Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Climaque'
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Venetskov, Maxim. "L’Échelle de Jean du Sinaï dans la tradition byzantine : le corpus manuscrit, les scholies, le Commentaire d’Élie de Crète." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL200.
Full textThe study relates the textual history of the Ladder, which has never been made attempted before, through a manuscript corpus containing nearly 350 codices exhaustively from the 9th to the 13th and partially up to the 17th century.The work composed in the 7th century is made up of the ascetic discourses of John Sinaites and of a few textual pieces enclosed with them. It is considered in the manuscript tradition as the book of the Ladder (Κλίμαξ) made of thirty steps, spiritual guide leading to Heaven, and its author receives the name of Climacus (ὁ τῆς Κλίμακος). The ways this book was read, its place in the collections and its quotations indicate the important role played by the Ladder, with its aphorisms et metaphors, in the ascetic literature in Byzantium. An abundant corpus of exegetic scholia written in the 10th century and developed in the form of quotations of ascetic authors in the 11th century attests to the original reception of the treatise of John Climacus. The Commentary of Elias of Crete, composed at the beginning of the 12th century and preserved in 19 manuscripts, proposes an exhaustive exegesis of the Ladder, relying on scholia but also on many patristic and philosophical references.The present dissertation establishes a classification of the codices of the Ladder, of its scholia and proposes a stemma codicum of the Elias’ Commentary ; all the examinated manuscripts are described in a repertoire. The study provides Princeps and critical editions of numerous scholia and of a part of the Commentary
Di, Vita Michael. "Nouveauté et éternité : instaurations spinozistes éditées par Johannes Climacus." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29726/29726.pdf.
Full textDayon, Gildas. "Evolution du cycle hydrologique continental en France au cours des prochaines décennies." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30252/document.
Full textThe assessment of the impact of climate change often requires to set up long chains of modeling, from the model to estimate the future concentration of greenhouse gases to the impact model. Throughout the modeling chain, sources of uncertainty accumulate making the exploitation of results for the development of adaptation strategies difficult. It is proposed here to assess impacts of climate change on the hydrological cycle over France and associated uncertainties. The contribution of each sources of uncertainty is not addressed, mainly that associated with greenhouse gases emission scenario, climate models and internal variability. In the context of impacts of climate change on the hydrological cycle over France, it is possible to ask what is the contribution of each sources of uncertainty to the total uncertainty associated with mean changes. Is it possible to reduce, and if so how, the contribution of one source or another ? We propose in this work an approach to assess the transferability in the future climate of a statistical method to downscale climate simulations. The transferability assumption is one the main sources of uncertainty in statistical downscaling method. The assessment suggested here relies on the use of regional climate models, in a perfect model framework, and shows that some predictors are useful to ensure the transferability of the downscaling method in the future climate. This framework, proposed for a statistical downscaling method, is also applicable to bias correction methods in regional climate models. Recent atmospheric reanalyses of the 20th century are downscaled with the method developed in this work, associated with observations of temperature and precipitation. The hydrological cycle over France is characterized with these reconstructions. We show that the multi-decadal variability of observed streamflows during the 20th century is generalized to the whole country and is partly due to atmospheric variability. This multi-decadal variability of streamflows is generally weaker in hydrological simulations done with historical simulations from climate models. The climate projections have been downscaled with the method developed in this work. The temperature on the country, on average over climate models, could increased by 3,5°C in winter and 6,5°C in summer in the course of this century. Precipitations will decrease all over the country in summer, nearly by half on southern part of France for the most severe scenario. In winter, precipitations will increase in the northern part of the country and will decrease slightly in the southern part. In the next few decades, the decrease in precipitation is important in summer, and changes are less pronounced for other seasons. Results of hydrological projections done with one hydrological model and an ensemble of climate models are presented for the coming decades and for the end of the century. On the Seine river, results slightly differ in winter from those presented in previous studies. Here, precipitations and streamflow increase in winter and decrease in summer on that river basin. Elsewhere in France, results are consistent with previous studies, namely an increase in evapotranspiration, a decrease in streamflow and much drier soil. The uncertainty due to both climate models and internal variability on relative changes in streamflows always increase during the 21st century, to over 20% in winter for the most severe scenario. In the coming decades, the uncertainty due to internal variability only on streamflow changes is as strong as the uncertainty due to both climate models and internal variability. In the coming decades, annual streamflow changes of the Loire, Garonne and Rhône rivers are stronger than the maximum changes observed during the 20th century
Coppin, David. "Agrégation de la convection dans un modèle de circulation générale : mécanismes physiques et rôle climatique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066057/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the study of convective aggregation in LMDZ5A general circulation model, used in Radiative-Convective Equilibrium (RCE) configuration. The instability of the RCE allows us to look at the mechanisms controlling the initiation of convective aggregation and its dependence on sea surface temperatures (SST). At low SSTs, a coupling between the large-scale circulation and the radiative effects of low clouds is needed to trigger self-aggregation. At high SSTs, the coupling between the large-scale circulation and the surface fluxes controls this initiation. When the atmosphere is coupled to a slab ocean mixed layer, SST gradients facilitate the initiation of convective aggregation. Except for the high-cloud radiative effects, triggering mechanisms are less crucial. Convection also becomes less dependent on the SST.The impact of convective aggregation on the climate sensitivity and surface temperature is also analyzed. Convective aggregation is found to increase the area of dry clear-sky zones. Thus, it tends to cool the system very efficiently. However, the negative feedback associated with an increase in aggregation is generally balanced by offsetting changes in SST gradients and low clouds that tend to increase the climate sensitivity. In contrast, at shorter timescales, the coupling between ocean and convective aggregation also controls the strength of convective aggregation and overturn its effect. Thus the impact of convective aggregation may not be as strong as what can be inferred from experiments with uniform SSTs.These results emphasize the importance of considering ocean-atmosphere coupling when studying the role of aggregation in climate
Lamy, Kévin. "Projection Climatique du Rayonnement Ultraviolet au cours du 21ème siècle : impact de différents scénarios climatiques." Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0018/document.
Full textFollowing the 1987 Montreal Protocol, atmospheric concentrations of ozone-depleting substances are decreasing. The ozone layer shows signs of recovery. Nonetheless, greenhouse gases emissions (GHG) are rising et should affect the ozone distribution in the atmosphere. Ozone is an important due to his ability to absorb ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The goal of this work is to analyse the possible evolution of UV radiation through the 21st century, particularly in the tropics, for possible climate modification. The first part of this work is to UV in clear-sky in the tropics with the TUV (Madronich et al., 1998) model and to compare against ground-based observations made on Reunion Island. This validation allows the utilisation of TUV in the tropics with a good confidence level. The sensitivity of the model is analysed for multiple parameters. Modelling output is validated against spectral ground-based measurement. Climate Projection of UVI (Mc Kinlay and Diffey, 1987) are then realized with the use of output from model participating in the CCMI ( Model Initiative) exercise and the TUV model. CCMI output describes the chemistry and physics of the atmosphere through the 21st century for four climate scenarios (RCP2.6/4.5/6.0/8.5), they are used as input for the TUV model in order to obtain UV radiation. ODS, GHG and aerosols impact on UVI evolution is analysed
Le, Mezo Priscilla. "Variabilité des écosystèmes marins de l'échelle inter-annuelle au dernier cycle glaciaire-interglaciaire." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV003/document.
Full textClimate variability influences marine primary productivity and marine species distribution over all timescales, from seasonal to interannual variability and glacial-interglacial cycles. The links between climate and marine ecosystems are still sparsely known so that the predictions of futur changes are difficult. Moreover, because paleoclimate recorders extracted from marine archives are often linked to the functionning of the ecosystem, this lack of knowledge limits our ability to reconstruct past climate variability.This thesis work aims at improving our knowledge of these links between climate and marine ecosystems : we have looked into marine productivity changes during the last glacial-interglacial cycle, but we also examined the "end-to-end" ecosystem response to inter-annual to decadal variability in a pre-industrial climate. This work uses a climate model (IPSL-CM), a bio-geochemical model (PISCES) and a model of high trophic levels (APECOSM).First, we show that the link between Indian summer monsoon intensity and marine primary productivity in the Arabian Sea is indirect. Indeed, it appears necessary to consider the monsoon pattern, such as the Findlater Jet position, which drives the Ekman dynamics in the region, as well as its intensity to understand the productivity changes.Second, we study the marine productivity changes off the Congo river mouth and their links with the river runoff and the African atmospheric dynamics. This work shows that the relationship between monsoon intensity and trade winds intensity, often used to reconstruct past changes, is not always verified. Depending on the climate, thermal or dynamical effects are more or less prominent drivers of the simulated changes in precipitation and winds. Productivity off the Congo river mouth, which is mainly located in the subsurface, seems more affected by the ocean and atmosphere dynamics than by the river supply in nutrients.Third, we study the inter-annual variability effects over past productivity changes and over the climatic signal potentially recorded in the biological climate proxies.Finally, the last part of the thesis focuses on high trophic levels marine organisms response to climate variability at different frequencies. This study shows that marine organisms response to environmental changes varies with the organism' size and habitat
Banga, Josué. "Essays on climate finance." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALE001.
Full textThis dissertation is a collection of five supportive essays on the topic of climate finance. By combining qualitative and quantitative methods, it provides policymakers and investors with new insights for rethinking their decision making in a time of a changing climate. While climate finance remains critical to addressing climate change, the results of these essays show that it can also be an effective driver of sustainable structural transformation in developing countries, provided it is allocated productively. Furthermore, climate risks would have significant yet differentiated impacts on financial stability. As guardians of this latter, central banks should play a proactive role in addressing climate change. The development of innovative financial instruments, such as green bonds, can help mitigate climate risks while unlocking investment for the low-carbon transition
Hopuare, Marania. "Changement climatique en Polynésie française détection des changements observés, évaluation des projections." Thesis, Polynésie française, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POLF0007/document.
Full textThe effects of climate change on Pacific islands is a major concern for the local populations. The rainfall parameter, specifically, appears as one of the sensitive parameters, as it determines water resources. The goal of this thesis is to bring a first insight into the 21st century evolution of precipitation in Tahiti.The first step was to characterize rainfall in Tahiti using data records from the observation network of Meteo France. The “rainfall season”, lasting from November to April, is the season of interest, as rainfall amounts are the highest at this time of the year. Indeed, the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), host of deep convection, remains the principal source of rainfall in Tahiti in austral summer (December-January-February). On interannual and interdecadal timescales, the El niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) imply north/south and east/west migrations of the SPCZ, drawing it away, or closer to Tahiti. The positive phase of the IPO involves a north-eastward displacement of the SPCZ, which causes higher rainfall amounts in Tahiti. The SPCZ is displaced towards the south- west during negative IPO phase, leading to a decrease of rainfall in Tahiti. The study reveals that the IPO positive phase favor the occurrence of intense El niño events. In those cases, the SPCZ is critically displaced to the north-east and lies zonally just south of the equator. Accordingly, the SPCZ is drawn away from Tahiti and alters the south-east flow of trade winds. As a result, substantial orographic precipitation affect the south-east coasts of Tahiti.Following the assessment of observed precipitation for the period 1961-2011, an original method has been set up to obtain a model able to resolve the island and capture the orographic effects at best. Two successive downscaling steps have been necessary to get the limited area model ALADIN-Climat over Tahiti (at the resolution of 12 km), starting from the global coupled model CNRM-CM with a resolution of 150 km. The regional model outputs have been compared to the observed records over the historical period. A linkage between observed and modeled precipitation has been defined. This linkage has been built between meteorological stations and model grid cells exhibiting similar behaviour regarding the phases of ENSO. It has been assumed that this linkage is still relevant in the 21st century. In this way, future precipitation in Tahiti, as realistic as possible, are deduced from modeled precipitation (at 12 km of resolution), following two IPCC scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). The El niño-like spatial structure of global warming further confirms the relevance of the linkage built previously. The results obtained concern the southern coasts of Tahiti. Rainfall would gradually increase along the 21st century, as a consequence of global warming. In Papara, the austral summer mean rainfall height is 695 mm over the period 1961-2011. The mean value, for the period 2070-2100, would be 825 mm for the scenario RCP4.5 and 814 mm for the scenario RCP8.5, let say an increase of a little less than 20%. Superimposed to this long-range raise, El niño events would induce an excess of rainfall. This effect would be reduced at the end of the 21st century in RCP8.5. Conversely, La niña events would always involve a decline of rainfall, but would not succeed in counteracting the long-range increase
Tariq, Azeem. "Development and adaptation of water management systems to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from intensive rice production." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSAM0021.
Full textRice production needs to increase by 40% to meet the demand of the world’s growing population by 2030, yet rice production contribute to global warming with elevated GHG emissions, particularly of methane (CH4). Management strategies, such as drainage of paddy soils & sustainable residue management are essential in order to mitigate GHG emission from rice systems, but they often conflict with the practical management preferences of rice farmers. The objective of this project was to investigate the GHG mitigation potential of drainage practices and residue management techniques, and to identify the constraints and opportunities faced by smallholders in the implementation of mitigation practices under local conditions. The project was formulated using an interdisciplinary approach that included two mesocosm studies in growth chamber, two field campaigns and a field survey of farmers in Vietnam. First mesocosm study was conducted to verify the impact of early season drainage and midseason drainage on CH4 and N2O emissions from fresh and composted residue-amended soils at different soil C levels (Paper I). Then second mesocosm study was conducted using 13C-enriched rice residue to understand the effect of pre-planting, early-season and midseason drainage on the residue carbon contribution to CH4 emissions (Paper III). Field experiments based on farmers’ field conditions were conducted for two seasons (spring and summer) to document the effect of pre-planting, early-season and midseason drainage on CH4 and N2O emissions from residue-amended soils under two field water management systems: an efficient field water control system and a conventional, inefficient field water control system (Paper II). Thirty-five smallholder rice farmers were interviewed to capture the diversity of different land management practices in the area and understand their cropping practices, challenges and constraints faced at field scale. Four workshops were conducted with farmers, local agricultural advisors and regional stakeholders to design and assess the climate-smart rice production practices, based on water and residue management (Paper IV). The lab and field studies showed that drainage practices (pre-planting and early season drainage) had the potential to mitigate GHG emissions without compromising rice yield. Pre-planting drainage greatly reduced CH4 emissions in the lab experiment by 70-80%, while in field condition pre-planting drainage had less effect on CH4 emission reduction due to constraints with farmers’ field operations before transplanting. Early season drainage reduced CH4 emissions in both lab and field experiments. In field study, early plus midseason drainage lowered the CH4 emissions by 67% and 43% in the efficient and inefficient field water management systems respectively. In lab, early plus midseason drainage lowered CH4 emissions by 75-90 %. The efficient field water control system and good soil aeration significantly increased the CH4 mitigation potential of the drainage regimes from residue-amended soils. The isotopic study in lab indicated that soil aeration in the early stage (pre-planting or early season) reduced the residue-derived CH4 emissions by 57-87%. The results highlighted that the effects of improved drainage practices on N2O emissions were very low when considering the total GHG effects of CH4 and N2O. The results of the participatory study highlighted the importance of involving farmers and local stakeholders in the process of designing the mitigating systems. The active involvement of farmers and local stakeholders in the process of designing, testing and assessing the water management systems highlighted the constraints and feasible options for successful implementation of GHG mitigation strategies in smallholders’ rice fields
Boucher, Florian. "Evolution de la niche climatique et de la distribution géographique des espèces végétales alpines." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01062257.
Full textAndré, Pierre. "La justice climatique : idéal philosophique, échec international et métamorphoses cosmopolitiques." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses.paris-sorbonne.fr/2020SORUL064.pdf.
Full textClimate change raises profound moral problems, among which the issue of justice is paramount due to the severity of inequalities both in vulnerability and causal responsibility. As major philosophical theories turn out to be unsuited to account for global, intergenerational and environmental matters, theories of climate justice have been developed since the early 1990s to address these issues, in parallel with efforts to build international climate governance. With particular focus on interpreting the “common but differentiated responsibilities” norm, philosophers have designed various theoretical frameworks and principles to account for the fair distribution of mitigation and adaptation duties. However, as it has become increasingly obvious, international governance has failed to implement fair and efficient climate policies, and so have theories of climate justice. Still, climate justice ideals are more relevant than ever. In order to further them, theories must go beyond a purely ideal and international conception of climate justice and embrace a non-ideal, cosmopolitan and multiscalar approach. Such a paradigm shift illuminates recent metamorphoses of climate justice narratives to include questions of individual responsibility, fair transition at national and local levels, and loss and damage
Amiraux, Rémi. "Ice biota degradation in the Arctic environment : impact of bacterial stress state on this material's preservation and burial." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0189/document.
Full textWith a rise in Arctic temperatures almost twice as large as the global average in recent decades, it is at high latitude that the effects of global warming are the most evident. Thus, some scientists have already predicted the complete disappearance of sea ice for 2050. Due to the future disappearance of ice algae and the increase of permafrost thawing, a reassessment of their respective contributions to CO2 storage was required. We have shown that unlike permafrost, ice algae are highly preserved in sediments (allowing CO2 storage) due to the inability of their bacteria to remineralize them. The combined effect of increasing discharge of permafrost by Arctic rivers and decreasing storage of ice algae due to the disappearance of sea ice should thus contribute to increase the global warming
Faull, Nicholas Eric. "Ensemble climate prediction with coupled climate models." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442944.
Full textHarris, Philip P. "Modelling South American climate and climate change." Thesis, University of Reading, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436614.
Full textSoummane, Salaheddine. "Oil rent and diversification facing climate challenge : The case of Saudi ArabiaRente pétrolière et diversification face au défi climatique : cas de l'Arabie Saoudite." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA012.
Full textThe increasing call for implementing a global and ambitious climate policy is expected to deteriorate economic outlook of oil-dependent countries. Our research work investigates the impact of this global low-carbon transition and the potential mitigation strategies for the largest oil exporter: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). We propose an application using an integrated economy-energy-environment modelling framework taking into account salient features of the Saudi economy such as the currency peg and the regulated domestic energy prices.First, using an aggregated representation of the KSA economy, we show that a weaker oil price re-sulting from the global low-carbon transition is associated with a marginally lower growth, large trade surplus accumulation loss, and higher unemployment for the KSA. We analyse what scope the KSA has to mitigate climate policy impacts. We reveal that aligning domestic energy prices with international references and achieving energy efficiency gains increases economic efficiency while improving public budget prospects. This modelling framework allows to investigate scenarios while controlling the modelling macroeconomic specifications.We refine these outlooks in a mulstisector framework that further allows investigating diversifica-tion opportunities within the Saudi Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) and its Vision 2030 program. We conclude that economic diversification into non energy-intensive sectors (manufacture, tourism, and financial services) through increasing exports and import substitution, in addition to targeting fiscal adjustments of the corporate tax, provide a positive outlook compared with a continuous expansion of energy-intensive activities (minerals, petrochemical, and cement). Indeed, we show that diversification in non-energy intensive sector generates higher growth, and lower unemployment. In addition, under our designed economic diversification plan, the KSA ex-ceeds its climate pledges in terms of targeted CO2 abatement. Nevertheless, the continuous expan-sion of energy-intensive industries is associated with a better outlook for the public debt since the government derives higher revenues from its participation in energy-intensive industries. Finally, we conclude that in our two scenarios, the KSA only partially succeeds in its transition toward a less oil-dependent economy as part of the Vision 2030 program, suggesting that further reforms are to be considered.This thesis contributes to the literature on climate policy implementation and associated economic consequences for fossil-fuel exporters. It provides insights on economic reforms as mitigation strate-gies and could be thus adapted to cover additional countries and fuels
Zare, Aïda. "Variabilité climatique et gestion des ressources naturelles dans une zone humide tropicale : une approche intégrée appliquée au cas du delta intérieur du fleuve Niger (Mali)." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS186/document.
Full textThe droughts of the 1970s intensified in the 1980s and the development of irrigation schemes upstream of the Inner Niger Delta in Mali (IND) have resulted in the degradation of natural resources. This degradation of natural resources associated with the increasing population pressure on the environment has led to a more conflictive management of these resources. In addition, the current operating system of resources and the hydrological functioning of the IND make the management of the ecosystem more complex.In this work, we adopt an integrated and multidisciplinary approach to address the IND resource management issues. The approach mobilizes hydrology, sociology, agronomy and economy.The analysis of hydrological data has highlighted a significant difference between the maximum passing dates of the two rivers that supply the IND. This difference impacts the schedules of the main production systems thus contributing to exacerbate conflict. The management strategies developed with stakeholders combine the practices of security and water control, intensification, resource regeneration, capacity building and economic incentives. Moreover, in a context of increased climate variability, we analyzed the perceptions of a sample of fishermen, herders and farmers on climate prediction and their interest of climate and flood forecasts.. It appears that the need for climate information of floodplain users as IND relate mainly to the onset date of rainy season, flood maximum passaging date, the arrival of floods and flood peak heights.The simulated economic value of climate information for an agrarian system of flooded rice obtains an average gain of 10%. As against the cost of possible prediction errors is particularly high for producers with an average deficit on income of 24%
Rodrigue, Sébastien. "Analyse de l’évolution conjointe de la neige et de l’écosystème de taïga au Nunavik dans un climat en réchauffement." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5332.
Full textRadanovics, Sabine. "Descente d'échelle probabiliste pour analogues météorologiques. Etude de la cohérence spatiale." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU031/document.
Full textStudying past and present day precipitation and its link to large scale circulation increases our understanding of precipitation characteristics and helps to anticipate their future behaviour. Downscaling techniques are being developed to bridge the gap between large-scale climate information from global reanalyses or GCM global projections and local meteorological information relevant for hydrology. The stepwise analogue downscaling method for hydrology (SANDHY) is extended to the whole mainland of France by optimising the geopotential predictor domains for 608 zones covering France using a multiple growing rectangular domain algorithm that allows to take equifinality into account. A high diversity of predictor domains has been found. To increase the spatial coherence three ways are explored to reduce the parameter space: assessing the skill for predictor domains found for other zones, form groups of zones using cluster algorithms and using a less skewed predictand variable during optimisation. Using information from neighbouring zones allows to counterbalance in part limitations of the optimisation algorithm. A feature based spatial verification method (SAL) is adapted for probabilistic precipitation simulation as provided by SANDHY. Skill scores derived from the probabilistic SAL are used to assess different strategies for spatially coherent precipitation downscaling at catchment scale. Locally optimised predictor domains lead to a better localisation of precipitation in the catchment and higher local skill while uniform predictor domains for the whole catchment lead to a more realistic spatial structure of the simulated precipitation. Streamflow simulations for the Durance catchment (Southern Alps) are most sensitive to the realistic localisation of precipitation which highlights the interest of locally optimising predictor domains.STAR
Joetzjer, Émilie. "Causes, impacts et projections des sécheresses en Amazonie : Une étude numérique des processus et des incertitudes." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0119/document.
Full textThe likely increase in drought frequency as a result of climate change, might switch the Amazon forest from being a sink to a source of carbon, setting off a positive feedback on the increasing greenhouse effect. Hence, the drought sensitivity of the water and carbon cycles in the Amazon is a crucial point in the evaluation of climate models.In this PhD thesis, we evaluate in off-line mode, how the CNRM land surface model ISBACC, represents the water and carbon cycles and their response to drought in the Amazon. For this purpose, we used published ecophysiological data together with five Amazonian flux tower sitesand two artificial drought experiments. Since the standard version of the model was not satisfactory, we modified the parameterizations of the metabolic processes and the sensitivity of vegetation to water stress. We evaluated this new version against the flux tower and artificial drought sites, but also at regional scale using river discharge data, reconstructed evapotranspiration and carbon assimilation fluxes, and remotely sensed total water storage variations and chlorophyll fluorescence data. A brief analysis of the regional climate changes projected by CMIP5 models showed a relative consensus for longer and more intense dry seasons during the 21st century. Two of these climate scenarios were calibrated and used to test the sensitivity of the water and carbon cycle projections to our modifications of the ISBACC model in off-line mode. As expected, the results reveam the importance of the driving climate model, but also highlight the role of the vegetation parameterizations
Wang, Xuhui. "Impacts of climate change and agricultural managements on major global cereal crops." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066625/document.
Full textCroplands accounts for one-fifth of global land surface, providing calories for human beings and altering the global biogeochemical cycle and land surface energy balance. The response of croplands to climate change and intensifying human managements is of critical importance to food security and sustainability of the environment. The present manuscript of thesis utilizes various types of data sources (yield statistics, long-term agrometeorological observations, field warming experiments, data-driven global datasets, gridded historical climate dataset and projected climate change) and also modelling approaches (statistical model vs. process model). It presents a series of detection and attribution studies exploring how crop phenology and crop yield respond to climate change and some management practices at regional and global scales, according to data availability. In Chapter 2, a statistical model is constructed with prefecture-level yield statistics and historical climate observations over Northeast China. There are asymmetrical impacts of daytime and nighttime temperatures on maize yield. Maize yield increased by 10.0±7.7% in response to a 1 oC increase of daily minimum temperature (Tmin) averaged in the growing season, but decreased by 13.4±7.1% in response to a 1 oC warming of daily maximum temperature (Tmax). There is a large spatial variation in the yield response to Tmax, which can be partly explained by the spatial gradient of growing season mean temperature (R=-0.67, P<0.01). The response of yield to precipitation is also dependent on moisture conditions. In spite of detection of significant impacts of climate change on yield variations, a large portion of the variations is not explained by climatic variables, highlighting the urgent research need to clearly attribute crop yield variations to change in climate and management practices. Chapter 3 presents the development of a Bayes-based optimization algorithm that is used to optimize key parameters controlling phenological development in ORCHIDEE-crop model for discriminating effects of managements from those of climate change on rice growth duration (LGP). The results from the optimized ORCHIDEE-crop model suggest that climate change has an effect on LGP trends, but with dependency on rice types. Climate trends have shortened LGP of early rice (-2.0±5.0 day/decade), lengthened LGP of late rice (1.1±5.4 day/decade) and have little impacts on LGP of single rice (-0.4±5.4 day/decade). ORCHIDEE-crop simulations further show that change in transplanting date caused widespread LGP change only for early rice sites, offsetting 65% of climate-change-induced LGP shortening. The primary drivers of LGP change are thus different among the three types of rice. Management is predominant driver of LGP change for early and single rice. This chapter demonstrated the capability of the optimized crop model to represent complex regional variations of LGP. Future studies should better document observational errors and management practices in order to reduce large uncertainties that exist in attribution of LGP change and to facilitate further data-model integration. In Chapter 4, a harmonized data set of field warming experiments at 48 sites across the globe for the four most-widely-grown crops (wheat, maize, rice and soybean) is combined with an ensemble of gridded global crop models to produce emergent constrained estimates of the responses of crop yield to changes in temperature (ST). The new constraining framework integrates evidences from field warming experiments and global crop modeling shows with >95% probability that warmer temperatures would reduce yields for maize (-7.1±2.8% K-1), rice (-5.6±2.0% K-1) and soybean (-10.6±5.8% K-1). For wheat, ST was less negative and only 89% likely to be negative (-2.9±2.3% K-1). The field-observation based constraints from the results of the warming experiments reduced uncertainties associated with modeled ST by 12-54% for the four crops
Braga, Joăo. "Etude de la diversité spatiale des réseaux trophiques et ses implications pour la conservation." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAV069.
Full textCo-occurring species share more than just physical space, they share also biotic interactions. Trophic interactions depict the flow of biomass from a prey species to its predator. Food webs, in their simplest form, are composed by producers, consumers and decomposers. Because of the nature of the interactions that food webs depict, their structure can be informative about the underlying processes responsible for the assembly of communities, the organization of biodiversity, the functioning of ecosystems and the services they provide to humans. Although the study of food webs across large spatial scales has been limited by data availability, a new generation of biogeography and food web ecology research is rising. In my PhD, I investigated the spatial diversity of food webs of European tetrapod species with the objective of merging biogeography, food web ecology and conservation biology. I started by combining two different sources of information, species distributions and an expert-based database of species interactions, to map the diversity of European food webs. This allowed me to uncover the spatial interactions between food web diversity, composition, environmental and land-use gradients. I found that the spatial diversity of food webs was highly linked with climatic conditions. Then, I used centrality indices to identify trophic keystone species. Losing central species in a food web can affect a community disproportionally, by disrupting its trophic structure and potentially causing other extinctions. Using three measures of centrality (degree, betweenness and eigenvector centralities), I investigated how these centrality indices correlated with the traits and phylogeny of European tetrapod species. I found that centrality was highly conserved through phylogeny, and active hunters of small prey were more likely to be central within a food web. Because centrality was restricted to few species, assessing the efficiency of current protected areas for these central species is crucial to persistence of European communities. Thus, I investigated the correlation between species extinction risk, centrality and also trophic level. On a positive note, I found weak to no links between extinction risk and species trophic features. I also performed a gap analysis to search for any links between species centrality, trophic level and their spatial protection, which showed that key species are generally well protected in Europe. My thesis brings together the three fields of biogeography, food web ecology, and conservation biology into one of the first comprehensive studies on the large-scale patterns of trophic structure and its drivers, and the dependencies between species trophic, functional and phylogenetic characteristics, finally providing an option to bring trophic information into conservation applications
Top, Arame. "Évolution des systèmes de production agricole dans un contexte de changement climatique et de migration et effet de genre dans les trois zones éco-géographiques de la région de Matam au Sénégal." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU20030/document.
Full textThe development of production systems in a global context and such kind of effect in the Matam region aims to introduce mutations in a traditional development environment based on crop rotation and seasonal and spatial alternation in context of irrigated agriculture through the waters of the Senegal River. This context is part of a state policy Senegalese anxious to boost household food security of the river valley rocked by a violent climate crisis which hit nearly two decades. These populations heavily dependent decline integrated culture in a traditional production system that highlighted the livestock, fisheries, rainfed agriculture, seasonal migration, saw their hopes dashed survival. Commissioning of dam Diaman and Manantali, registered in the 0MVS program (development of the Senegal River) between riparian countries (Senegal, Mauritania, Guinea and Mali) significantly reduced the occurrence of floods. This program, which had vast ambitions confiscated the life of riverine populations of the river hindsight flood the Senegal River. These people, whose seasonal migration was part of their production system, adopted a long-term migration to ensure food security of households left the village. The irrigated farming system implemented through irrigation schemes, requires greater human resources and flood recession cultivation and higher production costs
Qasmi, Saïd. "Sensibilité du climat européen à la variabilité multidécennale de l'Atlantique Nord." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30367.
Full textThe anthropogenic warming trend observed during the 20th century in Europe is characterized by fluctuations, which are partly explained by internal climate variability. The physical mechanisms between the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV, whose internal component contributes to shape atmospheric variability), and the European climate are investigated in this thesis. A comprehensive study of climate models shows a great diversity in the simulation of the teleconnection between the AMV and European summer temperature. The underestimation of its intensity relative to the observations contributes to explain the uncertainties within the decadal climate predictions. Numerical experiments used to assess the mechanisms of influence of the AMV on the European climate indicate that the AMV is likely to significantly modulate temperature, precipitation and the occurrence of extreme events in winter and summer
Fredrick, Emma G., and Stacey L. Williams. "Campus Climate." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8065.
Full textSomot, Samuel. "Modélisation climatique du bassin méditerranéen : variabilité et scénarios de changement climatique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00165252.
Full textgrâce au développement d'un modèle régional couplé (AORCM). Il reproduit correctement
ces processus et permet de quantifier et d'étudier leur variabilité climatique. Le couplage
régional a un impact significatif sur le nombre de cyclogénèses intenses en hiver et sur
les flux et précipitations associés. Il simule une variabilité interannuelle plus faible qu'en
mode forcé pour les flux et la convection et permet de comprendre les rétroactions
qui la pilotent. L'impact régional d'un scénario climatique est analysé avec les modèles
non-couplés : le nombre de cyclogénèses diminue, les pluies associées augmentent au
printemps et en automne et diminuent en été. En outre, la Méditerranée se réchauffe,
se sale et sa circulation thermohaline s'affaiblit fortement. Cette thèse conclut de plus à
la nécessité des AORCMs pour étudier l'impact du changement climatique en Méditerranée.
Lucas, Natalie Rose. "Preventing Climate Change: Game Theory in International Climate Politics." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/297705.
Full textOpoku, Emmanuela A. "Gender in Climate Policy and Climate Finance in Ghana." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1538740/.
Full textDagois, Robin. "Vers une modélisation du statut de polluants organiques de Technosols sous influences climatiques contrastées." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0333/document.
Full textTechnosols linked with the end of industrial activities depict contrasted properties from those of natural soils and may contain high concentration of organic pollutants (e.g. polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC)). Their neglect led to the apparition of pedogenetic processes particularly under the influence of climate which potentially contribute to the natural attenuation phenomenon. Hence, we suggest a new method to predict the evolution of PACs’ availability over time and under the influence of climate. The first step was to build a transcription model to predict the pedoclimate evolution derived from weather datasets and under the influence of climate location, climate change scenarios (IPCC), soil properties and depth. The effect of pedoclimatic events on the evolution of PAC availability was then tested in controlled conditions and on 11 contrasted industrial soils (coking plant and gas plant). This allowed predicting the frequency and occurrence of major pedoclimatic events (e.g. freeze-thaw, wetting-drying cycles and periods of high temperature) that drive pedogenesis. The consequence of these availability variation on toxicity were then tested using a growth test of Zea mays L. on aged soils, confirming that PAC availability and soil phytotoxicity are linked. The aging results were then incremented into the pedoclimate model to predict the evolution of PAC availability over time. As the current climatic conditions lead to a decrease in PAC availability (natural attenuation), the opposite effect is observed under the warmer climate of 2100. We described this phenomenon as natural amplification which underlines the upcoming threat of climate change on soils
Vuori, Vappu. "“1,5℃ to Stay Alive” - Climate Justice Discourse and Climate Change Denial Discourse in Climate Change Politics." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22691.
Full textDrugé, Thomas. "Contribution des aérosols aux scénarios climatiques en Méditerranée pour le XXIème siècle à l'échelle régionale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30328.
Full textThe Euro-Mediterranean region is subject to high aerosol loads of various origins and with high spatial and temporal variability. The climate of this region will be impacted by their direct effect on radiation but also by their semi-direct and indirect effects on clouds and atmospheric dynamics. This thesis work, which is part of the Med-CORDEX and ChArMEx research programmes, will address through regional climate modelling the question of the direct radiative effect of the various aerosols over the historical period, their evolution between the period 1971-2000 and the period 2021-2050 as well as the sensitivity of the future climate of this region to these aerosols. In order to take into account as fully as possible anthropogenic aerosols in the ALADIN-Climat regional climate model, used throughout this thesis work, a new simplified aerosol module to represent nitrate and ammonium particles has been implemented in its interactive aerosol scheme TACTIC. A set of simulations, taking into account or not nitrate and ammonium particles, were carried out over the period 1979-2016. The results showed the significant impact of these atmospheric particles on the Euro-Mediterranean climate with a contribution of 40% to the total AOD (at 550 nm) and a direct radiative forcing higher than that of sulphate and organic carbon particles from 2005. Over a longer period of time and using different scenarios, results show a decrease of total AOD of 35% over Europe between 1971-2000 and 2021-2050. This is mainly due to the decrease of the sulphate aerosols AOD, partly offset by the increase of nitrates. Nitrate particles will also have the highest total AOD contribution over Europe, of 45%, during the future period. This evolution of the various aerosols will impact their direct radiative forcing, with a significant decrease in that exerted by sulphate particles and an increase in that of nitrate and ammonium aerosols. These changes, which are robust under the different scenarios, explain on an annual average about 6% of the expected global warming over Europe between the two periods, mainly due to aerosols-radiation interactions but also to a change in cloud albedo (first indirect effect) and atmospheric dynamics over this region
Tang, Chao. "Model estimations of possible climate changes of surface solar radiation at regional scales over Southern Africa and the South West Indian Ocean." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0055/document.
Full textChanges in Surface Solar Radiation (SSR) have the potential to significantly impact diverse aspects of the climate system, and notably the socio-economic development of any nation. To identify the possible impacts of climate change on SSR at regional scales (~50 km) over Southern Africa and the South West Indian Ocean (SA-SWIO; 0-40°S ; 0- 100°E) up to the end of the 21st century, a slice downscaling experiment consisting of simulations covering three temporal windows: a) the present 1996-2005; b) the future 2046-2055 and 2090-2099 conducted with the Regional Climate Model (RCM) RegCM version 4, driven by the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) ERA-Interim reanalysis (ERAINT, only present) and 2 Global Climate Model (GCMs: HadGEM2-ES and GFDL-ESM2M) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) under RCP8.5 scenario, are performed and evaluated. Since the slice simulation is of limited temporal coverage, number of regional and driven global models and climate change forcings, mainly because of the limit of available computational resources, the study towards a comprehensive knowledge of SSR changes in context of climate change is thus extended: an ensemble consisting of outputs from 20 regional climate downscaling realisations based on 5 RCMs that participated in the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) program (CORDEX-Africa) along with their 10 driving GCMs from CMIP5 covering southern Africa (0-40°S; 0- 100°E) during the period of 1990-2099 is analyzed under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 up to 2099.The slice experiment indicates that 1) RegCM4 simulates present-day seasonal climatology, (surface air temperature, precipitation and SSR) quite well, but has a negative total cloud cover bias (about -20% in absolute percentage) when forced by the ERAINT and the two GCMs. 2) Internal variability of RegCM4-simulated annual means SSR (about 0.2 W/m2) is of one order smaller than the model bias compared with reference data. 3) RegCM4 simulates SSR changes in opposite signs when driven by the different GCMs under RCP8.5 scenario. 4) Electricity potential calculated using first-order estimation based on the RegCM simulations indicates a change less then 2% to 2099 with respect on present level.It is also found from the ensemble study that: 1) GCMs ensemble generally overestimates SSR by about 1 W/m2 in austral summer (December, January, and February, short as DJF) and 7.5 W/m2 in austral winter (June, July and August, short as JJA), while RCMs ensemble mean shows underestimations of SSR by about -32 W/m2 and -14 W/m2 in summer and winter seasons respectively when driven by GCMs. 2) Multi-model mean projections of SSR change patterns simulated by the GCMs and their embedded RCMs are fairly consistent. 3) GCMs project, in their multi-model means, a statistically significant increase of SSR of about 8 W/m2 in RCP4.5 and 12 W/m2 in RCP8.5 by 2099 over Centre Southern Africa (SA-C) and a highly confident decreasing SSR over Eastern Equatorial Africa (EA-E) of about -5 W/m2 in RCP4.5 and -10 W/m2 in RCP8.5 during the DJF season. RCMs simulate SSR change with statistical confidence over SA-C and EA-E area as well with a little spatial extension compared to GCMs. However, in the JJA season, an increase of SSR is found over EA-E of about 5 W/m2 by 2099 under RCP4.5 and 10 W/m2 under RCP8.5, of similar amplitudes in both the GCMs and RCMs simulations. 4) Significant cloudiness decrease (about -6 % to 2099) is found over continent of SA for GCMs and also shown in RCMs. 5) Larger SSR changes are found in the RCP8.5 scenario than in the RCP4.5 scenario in 2099, with about 2.5 W/m2 enhanced changes in GCMs and about 5 W/m2 in RCMs. 6) Either the biases or the changes pattern of SSR are overall correlated with the patterns of total cloud cover from RCMs in CORDEX-Africa program (for RegCM4 as well). The slice experiment indicates that
Guido, Zack Scott. "Informing Climate Adaptation: Climate Impacts on Glacial Systems and the Role of Information Brokering in Climate Services." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/347309.
Full textQuefelec, Stephane. "Les effets du changement climatique sur les pays méditerranéens." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX24010.
Full textThis thesis studies the links between development and climate change in Mediterranean countries to better understand the processes and interactions in specific games in the region, particularly in the Maghreb and the Mashreq. In Chapter 1, we review the state of scientific knowledge on climate change at global level and at Mediterranean level. This allows us to address the problem of climate projections and analyze the results for the Mediterranean. On this basis, in Chapter 2, by comparing the projections of climate change and the local context of development, we highlight a relatively higher vulnerability of the developing Mediterranean countries. We discuss in Chapter 3, methods and tools to estimate the economic cost of climate change and deduce lessons for the Mediterranean countries. To go further in the characterization and understanding of the mechanisms at play in the Mediterranean, we propose, in Chapter 4, econometric approaches using long term panel data. We test the impact of climate variables on, first, the level of GDP per capita and, second, on cereal yields. The results show that even rich Mediterranean countries are sensitive to climate change - at least over the period 1950-2000 - although much less than Southern and Eastern developing countries of the Mediterranean basin. Furthermore, we confirm that agriculture is a major channel of climate change impact in the economy, particularly in developing countries. The issue of water appears in a key parameter in adaptation to climate change. Thus, in Chapter 5, we analyze the state of water resources, the existing modes of governance and adaptation options available to Mediterranean arid countries. We present a simulation of future demands by sector in North Africa, enabling us to obtain orders of magnitude of the expected benefits of different policy options that can be followed by the government. We show that water demand management is one of the key tools to adapt to climate change in Mediterranean countries and that its implementation depends primarily on governance reforms
Cuccia, Cédric. "Impacts du changement climatique sur la phénologie du Pinot noir en Bourgogne." Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOS094/document.
Full textThe viticulture is an important economic and cultural sector in Burgundy. The current climate change raises a number of issues including its impact on crops. In this thesis, the idea is to develop a methodology to address the problem: what are the potential impacts of changes in temperature on the phenology of Pinot noir in Burgundy for years 2031-2048?The evolution of temperatures in Burgundy since 1961 is characterized by a positive temperature shift at the end of the 1980s followed by a period where the temperature increases of about 1.5 ° C.One of the interests of this thesis is to develop, following a strategy developed during the thesis, a spatial database conducted over the period 1989-2009 to estimate the ability of the WRF model to reproduce the climate Burgundy by disaggregating large scale data. The model reproduces satisfactorily the seasonal and spatial variability in global climate despite bias (cold on the Tx and hot on the Tn).To regionalize the climate change, WRF was used to disaggregate data from the scenario SRES/A2 on the periods 1970-1987 and 2031-2048. After being evaluated and inter-compared three phenological models, using average temperatures data to simulate the dates of occurrence of phenological stages of Pinot Noir, have been applied to these decompositions.The impact of warming temperatures on the horizon 2031-2048 (SRES/A2), estimated at 1.35 ° C on average, is characterized by an earlier flowering and veraison of about 7 and 15 days respectively. The interstadial duration is also reduced of about 5 days
Wagner, Fabien. "La réponse des forêts tropicales humides aux variations climatiques : évolution de la structure et de la dynamique des peuplements forestiers guyanais." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0481/document.
Full textAt a global scale tropical forest play a major role in term of carbon stock as well as in term of CO2 fluxes. Several studies have highlighted changes in tropical forest functioning during the last 20 years including a faster turnover and an increase of above ground biomass. The drivers of these changes are discussed and throughout this thesis we propose to contribute to this debate. We use the data from the Paracou experimental site in French Guiana established in 1984 on 120 hectares of moist tropical forest. Meteorological data come from the flux tower of the site, Guyaflux. We use annual and bisannual diameter measurements from the Guyafor database, and intra-annual diameter increments from the measurements of 260 trees near the flux tower.This thesis has two main parts. In the first part we present the biomass analysis of the Paracou permanent plots and the impact of structural changes in this forest on the carbon budget. The first part is constituted by two points. (i) Which temporal and spatial scale used to analyze the structure (biomass, basal area and stem density) and dynamics (tree growth, recruitment and mortality)components of tropical forest in order to minimized sample bias ? We establish a simple method to rely measurement interval between census and surface of measurement to the coefficient of variation of forests structure and dynamic components (ii) Which demographic process are involved in the explanation of biomass variation and how the biomass is distributed in the system ? The observed increase of biomass at Paracou could be link to the rarity of big trees mortality events. These big trees represent the larger part of the biomass. In the second part, we present the analysis of intra and inter-annual climate variation effects on forest dynamic changes. This part is divided in two points. (i) How to model drought stress in moist tropical forest ? We built a daily water balance model for tropical trees. (ii) Which climate variables explain the tree growth in guianian forests? We shown that soil water availability is the determinant factor of tree growth among a panel of climate variables. (iii) Which functional traits are involved in the tropical tree growth responses to climate? In this analysis, we determined that wood specific gravity, maximum tree height and tree diameter modulate the tree growth response to climate variations
Cannon, Alex Jason. "Multivariate statistical models for seasonal climate prediction and climate downscaling." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2892.
Full textKozey, James M. "Managing global climate change, addressing climate change in Canadian organizations." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0017/MQ48239.pdf.
Full textChin-Yee, Simon. "Defining climate policy in Africa : Kenya's climate change policy processes." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/defining-climate-policy-in-africa-kenyaas-climate-change-policy-processes(3b7440d0-7f08-4e87-b47d-ea4ad0a56d50).html.
Full textSanchirico, Emily. "A Strong Institutional Climate: Regional Trade Networks and Climate Action." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/13410.
Full textHarris, Amanda M. "Designing With Climate: Using Parking Lots to Mitigate Urban Climate." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35785.
Full textUrban areas are known to have different climatic conditions than their rural counterparts including higher temperatures, greater wind speeds, and increased precipitation otherwise known as urban heat islands, urban wind, and urban precipitation. These phenomena are all caused by the design and form of the city. Large amounts of impervious surface area, obtrusive buildings, and a lack of vegetation in the urban landscape all contribute to these problems. Landscape architects have the potential to mitigate urban heat islands, urban wind, and urban precipitation by understanding what causes these phenomena and knowing a few key principles by which to mitigate them.
Parking lots can cover up to half of the land area in cities and offer a great opportunity to correct urban climate problems. This thesis looks at current United States parking lot ordinances to determine if and how well principles of designing with climate have been incorporated. Guidelines are then given to help in the construction of a parking lot ordinance that aims to ameliorate the city's mesoclimate. A design is then created that shows how these parking lot guidelines could be incorporated into a functional, aesthetically pleasing parking lot.
Master of Landscape Architecture
Giovannelli, Guia. "Histoire évolutive et diversité adaptative du pin noir, Pinus nigra Arn., à l'échelle de son aire de répartition." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0089/document.
Full textThe European black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) is an ecologically and economically important forest tree, discontinuously and often patchily distributed across different ecological environments and climatic conditions in Europe and around the Mediterranean Basin. The taxonomy of this collective species, where many subspecies have been described, its evolutionary history and its adaptive diversity were investigated following four different approaches: phylogenetic, population genetics, quantitative genetics and modeling under climate change. We firstly explored the genetic diversity of 19 natural populations of P. nigra covering the maximum geographic extent of the species and reviewed the phylogenetic relationships characterizing them. The genetic variability of the European black pine was investigated with the particular aim of providing new insights on population differentiation and on their geographic origin and for clarifying the taxonomy of the species. P. nigra differentiation was also investigated for a fitness related trait, radial growth, with the aim of understanding whether phenotypic plasticity or genetic diversity was mainly responsible for the patterns observed. Dendrochronology was then used to examine the reaction of P. nigra to climate variation. Using niche modeling tools, differences in radial growth between provenances were also used to understand how P. nigra might adapt to future climates
Benedetti, Fabio. "Impacts du changement climatique sur la diversité fonctionnelle du zooplancton, le cas des copépodes planctoniques de mer Méditerranée." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066742/document.
Full textOne of the 21st century’s greatest scientific issues is to predict the impact of climate change on the functioning of ecosystems. In the Ocean, the plankton plays a pivotal role in climate regulation, biogeochemical cycles, and marine food webs dynamics. The zooplankton transfer energy from primary producers to higher trophic levels, while actively exporting organic matter from the surface to the deep ocean. However, the links between zooplanktonic diversity and marine ecosystem functioning are still poorly understood. During this PhD project, we have studied the taxonomic and functional diversity of the major marine zooplanktonic groups, the copepods, in biodiversity hotspot: the Mediterranean Sea. This work aims to: (i) define new zooplankton functional groups based on functional traits of many copepod species; (ii) test whether said groups present distinct environmental niches; and (iii) explore how climate change may modify the diversity of Mediterranean assemblages, and the associated functional diversity. A new dataset of species functional traits was gathered from the literature and was used to identify functional groups. The species’ occurrences were used to model their environmental niches, thus highlighting the control of abiotic conditions on the distribution of species. Multiple niche models were implemented to predict the evolution of the α and β diversity of Mediterranean copepod species assemblages under different climate change scenarios. Finally, the results from this PhD are discussed to provide a synoptic vision of the impact of climate change on copepod functional diversity in the Mediterranean Sea
Dallmann, Gamarra Ingrid. "Climate change and economic outcomes in developing countries." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS436.
Full textIn this dissertation, I study the impact of climate change on several economic outcomes, mainly on international trade, migration, and on vector-borne diseases. In the first chapter, I investigate the relationship between weather variations and bilateral trade flows at the country, sectoral and product levels, worldwide, and over the 1992-2014 period. I find a negative effect of temperature variations on bilateral trade at the country level. At the product level, both negative and positive effects arise, but the negative effect dominates. The effects are on the agricultural and manufacturing sectors, especially in the textile and metals sectors. Possible channels are the effect of temperature on output and labour productivity. Precipitation variations have also an effect on the product level, with the positive effect dominating for the affected products. The results suggest that weather variations also affect bilateral revealed comparative advantages, mainly for the weather sensitive products that I identify in the analysis. Moving to a long term analysis, the results suggest that temperature in the exporter country has a persistent effect that lasts several years. Furthermore, adaptation to climate change does not seem to changes the negative effects of temperature. The second chapter combines climate data with migration data from the 1991 and 2001 Indian Censuses to investigate the impact of climate variability on internal migration. The use of census data makes it possible to test and compare the effect on migration of climatic factors prior to migration. Relevant meteorological indicators of climate variability are used to measure the frequency, duration and magnitude of drought and excess precipitation based on the Standardized Precipitation Index. The estimation results show that drought frequency in the origin state increases inter-state migration in India. This effect is stronger in agricultural states, and in such states the magnitude of drought also increases inter-state migration significantly. Drought frequency has the strongest effect on rural-rural inter-state migration. In the third chapter, I measure the impact of weather and urbanization characteristics on dengue prevalence in Brazilian states during the 1992-2012 period. I find a positive effect of vapour pressure and a hump-shaped relationship between temperature and dengue. The results show that an increase in population density is likely to increase the dengue prevalence. Higher access to drinking water and waste management systems decrease dengue incidence. Additionally, higher immigration rates coming from states with high dengue incidence, increase the dengue prevalence in the destination state. Using a simultaneous equation model, I measure the double causality between household wage income and dengue prevalence. On the one hand, results show that, on average, a 10% increase in dengue rates is associated with a 0.16% decrease of household wage income. On the other hand, lower average household wage income is associated with a higher dengue rate
Goberville, Eric. "Evolution décennale des zones côtières : forçages climatiques, forçages anthropiques." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14171/document.
Full textCovering only 8% of the World Ocean but with 85% of exploited marine resources, coastal systems are important areas for the exchange of materials and energy, playing a crucial role in biogeochemical cycles. Moreover, these environments are marked by strong spatial and temporal heterogeneity of environmental factors, contributing to their complexity. In recent decades, global change exerted on these systems has become so intense that the implementation of long-term monitoring programmes has become essential to extract major trends and predict potential changes. However, the identification of the specific response of these coastal systems remains posed. In France, monitoring of physical and chemical parameters of coastal waters is provided since 1997 by the programme SOMLIT (Service d'Observation en Milieu LITtoral). The aim of this PhD Thesis is therefore to characterize year-to-year variability in physic-chemical properties of the surface layer, at a decadal scale, of the French coastal systems, and to evaluate the respective influence of natural and anthropogenic variability. Firstly, the analysis of these time series shows that the French coastal systems exhibit significant temporal variability, due to hydro-climatic fluctuations at meso and regional scales. Secondly, the development of a new nonparametric multivariate procedure, resulting in the constitution of relative reference states for the rapid detection of changes, allows quantifying the fertilization in nutrient concentrations. Moreover, it is shown that fertilization can be strongly influenced by climate forcing. Thirdly, after the removal of natural climate variability, indicators of human fertilisation are proposed, allowing the quantification of the impact of human activities on French coastal systems. This study proposes a new approach to detect as soon as data become available, potential alterations in all types of systems, with the aim of meeting the scientific and societal assumptions and allowing the adaptive management of coastal environments
Béal, Vincent. "Les politiques du développement durable. : Gouverner l'environnement dans les villes françaises et britanniques (1970-2010)." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STETT093.
Full textThis dissertation provides an analysis of the influence of environ mental issues on the transformation of urbanpolicy-making. Based on four case studies (Nantes and Saint-Etienne in France, Leicester and Manchesterin the United Kingdom), it examines the rise of environ mental issues on urban agendas and its influence inthe transformation of urban policies and urban governance. Built around three main theoretical perspectives- public policy analysis, urban political science and urban political economy -, this work shows that urbanenviron mental management has been shaped by three different emblems : the emblem of« urban ecology »with its grass roots frame in the 1970s and 1980s, the emblem of « sustainable development » with itsentrepreneurial frame in the 1990s and 2000s, and, finally, the emblem of « climate change » with its newmanagerial and control frame since 2005. This periodisation of urban environmental management stressesthe rise of cities as prominent scales of environ mental regulation and construction. However, this rise has notbeen synonymous of a strengthening of local public spaces around environ mental issues. It is argued thatthe reshaping of state/society relationships has led ta a gap between urban political elites and urbansocieties. By helping ta reshape political elites' activities towards the production of urban policies and tamarginalise actors who are not considered as «responsible», urban environmental policies have supportedthe roll out of oligarchie and post-democratie patterns of urban governance
Vogt-Schilb, Adrien. "Éléments sur la transition vers du capital bas carbone." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1114/document.
Full textThis thesis shows that while greenhouse gases are a stock pollution that imposes a shadow carbon cost that increases over time, it may be socially desirable to invest now in the deployment of expensive emission-reduction measures. This results solely from taking into account inertia inherent to the accumulation of low-carbon capital, in the absence of any other market imperfection. This thesis also covers the choice of policy instruments that imperfect governments can use to ensure the market implement these investments. It suggests that if governments cannot commit credibly to a carbon price path, or cannot fully compensate the losers from the introduction of a carbon price, then sector-scale policy instruments that incentivize investment in clean capital may be more effective and more acceptable than the carbon price
Turner, John. "Antarctic climate variability." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396624.
Full textXiao, Qian. "Climate resilient city." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254675.
Full textSwaffield, Joanne Clare. "Climate champions and discourses of climate change : an analysis of the communication of climate change in large corporations." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1690.
Full textde, Verdier Vincent, and Stella Tengsand. "Should we worry about the climate? An exploration of climate coping, experientialavoidance and climate friendly behaviour among adolescents." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-92701.
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