Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Clematis'

The object of the investigation was to determine factors influencing the distribution of C. vitalba in New Zealand, and to distinguish areas which may be susceptible to infestation. Seed of C. vitalba required exposure to light for germination. Exposure 5 min/day to light resulted in significantly higher total germination than long exposure (16 hr photoperiod). Transplantation of C. vitalba seedlings into different forest types showed a strong correlation between survival and percentage of total photosynthetically active photon flux density (PPFD) received. Gas exchange measurements demonstrated a high PPFD saturation level for stomatal conductance and assimilation. Stomatal opening took 20 minutes to complete after transfer from shade to high PPFD. Shading of plants grown in a glasshouse experiment resulted in significantly less growth at light intensities of less than 14% of full sunlight. C. vitalba grew significantly faster on soil from a podocarp forest than on soil from a beech forest. Addition of phosphorus to the beech forest soil significantly increased growth but there was no response to added calcium. Seedlings of C. vitalba grew best in well drained soil. Waterlogged soil significantly reduced growth. The major factor influencing distribution of C. vitalba is soil drainage rather than a calcium requirement. Therefore C. vitalba is a light demanding plant which can establish only in relatively open sites. Podocarp forests south of Auckland on free-draining sites are extremely susceptible to invasion due to the high fertility of the soils under this forest type. Herbicide-soaked wooden plugs, inserted into mature sterns, proved to be a safe and effective control method.

Clematis vitalba, introduced to New Zealand from Europe in the early 1900s, is an invasive weed which poses a high risk to native forest remnants, particularly in the central North Island and upper and central South Island. Its dispersal techniques and rate of spread make it a particular challenge for managers attempting to control its range expansion. Is the population abundance and distribution of C. vitalba on Banks Peninsula seed or microsite limited? I tested the presence of seed limitation in three populations of C. vitalba at two sites by measuring seed dispersal and checking for the presence of a soil seed bank. At a location where C. vitalba is absent due to control efforts, I investigated the presence of a long-term seed bank and long-distance dispersal. I also tested the degree of microsite limitation in C. vitalba at the two sites by surveying the natural distribution of seedlings, monitoring seedling emergence after seed addition and measuring the survival and growth of planted seedlings. Soil samples taken from the Port Hills and Akaroa sites contained low amounts of previous-season C. vitalba seed (an average of 0.0125 seeds per m² in the forest and 0.0025 per m² in the open) and cofirmed the presence of a small short-term soil seed bank. Seed rain was greater at Akaroa (3912 seeds caught) than on the Port Hills (1507 seeds caught), which is also reflected in a larger seed bank at Akaroa. The distribution of natural seedlings and growth of planted seedlings suggests that the optimum habitat for this species varies among different life stages. At the site cleared of C. vitalba more than eight years ago, there were no seeds in the seed bank but new seeds arrived by long-distance dispersal. Overall, these results suggest that microsite limitation has a greater role near the parent plant and seed limitation becomes more pronounced at increasing distance from the seed source. Clematis vitalba populations continue to spread from ongoing long-distance dispersal and short-distance dispersal with lateral expansion of established populations; established populations are more likely to be limited by the availability of microsites while expanding populations will be seed limited at the edge of the population where plant density is low.

Clematis spp. L. is a twining vine covered in showy blooms. Typical growth of hybrids is from the main leader, producing a thin, unbranched plant with one cyme. Apical dominance is released by cutting back the vine during production. Cutting back, or pinching, of a plant is labor intensive and compromises bloom for vegetative growth at time of sales. The purpose of this project was to eliminate manual pinching by treating young plants with chemical plant growth regulators (PGRs) that enhance branching without removal of the apical meristem. The first project evaluated the use of Atrimmec (dikegulac sodium), Fascination (BA+GA4+7), Florel (ethephon), and Dropp 50 (thidiazuron) on Clematis cultivars Ernest Markham, and Hagley Hybrid, and Clematis viticella 'Polish Spirit.' Plants treated with 800 mg·L-1 Atrimmec, or 800 or 1200 mg·L-1 Fascination experienced an increase in branch numbers. The second experiment manipulated the ratio of the components of Fascination, 6-BA and GA4+7, to reduce phytotoxicity experienced in the first experiment. The optimal ratio to enhance branching was 1:1, which is the stock solution for Fascination. All ratios produced phytotoxic symptoms. A third experiment tested lower rates of thidiazuron and added CPPU (forchlorfenuron) to the list of PGRs to test. The last experiment took the most effective PGR treatments, Atrimmec at 800 mg·L-1, and Fascination at 800 or 1200 mg·L-1, and compared them to the current production practices of pinching. Large flowering cultivars of clematis were used, including 'Comotesse de Bouchard,' 'Ernest Markham,' and 'Hagley Hybrid.' Atrimmec increased branch numbers and suppressed leader lengths without a mechanical pinch. Results from Fascination varied by cultivar.
Master of Science

Phoma clematidina (Thum.) Boerema is identified as the causal agent of leaf spot and wilt of large flowered Clematis hybrids in New Zealand. Three distinct strains of the pathogen can be distinguished. Phoma clematidina is a wound pathogen normally forming leafspots on both wilt susceptible and resistant cultivars. The final wilt symptom is usually the result of nodal rotting or "stem girdling" following hyphal extension into the node from the infected leaf, as P. clematidina is not a true vascular pathogen. Resistance to wilt was shown to be manifest by abscission or senescence of infected leaves. Pathogenicity is associated with production of a toxin, ascochitine (C15H1605), which could be isolated from leaf lesions and culture filtrate. A reverse phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography system was developed to confirm purity of the ascochitine preparation before identification by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Identification was confirmed by 13C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. Ascochitine induced endogenous electrolyte leakage from sensitive leaf cells and caused blackening of leaf tissue similar to that observed in leaf lesions. The main organelles affected appear to be chloroplasts and mitochondria although extensive cellular damage is evident. Laboratory trials showed chlorothalonil and fenpropimorph to be the most effective fungicides in inhibiting P. clematidina spore germination and mycelial growth, and a mixture of these fungicides was used to effect control in the glasshouse. Cultural practices will however, remain an important factor in disease prevention and control.

The genus Clematis L. (Ranunculaceae) was used as a new model group to assess the role of the Himalayan orogeny on generation of biodiversity through investigations of its phylogeny, phylogeography and taxonomy. Although existing checklists include 28 species of Clematis from Nepal, a comprehensive taxonomic revision of available material in herbaria and additional sampling from fieldwork during this study has led to the recognition of 21 species of Clematis in Nepal, including one species (C. kilungensis) not previously recorded from Nepal. Exisiting phylogenetic and taxonomic concepts were tested with the addition of new samples from Nepal. The results highlight the shortcomings of the previous studies which were poorly resolved and indicate the need for a thorough revision of the sectional classification. Despite the increased sampling the results are still equivocal due to poor statistical support along the backbone of the phylogeny. Groups of species in well supported terminal clades are broadly comparable with results from previous studies although there are fewer clearly recognisable and well supported clades. The published dates for the evolution of Clematis were tested and the methodology of the previous study critically reappraised. The results indicate that the genus Clematis is approximately twice as old as previously reported and evolved in the middle Miocene. The phylogeny also demonstrates that, even allowing for poor support for the relationships between groups of species within Clematis, the extant Nepalese species must have multiple independent origins from at least 6 different colonisations. With their occurrence in the Pliocene and Pleistocene, these events are relatively recent in relation to the Himalayan orogeny, and may be linked more to the dispersal ability of Clematis than to the direct effects of the orogeny. Additional Nepalese samples of Koenigia and Meconopsis were added to exisiting datasets and these were reanalysed. The result from Clematis, Koenigia and Meconopsis were appraised in light of the the geocientific literature and previously published phylogeographic studies to create an overview of the drivers behind speciation in the Himalaya.

The phylogeny of Clematis, section Viorna, was characterized in this study using molecular data. Two nuclear introns were sequenced for a variety of taxa: actin and nitrate reductase. Actin intron sequence data yielded very little phylogenetic information. Some basal clades were resolved, but there were very few well supported relationships between species of the Viorna section in both the neighbor joining and maximum parsimony analyses. Nitrate reductase intron sequence data was slightly more variable. The number of well supported relationships in both the neighbor joining and maximum parsimony analyses for nitrate reductase was greater, but still not sufficient to yield an informative tree. Two possible explanations for the lack of variation are that these species have not evolved many differences in these intron sequences or that common alleles are flowing between the species. Hybrid analysis using the actin intron was inconclusive because the experimentally generated hybrid possessed an allele that neither parents tested had. More sampling from multiple individuals from both parent and multiple hybrid individuals is necessary to answer this question. The hybrid specimen tested was homozygous for the nitrate reductase intron marker, and both parents also possessed the allele. This did not directly support or refute the use of these markers for tracking the hybridization history within Clematis.

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Diversos biomateriais tem sido desenvolvidos para preencher ou reconstruir defeitos ósseos, dentre esses destaca-se a quitosana por seu potencial osteoindutor. Outras substâncias que tem despertado o interesse da comunidade científica são os fitoterápicos, nesse grupo encontra-se o mastruz (Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants), por apresentar capacidade de estimular e acelerar o reparo ósseo. Sendo assim, este trabalho objetivou desenvolver e avaliar esferas de quitosana/ Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants para aplicação como biomaterial para regeneração óssea. Para tanto foi feita a coleta e identificação botânica da espécie vegetal, em seguida foi produzido o extrato alcoólico bruto (EAB) do qual foi realizada a caracterização fitoquímica. Feito isso, foram confeccionadas esferas, pela técnica de geleificação ionotrópica, utilizando o Tripolifosfato de sódio (TPP) como agente de reticulação e em seguida as mesmas foram lavadas com água destilada e colocadas para secagem na estufa. Após esse processo, as esferas de quitosana e quitosana com diferentes concentrações do EAB foram caracterizadas utilizando Microscopia Ótica (MO); Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV); Espectroscopia na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR); Medida do diâmetro das mesmas; ensaios de Citotoxicidade in vitro, Biodegradação enzimática in vitro e Compressão. O resultado da caracterização fitoquímica, demonstrou a presença de esteróides, saponinas e principalmente flavonóides no extrato alcóolico bruto (EAB). A MO evidenciou a formação de esferas bem delimitadas e com tendência a ficarem mais escuras a medida em que se aumentava a concentração do EAB; a MEV revelou a presença de uma superfície externa enrugada e uma superfície interna com aspecto denso devido ao processo de secagem na estufa. O estudo químico realizado através do FTIR identificou todas as bandas características típicas de cada material estudado nesta pesquisa; e nas esferas produzidas, verificou-se a interação do TPP com a quitosana. A medida do diâmetro das esferas de quitosana sem incorporação EAB (Q0) foi menor em comparação aos demais grupos: quitosana+5% de EAB (Q5), quitosana+10% de EAB (Q10) e quitosana+20% de EAB (Q20). Todas as amostras foram consideradas não citotóxicas; com relação à biodegradação, na presença de lisozima, as esferas de todos os grupos apresentaram perda de massa em todos os tempos estudados, já na solução Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) foi observado um ganho de massa em todos os grupos nos diversos tempos estudados. O grupo Q0 suportou maior carga compressiva e também deformou mais, antes de fraturar, quando comparado aos grupos Q5, Q10 e Q20. Desta forma pode-se concluir que a metodologia para produção de esferas foi de fácil execução, sendo por tanto reprodutível e que por meio das caracterizações realizadas observou-se que o EAB, tornou as esferas maiores, atuou como agente reticulante da quitosana, aumentando o tempo de degradação e também a carga compressiva suportada e deformação sofrida até a fratura. Dessa forma a incorporação do EAB foi favorável para utilização das esferas como possível agente osteoindutor, visto que os produtos da sua degradação podem atuar com esse propósito, sendo as esferas do grupo Q20 as mais indicadas para áreas com dimensões anatômicas reduzidas
Several biomaterials have been developed to fill in or reconstruct bone defects, among these the chitosan stands out due to its osteoinductive potential. Other substances have aroused the interest of the scientific community are the phytotherapics, in this group can be found the ‘mastruz’ (Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants), for presenting the capacity of stimulating and accelerate bone repair. Thereby, this work aimed to develop and assess chitosan Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants spheres for application as a biomaterial for bone regeneration. For this purpose the collection and botanical identification was carried out, and after the crude ethanolic extract (CEE) was produced, and its phytochemical characterization was performed. Having done this, spheres were made, by the ionotropic gelation method, using the Sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as a cross-linking agent and after, they were washed with distilled water and placed to dry in the oven. After this process, the chitosan spheres and chitosan with different concentrations of the EAB were characterized using Optical Microscopy (OM); Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM); Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR); measurement of the diameter; in vitro Cytotoxicity, in vitro Enzymatic biodegradation and Compression tests. The result of the phytochemical characterization, demonstrated the presence of steroids, saponins and mainly flavonoids, in the crude ethanolic extract (CEE). The OM revealed the formation of well delimited spheres with a tendency of becoming darker as the EAB concentration increased; the SEM revealed the presence of a wrinkled external surface and an internal surface with a dense aspect due to the drying in the oven process. The chemical study performed by the FTIR identified all the bands typical characteristics of each material studied in this research; and in the produced spheres, the interaction of the TTP with the chitosan was found. The measures of the chitosan sphere’s diameters without the incorporation of the CEE (Q0) were smaller in comparison to the other groups: chitosan+5% of CEE (Q5), chitosan+10% of CEE (Q10) and chitosan+20% of CEE (Q20). All the samples were considered not cytotoxic; in relation to the biodegradation, in the presence of lysozyme, the spheres of all the groups presented mass loss at all the studied times, as for in the solution Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) a mass gain was observed in all the groups at the various studied moments. The Q0 group bared a greater compressive load and also deformed more, before fracturing, when compared to the Q5, Q10 and Q20 groups. This way it can be concluded that the methodology for the production of spheres was easy to carry out, therefore being reproducible and by means of the characterizations performed it was observed that CEE, made the spheres bigger, acted as a crosslinking agent of the chitosan, increasing the degradation time and also the supported compressive load and deformation suffered until the fracture. This way the incorporation of the CEE was favorable for the use of the spheres as a possible osteoinductor agent, seen as the products of their degradation may act with this purpose, being the spheres of the Q20 group the most indicated for areas with reduced anatomic dimensions.

P2X7-Rezeptoren stellen Schlüsselmoleküle bei der Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung proinflammatorischer Zustände, chronischer Schmerzen sowie der neuroglialen Kommunikation dar. Ihre Aktivität wird durch eine Vielzahl zellbiologischer Mechanismen beeinflusst. Dazu gehört die allosterische Modulation durch extrazelluläre niedermolekulare Stoffe. Die Entwicklung selektiver und potenter P2X7-Modulatoren ist darum Gegenstand intensiver Forschung. Bisher sind jedoch keine Pharmaka für die klinische Anwendung verfügbar. Die Untersuchung zugelassener pharmakologischer Substanzen in einem akademischen Screening erbrachte eine hohe Trefferrate für P2X7-Rezeptoren. In dieser Arbeit wird die P2X7-Wirkung einiger der potentesten allosterischen Modulatoren genauer charakterisiert. Das Antihistaminikum Clemastin stellt dabei einen positiven allosterischen Modulator dar, der den Rezeptor gegenüber niedrigeren ATP-Konzentrationen sensibilisiert. Ivermectin, ein häufig angewendetes Anthelminthikum, konnte als potenzierender Modulator des humanen P2X7-Rezeptors charakterisiert werden. Mit den Phenothiazinen Prochlorperazin und Trifluoperazin zeigen sich schließlich ZNS-gängige Inhibitoren der ATP-induzierten P2X7-Aktivität, die für weiterführende in vivo-Untersuchungen hilfreiche pharmakologische Werkzeuge darstellen können.

A revised classification of the Latin American and Caribbean species of Clematis L. subgenus Clematis is presented. Twenty-six species are recognized based on morphological and geographical data. Eight taxa not considered in recent floristic treatments (C. acapulcensis, C. affinis, C. grahamii, C. guadeloupae var. guadeloupae, C. guadeloupae var. medusaea, C. populifolia, C. polygama, C. rhodocarpa) are included. A cladistic analysis of all of the American species of the subgenus supports the division of the group into two subsections within the Section Clematis.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
生態學與演化生物學研究所
92
The genus Clematis L. (Ranunculaceae) is widely distributed all over the world with about 300 species. They were divided into seven subgenera mainly according to morphologies as well as anatomical and palynological evidence. There are 21 taxa of Clematis recognized in Taiwan, which belong to four subgenera, i.e. Campanella, Clematis, Flammula and Tubulosa. In this thesis I used the sequences of nuclear ribosomal ITS (nrITS) region and chloroplast trnK/matK to infer the phylogenetic relationships among Taiwanese Clematis. The sequences were analyzed separately and in combination, and compared with the phylogeny based on morphological characters. All of the 20 taxa of Clematis in Taiwan were obtained and the sequences were determined successfully, excluding the uncertain species C. uncinata var. okinawensis. The final data set also includes 32 taxa of Clematis in Japan (sequences from GneBank, with three taxa also found in Taiwan). Using Anemone flaccida as outgroup, three separate analysis were employed: maximum parsimony, neighbor joining and Bayesian inference. Partition homogeneity test for trnK/matK and nrITS indicated that these two data sets contain significantly different signals. Nonetheless, since the major grouping between these two data sets are similar, we performed a combined data analysis for inferring phylogeny to access total evidence in that manner. Based on the phylogeny, subgenus Flammula is the basal clade, while the relationships of all the other subgenera are unresolved. Subgenus Campenalla and Clematis are shown to be paraphyletic groups. The phylogenies based on DNA sequences and morphology show certain level of incongruence, suggesting a re-examination at intra-genic level for the genus Clematis. C. grata, the most divergent taxa in terms of its morphology, showed certain degree of populational differentiation based on trnK/matK and nrITS sequence analysis. The populations close to ocean show several nucleotide differences from the inland populations, however a thorough survey is needed to draw unambiguous conclusion.

Aims The aim of the study was to investigate the antitumour, antibacterial and antiinflammatory activities of some Tasmanian native Clematis spp. and to isolate and identify the potential pharmaceutical constituents. Methods The antitumour activities, antibacterial activities and anti-inflammatory effects of leaf material of Clematis spp. were screened by P388 cytotoxic assay, minimum inhibition concentrations (MICs) and inhibitory NO production by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulated Raw 264.7 cells, respectively. The bioactiveguided fractionation methodologies, including cartridge fractionation, HPLC columns fractionation and Sephadex LH-20 column purification, were employed to isolate active constituents. The chemical profiles of active constituents were determined by ELSD, UV, LC-MS and GC-MS. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Gram stain, antibiotic interaction with chequerboard, deoxycholate-induced lysis and the antibiotic resistant mechanism study of P. aeruginosa were employed to study the antibacterial mechanism of the active constituent. The anti-inflammatory activity was also investigated by basal (unstimulated) and LPS- and phytohaemagglutinin A (PHA)-stimulated cytokine release from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Some novel compounds in Tasmanian native Clematis spp. were determined by HPLC, LC-MS and LTQ-Orbitrap-MS. Results and discussion Ten out of eleven investigated Clematis spp. showed cytotoxic activities against P388 cells with different IC50 values (0.084-3.106 mg/ml). Ranunculin and its isomer were determined as the antitumour constituents. These compounds could be hydrolysed by the cell medium to produce protoanemonin. The antitumour study determined that ranunculin was a pro-cytotoxin with the antitumour activity derived from protoanemonin. Eight investigated Clematis spp. showed different antibacterial effects against E. coli (MIC=0.39-3.13 mg/ml) and P. aeruginosa (MIC=0.31-6.25 mg/ml). Ranunculin, the antibacterial constituent in Clematis spp., was selective against Gram negative bacteria. In particular, it had a stronger antibacterial effect than gentamicin against clinically isolated multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa. The change in ranunculin treated sensitive P. aeruginosa was elongation and cell lysis in multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa observed by SEM and obtained by deoxycholateinduced lysis study. These results imply that the antibacterial mechanism of ranunculin against sensitive and multi-drug resistance P. aeruginosa may be different. The antibacterial effect of ranunculin might be still contributed to by protoanemonin. Eleven investigated Clematis spp. showed varied inhibition of NO production. Ranunculin and its isomers were determined as one of the anti-inflammatory constituents in Tasmanian Clematis spp. For the cytokine study, in the presence of LPS and PHA, C. aristata-L leaf at 10 μg/ml significantly decreased the release of IL-1β (P<0.01) and TNF-α (P<0.05) compared with LPS and PHA alone. These results provide experimental data of the anti-inflammatory activities of Tasmanian Clematis spp. Flavonoids and hydroxycinnamate esters were obtained in these investigated Clematis spp. The amounts of nine hydroxycinnamate esters were varied in each Clematis leaf material. This would be the first time to discover these hydroxycinnamte esters in Tasmanian Clematis spp. Conclusion The study demonstrated the antitumour, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of Tasmanian native Clematis spp. Ranunculin was discovered to be a pro-cytotoxin of protoanemonin, which was one of the active constituents. This study was the first to investigate the therapeutic value of Tasmanian native Clematis spp. and discover the antibacterial value of protoanemonin in multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa and its complicated antibacterial mechanism against sensitive and multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa. The anti-inflammatory activities may be the most distinguishing therapeutic value of Tasmanian Clematis spp. Furthermore, study of the chemical constituents suggested that Tasmanian Clematis spp. contained phenolic compounds. Although this study only provided the basic and preliminary experimental data on the biological, potential pharmaceutical constituents and some novel compounds of Tasmanian Clematis spp., further investigation into usage and identification of effective pharmaceutical constituents would be worthy.

碩士
義守大學
生物技術與化學工程研究所碩士班
98
Since the British scientist Fleming discovered Penicillin back in 1928, people enjoyed over 40 years of their lives without the fear of complications caused by bacteria infections during therapy processes that may lead to death. However, these good old times has come to an end due to excessive dependence and abuse of antibiotics. The excessive use of antibiotics resulted in drug-resistant bacteria, so hospitals had to increase the dosage of antibiotics or change to other antibiotics. In the light of increasing in multiple drug-resistant bacteria, which causes many current antibiotics to become invalid, we aim to look for possible valid ingredients in the Chinese herbs that may replace current antibiotics. In this study, we have chosen three herbs of Ranunculaceous Clematis plants: Clematidis Radix, Caulis Clematidis armandii and herba Clematidis intricatae as the media of research. There had been only few published reports that pointed out Clematidis Radix as having antibacterial effects, but none for Caulis Clematidis armandii and herba Clematidis intricatae. In order to characterize the active components of these Chinese herbs, the three kinds of herbs were extracted by ethanol extraction. Through the disc diffusion test, the herbs revealed good antibacterial activity against the following clinical antibiotic resistant pathogens：Staphyloccocus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The ethanol extracts then were partitionated into different organic solvents based on their polarity for distribution extraction. Following the bioassay, the active fraction were found in ethyl acetate fraction. We have also found that all of the clinical pathogens in our test were sensitive for the extracts. The results obtained from minimum inhibitory concentration ( MIC ) and minimum bactericidal concentration ( MBC ) tests, showed that three kinds of herbs'' MIC and MBC were: herba Clematidis intricatae''s MIC was about 1.8～5.5 mg / mL and the MBC was about 3.0～5.5 mg / mL; Clematidis Radix''s MIC was about 6.0～14.0 mg / mL and MBC was about 2.0～16.0 mg / mL; Caulis Clematidis armandii''s MIC was greater than 10.0 mg / mL. Moreover, the time killing curve test, indicated that Caulis Clematidis armandii did not have bactericidal affects, although the other two herbs could kill bacteria within half an hour and maintained no bacterial growth within 24-hours. According to the results of GC-MS identification, the active components of herba Clematidis intricatae fraction collected from column chromatography had no structural information match in the GC-MS database and related documents; therefore it is suggested to be unknown substances. Through the thin layer chromatography test, the results showed that the active substances might be phenolic compounds. In addition, the antioxidant activities were determined for the three herbs in response to people’s pursuit of anti-aging material and cancer cures in recent years. According to the results of the antioxidation analysis, herba Clematidis intricatae presented a higher antioxidant activity with the IC50 of DPPH at 134.00 μg/mL；the value of TEAC is 247.66 mg Trolox/g; and the slope of reducing power is 0.40; the total phenolic content is 133.45 mg Gallic acid/g dw and the total flavonoid content is 76.762 mg Quercetin/g dw. According to the results of this study, the antimicrobial activity of herba Clematidis intricatae is the best among the three herbs, and it has a broad-spectrum of antibacterial activity. Moreover, herba Clematidis intricatae also showed the best antioxidant activity. Overall, herba Clematidis intricatae, of the three herbs in this study, has the most potential in becoming an alternative antibiotic.

碩士
國立陽明大學
藥理學研究所
102
Platelets play a key role in arterial thrombosis that is one of the major causes of cardio-cerebral vascular disease. Although considered to have clinical efficacy, current available anti-platelet agents still exist the limitations in the treatment of cardio-cerebral vascular diseases. Therefore, it is important and necessary to search other desirable therapeutic strategies. In this study, the inhibitory mechanism of the extracts from Clematis tashiroi Maxim. on platelet aggregation was studied. In anti-rabbit platelet aggregation assay, all the C. tashiroi’s extracts (Lab ID: 807, 808, 809) all can dose-dependently suppress arachidonic acid (AA)- and I-BOP (a TXA2 analog)-induced aggregative response. The results show that 809 is the most potent extract to suppress platelet aggregation induced by AA (100 μM) with the IC50 of 61.4 ± 3.2 μg/mL. Additionally, both 807 and 808, but not 809, inhibit the AA-induced MDA formation. These data indicate that the inhibitory activity of 807 and 808 on AA-induced platelet aggregation might be derived from their effects on both the upstream and downstream signal transduction of TP-receptor. However, the inhibition of 809 on AA-induced aggregation is not via the suppression of AA metabolic pathway. Experiment results also show that 809 can slightly reduce I-BOP-induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization without cAMP level change. Besides, Immunoblots results show that Akt phosphorylation induced by I-BOP is inhibited in the presence of 809 in a concentration-dependent manner. Further, four kinds of pure compounds (methyl caffeate, garashangin, 811, 812) separated from 809 are found: methyl caffeate can inhibit AA-induced platelet aggregation, but not I-BOP; garashangin can inhibit I-BOP-induced platelet aggregation; both 811 and 812 can suppress AA- and I-BOP-induced platelet aggregation. These results demonstrate that 809 inhibited TXA2-induced platelet aggregation by suppressing the Akt phosphorylation in the downstream of TP-receptor signaling.

碩士
嶺東科技大學
視覺傳達設計研究所
101
Taiwan is world famous for its abundance of natural resources and is also recognized as a treasure island of plants. Among them, the vine plant is one of the most dominant species. Especially, the Clematis, which wins the title of the Queen of the Climbing Plants, gains the focus. The nature to peacefully grow with the host makes it very unique. This project analyzed the interlocking plant patterns based on the study on the climbing plant Clematis. To study its color and the structural pattern, the text analyzing, literature reviewing, data inducing and sorting and field researching were used, and the analyzing started on the shape and color of the Clematis. The research studied the performing style and feature of the interlocking plant pattern by applying the characteristics of the calyx and the leaf of the Clematis. The results of the research help to understand the cultural value and educational function of the interlocking plant pattern designing and lead the designing to be more modernized and era representing. Further, they serve as future references and draw the attention that the Clematis contains potential to be used in the interlocking plan pattern designing in pattern designing. The technique and the style of creation were based on the oriental image. The final Clematis work was categorized into ten pieces. The project presented the internal characteristics of its pattern through the designing technique and found its new visual elements when was used in plant pattern designing.

碩士
中興大學
昆蟲學系所
95
Colophina clematis (Shinji, 1922) is the first species among nearly 50 aphid species which were already discovered producing sterile soldiers. C. clematis was reported producing morphologically specialized sterile soldiers on the secondary host, Clematis apiifolia DC. in Japan. On its primary host, Zelkova serrata (Thunb.), Colophina clematis induces rolling-sphere galls on the leaves. The reported studies of C. clematis was restricted to the description of morphology of sterile soldiers and brief life cycle. To understand batter about the biology of C. clematis, further survey and analyses were conducted in central Taiwan, including gall developments, variations of individual numbers inside galls, other organisms associate with galls, and their relationships with the gallers. In addition, life history information and behavior observation based on laboratory-reared colonies on the secondary host were recorded, including length of each stadium, longevity of adult life, and some undescribed behaviors. The results showed that C. clematis induced galls in late February. Galls matured and dehisced in May when the progenies of stem mothers were mature, and the numbers of individuals inside the galls also reached the highest peak in the same month. The aphids left the galls completely in July and migrated to the secondary host, Clematis grata. The volume of matured galls varied obviously from 188.94 mm3 to 1607.04 mm3, and the analytic results showed that the gall volume was positively correlated with the individual numbers inside the galls (r=0.65829, p<0.01). In other words, bigger galls hosted more aphids. Therefore, it indicates that the gall volume is a density-dependent factor and, hence, affect the colony sizes inside the galls. Five other taxa were found associated with galls, including a thrips, a Tinocallis aphid nymph, an anthocorid nymph, a dipteran larva, and a coccinellid larva. The former three were considered as occasional invaders but not real inquilines. The latter two should be the main predators of Colophina clematis on Clematis. In addition, the length of 1st stadium of the nymphs which lived on the secondary host was almost twice longer than the lengths of other stadia (7.9±1.9 days), and the developmental strategy was similar to another two aphid species of the same family. Only one individual completed the whole life span and totally produced 109 normal nymphs and 15 soldiers. Two undescribed behaviors were also recorded in this study. The soldiers which lived on Clematis seemed to be able to identify whether the disturbances are con-specific or not when they hugged the disturbances, and adult Colophina clematis which lived on Clematis seemed that they also perform defensing behaviors by secreting waxy chemical materials.

碩士
國立中山大學
生物科學系研究所
90
Summary Clmatis Armandi has been used frequently in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of diuretic symptoms. The mechanism of its action is unclear. Possible action of this substance may involve alternation of electrolyte transport through the epithelia membranes. In this study，transepithelial conductance of frog skin was measured in vitro in voltage-clamped Ussing chambers. Adding Clematis Armandi extracts to apical surface induced a conductance increment of 1.21 μS and an apical to serosal Isc of 28.78 μA/cm2. The Isc can not be completely blocked by apical application of amiloride. Nifedipine and TEA had no effect on Clematis Armandi induced Isc decrease. These data indicate that frog skin is highly responsive to the concentrated Clematis Armandi extracts. The increase in Isc reflects changes in transepithelial transport of Na+ ions modulated at apical membrane. The enormous increase in transepithelial conductance suggests that in additional to enhancement of amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels, Clematis Armandi may also modulate other pathways, such as Cl- ion channel modulation, which needs further investigation.

P2X7-Rezeptoren stellen Schlüsselmoleküle bei der Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung proinflammatorischer Zustände, chronischer Schmerzen sowie der neuroglialen Kommunikation dar. Ihre Aktivität wird durch eine Vielzahl zellbiologischer Mechanismen beeinflusst. Dazu gehört die allosterische Modulation durch extrazelluläre niedermolekulare Stoffe. Die Entwicklung selektiver und potenter P2X7-Modulatoren ist darum Gegenstand intensiver Forschung. Bisher sind jedoch keine Pharmaka für die klinische Anwendung verfügbar. Die Untersuchung zugelassener pharmakologischer Substanzen in einem akademischen Screening erbrachte eine hohe Trefferrate für P2X7-Rezeptoren. In dieser Arbeit wird die P2X7-Wirkung einiger der potentesten allosterischen Modulatoren genauer charakterisiert. Das Antihistaminikum Clemastin stellt dabei einen positiven allosterischen Modulator dar, der den Rezeptor gegenüber niedrigeren ATP-Konzentrationen sensibilisiert. Ivermectin, ein häufig angewendetes Anthelminthikum, konnte als potenzierender Modulator des humanen P2X7-Rezeptors charakterisiert werden. Mit den Phenothiazinen Prochlorperazin und Trifluoperazin zeigen sich schließlich ZNS-gängige Inhibitoren der ATP-induzierten P2X7-Aktivität, die für weiterführende in vivo-Untersuchungen hilfreiche pharmakologische Werkzeuge darstellen können.:1. Bibliographische Beschreibung 4 2. Abkürzungsverzeichnis 5 3. Einleitung 6 Überblick über die purinerge Signalübertragung 6 Pathophysiologische Bedeutung des P2X7-Rezeptors 8 Speziesspezifische Eigenschaften des P2X7-Rezeptors 10 P2X7-Rezeptoren in der Pharmakotherapie 10 Rationale der Studie 11 Clemastin 12 Ivermectin 12 Die Neuroleptika Prochlorperazin und Trifluoperazin 13 4. Publikationen 15 5. Zusammenfassung der Arbeit 64 6. Literaturverzeichnis 68 7. Anlagen 74 Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit 74 Lebenslauf 75 Danksagung 76