Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Climat – Changements – Régions tropicales'
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Berg, Alexis. "Représentation des cultures tropicales dans le modèle de surface continentale ORCHIDEE : apport à l'étude des interactions climat/agriculture." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066068.
Full textVilladiego, Bernal Kattia. "Une lecture de la forme urbaine et des microclimats : le cas de Barranquilla." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1086/document.
Full textClimate change and Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomena are some of the effects of human activity. The consequences of UHI are perceived not only in terms of economic (energy) costs, but also in terms of thermal comfort for inhabitants. In the context of tropical cities, where citizens are exposed to extreme heat, thermal comfort should be considered a policy priority in the design of public space.We have studied the phenomenon of thermal comfort through the case of Barranquilla, a city which not only meets the tropical conditions but also shows us the peculiar conflict and reality of Latin America and Colombia. In our study, we confirmed the relationship between microclimate and urban form; we also characterized this relationship and contributed to enrich the state of the art. In this study we put into evidence the connection between thermal comfort conditions in outdoor public spaces and socio-economic conditions of people in cities marked by social segregation and spatial fragmentation, such as Barranquilla.Finally, this study concludes that the best way to incorporate thermal comfort into urban design and planning is not through design strategies but through the assimilation of principles. Thus, we propose a new pedagogy based on sensitivity to the thermal environment and on collective efforts to enrich the practice of urban design and to develop a symbiosis with climate considerations that seems to have faded at some point in the history of urban development
Frihi, Aymen. "Évolution de la colonne totale d'ozone à deux stations tropicales : observations et modélisation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS240.
Full textWhile the tropics cover a large part of the globe, few long-term ozone observations data exist in this region. In addition, the tropics are the regions where most of the stratospheric ozone is formed. Indeed, the tropical region is the main entry point for tropospheric chemical species and water vapor in the stratosphere, subsequently redistributed at mid-latitudes by the Brewer-Dobson circulation. Monitoring the evolution of the ozone layer in these regions is based on observations (satellite, ground-based and aircraft instruments). This monitoring allows the quantification of stratospheric ozone variability and trends to understand past changes and validate the models used to predict the ozone evolution in these regions. In this perspective, the work of this thesis is divided into two parts: firstly, the analysis and comparison between the UV-Visible SAOZ spectrometer data and those of 10 satellite instruments in the tropics above the Bauru stations (22.18S, 49.06W) in Brazil and Reunion Island (21.11S, 55.53E) in the Indian Ocean. The ozone columns show a negative average bias (-0.84%) between the satellite columns and SAOZ (SAT-SAOZ) in Bauru unlike Réunion (0.75%), where the bias is positive. Moreover, we observe an increase in this bias from 2004 in Bauru of -1.78% / decade, less important in Reunion (-0.8% / decade). The study of this drift has shown that the latter is correlated with an uplift of the vertical ozone profile at equatorial latitudes characterized by an equivalent latitude drift of the Bauru station, which is not considered in the calculation of the Air Mass Factor (AMF) used to convert the slant column measured by SAOZ into vertical column (TOC). Subsequently, the capacity of 9 CCMI-derived climate-chemistry models to reproduce the observed columns, its variations and external forcing on variability was evaluated by comparing the simulations with those of SAOZ and the monthly mean satellites at both stations. The models show a good restitution of the variability of the ozone column with however an overestimation of 3% at both stations compared to the observations. The analysis of the forcings shows a contribution dominated by QBO (~ 40%), followed by ENSO (~ 20%), solar activity (~ 20%), equivalent latitude drift > 10% at Bauru and < 10% at Reunion and lower for aerosols (<10%) consistently with observations
Saint-Lu, Marion. "Étude des liens entre les événements El Niño et le cycle hydrologique des régions tropicales dans différents contextes climatiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV028/document.
Full textInterannual variability in the tropical Pacific is mainly modulated by the El Niño / Southern Oscillation (ENSO).Understanding the time evolution of this phenomenon is a major issue, given its strong impacts on health andeconomics. Studying the ENSO variability in different climatic contexts allows us to understand its links to themean-state. We use climatic simulations of the mid-Holocene (6,000 years and 4,000 years before present),the last glacial maximum (21,000 years before present) and a theoretical climate with atmospheric carbondioxyde multiplied by four, computed with several numerical models. We show that ENSO characteristics aresignificantly different in the different climatic contexts. The links between these differences and the climatemean-state are numerous and non linear. Studying paleoclimates is then necessary to understand ENSOchanges and to be able to project its future evolution. Some of the past archives that are used to reconstructthe paleo-ENSO are located in the southwest Pacific, under the influence of the south Pacific convergencezone (SPCZ). We show that the impact of ENSO on the location of the SPCZ changes with the climate.This determines how to interpret archives’ records. Thus, the mechanisms linking ENSO to the SPCZ in themodern climate cannot be directly extrapolated to other climates. By combining information from models andarchives, we are able to improve our understanding on the variability changes in the southwest Pacific. Finally,we address the ENSO change with a new vision, through its role within the global energetic budget. Accordingto the IPSL-CM5A-LR model, the relative contribution of El Niño events to the global energy redistribution isreduced in the mid-Holocene, compared to the modern climate. The mean capacity of the tropical Pacific toexport its energy is reduced. Therefore, the global heat pump represented by the tropical Pacific is less powerfulin the mid-Holocene, both by its reduced capacity to export energy and by the reduced El Niño contribution.This result suggests that there is consistency between the ENSO change and the role of heat pump played bythe tropical Pacific
Illig, Séréna. "Variabilité basse fréquence de l'Atlantique tropical : rôle de la dynamique océanique équatoriale et influence d'El Nino southern oscillation." Toulouse 3, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00260664.
Full textThe objectives of this thesis are to study the coupled interannual variability in the Tropical Atlantic associated to the linear dynamics and the teleconnections with the Tropical Pacific El Niño variability. Our study suggest first that low-frequency wave dynamics (Kelvin and Rossby waves propagation) is to a large extent at work in the Tropical Atlantic, and play a significant part in the ocean-atmosphere mechanisms that can lead to the Atlantic Equatorial mode. The results of coupled experiments show that peak in SST variability in the 1 to 3 year band, as observed in the Equatorial Atlantic, is partly due to the local air-sea interactions, whereas remote ENSO Pacific forcing controls the lower frequency variability (3-7 year). Our results point out the complexity of the Equatorial Atlantic ocean-atmosphere system which predictability depends on the Pacific ENSO conditions and/or the high-frequency atmospheric activity
Pangaud, Thomas. "Assimilation des radiances des sondeurs infrarouges hyperspectraux en condition nuageuse : application à des cyclogénèses extratropicales." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/772/.
Full textThe main goal of this PhD work is to propose an approach to deal with high-spectral-resolution infrared sounders in cloudy conditions. Untill now, these observations were rejected by the data assimilation system due to the complex nature of clouds and to their non-linear processes evolving into spatiotemporal scales lower than those of the model. The emergence of variational techniques as well as improvements achieved in terms of cloud modelisation and radiative transfer revived the interests of the scientific community for the assimilation of cloudy radiances. Indeed most measurements from high-spectral-resolution infrared sounders, and in particular, in atmospheric sensitive regions, are contaminated by clouds. The approach proposed here to deal with cloudy radiances is based on the combined information from the cloud detection algorithm developped by the ECMWF and the CO2-Slicing cloud characterization algorithm. To be efficient, this scheme thus needs a good correspondance in terms of cloud detection between these two algorithms. The fist part of this study demonstrates that these two algorithms are able to detect clouds efficiently. The good correspondance in performances obtained from both algorithms justify their conjoint use to assimilate cloudy radiances. The assimilation scheme developped in this PhD work enables to increase the total amount of assimilated observations by more than 10% for AIRS and by more than 12% for IASI, additional observations are mainly located at mid to high latitudes. In addition, taking into account the cloud effect into the observation operator leads to model equivalents more consistent with true observations. Experiments performed with the AIRS sounder exhibit a positive but not significant impact on forecasts for the temperature, the humidity and the wind. The impact is significantly positive for the geopotential. Preliminary experiments performed with the IASI sounder exhibit a rather mitigated impact. Taking into account cloudy radiances from high-spectral-resolution infrared sounders improves the predictability of intense event for both study cases treated in this work (a mediterrean storm occuring on the 26th of september 2006 and an atlantic storm on the 24th of january 2009). The operational assimilation of this kind of data will certainly enable, among others, a better risk management et thus a more efficient hazard prevention
Dewitte, Boris. "Rôle de la structure verticale de l'océan sur la variabilité basse fréquence dans le Pacifique tropical." Toulouse 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOU30296.
Full textWe investigate the low frequency variability of the oceanic vertical structure in the tropical Pacific from an ocean general circulation (OPA) forced simulation over the period 1985-1994. Our goal is two-fols : 1) To find to which extent the simulation can be interpreted as a combination of baroclinic long equatorial Kelvin and Rossby waves for the different vertical modes, and 2) to document the processes that affect the waves propagation, in particular modal dispersion due to zonal change in the density field, vertical energy propagation processes and the coupling with atmosphere. Linear model simulations are carried out and are used as a diagnostic tool
Corre, Lola. "Évolution récente des océans tropicaux : le rôle de l'influence humaine." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1673/.
Full textDue to its high heat capacity, the ocean integrates the surface fluxes, producing high signal-to-noise ratio at decadal and longer timescales. On the contrary, long-term changes in atmospheric variables are difficult to measure due to the atmosphere high variability on short timescales. Looking at oceanic variables is thus interesting in order to successfully detect a response to the anthropogenic climate change. This manuscript further examines recent upper ocean temperature and surface ocean salinity changes. As 80% of the excess heat caused by increasing greenhouse gas concentrations, over the last decades, has accumulated in the ocean, the rate of ocean warming is one of the best indicators of the Earth's energy imbalance. Surface ocean salinity provides Nature's largest possible rain gauge and can be efficiently used as an indicator of the changing marine water cycle. Detection methods are applied to assess whether a human influence can be detected in the recent observed changes
Cibot, Carole. "Variabilité décennale dans le Pacifique tropical et modulation basse fréquence de l'activité ENSO." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30211.
Full textThe El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), climate phenomenon located in the tropical Pacific, is a coupled ocean-atmosphere mode with a dominant time scale between 3 and 7 years. In addition, the amplitude of ENSO is low-frequency modulated, on a decadal to interdecadal time-scale. The objective of this thesis is to study the tropical decadal variability in a global atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation model, and his link with the low frequency modulation of ENSO activity. Results question the commonly accepted hypothesis that low frequency modulations of ENSO are due to decadal changes of the mean state characteristics, and suggest that it seems more appropriate to reason in terms of time scale interactions rather than in terms of direct causal relationships
Arnault, Joël. "Evolution cyclogénétique des perturbations convectives de l'Afrique de l'Ouest et de l'Atlantique tropical." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/651/.
Full textThe formation of Cape Verde Cyclones is the result of an interaction between several processes: mid-level African easterly wave's troughs and ridges, low-level monsoon flow and trade winds off the West African coast, convective developements, mid-level Saharan anticyclone, low level Saharan heat low, mid-and upper level troughs of mid-latitude origin. These processes are investigated in a climatologic study of five season of European Center for Medium-range Weather Forcast analyses and Meteosat images. This is complemented with two case studies modelled with Méso-NH: the perturbation which spawn Hurricane Helene (2006) and the so-called "Perturbation D", a non-developing case observed during AMMA / SOP-3 in Dakar in September 2006. The simulated evolutions are quantified with energy and vorticity budgets. The main result of this thesis is that geostrophic adjustment of wind field to a pressure perturbation of convective origin in the Cape Verde Islands area occurs only if there is a production of eddy kinetic energy through barotropic conversion and a horizontal advection of cyclonic vorticity. This confirms the well-known hypothesis that tropical cyclogenesis is the result of an interaction between convective systems and a favourable environement
Höjgård-Olsen, Erik. "Observations du cycle de l'eau atmosphérique tropicale et de ses variations avec la température de surface de la mer, à l'aide d'une constellation de satellites." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASJ007.
Full textThe tropical atmosphere is a complex system of dynamic and thermodynamic processes. Superimposed on these complexities is a radiative forcing due to anthropogenically emitted greenhouse gases and a resulting global warming. Climate projections often assume that the feedback parameter is constant in time, so that changes in radiative flux are proportional to changes in surface temperature. Projection uncertainties are associated with the atmospheric water cycle’s response to surface warming, and motivate the need to better understand processes linking clouds, circulation of atmospheric water and climate.This work aims to improve our understanding of the covariability of sea surface temperature (SST), relative humidity (RH), clouds and precipitation, on different temporal and spatial scales in the tropical belt (30°N-30°S). It relies on a unique synergistic dataset of high vertical resolution that measures the daytime (01:30 pm) RH profile, cloud characteristics and near-surface precipitation provided by the microwave radiometer SAPHIR, the CALIOP lidar and the CPR radar. This dataset has a 1° by 1° horizontal resolution and covers the time period 2012 to 2018. It is associated to SST and atmospheric vertical velocity fields of the ERA5 reanalysis.The synergistic dataset was explored along two scientific questions:(i) The first question concerned the instantaneous timescale and the co-evolution of RH profiles, cloud cover and SST, under large-scale circulation constraint. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive observational view of the tropical atmospheric water cycle’s response to SST on the instantaneous timescale. Different physical relationships are established for the different large-scale circulation regimes, and their characteristics are robust to natural variability (such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation). The descending regime is characterized by a dry free troposphere and decreasing opaque liquid cloud cover with SST, and an expected clear-sky cooling with SST. In contrast, the ascending regime is characterized by a nonlinear response in ice cloud cover and free-tropospheric RH with SST that peak around the 302 K SST, which likely induce nonlinear responses of the radiative fluxes.(ii) The second question addressed the assumption of timescale-invariant feedback factors on daily, monthly, seasonal and annual scales. Rates of changes of RH and cloud characteristics with SST defined on the global scale (tropical oceans) are compared to rates of changes computed on the grid box scale. On the global scale, negligible changes are observed in the RH profile with SST, opaque cloud cover decreases, and ice cloud altitudes rise with SST with little change in cloud temperature. These results suggest an enhanced clear-sky radiative cooling with SST, whilst cloud emission temperatures are invariant, as discussed in some assumptions on the tropical atmosphere. Overall, the results highlight significant differences according to the timescale considered for computing global scale rates of changes, which can be used as a strong diagnostic in the evaluation of climate models. Following this, a first analysis of the IPSL model was performed and shows the interest of such diagnostic based on observations
Izumo, Takeshi. "Le sous-courant équatorial et les échanges de masse et de chaleur associés dans le Pacifique tropical : variabilité, liens avec les événements El Nino-La Nina." Toulouse 3, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006355.
Full textThe equatorial undercurrent (EUC), the shallow meridional overturnings cells feeding it, and their essential role in the equatorial Pacific for El Niño and decadal variability, are studied using both in situ data and model. Trajectories of water masses in a realistic numerical model reveal complex and asymmetric recharges/discharges associated with the 1997-1998 El Niño-La Niña events. Using TAO/TRITON moored data of current and temperature at the equator, with their gaps carefully filled, continuous time series of mass transport, temperature, depth and kinetic energy of the EUC are constructed over 1980-2002 and analysed. Over 1951-1999 in the validated model, EUC, pycnocline convergence, surface divergence and equatorial upwelling have the same variations in mass transport, all caused by zonal wind stretch integrated zonally, in agreement with linear theories. The strong impacts of these variations in mass transport and of those in temperature on mass and heat budgets are quantified
Rajaud, Amélie. "Reforester les tropiques semi-arides ? : Enjeux, contraintes et opportunités climatiques dans la perspective du changement global." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV066/document.
Full textIn the face of evergrowing global deforestation, numerous forest protection and restoration projects have been deployed at the international scale. The goal of this thesis is to provide adaptation planning in the vulnerable tropical semi-arid regions with scientific material about reforestation project constraints and opportunities at the global scale, inthe context of climate change. The literature review (chapter 1) confirms that reforestation projects aimed at warmingmitigation hold a better chance of success under tropical lattitudes. Indeed, both biochemical and biophysical effects of the vegetation on climate converge toward a global cooling effect. As reforestation in tropical semi-arid regions aims at satisfying various ecosystemic services, it holds beneficial promises at both the global and the local scale. However, due to scarce water resources, implementing a tree cover in semi-arid conditions could turn out unsustainable in the long run. A bioclimatological is applied, in chapter 2, to a multimodel ensemble of projections in order to draw the evolution of global tropical semi-arid territory under several climate change scenarios (RCP). The present tropical semi-arid territory is expected to remain mostly so in future conditions. However, up to 25% of the this territory on average will evolve towards arider conditions, and up to 11% towards wetter conditions. Nevertheless, the tropical semi-arid territory will increase by the end of the 21st century, by up to 13% on average (RCP 8.5). This increase results from a migration outside of the tropical belt, consistent with the Hadley circulation widening hypothesis under climate change. Chapter 3 proposes a methodology aimed at analysing the implications of this evolution for the climatic potential of tree cover sustainability. The global vegetation model (ORCHIDEE, developed at IPSL), used to simulate this potential, accounts mechanistically for all the climatic factors of the plant's growth. A typology of result profiles from the simulation experiments partitions the territory into subregions characterized by a specific relation between the tree development and the tree cover density: five types range from the least (Type 1) to the most (Type 4) favourable ones. A reference experiment is performed using observational climate data (from the Climatic Research Unit). Covering almost half of the territory, Type 1 is characterized by the impossibility to maintain a tree cover for the highest cover densities. The second type in order of surface occupation is Type 4 (28% of the territory). More favourable, it is characterized by high tree development for any tree cover density. The "tree cover potential" of each type is characterized by its optimum: the tree cover density that realises the best compromise between tree development and total productivity. In Chapter 4, the same methodology is applied to future climate projections for RCP 8.5. The ORCHIDEE model is thus forced with global climate model outputs, for the beginning and the end of the 21st century. By the end of the century, Type 1 represents no more than 25% of the tropical semi-arid territory on average, while Type 4 becomes the dominant one (49% of the territory). Because of the stability of the tree cover potential whithin each type, the evolution toward a more or less favourable type can be directly interpreted in terms of an increasing or a decreasing potential. The results show that the tree cover potential in the tropical semi-arid territory does not systematically suffer from the general decrease that could be expected from increasing aridity. A complementary experiment suggests that the main reason for this result lies is the atmospheric CO2 fertilization effect. Interpreting these results for reforestation strategy recommandations, suggests that, for the long term, areas of the tropical semi-arid territory where reforestation would be advised against are overall relatively small
Pillet, Valentin. "Détection et attribution des changements morphologiques côtiers récents en milieu insulaire tropical (Polynésie française, Caraïbe)." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS019.
Full textLow-lying reef islands and coastal areas of tropical mountainous islands are highly vulnerable to the impacts of tropical cyclones and the expected effects of climate change. However, while the French metropolitan coasts have benefited from a significant effort to assess their long-term changes, French overseas islands are the least documented areas in French Territory. Based on this observation, this thesis examines the respective contribution of natural and anthropogenic drivers in the past evolution of reef islands (French Polynesia) and mountainous island beaches (Northern Lesser Antilles). This study relies on a combined approach between geomatic and fieldwork. From a multi-scalar (spatial and temporal) analysis, we detect and attribute the planimetric changes experienced by the sedimentary systems of the studied islands. Results on reef islands are comparable to those of previous studies which established that most of the islands have been stable or in expansion over the last decades. They allow to suggest conceptual models of long-term trajectories and examine the respective contribution of the drivers considered in this study. On mountainous island beaches, this study shows that local settings explain the high longitudinal variability detected in various climatic situations. In addition, this study contributes to the global samples of studied islands and to move forward on the understanding of past coastal changes in French overseas islands
Tournebize, Rémi. "Influence des variations spatio-temporelles de l’environnement sur la distribution actuelle de la diversité génétique des populations." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT140.
Full textThis project aims at understanding how the structure of the intra-specific genetic diversity in emblematic tropical plant species and in the human species was shaped by the spatiotemporal variation of current and past environments. We developed a genetic inference approach based on the coalescent theory to assess the potential impact of past climatic change onto the evolution of the geographic range and of the neutral and/or adaptive genetic diversity in Amborella trichopoda Baill. in New Caledonia (sister-species of all extant angiosperms, NGS and microsatellite datasets), in Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehn in tropical Africa (Robusta coffee, NGS dataset) and in North-Western European and African (Luhya, Kenya) human populations (NGS dataset 1000 Genomes Project). We found that the climatic fluctuations of the Late Pleistocene influenced the evolution of genetic diversity in these species distributed in temperate and tropical environments. The environmental conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21.000 years before present) appear as an important factor. The demographic contraction associated with the last global glaciation influenced the divergence between Amborella genetic lineages and contributed to the accumulation of genetic differences between C. canephora lineages. Our results suggest that global glaciation events likely drove idiosyncratic genetic differentiation in tropical rain forests but the intensity of this response varied between species. We also identified multiple events of selection in the genomes of the European human population which were likely triggered by the environmental conditions during the LGM. The associated phenotypic adaptations probably allowed the paleo-populations to maintain their demographic expansion despite the new kinds of selective pressure they faced during the last glacial age in Europe
Prianto, Eddy. "Modélisation des écoulements et analyse architecturale de performances de l'espace habitable en climat tropical humide." Nantes, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NANT2037.
Full textBonneaud, Frédéric. "Ventilation naturelle de l'habitat dans les villes tropicales : contribution à l'élaboration d'outils d'aide à la conception." Nantes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NANT2006.
Full textHow to design a better natural ventilation of the habitat in tropical cities? We propose for that an innovating method to make design tools for architects and urban planners. The state of knowledge likely to interest the designers led us to the simplified evaluation of the dynamic pressures on the frontages. The current difficulty is, during stages of programming and first draft, to evaluate the influence of dense urban forms on these pressures. We describe then the relevance of a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) code to simulate the wind around buildings. We end up to knowledge on ventilation in a current urban reference: the square block. We finally apply a method of experimental design for the parametric study of the square block. Our CFD calculations are developed with a graphic interface which informs quickly on natural ventilation of an urban block with variable dimensions. A tool named Delta-P is produced for this purpose
Dieppois, Bastien. "Etude par analyses spectrales de l'instabilité spatio-temporelle des téléconnexions basse-fréquences entre les fluctuations globales du secteur Atlantique et les climats de l'Europe du NW (1700-2010) et du Sahel ouest-africain (1900-2010)." Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00843683.
Full textRacinais, Sébastien. "Performance de courte durée en milieu tropical:Influence de la Température environnementale et du moment de la journée." Antilles-Guyane, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AGUY0118.
Full textMuscular power display a significant diurnal increase in a neutral environment only and a 60-minute moderately warm exposure increases muscular power in the morning only when body temperatures are their lowest (Sudy 1). The fact that the passive warm-up effect body temperature can not be combined may be explained by their similar action on muscular contractile properties (study 2). These results point to the existence of a "ceiling" above which an increase in body temperature fails to improve muscular performance. Indeed,our results show that an extremely hot exposure fails to modify short term performance in a moderately warm and humid environment (study 3). Similary to tropical climate,a 30-minute leg immersion in a hot bath in neutral environment may blunt the diurnal variation in muscular power (study 4),whereas active warm-up increases muscular power both in the morning and in the evening(sTUDY 5)
Legrand, Brice. "Impact des changements climatiques sur la biodiversité marine tropicale : le cas des oiseaux marins de l’océan Indien occidental." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0043.
Full textClimate change will affect terrestrial and marine ecosystems, but the consequences in terms of global biodiversity distribution are still unclear. Studies about selection of marine habitats and trends caused by global warming are growing. The telemetric monitoring provide valuable information on the spatial and temporal variability on distribution of marine predators. All the issues are very important, we have decided to focus on seabirds. The first objective of this thesis project is to study the distribution and selection of foraging habitat of tropical seabirds during their reproductive phase and during their migrations. To characterize the habitat of an abiotic point of view. The second objective of this thesis project is to use scenarios for ocean habitats produced by IPCC to simulate, using habitat models, the temporal evolution of the distribution of suitable habitat. The third objective of this thesis project is to use the available monitoring data to identify "hotspots" of biodiversity. We looked, at first, the puffins Pacific. More particularly, we studied the variations between the different colonies of the same species, from the viewpoint of the distribution, activity and habitat selection. Then we studied the impact of the evolution of climate change on wintering habitat of Barau’s Petrels (Pterodroma baraui). We built habitat selection models. These models were then used to predict the evolution of wintering habitat in 2100, according to different IPCC scenarios. Finally, we have compiled the available telemetry data on seabirds, sea turtles and marine mammals to study the distribution of marine megafauna in the Indian Ocean, and to identify hotspots of high density and high diversity. To establish, in time, protected marine areas
Guzman, Rodrigo. "Contribution à l'étude du rayonnement infrarouge en ciel clair dans les régions inter-tropicales : observations et modèles de climat." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066671.
Full textClear-sky Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLRc) in the inter-tropical belt is a major component of Earth's radiation budget. In order to estimate this radiative field over tropical and subtropical regions, we defined a simple OLRc model depending on two parameters. The parameters of this model are estimated from the METEOSAT satellite measurements for the humidity and from the CERES/AQUA instruments for the temperature and the radiation. The construction of this physical and statistical model is based on a classical analytical approach of OLRc we enriched with spectral sensitivities studies of this radiative magnitude to the Surface Temperature (TS) and to Relative Humidity (RH). The two variables that allow us to make a reasonable estimate OLRc by night are TS and the Mean Free Troposphere Relative Humidity (FTH). We study the sensitivity of OLRc to the variability of these fields at seasonal and inter-annual time scales. Areas of high sensitivity of OLRc to temporal variability of FTH are identified whereas the synthetic radiative field is practically insensitive to the variability of TS. We then evaluate the performance of two climate models in their reproduction of FTH and TS by performing the same sensitivity experiments on these two fields. These models represent adequately the variability of FTH and TS fields at both time scales studied previously. Finally, we look at the sensitivity of OLRc at climate time scales by performing spectral and vertical sensitivity analysis on mean profiles from climate models
Asloum, Hassida. "Élaboration d'un système de production maraîchère (tomate, Lycopersicum esculentum L. ) en culture hors sol pour les régions sahariennes : utilisation de substrats sableux et d'eaux saumâtres." Nice, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NICE4443.
Full textSabajo, Clifton. "Changements dans l’utilisation des terres et de la couverture terrestre en Asie du sud-est : les effets de la transformation sur les paramètres de la surface en Indonésie." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AGPT0005.
Full textOver the last decades, Indonesia has experienced dramatic land transformations with an expansion of oil palm plantations at the expense of tropical forests. Indonesia is currently one of the regions with the highest transformation rate of the land surface worldwide related to the expansion of oil palm plantations and other cash crops replacing forests on large scales. As vegetation is a modifier of the climate near the ground these large-scale land transformations have major impacts on surface biophysical variables such as land surface temperature (LST), albedo, vegetation indices (e.g. the normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI), on the surface energy balance and energy partitioning.Despite the large historic land transformation in Indonesia toward oil palm and other cash crops and governmental plans for future expansion, this is the first study so far to quantify the impacts of land transformation on biophysical variables in Indonesia. To assess such changes at regional scale remote sensing data are needed.As a key driver for many ecological functions, LST is directly affected by land cover changes.We analyze LST from the thermal band of a Landsat image and produce a high-resolution surface temperature map (30 m) for the lowlands of the Jambi province in Sumatra (Indonesia), a region which experienced large land transformation towards oil palm and other cash crops over the past decades. The comparison of LST, albedo, NDVI, and evapotranspiration (ET) between seven different land cover types (forest, urban areas, clear cut land, young and mature oil palm plantations, acacia and rubber plantations) shows that forests have lower surface temperatures than the other land cover types, indicating a local warming effect after forest conversion. LST differences were up to 10.1 ± 2.6 ºC (mean ± SD) between forest and clear-cut land. The differences in surface temperatures are explained by an evaporative cooling effect, which offsets an albedo warming effect.Young and mature oil palm plantations differenced in their biophysical. To study the development of surface biophysical variables during the 20 – 25 years rotation cycle of oil palm plantations, we used three Landsat images from the Jambi province in Sumatra/Indonesia covering a chronosequence of oil palm plantations.Our results show that differences between oil palm plantations in different stages of the oil palm rotation cycle are reflected in differences in the surface energy balance, energy partitioning and biophysical variables. During the oil palm plantation lifecycle the surface temperature differences to forest gradually decrease and approach zero around the mature oil palm plantation stage of 10 years. Concurrently, NDVI increases and the albedo decreases approaching typical values of forests. The surface energy balance and energy partitioning show a development patterns related to biophysical variables and the age of the oil palm plantations. Newly established and young plantations (< 5 years) have less net radiation available than mature oil palm plantations, yet have higher surface temperatures than mature oil palm plantations. The changes in biophysical variables, energy balance and energy partitioning during the oil palm rotation cycle can be explained by the previously identified evaporative cooling effect in which the albedo warming effect is offset. A main determinant in this mechanism is the vegetation cover during the different phases in the oil palm rotation cycle. NDVI as a proxy for vegetation cover showed a consistent inverse relation with the LST of different aged oil palm plantations, a trend that is also observed for different land use types in this study. (Last and final summary in the thesis)
Klutsé, Amah. "Epuration des eaux usées domestiques par lagunage en zone soudano-sahélienne : Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20217.
Full textDutheil, Cyril. "Impacts du changement climatique dans le Pacifique Sud à différentes échelles : précipitations, cyclones, extrêmes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS402.
Full textIn this thesis we are interested in the South Pacific climate changes, at the end of the 21st century under the RCP8.5 scenario (i.e. the most extreme scenario equivalent to a radiative forcing increase of 8.5W.m-2), at several spatial scales ((1) Pacific, (2) Southwest Pacific, (3) and New Caledonia) and in its impacts. The climate projections of the CMIP5 models include many biases (e.g. double ITCZ, strong intermodel variability of SST change patterns) in this region that we reduced by using a regional atmospheric model (Weather Research and Forecast). (1) At this scale we are interested in the future of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ). Climate change simulations showed a possible drying (-30%) of SPCZ driven by circulation changes. (2) We are interested here in the future of the Southwest Pacific cyclogenesis. Climate change simulations have shown a decrease of cyclone intensity, an increase of cyclonic precipitation, and a possible collapse of the cyclones number (-50%) due to an increase of vertical wind shear. (3) And then we focused on the evolution of the New Caledonian climate. Climate change simulations showed a decrease of rainfall (-20%) in average, with very strong contrasts across regions (East coast vs West coast), as well as a doubling of the heat waves number. Finally, we showed the interest of these regional simulations for impact studies applied to ecosystems
Lenoir, Aurélie. "On Comfort in Tropical Climates. The design and operation of Net Zero Energy Buildings." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0038.
Full textThis thesis investigates a comfort approach for the design and the operation of Net Zero Energy Buildings (Net ZEBs) in tropical climates. The work is part of an international research project, Task 40 / Annex 52 led by the International Energy Agency (IEA), that concerns net zero energy solar buildings. The case study of the ENERPOS building located in Reunion Island is one of the 30 Net ZEBs selected by the IEA to create a database of demonstration projects worldwide. The point of departure of the study is the observation that one of the challenges facing the intertropical zone today is the growing energy demand. Passive design is suggested as a possible solution to reduce the energydemand of buildings. This approach leads to dealing with comfort issues rather than energy issues, as is usually the case. In spite of the inherent subjective nature of occupant comfort, there is an essential need for methods and tools to characterise comfort in relation to the physical parameters of the environment, for instance, temperature, humidity, air speed and illuminance. Different approaches to thermal and visual comfort are introduced, with the aim of proposing comfort evaluation criteria that are adapted to the design offices. A thermal comfort survey of the occupants of the ENERPOS building, based on over 2,000 feedbacks was conducted from 2008 to 2011. The results have led to the recommendation of modifications in the Givoni comfort zones, notably by extending the maximum humidity level, for passive buildings combining the use of natural ventilation and ceiling fans. An innovative methodology using simulations and taking the passive behaviour of the building into account, as opposed to the conventional approach with regard to energy use, is proposed to facilitate the optimisation of the design of passive buildings. The study focuses on the design of solar shading, given the extensive role it plays in tropical climate, as well as the direct impact it has on both thermal and visual comfort of building occupants. Although the design phase aims to optimise the building to limit both discomfort and energy consumption, the operation of the building remains the critical phase that is often neglected or overlooked by design teams. A broad examination of the operation phase of the ENERPOS building, since its construction, from both energy and users’ point of view, illustrates that a building can reduce its energy consumption significantly, and thus, its environmental impact while maintaining an acceptable level of comfort for its users
Miranville, Frédéric. "Contribution à l'étude des parois complexes en physique du bâtiment : modélisation, expérimentation et validation expérimentale de complexes de toitures incluant des produits minces réfléchissants en climat tropical humide." La Réunion, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00463069/fr/.
Full textPouyaud, Bernard. "Contribution à l'évaluation de l'évaporation de nappes d'eau libre en climat tropical sec : exemples du lac de Bam et de la mare d'Oursi (Burkina-Faso), du lac Tchad et d'Açudes du Nordeste brésilien." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112388.
Full textMiranville, Frédéric. "Contribution à l'Etude des Parois Complexes en Physique du Bâtiment : Modélisation, Expérimentation et Validation Expérimentale de Complexes de Toitures incluant des Produits Minces Réfléchissants en climat tropical humide." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00463069.
Full textFaye, Adama. "Dynamique évolutive des forêts tropicales humides d'Afrique centrale : cas d'étude de la famille des palmiers (Arecaceae)." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS190.
Full textTropical rain forests (TRF) biodiversity is not equally distributed between the three main tropical regions: Neotropics, South East Asia and tropical Africa. Even though African rain forests display high levels of diversity and endemism, this diversity is low compared to that of the other tropical regions. One of the main hypotheses advanced to explain this lower species diversity is that the African flora has undergone higher extinction rates during the Cenozoic. Across the Congo basin, high levels of species diversity and endemism is thought to be linked to the hypothesis of forest refugia. This hypothesis suggests a contraction of rain forests in 'refugia' during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, between 24’000 and 12’000 Years).The aim of this thesis is to study the evolution of African rain forests in response to climate change on ancient (million years) and more recent (thousands of years) time scales. For this we study two groups of African palms: the rattans of the sub-tribe Ancistrophyllinae and the understory genus of Central African TRF Podococcus with two species P. barteri and P. acaulis. The first group provides information about ancient extinctions events during the Cenozoic, while the second is used to study the response of TRF during Pleistocene climate change in Central Africa. The approach used in this thesis is to 1) reconstruct the evolutionary history of African rattans, and 2) to infer the evolutionary dynamics of the two species of Podococcus through time. The five specific objectives structuring two main parts of the thesis are: First part: (i) reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among Ancistrophyllinae using plastid and nuclear markers, (ii) estimate divergence times and test the impact of extinction events on Ancistrophyllinae. Second part: (iii) build ecological niche models and infer the areas of habitat stability of the two species of Podococcus from the LGM, (iv) reconstruct phylogeographic relationships of populations of Podococcus from whole plastomes obtained using Next Generation Sequencing and (v) assess the correlation between genetic diversity and ecological niche stability of all populations of Podococcus.Results suggest that Ancistrophyllinae has possibly undergone a constant diversification with a relatively high extinction rate punctuated by one or more severe extinction events during the Cenozoic. Ancistrophyllinae diverged during the Eocene with most species originating to the Late Miocene after 10 Ma. In the genus Podococcus, a significant correlation between the unique genetic diversity and habitat stability was demonstrated supporting the hypothesis of forests refugia in Central Africa. Ecologically stable and diverse populations are mainly located in mountainous areas such as Monts de Cristal and Monts Doudou in Gabon, but also in the Atlantic coastal forests in Gabon and Cameroon. In contrast, most of the populations predate the LGM reflecting that species respond over several glacial cycles. Results of this thesis highlight that ancient and recent climate changes have strongly influenced the evolution and dynamics of Central African forests. In addition, our results allowed the identification of African Atlantic coastal forests as an important conservation priority
Boucharel, Julien. "Modes de variabilité climatique dans l'océan Pacifique tropical : quantification des non-linéarités et rôle sur les changements de régimes climatiques." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00720706.
Full textCadet, Jean-Maurice. "Le rayonnement solaire ultraviolet de surface en région tropicale, validation instrumentale, climatologie et impacts sur la santé." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0019.
Full textThe main causes of skin cancer are human behavior change and the increase of surface ultraviolet radiation, in response to atmospheric parameters changes (stratospheric ozone, clouds, or aerosols) due to climate change or anthropogenic activities. Taking into account their geographic position, tropical regions receive the maximum of solar UV irradiance. The risk related to UV is very high, due to the demography or increase in outdoor activities. The precise UV measurement then becomes very important. One of the purpose of this PhD thesis was the evaluation of different UV measurement instruments in comparison to a reference one. Comparison to satellite UV measurements was also performed. A trend study was done by using ground-based UV database at Saint-Denis. An increase trend in UVI was found. This increase may be due to ozone change or to cloud change in response to the increase of sea temperature caused by climate change. Following that comparison work, UV exposure work was done in popular sites where people are exposed to extreme UV radiation, in altitude for example. Réunion island is a mountainous well-known for its several possibilities of hikes and outdoors activities. The measurement performed during the Maïdo - Grand Bénare hike, for example, showed that people can be exposed up to 60 standard erythemal doses, what corresponds to several times the minimal threshold to elicit sunburn whatever the sun phototype. Therefore, the public must be informed of the danger of UV exposure. Along with more awareness campaigns and more efficient measuring devices placed around the island, a general understanding of UVR will improve, thereby reducing the risks linked to excess exposure resulting from insufficient UVR protection
Osorio, Barahona Rodomiro. "Conséquences biologiques des variations du climat, de l'intensité de la coupe mécanique et du pâturage sur deux espèces arbustives de la région aride du Chili." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20089.
Full textDipelet, Bouka Gaël Ulrich. "Structuration de la biodiversité des forêts africaines et changements climatiques : une étude à travers le genre Khaya (Meliaceae)." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT165.
Full textPaleoecological studies suggest that the floristic composition, the structure and the current distribution of African dense tropical forests have been influenced by several factors. In particular, the establishment of ecological gradients at the scale of the continent over last several million years has favored parapatric speciation. Also, during past climatic changes, certain regions considered to be « forest refugia » are supposed to have been little (or not) affected by climatic variations, whereas ecosystems located between these regions were more or less profoundly modified, favoring allopatric speciation of forest species. Gaps remain in the identification of forest refugia in Africa, and their role in speciation and in shaping patterns in geographic distribution of genetic variation is insufficiently studied.These questions are addressed here in a study covering the genus Khaya (Meliaceae), a model genus whose species present variable ecological affinities. This multidisciplinary study, which mobilizes botanical, phylogeographic and climatic niche-modeling approaches, has the following objectives : (1) to define the taxonomic limits of species of the genus and to understand the speciation events that led to their current distribution and geographical genetic structuring ; (2) to analyze the phylogeographic patterns of Khaya anthotheca and of K. ivorensis ; (3) to test the force of the relationship between patterns of genetic diversity, ecological gradients and putative Plio-Pleistocene forest refugia ; (4) to identify the potential climatic niches of all species of Khaya and estimate how their geographic distributions shifted over time.Our results show the following : (i) the presence of five distinct genetic groups within the K. anthotheca complex. Analysis of botanical characters led to identification of the same groups, permitting the characterization of five different species. Three of these present allopatrique or parapatric distributions and two of them are locally found in sympatry, one of which is a species new to science ; (ii) a significant correlation between niche overlap, for each pair of these five species and the genetic distance separating each pair ; (iii) a contraste between zones of high diversity of the nuclear genome and zones of high diversity of the cytoplasmic genome of K. ivorensis, so that it is not possible to clearly separate the populations despite the presence of two genetic clusters owing to isolation by distance ; and (iv) the recognitiion, and the description of nine spcies in the gens Khaya.All this new knowledge sheds light on the structuring of biodiversity of African forests and contributes to laying the foundation for a strategy of conservation and sustainable management of these species, greatly sought after not only for their timber but also because of their medicinal uses
Boiné, Kévin. "La chaleur urbaine en climat nordique : évaluation et représentation à l'échelle du piéton." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28197.
Full textHuman comfort is essential in relation to urban heat issues related to global climate changes. City centers generally associate with a high concentration of pedestrians and still represent the district prone to urban heat. This research studies lighting and thermal atmospheres to evaluate and represent urban heat at the pedestrian scale in an urban center of Quebec City, Canada, which consists of a cold climate. The study on urban heat islands in the Saint-Jean-Baptiste and Cap-Blanc districts was performed at the pedestrian scale to visualize the perception of urban heat in summer. The research uses an architectural stroll, the urban walk, to carry out a survey of the environment physical properties. The urban walk designates the in situ sensory experience of a pedestrian in the city, La promenade urbaine. An innovative spatio-temporal representational strategy characterizes the results of the research. The results are thus synthesized along a spatial axis in ordinate and a temporal axis on the abscissa. Qualitative and quantitative measurements according to the human field of vision describe the urban promenade. The developed methodology enables to establish an experimental protocol linking environmental physical data (surface and air temperatures) and photographic data. The results allow locating the physical elements favoring the phenomenon of urban heat island through the study of the materials used on the surface. The spatio-temporality of the results compares the different urban types encountered during the urban walk in Quebec City. Results illustrate two different levels of environmental interpretations of the ambient evaluations in relation to urban heat island. The first level consists of a comparative study of two urban types through lighting and thermal reactions of surfaces while the second consists of a longitudinal study on the experience of a pedestrian during a complete urban walk.
Rojo, Maxence. "Impacts des événements météorologiques extrêmes et du changement climatique sur les régions arctiques et subarctiques : Perspectives croisées en climatologie et en sciences humaines et sociales." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV075.
Full textThe perception of the climate is culturally and socially constructed. For this reason, we have studied some weather events integrating the cultural, political and historical contexts in which they occur.In a first part, we analyzed the impact of Polar Lows, intense mesocyclones that develop over ice-free Arctic seas during winter time, on coastal regions of Norway. The passage of PL can provoke dangerous sea conditions with strong waves, sudden snowfall and blizzard. This phenomenon may represent a risk to maritime and coastal activities in the region, particularly for shipping, fishing and oil and gas offshore platforms.In a second part we studied the impacts of climate change and severe weather events in the Republic of Tuva. Tuva is a very southern subarctic region. Its climate is extremely continental and precipitation tend to be low due to the low moisture content in the cold air. During the twentieth century, the region has experienced major socio-economic changes, sometimes brutal, including the transition from a communist and planned economy to a market economy in the early 1990. Despite these recent changes, pastoralists in western Tuva (horses, cows, yaks, sheep, camels) and reindeer herders in eastern Tuva, still live in close contact with the natural environment. Indigenous peoples of Tuva are facing global changes caused by certain contemporary regional and national policies, including the expansion of the mining industry and the development of mega projects. They offer different points of view, describing environmental changes and their impact on their daily activities
Dellaux, Julien. "Le mécanisme visant la conservation des forêts tropicales de la convention-cadre sur les changements climatiques (REDD+) : illustration de l'adaptativité du droit international." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0426.
Full textHow International law can regulate complex phenomenon? This question appears particularly relevant if we consider tropical deforestation. Technical issues and the opposite interests of States, stemming from interlinked services provided by forest, had prevented International community to adopt a convention on forests. Nevertheless, climate regime has recently created a so-called mechanism on « reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries and the role of conservation and sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries » (REDD+). The normative framework laid down in decisions of the Conference of the parties has stimulated control improvement on forest resources and wide-ranging reform in developing countries. The study will evaluate the specificities of this normative system by going further its apparent normative weakness. It will expose how International law manage to regulate complex phenomenon by producing adaptive legal system. The study will demonstrate that the specific feature of this system lies in its ability to conciliate two opposite needs: flexibility and legal security
Morel, Michel. "L'utilité des végétaux aquatiques pour le traitement des eaux usées sous climat tropical." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL086N.
Full textAubry-Kientz, Mélaine. "Quelle sera la réponse des forêts tropicales humides à l’augmentation des températures et aux changements de pluviométrie ? : Modéliser la dynamique forestière pour identifier les processus sensibles en Guyane française." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0802/document.
Full textIn 2013 the intergovernmental panel on climate change (ipcc) publishes its fifth report. This report underlines that an increase of temperature and a strengthening of drought and extreme rainfall are expected in tropical regions. This work was made in this context of climate changes, and aimed to study the response of the rainforest to predicted climate changes. To do this, i used the data from the study site of Paracou French Guiana to build an individual based dynamics model based on the functional traits of trees. This model was first applied to species with a commercial interest in French Guiana, in natural and logged forest and adding a water stress index as predictor. Water stress decreases growth and increases mortality, while logging had the opposite effect. The model was then applied to the community in natural forest for identifying potential climate drivers and impacted processes. Growth is impacted by the water stress and temperature and mortality is imp acted by the water stress and the total rainfall. These results allowed us to build a climate dependent model of forest dynamics and to run simulations of the evolution of a community under different scenarios for the next century. Simulations showed a decrease of growth and a small decrease of mortality. This resulted in a substantial decrease of basal area, squared diameter and fresh biomass
Mercier, Denis. "Le ruissellement au Spitsberg." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CLF20011.
Full textRuffault, Julien. "Sécheresse et incendies en Languedoc-Roussillon dans un contexte de changements globaux : approche régionale par modélisation." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20033/document.
Full textClimate and socio-economic changes in the Mediterranean region are expected to affect the functioning of forested ecosystems (increased drought) and the disturbance regime (wildfire). The interactions between vegetation, drought, fire regime and human activities were studied at regional scale in the Languedoc-Roussillon region (LR; Southern France) from observations over recent decades (1971-2006) and climate scenarios for the end of the 21st century (2071-2100). Recent climate changes in the LR region are characterized by an increase in drought conditions with a high spatial variability. These climate changes modified the features of the major drought period in forested ecosystems (increasing intensity, shifting seasonality). However, despite this increase in fire prone conditions, a new policy of fire suppression started in 1987 led to a decrease in the number of fire starts and burnt areas in LR region. This policy also changed the relative contribution of factors explaining fire spread, which previously mainly controlled by the water status of vegetation, are now determined by the co-occurrence of drought and windy events. Furthermore, our results could quantify the relative contribution of the spatial patterns of human activities (infrastructure density, forest habitat interface), vegetation (composition, fuel continuity) and weather on the regional distribution of fires. Thus, predictions on the future fire regime in the region should be mainly controlled by changes in human activities and settlements, as well as climate forecasts and their related uncertainty in downscaling methods, which have a significant impact on predictions of drought of forested ecosystems
Richard, Elsa. "L'action publique territoriale à l'épreuve de l'adaptation aux changements climatiques : un nouveau référentiel pour penser l'aménagement du territoire ?" Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR1802/document.
Full textThe revelation of anthropogenic climate changes and the unprecedented scale of this phenomenon led to the emergence of policy responses to deal with. Adaptation to Climate Change (ACC) is one of the responses promoted by the international community to solve the climate problem. If the anthropic climate changes are a global environmental problem, their effects occur from the overall scale to the very local level. In spite of irreducible uncertainties associated to the phenomenon, different forms of legislative and political injunction encourage local actors to incorporate the effects of climate changes in their territorial policies. However, the ways of elaborating local adaptation policy are still largely unknown. This thesis seeks to understand and point out the “territorialization” dynamics of local public action in the field of adaptation.Our two hypothesis deals with, on the one hand, the necessary regionalization of climate change adaptation, leading to differentiated formulations of local responses to adaptation. On the other hand, our research seeks to appreciate the consequences of the integration of climate change adaptation on ways of thinking planning policies. To demonstration these assumptions, we base our analysis on four case studies led at various scales and presenting different characteristics
Samain, Adriane. "Importance du réseau trophique du sol dans la stabilité du fonctionnement des écosystèmes forestiers méditerranéens soumis au changement climatique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/200709_SAMAIN_874d384dot728sctlgd405ox_TH.pdf.
Full textThis thesis focuses on trophic interactions between soil biota (microorganisms, detritivorous and predators) in three forests from South of France (pine forest, downy and holm oak forests) and how climate change expected in the Mediterranean region (via amplified drought) could affect these relationships. We reported that the soil organisms’ communities were strongly influenced by the litter identity of and by the forest type. Downy oak litter favored the abundance of all soil communities while holm oak forest was unfavorable for many groups of organisms. In a climate change context, experimentally amplified drought alters the soil food web with distinct responses according to trophic group and forest type. These results suggest that within the same Mediterranean region, climate change could differently modify the soil biota with consequences on their contribution to the litter decomposition process
Bouet, Christel. "Modélisation multi-échelle de la dynamique des panaches d'aérosols naturels en Afrique." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00311058.
Full textCette étude a été réalisée à l'échelle méso haute résolution en utilisant le modèle Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) couplé en ligne avec le Dust Production Model (DPM) développé par Marticorena et Bergametti [1995] et Laurent [2005]. Afin d'examiner la capacité de ce modèle à reproduire les émissions d'aérosols minéraux dans la région complexe de Bodélé, nous avons tout d'abord modélisé la période correspondant à la campagne Bodélé Dust Experiment 2005 (BoDEx 2005). Notre modèle a ainsi été capable de reproduire les caractéristiques météorologiques locales (principalement le vent dans les basses couches) ainsi que les concentrations en aérosols minéraux et la structure du panache observées pendant la campagne. Nous avons aussi vérifié que les aérosols émis depuis cette région du monde atteignent le continent sud américain.
De plus, cette validation nous a permis de vérifier le constat établi par divers auteurs : les modèles à grande échelle (MCG) ont souvent du mal à reproduire correctement les champs de vent dans la région de Bodélé. Nous avons alors entrepris une étude climatologique (sur l'année 2001) sur une zone étendue autour de la région de Bodélé à différentes résolutions spatiales afin de caractériser les phénomènes de basses couches qui pourraient expliquer ce biais quasi-systématique des MCG. Ce travail a été validé grâce aux données de routine des stations de mesure de surface ainsi que grâce à l'imagerie satellite.
Le deuxième cas sur lequel la validation de notre outil était nécessaire est constitué par les événements de ligne de grains qui se succèdent sur la zone sahélienne lors de l'été boréal. Cette validation a été réalisée sur un événement bien documenté des périodes d'observations spéciales 1 et 2 de la campagne Analyse Multidisciplinaire de la Mousson Africaine (AMMA).
Poher, Yoann. "Dynamique de la biodiversité et changements environnementaux en Corse depuis 7000 ans : éclairages paléoentomologiques et paléobotaniques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0435/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to define the multi-millennial trajectories of Corsican ecosystems under the climatic, eustatic and anthropic factors via the study of fossil insect assemblages and previous or new palaeobotanical data. This multidisciplinary approach was carried out at low and middle elevation on three sedimentary archives from the Greco pond on Cavallo Island, the Cannuta marsh and the Bagliettu peat-bog. The results reveal major changes in the structure of the vegetation cover over the last 7000 years. Signs of more open landscapes occurred on Cavallo and in Cannuta from 5500-5000 cal. BP. They coincide with bio-markers of insular societies activities, which increased from 3000 cal. BP onward and more particularly during the last 1000 years at Bagliettu.This study also suggests that the sensitivity and the response of coastal wetlands to the relative sea-level rise depend on the geomorphological context. On the low-lying Cavallo Island, marine transgression induced an increase of salt conditions in the Greco pond from 3700 cal. BP, which in turn, caused an irreversible loss of aquatic and hygrophilous beetle diversity. In Cannuta marsh, erosion on catchment slopes favoured the progradation of the coastal floodplain and the results reveal a progressive decrease of the marine influence from 5000 cal. BP as well as a diversification of this entomofauna over the last 1200 years. In Bagliettu, the results show how hydro-morphological changes of the rivers impact the dynamics of adjacent peaty ecosystems and beetle diversity
Lam, Bao Hoai. "Sensors and wireless networks for monitoring climate and biology in a tropical region of intensive agriculture : methods, tools and applications to the case of the Mekong Delta of Vietnam." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0006/document.
Full textClimate changes bring problems related to nature evolutions. Global warming has an impact on sea level, weather patterns, and wild life. A number of national and international organizations are developing research programs in these directions, including threats on cultures and insect proliferation. Monitoring these phenomena, observing consequences, elaborating counteracted strategies are critical for the economy and society.The initial motivation of this work was the understanding of change impacts in the Mekong Delta region. From there, automatic observation tools were designed with a real time information system able to integrate environmental measures, then to support knowledge production.Tracking environment evolutions is distributed sensing, which can be the association of efficient sensors and radio communications, operated under the control of an information system. Sensing insects is very complex due to their diversity and dispersion. However, this is feasible in the case of intensive agricultural production as it is the case of rice, having a small number of pests. An automatic vision observatory is proposed to observe the main threats for the rice, as an evolution of manual light traps. Radio communication weaves these observatories into a network with connection to databases storing measures and possible counteractions. An example observatory has a fisheye camera and insect counting algorithms for the BPH practical case in Vietnam.By considering the observation system as an input for an abstract machine, and considering decision and actions taken as a possible control on the environment, we obtain a framework for knowledge elaboration that can be useful in lots of other situations
Waciega, Kamila Olga. "Regional policies of decarbonisation in Europe : case of Silesia in Poland and Nord-Pas-de-Calais in France." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0012.
Full textThe object of the study is a comparative examination of two regions' adaptation to the new political, legal and financial context that results from the development and extension of the EU integration in the field of energy and climate change – or decarbonisation agenda. The ‘usages’ refer to stakeholders’ ability and willingness to take advantage of the European opportunities and constraints provided to them to shape national (and in this case regional) policies. In addition to the intentional dimensions ‘usages’ also cover the actual practices observed in each region. We search to determine to what extent the ability of the regional executives to mobilise EU resources for the purpose of pursuing their strategies in the field of decarbonisation depends on whether they are situated in an ‘old’ or a ‘new’ member state of the EU. We attempt to assess to what extent their ability to innovate and to organise a territorial resilience is related to the East/West divide.The analysis is conduced on two case studies: two European regions that are today major CO2 emitters, because they are still industrialized, densely populated, they host energy production sites, and their housing requires deep and extensive thermal renovation. Two regions in Europe appeared particularly fitting that description, and cumulate all disadvantages (as regards the importance of CO2 emissions). Upper Silesia in Poland and Nord-Pas-de-Calais in France can still be considered as industrialized territories that can be compared in a “new/old” member state of the EU perspective. The present research looks at differences in usages in the two case studies. We search for pertinent explanatory variables for those divergences to be found in each region’s past, deconstructed in institutional, interest-related and ideational components. We place our model in a path-dependence perspective and we look at how it is relevant in a regional setting
Lavoir, Anne-Violette. "Effet de la limitation en eau sur les émissions de composés organiques volatils chez le chêne vert (Quercus ilex) : approches expérimentales et modélisatrices à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20070.
Full textBiogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) are primarily emitted from plants and consist mainly of isoprenoid compounds. They influence the oxidative capacity and the radiative properties of the troposphere. BVOC emissions are diffuse (sources are represented by all natural landscapes), and variable because of the numerous environmental factors, particularly light and temperature that modulate the emission source strength. In Mediterranean regions, water availability represents a major environmental constraint for vegetation, which causes severe drought during summer and determines the annual pattern of the plant activity together with light and temperature. The objective of this thesis was to characterise the effect of water limitations on biogenic emissions at various temporal and spatial scales on the model species Quercus ilex. In an experimental approach, a strong decrease of the foliar emissions was observed during drought events, in association with dissociation of the temperature and light control on the emissions. The up-scaling of the experimental approach with modelling tools allowed to integrate this negative effect at larger spatial scales (namely canopy and region). As a result, emissions were largely overestimated if the water stress effect was not taken into account. The simulation obtained at regional scale is explicit and quantitative, thus could be used to predict biogenic emissions in the on-going global change context
Kilic, Lise. "Estimation des paramètres de surface des océans et de la banquise à partir d’observations micro-ondes basses fréquences." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS167.
Full textThe oceans and sea ice play an important role in the climate and weather system. A future low-frequency passive microwave satellite mission designed to observe the polar regions is currently under study at the European Space Agency for the expansion of the Copernicus programme. Passive microwave satellite observations provide all-weather observation of the Earth surface, both day and night. In this thesis, we are interested in estimating ocean and ice surface parameters from low-frequency passive microwave satellite observations. The objective is to develop new methods for estimating these parameters that are more efficient and adapted to the future passive microwave satellite mission CIMR (Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer). The first part of the thesis deals with the estimation of ocean parameters such as sea surface temperature, salinity and ocean wind speed. The second part deals with the estimation of sea ice parameters such as sea ice concentration, snow depth and snow-ice interface temperature. Finally, with the methods developed in this thesis, the performances of the CIMR mission are evaluated and compared with the current missions
Jaunatre, Renaud. "Dynamique et restauration d’une steppe méditerranéenne après changements d’usages (La Crau, Bouches-du-Rhône, France)." Thesis, Avignon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AVIG0324/document.
Full textEcosystem restoration has been identified as one approach to slow down the loss of biodiversity and to protect all the biodiversity-based goods and services from which humankind benefits. Restoration feeds from knowledge coming from both community ecology and restoration ecology. The objectives of the thesis are to provide insights on both the dynamics of a mediterranean steppe after changes in land-use and the implementation of techniques which could be applied to restore this ecosystem after severe anthropogenic disturbances. The thesis takes as a study object the La Crau Mediterranean steppe, and especially former cultivated fields to study the recovery after cultivation and the Cossure large scale rehabilitation project to experiment rehabilitation and restoration techniques. Concerning dynamics after severe exogenous anthropogenic disturbances, we confirmed the low resilience of the steppe plant community both at mid- (30-40 years) and long-term (150 years) while the resilience of soil parameters and mycorrhizal infestation rate are effective on the long-term. Moreover we confirmed the role played by the three filters in the plant community recovery and found that for the La Crau steppe, this is firstly driven by the abiotic filter, then by the dispersion filter and finally by the biotic filter. Given this low resilience, we tested several restoration techniques applied at large-scale within the Cossure rehabilitation project: nurse species seeding, topsoil removal, hay transfer and soil transfer. In order to assess the efficiency of restoration techniques we developed indices to measure the community structure integrity, disentangling lower and higher abundances compared to the reference. The best results were obtained with soil transfer, followed by topsoil removal, then nurse species seeding and finally hay transfer. The research conducted for this thesis shows that current knowledge in ecological restoration makes it possible to restore at least partially some La Crau ecosystem components, but ought to lead us to understand the importance of in situ conservation of natural habitats as a better alternative to restore them after they were destroyed