Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Climat sahélien'
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Soriba, Mahaman. "Climat sahélien, entrainement physique et sommeil chez l'homme." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990CLF21505.
Full textKouawa, Tadjouwa. "Traitement des boues de vidange par lits de séchage sous climat soudano-sahélien." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAD018/document.
Full textDespite the bad performances sometimes obtained according to the context and the empirical method of design, the use of drying beds (planted and not planted) for the treatment of faecal sludge (FS) increase in West Africa. To access to treatment performances in local context (Ouagadougou), the monitoring of 13 experimental drying beds were done. Based on the Terzaghi consolidation equation, the development of a numerical model were done according 2 approaches. Regarding removal efficiency, the performances of treatment of sludge on drying beds were mitigated. The results demonstrate that Oryza longistaminata, Sporobolus pyramidalis and Cyperus alopecuroïdes cannot be used in sludge drying planted beds for the treatment of FS. The simulations with the model in the approach 1 were better than those in approach 2. However, the approach 2 can reproduce the trends of volumetric moisture, the trends of consolidation coefficient and permeability as a function of depth and as a function of time
Sawadogo, Boukary. "Traitement des eaux usées industrielles par des procédés membranaires sous climat sahélien : cas des eaux usées de brasserie au Burkina Faso." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG085/document.
Full textThe beverage industries generate large volumes of wastewater daily. Due to production residues and washing and disinfecting products, these industrial discharges, in addition to being loaded with organic matter, contain mineral pollutants such as sodium. Reverse osmosis (RO), electrodialysis (ED) and nanofiltration (NF) are efficient processes for the removal of dissolved inorganic pollutants and the membrane bioreactor (MBR) for the degradation of organic pollution. 4 MBR pilots, 2 from NF and 1 from ED were used to study the treatment of effluents from the beer and soft drinks industry using membrane technologies in the Sahelian climate context. The biomass evolution in the biological reactor and the treatment efficiency were followed. The influence of the operating conditions on the facilities running was also evaluated. The results obtained show that the characteristics of the industrial wastewater used vary significantly with average levels of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 5 gO2 / L, sodium of 0.5 mg / L and pH of 11. The evolution of the microorganisms in the biological reactor is influenced by the operating conditions, in particular the pH, the temperature, the organic load of the feed, the sludge retention time and the mechanical performance of the system. COD removal efficiencies between 93 and 96% were obtained both aerobically and anaerobically. Elimination of organic pollution was influenced by the acclimation of the biomass and by the mass loading in the reactor. Sodium was poorly retained by MBR treatment with low retention rates. The average biogas production yield with anaerobic MBR is estimated at 0.21 ± 0.03 L biogas/gCOD removed for an average flow rate of 89 ± 40 L/d. The application of NF to the MBR permeate has led to higher quality effluents with removal of both dissolved organic matter and ions. ED led to better salinity removal as a result of MBR but less of dissolved organic matter. The sodium concentrations in the final products of treatments obtained with NF and ED are less than 150 mg / L thus allowing a possible reuse of treated water for irrigation and a safe rejection in the environment. Taking into account the different activities, the operating cost of the current Brakina pre-treatment station is estimated at 140 FCFA/m3 of treated wastewater (€ 0.213), of which about 70% for the neutralization of wastewater by the addition of concentrated acid. Improving treatment with MBR-NF coupling shows an investment estimated at 3.8 billion FCFA (5.7 million euros). Operating expenses are estimated at 322 FCFA/m3 of treated wastewater (0.49 euros/m3 of treated wastewater) for an aerated MBR compared to 227 FCFA/m3 of treated wastewater (0.34 euro/m3 of treated wastewater) for anaerobic MBR is a decrease of 30%. The construction of such a system could lead to the sustainability of market gardening downstream of the Kossodo treatment plant and generate hundreds of permanent jobs with net revenues of more than 12 million FCFA/month (18.675 euros). Also, this could be a showcase for the social and environmental policy of Brakina. However, the major investments, the space requirements that the implementation of this proposal requires and the unavailability on site of technical competence for the curative maintenance of the system could be the main constraints to the implementation of this project.Key words: beverage production industry, electrodialysis, industrial wastewater, membrane bioreactor, nanofiltration
Barbier, Jessica. "Extrêmes climatiques - les vagues de chaleur au printemps sahélien." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/19810/6/Barbier_Jessica_2_sur_3.pdf.
Full textLe, Drézen Yann. "Dynamiques des paysages de la vallée du Yamé depuis 4000 ans. Contribution à la compréhension d'un géosystème soudano-sahélien. (Ounjougou, Pays dogon, Mali)." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00348161.
Full textLa vallée du Yamé est localisée dans la zone soudano-sahélienne au centre du Mali. Elle est le principal cours d'eau du Pays dogon. Afin de répondre à notre problématique, nous avons opté pour un plan thématique. Dans une première partie, nous présentons le cadre et les contextes d'études. La deuxième partie consiste en une présentation du cadre chronostratigraphique réalisé à haute résolution. La troisième partie correspond à l'analyse des formations fluvio-palustres et des fonctionnements hydro-sédimentaires (à partir d'analyses granulométriques et micromorphologiques). La quatrième partie est une présentation des paysages végétaux et de leur évolution, à partir des méthodes palynologiques, anthracologiques, carpologiques et de l'analyse du signal incendie. La cinquième partie repose sur une synthèse des résultats, avec une interprétation spatio-temporelle des paysages de la vallée du Yamé depuis quatre mille ans. Cette recherche permet d'observer une ouverture progressive des paysages associée à un changement de physionomie des espèces qui doit être reliée à une aridification du climat et à la mise en place d'agrosystèmes dans la région. La végétation a évolué dans la vallée entre différentes mosaïques de savanes et forêts claires et/ou denses sèches qui sont progressivement à caractère soudano-sahélien. Les espèces pyrophiles se développent progressivement, en relation avec l'émergence d'une agriculture basée sur la culture du mil, attestée par l'archéobotanique avec des feux saisonniers d'origine anthropique. Ces différentes analyses permettent de proposer des scenarii paysagers, qui synthétisent les évolutions des paysages au Pays dogon et met en évidence le rôle crucial des sociétés. Ainsi est mise en évidence l'influence croissante des hommes sur leur environnement en Afrique de l'Ouest, au cours de ces quatre derniers millénaires qui aboutit à la construction de véritables paysages culturels.
Frangi, Jean-Pierre. "Dynamique de la couche limite de surface sahélienne." Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30247.
Full textVischel, Théophile. "Impact de la variabilité pluviométrique de méso-échelle sur la réponse des systèmes hydrologiques sahéliens : modélisation, simulation et désagrégation." Grenoble INPG, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPG0033.
Full textIt is of primary importance to understand how the climate variability influences the response of the Sahelian hydrological systems in ord to anticipate the hydrological impact of future climate changes and to define suitable strategies. Such studies require linking the large scale climate scenarios to the very localized water budget of sm ail catchments. This work deals with such scale issues which are essential when outputs of climate models are used to force hydrological models. The data used here characterize the continuum of space-time scales displayed by the Iwo types of hydrological systems of the Sahelian region: the sm ail endoreic systems at the left bank of the Niger River and the larger right bank tributary exoreic systems. Three main axes are investigated in the work. First we synthesize and update previous works about the description and the modelling of mesoscale rainfall variability, through the fine scale data from the AMMA-CATCH Niger observa tory. Then the impact of the spatial and temporal rainfall variability on runoff is quantified by assessing the error committed when input hydrological model data used sub-sample this rainfall variability. Finally, regarding these results and by using the developed modelling tools, rainfall regime changes and their impact on runoff are investigated through (i) the characterization of changes that have occurred during the particularly dry 1970-1989 period, (ii) hypothetic scenarios based on the actual knowledge of the potential climate changes that cou Id occur in the future
Brami, Diane. "Le climat et l'homme, facteurs de déséquilibres des milieux sensibles sahéliens : le cas des rives sud du lac Tchad (Tchad)." Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010521.
Full textKlutsé, Amah. "Epuration des eaux usées domestiques par lagunage en zone soudano-sahélienne : Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20217.
Full textFall, Ababacar. "Le Ferlo sénégalais : approche géographique de la vulnérabilité des anthroposystèmes sahéliens." Thesis, Paris 13, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA131028.
Full textThe pastoral anthroposystem of Senegalese Ferlo evolves in an environment historically neglected by agricultural policies because of its characteristics particular biophysics, unfavorable to the agriculture and to the shape of development other than the extensive breeding. This primacy of the itinerant breeding is nowadays more and more disputed by the development of the farming in a context marked by the improvement of the conditions of the rainfall in West-African Sahel, soil depletion in the Groundnut Basin and the multiplication of agricultural development at the valley of the Senegal River. By combining the analysis of remote sensing imagery for mapping land cover changes by the vegetation cover, the study of flora and vegetation landscape and the exploitation of the investigations in villages and camps, this thesis attempts to define the geography of the vulnerability of rural populations and ecosystems which they use. So, pastoralists evolve with daily adaptation strategies in these circles inside Senegal marked by deep ecological instability and by the transformations at work in the Senegalese rural society. These socio-environmental changes contribute to the dynamics of plant landscapes and raise the question of ecosystem degradation
Kay, Nicole. "Les représentations sociales du changement climatique au Cameroun : analyse de presses et analyse comparée chez les agriculteurs en zone équatoriale et en zone soudano-sahélienne." Thesis, Angers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANGE0045/document.
Full textClimate change is obvious and its impacts on agriculture in undeniable especially in sub-saharan african countries which remain the most vulnerable. This study analyzes the social representation of climate change among farmers in Cameroon. The theoretical framework is the structural approach of social representations. Thus, it was question of examining the organisation and the structuring of the object climate change within the specific public which are the farmers. Three surveys were conducted for this purpose.The first study in an exploratory survey ; three groups of farmers (N=60) were interviewed through the free association test. It is observed that climate change is indeed an object of representation for farmers and has a dual structure with two different core centers that have functional elements.The second study was condutued four years laters within two groups of farmers (N=95) still in the same geo-climatic contexts. The free association test was completed by the characterization questionnaire. As with the first survey, there are also two different social representations of climate change. For one group, the absence of rain appears more salient and the advance of desert mor characteristic ; while for the other, the change of season seems more central. A diachronic reading of the study shows changes in the representation.The third study focused on the press release on climate change through lexicometric analysis. Three newspapers and dailies were analyzed. There is a potential influence of the press discourse in the representation field.Beyond the contextual variable that strongly differentiates the two groups of farmers by inducing differentiated social representations, the study shows a social representation described essentially through its effects, structured around natural elements related to agricultural practice and evolving gradually. The results are discussed in terms of the climatic characteristics of each zone and adaptation to climate change through the adoption of new agricultural practices
Mbaye, Ibrahima. "Climat et société dans l'apparition et la diffusion de la méningite à méningocoque en zone Soudano-Sahélienne de l'Afrique de l'ouest : Le cas du site de Niakhar (Sénégal)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR1GE16.
Full textKone, Nicolas. "Contribution à l'étude du fonctionnement des écosystèmes naturels en zone soudano-sahélienne (cas du Burkina Faso). Approche de la dynamique de la sécheresse par télédétection." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30067.
Full textSan, Emeterio Cabañes José Luis. "Désertification ou reverdissement ? Etude multiscalaire de l'évolution du couvert végétal en Afrique Sahélienne à partir de données de télédétection." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC079.
Full textThe Sahel region has become the archetype of desertification and land degradation since the important droughts that took place during the 70s and 80s. However, the rainfall recovery since the middle of the 90s and the re-greening trend observed from remoting sensed vegetation indexes has challenged the view of an advancing desertification in the Sahel. Nevertheless, the relation between these indexes and land degradation is very complex and the conclusions made are sometimes contradictory. In fact, the high climate variability and the important landscape mutations, due to demographic growth, make of land degradation assessment a difficult task in this region. The strong interdependency between temporal and spatial scales of land degradation, led to carry out a multi-scalar analysis to understand; what is the actual situation of the Sahel concerning land degradation, and what is the most effective way to assess this phenomenon at a regional scale. This analysis has been done for the entire Sahel region during the period 1982-2011using the NDVI GIMMS-3g vegetation index and rainfall products. It has been later transposed to south-west Niger using the NDVI MODIS index and aerial and satellite photographs of the last decades
Ardoin-Bardin, Sandra. "Variabilité hydroclimatique et impacts sur les ressources en eau de grands bassins hydrographiques en zone soudano-sahélienne." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00568025.
Full textGarnier, Aline. "La dynamique d’un système fluvial et des zones humides associées en Afrique soudano-sahélienne au cours de l'Holocène : Approches géomorphologique et biogéographique. L'exemple du Yamé au Mali." Caen, 2013. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01084539.
Full textThe fluvial system is shaped by water discharge and sediment supply which dynamics are depending on the watershed environmental conditions. Valley bottom sedimentary records are also a crucial indicator of the relationships between nature and societies. However, in West Africa, researches were mostly focused on other environments, principally lacustrine environments. In this context, a long term evolution model of the fluvial system is proposed in order to question the acting controlling factors (natural and/or anthropogenic). This research is focused on the study of the Yamé watershed, a right bank tributary of the Niger River (Pays Dogon, Mali). Two approaches were developed to answer the research questions: (1) a geomorphological approach permitting reconstructing the hydro-sedimentary dynamics of the valley and (2) a biogeographical approach informing on the Holocene vegetation dynamics, by means of phytoliths analysis. This work permits better understanding the transformations of the fluvial system as a response to climatic crises. Finally, it questions the environmental consequences of the economic, societal and technical transitions which marked the last centuries such as the emergence of agro-pastoral activities and metal industry or more recently the population growth. This work finally proposes to highlight new knowledge about the climatic and anthropogenic evolution of western Africa, and more globally on the human impact on sudano-sahelian environments
Faizoun, Cocou Alexandre. "Suivi par mesures photométriques de l'épaisseur optique des aérosols et du contenu en vapeur d'eau de l'atmosphère sahélienne : application à la correction des mesures de télédétection et à l'inversion satellitaire de l'épaisseur optique des aérosols." Toulouse, INPT, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPT084H.
Full textCherchali, Selma. "Contribution à la résolution du problème du pixel mixte en vue de l'amélioration de l'estimation de la productivité primaire nette en zone sahélienne (couplage haute et basse résolution spatiale)." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30084.
Full textMarega, Oumar. "Changements socio-environnementaux et évolution des pratiques agropastorales en Afrique sahélienne : étude comparée entre le Ferlo (Sénégal), le Gourma (Mali) et le Fakara (Niger)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC228/document.
Full textIn a biophysical context characterized by important socioenvironmental changes, the main objective of this PhD is to understand how much agropastoral practices modulatein space and time the vulnerability and adaptability of agroecosystems and sahelians agropastoral societies. To reach this target, this question has been applied at macro-regional scale, relying on three micro-regional study areas: Ferlo (Senegal); Gourma (Mali) and Fakara (Niger) in which perceptions and representations of societies have been studied in a sample of villages and camps. The method developed in this PhD has two components: 1) remote sensing mapping based on satellite image processing, and 2) geo-textual analyses based on lexicometry from semi-structured interviews. The remote sensing mapping allowed to diagnose micro-regional and local scales on land cover change since the 70s until 2010. The diagnosis, based on a multiscale approach, shows intra and inter regional contrasts in the evolution of soil cover by vegetation that invite to nuance observations indicating a greening of Sahel. The articulation of remote sensing with field investigations helped to understand, first the evolution of plant resources, then to consider the variety of responses from the Sahel rural societies to the 70’s and 80’s climate crisis, and to the recent socio-economic changes experienced by sahelian countries. Through lexicometry, geo-textual analysis based on semi-structured interviews allowed to approach the livestock farmer’s perception about the vulnerability and resilience of natural resources. Thanks to the expressed perceptions, the adaptive practices were identified in their variety. It enabled to show the sociospatial reconfigurations in the trajectories of agricultural and pastoral activities that partly explain the contrasts within and between regions observed in Ferlo, Gourma and Fakara