in Mandarin (first language). This study presents the potential for bilingual late adoptees to achieve intelligible speech in both languages when motor-based therapy principles are applied to intervention.
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Lirola, Maria Martinez. "An Analysis of Alan Paton’s Cry, The Beloved Country as a Discourse of Hope through Cleft Sentences." Buckingham Journal of Language and Linguistics 4 (October 31, 2011): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/bjll.v4i0.38.
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This paper is intended to demonstrate that the recurrent use of the marked syntactic structure called a cleft sentence in the novel Cry, the Beloved Country (1948) has certain communicative implications because it is a structure appropriate to express feelings and to highlight information in climactic situations within this novel.The analysis of cleft sentences in context will point out that they allow the writer to be conscious that he is assuring or denying something in a firm way and that they are also important structures for the textual organization of discourse.The linguistic framework of this paper is Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), a linguistic school that establishes a clear link between lexico-grammatical choices in the text and the relevant contextual factors surrounding it. Systemic linguistics explores how linguistic choices are related to the meanings that are being expressed.
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Matos, Gabriela, and Inês Catarino. "Sluicing e Pseudosluicing em português europeu e brasileiro." Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística, no. 3 (September 29, 2017): 191–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.26334/2183-9077/rapln3ano2017a12.
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Sluicing and Pseudosluicing are elliptical constructions that differ in Portuguese regarding the (im)possibility of preposition omission. Rodrigues et al. (2009) and Rodrigues (2016) claim that in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), and Spanish, this omission is apparent in Pseudosluicing, because the prepositional phrase occurs inside the elided cleft sentence that affects the overt wh-phrase (whP). European Portuguese (EP) shows that this apparent omission only occurs with whPs that are D-linked and the linguistic context permits the recovering of the nominal that expresses the kind of entities that are under inquire. When free relatives are involved in the cleft sentences, the omission of preposition is required, and the differences in acceptability between PE and PB are due to the narrow extension of the Preposition Drop phenomenon in EP.
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Altiner, Cennet. "Teaching of Focus Structures in English." Journal of Education and Training Studies 6, no. 11a (November 29, 2018): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i11a.3802.
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English permits certain non-prototypical sentence forms that have focusing or foregrounding effect. Focus structures place certain elements of the basic version of the sentence in different positions in order to make them more prominent. Due to the widespread usage of them, EFL/ESL teachers should be familiar with the grammar of these structures and how they are usually used, the points learners have difficulty with, and the necessary pedagogical implications for teaching these structures. However, the problems that ESL/EFL students have while using English focus structures have not been widely investigated. Thus, this paper firstly looks into the cleft sentences, formed through movement of constituents and other changes, and the sentences with fronting and left-dislocation involving only movement. Then, studies which reveal a clearer picture of learners' problems with these structures are presented. Finally, some activities are designed in order to show how focus structures can be handled in language learning classroom.
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De Cesare, Anna-Maria, and Davide Garassino. "On the status of exhaustiveness in cleft sentences: An empirical and cross-linguistic study of English also-/only-clefts and Italian anche-/solo-clefts." Folia Linguistica 49, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 1–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin-2015-0001.
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AbstractThe goal of the paper is to shed new light on the semantics and pragmatics of cleft sentences by discussing the exhaustive interpretation typically associated with these complex syntactic structures. Based on a fine-grained analysis of the contexts in which “exhaustiveness” can be cancelled as well as reinforced by English
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Kruchten, J. M. "Deux Cas Particuliers De Phrase Coupée Sans L'Opérateur Énonciatif 'IN." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 82, no. 1 (December 1996): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030751339608200111.
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Recent studies have shown that cleft sentences sometimes lack the introductory particle in when their first member is a personal name. Thus, the difficulties arising from the translation of the dedication formula ‘(king) NN ir.n.f m mnw.f’ may be easily resolved if we consider this very ancient pattern, first found on the Palermo Stone, as such an example of cleft sentence without in, built on the nominal śdm.n.f in the second member (Pattern in NN /śdm.n.f). Another very common stereotyped pattern beginning with a personal name may also be recognized as such a participial statement without in: the formula engraved on many bronze statuettes of the Late Period, ‘(god/goddess) NN di 'nḫ’. Suggested translations of these formulae are ‘it is (the king) NN who did (this) as his monument (to)’ and ‘it is (the god) NN who gave life (to)’.
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Calude, Andreea S., and Gerald P. Delahunty. "Inferentials in spoken English." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 307–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.21.3.02cal.
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Although there is a growing body of research on inferential sentences (Declerck 1992, Delahunty 1990, 1995, 2001, Koops 2007, Pusch 2006), most of this research has been on their forms and functions in written discourse. This has left a gap with regards to their range of structural properties and allowed disagreement over their analysis to linger without a conclusive resolution. Most accounts regard the inferential as a type of it-cleft (Declerck 1992, Delahunty 2001, Huddleston and Pullum 2002, Lambrecht 2001), while a few view it as an instance of extraposition (Collins 1991, Schmid 2009). More recently, Pusch’s work in Romance languages proposes the inferential is used as a discourse marker (2006, forthcoming). Based on a corpus study of examples from spoken New Zealand English, the current paper provides a detailed analysis of the formal and discoursal properties of several sub-types of inferentials (positive, negative, as if and like inferentials). We show that despite their apparent formal differences from the prototypical cleft, inferentials are nevertheless best analysed as a type of cleft, though this requires a minor reinterpretation of “cleft construction.” We show how similar the contextualized interpretations of clefts and inferentials are and how these are a function of their lexis and syntax.
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Forker, Diana. "Floating agreement and information structure." Studies in Language 40, no. 1 (April 29, 2016): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.40.1.01for.
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This paper investigates the morphosyntactic and pragmatic properties of floating person agreement in Sanzhi Dargwa (Nakh-Daghestanian, Russia). Person agreement enclitics can occur on the verb or on other constituents (NPs, adverbs, or pronouns). In the latter case, they seem to function like constituent focus markers because they emphasize their host, but this effect is limited to elicited sentences. Floating agreement in Sanzhi Dargwa is compared to similar constructions in other Nakh-Daghestanian languages (Udi, Lak) which have been analyzed as synchronic in situ clefts or as diachronically arising from clefts. The paper shows that a synchronic cleft analysis for floating agreement in Sanzhi must be rejected, and it is argued that diachronically they originate from identificational copula constructions.
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Trindade, Inge E. K., Renata P. Yamashita, Roberto M. Suguimoto, Reinaldo Mazzottini, and Alceu S. Trindade. "Effects of Orthognathic Surgery on Speech and Breathing of Subjects with Cleft Lip and Palate: Acoustic and Aerodynamic Assessment." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 40, no. 1 (January 2003): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_2003_040_0054_eoosos_2.0.co_2.
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Objective To evaluate the impact of orthognathic surgery on acoustic nasalance of subjects with cleft and investigate the causes of possible changes by analyzing velopharyngeal function and nasal patency. Design/Patients Nasalance was measured in 29 subjects with operated cleft palate ± lip before (PRE) and 45 days (POST1) and 9 months (POST2) after surgery, on average. In 19 of the patients, the minimum velopharyngeal (VP) and nasal cross-sectional (N) areas were also determined. Interventions Le Fort I osteotomy with maxillary advancement in combination with procedures involving the nose, maxilla, mandible or all three. Main Outcome Measures Nasalance, VP area, N area. Results We observed: (1) a significant (p < .05) increase in mean nasalance at POST1 and POST2, compared with PRE during the reading of oral sentences and nasal sentences; at POST2, high nasalance on the oral sentences was observed in 45% of the patients with normal nasalance at PRE, and 57% of patients with low nasalance on the nasal sentences at PRE no longer presented abnormal nasalance; (2) a significant increase in mean VP area at POST1; two borderline patients demonstrated deterioration of VP closure at POST2, compared with PRE; and (3) a significant increase in mean N area at POST2, with 73% of patients no longer presenting subnormal areas seen at PRE. Conclusions On a long-term basis, orthognathic surgery modifies speech nasalance of some subjects with cleft, perhaps because of an increase in internal nose size. This may also improve nasal patency for breathing.
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Warren, Tessa, and Edward Gibson. "Effects of NP type in reading cleft sentences in English." Language and Cognitive Processes 20, no. 6 (December 2005): 751–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01690960500051055.
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Haugland, Kari E. "A note on cleft and existential sentences in old English∗." English Studies 74, no. 5 (October 1993): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00138389308598872.
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Walker, Andreas, and Maribel Romero. "Counterfactual Donkey Sentences: A Strict Conditional Analysis." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 25 (November 17, 2015): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v25i0.3056.
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We explore a distinction between ‘high’ and ‘low’ readings in counterfactual donkey sentences and observe three open issues in the current literature on these sentences: (i) van Rooij (2006) and Wang (2009) make different empirical predictions with respect to the availability of ‘high’ donkey readings. We settle this question in favour of van Rooij’s (2006) analysis. (ii) This analysis overgenerates with respect to weak readings in so-called ‘identificational’ donkey sentences. We argue that pronouns in these sentences should not be analysed as donkey pronouns, but as concealed questions or as part of a cleft. (iii) The analysis also undergenerates with respect to NPI licensing in counterfactual antecedents. We propose a strict conditional semantics for counterfactual donkey sentences that derives the correct licensing facts.
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Haacke, Wilfrid H. G. "Syntactic focus marking in Khoekhoe ("Nama/Damara")." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 46 (January 1, 2006): 105–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.46.2006.338.
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Khoekhoe syntax exhibits an unusually flexible constituent structure. Any constituent with a lexical head can be preposed into the focal initial slot immediately before the PGN-marker that marks the subject position. Two strategies of focalisation by foregrounding need to be distinguished: inversion and fronting. Inversion amounts to an inversion of subject and predicate in their entirety. Such sentences have two readings, though, according to their underlying constituent structure: "predicative" or "copulative". Fronting amounts to the preposing of a lexical constituent into the focal initial slot, with subsequent dislocation of the lexical specification of the subject from that slot.
The present analysis has wider implications, particularly: The generally accepted view that Khoekhoe has coreferential/equational "copulative" sentences of the type NPsubject = NPcomplement is a fallacy. Such sentences actually are sentences with their predicate fronted into the focal initial slot. They amount to cleft constructions.
The fact that the primary focal position is immediately before the PGNmarker of the subject is further independent evidence for the "desentential hypothesis", according to which subject and object NPs in the underlying matrix sentence consist of only an enclitic PGN-marker, and for the claim that Khoekhoe underlyingly is a SVO language, not a SOV language as generally held. By implication these findings affect the analysis of other Central Khoesaan languages.
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DESTRUEL, EMILIE, and BRYAN DONALDSON. "Second language acquisition of pragmatic inferences: Evidence from the Frenchc'est-cleft." Applied Psycholinguistics 38, no. 3 (November 21, 2016): 703–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716416000400.
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ABSTRACTThis paper examines the extent to which second language (L2) speakers of French acquire the semantic and pragmatic (or interpretive) properties associated with thec'est-cleft, specifically the exhaustive inference. This phenomenon is relevant to theories of language acquisition because it is situated at the interface of syntax and pragmatics. The results from a forced-choice task challenge the empirical adequacy of the interface hypothesis (Sorace, 2011, 2012; Sorace & Filiaci, 2006), which claims that external interfaces between a linguistic module and a cognitive module remain problematic even at the highest levels of L2 acquisition. The results from 40 L2 learners at three proficiency levels reveal development from nontargetlike to nativelike behavior. In particular, the high-proficiency group interprets thec'est-cleft, as well as canonical subject–verb–object sentences and sentences with exclusives (i.e.,seul(ement)“only”), in a statistically identical way to the French native speaker control group.
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Geist, Ljudmila, and Joanna Błaszczak. "Kopulasätze mit den pronominalen Elementen "to/ėto" im Polnischen und Russischen." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 16 (January 1, 2000): 115–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.16.2000.35.
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In this paper we investigate the structure of specificational sentences like [Raskol'nikov]NP 1 - ėto [ubìjca staruxi]NP2 'Raskolnikov - that is the murderer of the old lady' in Russian and Polish, which - depending on the type of NP1 and NP2 - correspond to English pseudo-cleft-constructions (What Raskolnikov is is the murderer of the old lady) and specificational sentences (The person I like most is my father), respectively. We propose that the Slavic constructions can be analysed similarly to their English counterparts: the first fragment contains a semantic variable, which is specified in the second fragment.
We show that the pronouns "ėto" <Rus.> / "to" <Pol.>, which are obligatory in Slavic specificational sentences, have two functions. 1. the deictic function: "ėto/to" take an open proposition available in the discourse or reconstructed from it, and assign this open proposition to another proposition, which provides the value for the variable of the open proposition. 2. the operative function: "ėto/to" link two syntactically independent fragments, the first of which can be semantically interpreted as an indirect question comparable to the wh-clause in the English pseudo-clefts, and the second as an answer to this question.
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Zhang, Heyou. "Where do they come from?" Cognitive Linguistic Studies 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 197–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.1.2.02zha.
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Much work has been done to explore the origin and functions of the Chinese “Shi…De” construction, but there are still some problems left unsolved. Firstly, there is no consensus on what a syntactic category the “Shi…De” construction belongs to. Second, no agreement has been reached with regard to the functions of De and Shi in the “Shi…De” construction. Third, the reason why Chinese chooses “Shi…De” to assume the function of focusing is not clear. Moreover, though previous studies have discussed the origin and the diachronic distribution of this construction, the mechanism for its generation or its genesis is left untouched. This paper discussed the Chinese “Shi…De” construction from a synchronic perspective. The findings include: (1) The Chinese “Shi…De” constructions are essentially assertive sentences which relate to the grammaticalization of Shi; (2) De as an empty word is a particle at the phrase level and a functor together with a Shi at the sentence level; (3) The “Shi…De” construction is endowed with its own semantic function; (4) The mechanism for forming Chinese cleft sentences is analogy.
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Takano, Yuji. "Exploring Merge: A new form of sideward movement." Linguistic Review 37, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 7–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2019-2033.
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AbstractThis paper explores Merge and proposes a new form of sideward movement (double sideward movement) carried out by a new application of External Merge. Double sideward movement occurs in the following way: given a syntactic object S containing XP and YP, Merge applies to XP and YP, and creates {XP, YP} outside S, thus causing XP and YP to undergo sideward movement at the same time. It is argued that multiple clefts (cleft sentences with multiple phrases in the focus position) in Japanese are derived by double sideward movement of the multiple focus phrases and that this derivation is responsible for certain surprising properties of Japanese multiple clefts, some well known and others newly discovered, including the lack of island effects and the presence and absence of clausemate effects. Other consequences are discussed for the nature of operator movement and scrambling as well as for restrictions on the application of Merge.
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Jeong, Jaehoon. "The role of prosodic boundaries in comprehension of Korean pseudo-cleft sentences." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 122, no. 5 (2007): 3018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2942787.
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Kato, Mary Aizawa. "Free and depedent small clauses in Brazilian Portuguese." DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada 23, spe (2007): 85–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-44502007000300007.
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This paper examines free small clauses, which, unlike dependent small clauses, exhibit peculiar properties: (a) they are restricted to occur with individual level and event adjectives, (b) they have to appear with the subject postposed. After considering several hypotheses on the nature of this inversion, it is proposed that these adjectives are of the ergative type, while the stage level adjectives are unergatives. Small clauses with ergative adjectives can be complements of a third copula distinct from the attributive 'ser' and the stative 'estar', which underlies cleft constructions. The derivation of free small clauses is parallel to canonical cleft sentences.
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Trnavac, Radoslava. "Cataphoric use of serbian impersonal genderless pronouns ovo, to, ono in cleft sentences." Juznoslovenski filolog, no. 69 (2013): 347–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1369347t.
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The objective of the paper is to analyze Serbian impersonal genderless pronouns ovo, to, ono (this, it, that) from the perspective of their cataphoric use and different distribution within clefts and pseudoclefts. The author argues that the above pronouns have full semantic meaning in these constructions. Their cataphoric use is based on the parameters of minimal Distance and strong Unity (Accessibility Theory, ARIEL, 1990, 2001), while the difference in distribution within clefts/pseudoclefts is triggered by various cognitive statuses (GUNDEL, HEDBERG et al. 1993) that they create in the mind of conversational participants.
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van der Wal, Jenneke, and Jacky Maniacky. "How ‘person’ got into focus: Grammaticalization of clefts in Lingala and Kikongo areas." Linguistics 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2014-0033.
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AbstractIn several Bantu languages in the regions where Kikongo and Lingala are spoken, we encounter sentences where the word ‘person’ can appear after the subject of a canonical SVO sentence, resulting in a focused interpretation of the subject. Synchronically, we analyze this as a monoclausal focus construction with moto ‘person’ as a focus marker. Diachronically, we argue, the construction derives from a biclausal cleft, where moto functioned as the head noun of the relative clause. This is a crosslinguistically rare but plausible development. The different languages studied in this paper show variation in the properties indicative of the status of the ‘moto construction’, which reflects the different stages of grammaticalization. Finally, we show how contact-induced grammaticalization is a likely factor in the development of moto as a focus marker.
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Baylis, Adriane, Linda D. Vallino, Juliana Powell, and David J. Zajac. "Lexical Selectivity of 2-Year-Old Children With and Without Repaired Cleft Palate Based on Parent Report." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 57, no. 9 (April 2, 2020): 1117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665620915060.
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Objective: To determine vocabulary and lexical selectivity characteristics of children with and without repaired cleft palate at 24 months of age, based on parent report. Participants: Forty-nine children with repaired cleft palate, with or without cleft lip (CP±L; 25 males; 21 cleft lip and palate, 28 CP only), 29 children with a history of otitis media (OM) and ventilation tubes (21 males), and 25 typically developing (TD) children (13 males). Main Outcome Measure(s): Parent-reported expressive vocabulary was determined using the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory: Words and Sentences. Results: Vocabulary size was reduced for children with repaired CP±L compared to children in the TD group ( P = .025) but not the OM group ( P = .403). Mean percentage of words beginning with sonorants did not differ across groups ( P = .383). Vocabulary size predicted sonorant use for all groups ( P = .001). Conclusions: Children with repaired CP±L exhibit similar lexical selectivity relative to word initial sounds compared to noncleft TD and OM peers at 24 months of age, based on parent report.
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Bressmann, Tim, Tamara Eick, and Jennifer Pardo. "Effect of the Visual Presentation of a Craniofacial Syndrome on Speech Intelligibility in Noise." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 56, no. 8 (January 22, 2019): 1038–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665618825403.
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Objective: Research has argued that a speaker’s facial appearance can result in an “intelligibility cost” for the listener. The study investigated whether such an intelligibility cost exists for a visible repaired cleft lip and nasal asymmetry. Setting: University department. Participants: Eight typical speakers provided speech samples. Twenty-eight naive listeners participated in a speech in noise experiment. Interventions: Listeners transcribed sentences in noise that were paired with faces of individuals with repaired cleft lip and nasal asymmetry or typical faces. They also rated speaker intelligibility and answered a questionnaire about their previous knowledge about cleft lip and palate. Main Outcome Measures: Percentage of words transcribed correctly and intelligibility ratings, compared by experimental condition (photo of typical face or face with repaired cleft lip and nasal asymmetry) and speaker gender. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between speech stimuli that were presented with faces with repaired cleft lip and nasal asymmetry or typical faces. The percentage of words transcribed correctly by the listeners was lower for female speakers ( F = 12.7, df = 1; P < .01). Speech intelligibility of female speakers was rated more poorly ( F = 10.5, df = 1; P < .01). Conclusions: Presence of a repaired cleft lip and nasal asymmetry did not result in an intelligibility cost for naive listeners. Future research should investigate possible effects of facial motion or previous knowledge.
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Déprez, Viviane, and Marie-Thérèse Vinet. "Predicative Constructions and Functional Categories in Haitian Creole." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 12, no. 2 (January 1, 1997): 203–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.12.2.03dep.
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This paper seeks to provide a unified analysis of the particle se in Haitian Creole, traditionally identified as an equality marker, a resumptive pronoun, or a focus marker. This study also serves to illustrate the role and the structural organization of functional projections in this non-inflected language. Under the proposed analysis, se (as well as ye, which has long been recognized as bearing a relation to se) is not a verbal copula; rather, it is a predicate forming aspectual head. A unified analysis based on general principles of UG is offered for se, appearing in predicative sentences, in nominal clefts, and in predicate cleft constructions. It is argued that in all these contexts, se always occurs with DP predicates or predicates headed by a functional head, such as CP predicates, not with any other type of predicates.
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Caron, Bernard. "Clefts in Naija, a Nigerian pidgincreole." Faits de Langues 52, no. 1 (July 23, 2021): 159–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05201008.
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Abstract This paper is a corpus-based study of the various forms and uses of clefts in Naija, the largest West-African English lexifier pidgincreole, spoken in Nigeria and its diaspora as a second language by close to 100 million speakers. The data on which this paper is based is taken from the 500,000 word ANR-NaijaSynCor corpus, consisting of 300 samples of spontaneous speech, recorded in 2017 in 13 different locations in Nigeria, from 330 different speakers of both sexes, of various ages, education levels, and geographic origins. The quantitative data is taken from a sub-section of 9,621 sentences (almost 150,000 tokens) that constitute a syntactic treebank mirroring the social and geographic sampling of the full corpus. Clefts, pseudo-clefts and reverse pseudo- clefts are examined. Four types of clefts are described: wey-clefts, bare clefts, double clefts and zero-copula clefts. The properties of those clefting patterns are represented using a UD-type annotation scheme named SUD for Surface-Syntactic Universal Dependencies. The quantitative analysis of the data and comparison with former descriptions of the language underline the massive domination of bare clefts, and the emergence, among these various patterns, of a relative pronoun nãĩ “who/which” used only with cleft constructions, while the relativiser wey is being abandoned and specialises as relative clause operator.
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Karssenberg, Lena, and Karen Lahousse. "The information structure of French il y a clefts and c’est clefts: A corpus-based analysis." Linguistics 56, no. 3 (June 26, 2018): 513–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2018-0004.
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AbstractThis article investigates the distributional and information structural (IS) properties ofil y a‘there is’ clefts in comparison withc’est‘it is’ clefts in French.Il y aclefts, which are prototypically said to be “presentational” or express all-focus, are relatively under-researched with respect toc’estclefts. We present the results of an extensive corpus study ofil y aclefts in three different registers, revealing that these clefts most often express an all-focus articulation, but also quite often express a focus-background articulation, which has not been acknowledged often in the linguistic literature. Moreover, the corpora contain contrastiveil y aclefts (displaying properties of both all-focus and topic-comment sentences), which to our knowledge have not been noticed before. It follows from these data that althoughc’estandil y aclefts can both express all-focus and focus-background, they clearly differ with respect to the topic-comment articulation and have specialized for different functions. Finally, several syntactic and pragmatic factors are presented that may account for the (distributive) differences between the two cleft types, e.g., the impossibility of non-(pro)nominal clefted elements inil y aclefts, genre differences, and the implication of exhaustivity.
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Mra, Zan, Joan E. Sussman, and Julie Fenwick. "HONC Measures in 4- to 6-Year-Old Children." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 35, no. 5 (September 1998): 408–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1998_035_0408_hmityo_2.3.co_2.
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Objective To collect normative data using Horii's Oral Nasal Coupling Index (HONC) from 4- to 6-year-old children without cleft palate to be used in the evaluation of young children with cleft palate. In addition, to determine whether HONC values in children are similar to those of adults and thus show that the HONC ratio successfully normalizes nasal accelerometric signals across age, gender, and vocal intensity. Design Measurement of accelerometric and acoustic signals from novel nasal and nonnasal utterances, which the children repeated after the experimenter. Measurements also included four sustained [m] productions, which were used to calibrate correction factors used to equate nasal and oral signals during a sustained [m] production. Setting Laboratory at a state university. Participants Ten girls and 10 boys, aged 4 to 6 years, with normal speech, language, and hearing. Results Differences of 13 dB (HONC) were found to separate nasal from nonnasal sentences. No significant difference in HONC score was found across gender for nasal/nonnasal sentences and [m] productions. The correction factors generated during [m] calibration procedures did not differ between girls and boys. Conclusions Horii Oral Nasal Coupling Index differences between nasal and nonnasal utterances appear to be valid and reliable measures in both children and adults for detection of disorders of nasal resonance.