Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Climat tempéré'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 42 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Climat tempéré.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Boujamlaoui, Zakaria. "Continuum sol-plante-atmosphère : influence de l'évapotranspiration réelle sur les bilans isotopiques : (18 O, ²H), climat tempéré et climat aride." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066036.
Full textJaber, Lina. "Effets d’une restriction en eau chez des chèvres laitières en climat tempéré ou semi-aride." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0057.
Full textWater scarcity is a widespread problem in arid and semi-arid regions affecting goat production. This project aimed to study the effects of water restriction on goats from semi- arid and temperate regions. A first step consisted in reviewing the literature on the subject leading to two review manuscripts. In addition, research articles specifically addressing the topic of water restriction in sheep and goat were retained for the compilation of a large database that was used for a preliminary quantitative review (meta-analysis) with the aim of visualizing the effects of water restriction on different physiological and production parameters as reported in literature. The qualitative and quantitative reviews covered sheep and goat as species of interest. The subject of water stress was also addressed experimentally through two experiments on lactating and gestating Shami goats, respectively, raised under semi-arid environment and one experiment on lactating Saanen and alpine goats raised under temperate conditions. An intermittent watering regime of once every four days was imposed on the Shami goats for a period of around 1 month while the Saanen and alpine goats were subjected to a 15-hour overnight water restriction for two consecutive days. The effect of heat stress was also studied during a short episode of rise in ambient temperature from 19oC to 28oC in Saanen and alpine goats. Physiological data, key blood parameters and milk production and composition were recorded and analyzed.Lactating Shami goats subjected to intermittent watering showed increased serum osmolarity, urea, protein and albumin concentrations, denoting dehydration. Milk composition and production, and body weight were not affected by the treatment. However, in the gestating shami goats osmolarity was higher while insulin was lower indicating a possible state of negative energy balance. The kids born to the restricted goats had lower body weight at birth and at one month of age which warrants further research.Similarly, alpine and Saanen lactating goats, although subjected to a milder water restriction regime showed signs of dehydration reflected by the increase in albumin, urea, osmolarity and Na+. The goats were able to maintain body weight and milk production although milk urea and lactose increased under water restriction thus keeping milk isotonic with the blood.Heat stress had no effect on feed intake or on feed and water intake patterns in lactating Saanen and alpine goats. However, there was a 40% increase in water intake. Blood pCO2 decreased because the animals hyperventilated to reduce their body temperature, whereas rectal temperature increased. Milk production was not modified, but milk fat content decreased. Alpine goats drank more water per kg of dry matter intake than the Saanen. This could be explained either by their higher level of feed intake or by the effect of coat colour.The qualitative and quantitative reviews as well as the experimental part helped in determining the most prominent physiological effects of water restriction in small ruminants that are consistently reported namely: decrease in feed intake and milk production and weight loss, increase in osmolarity, urea, sodium, cholesterol and fatty acids and of milk components such as lactose and protein content. At the same time, understudied areas in relation to the effects of water restriction were identified such as water stress in interaction with other environmental factors, the comparison between breeds, the impact of individual variability, methods of water stress alleviation and impact on animal welfare, etc.As a conclusion, this project helped in condensing the relevant information on the effects of water stress on goats thus serving as an accessible resource for guiding future research and possibly goat producers, in facing water scarcity
Soubrand-Colin, Marilyne. "Localisation, distribution et mobilité des ETM dans des sols développés sur roches basaltiques en climat tempéré." Limoges, 2004. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/dc748927-4074-49be-a246-c087bcc555a1/blobholder:0/2004LIMO0046.pdf.
Full textSix soils from the French Massif Central, submitted to different microclimatic environments, have been studied in order to determine the distribution and speciation of metallic trace elements (MTE) in the solid fraction of soils developed on weathered basalts and basanites. The tertiary basaltic rocks, and their subsequent developed soils, present high Cr (248-455 mg/kg) and Ni (126-237 mg/kg) contents. These soils are all andic soils, rich in organo - complexes but presenting no allophane. Three different approaches were combined to study the fate and the mobility of the MTE during supergene alteration. The mineralogical study of the unweathered rocks pointed out that MTE are present in the chromiferous spinels, the titanomagnetites and in the ferromagnesian silicates (forsterite and augite). The hydrolysis of the ferromagnesian silicates as well as the spinels resistance to alteration are the two main parameters respectively controlling the released of the MTE and their retention in clays associated to the authigenic iron oxides. Isovolumic balance and enrichment factor are the two quantitative methods carried out to evidence the pedological and lithological roles of these parameters involved in the MTE distribution in the three soils developed on basalts. This study confirmed the mineralogical control on the Cr and Ni distribution whereas the Cu and Zn distribution is related to organic matter and organo - minerals complexes. Despite the alteration strength of the mineralogical carriers, Cr and Ni tend to be partially released from the leaching of andosols in colder and higher rainfall conditions on the contrary to the andic cambisols environments where Cr and Ni are preserved. The organic components role is evidenced by the immobilisation of Cu and Zn whereas the major elements (Na, Mg, Ca, Si) are highly released. The selective extractions confirmed the main association of Cu with the soil organic components. This study highlight the low potential mobility of the MTE in mountainous temperate climate on the contrary to previous works carried out in warmer climate environments
Garnier-Caudwell, Christiane. "Eude expérimentale de la croissance de stromatolithes a rivularia actuels et subactuels, d'eau douce, en climat tempéré." Dijon, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995DIJOS043.
Full textCardinael, Rémi. "Stockage de carbone et dynamique des matières organiques des sols en agroforesterie sous climat méditerranéen et tempéré." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLA003/document.
Full textAgroforestry is a land use type where trees are associated with crops and/or animals within the same field. This agroecosystem could help mitigating climate change, and also contribute to its adaptation. The goal of this thesis was to evaluate the potential of soil organic carbon storage under agroforestry systems. This study was performped at the oldest experimental site in France, a trial supervised by INRA since 1995, but also at farmers' fields. Soil organic carbon stocks were compared between agroforestry and agricultural plots, down to 2 m soil depth. All organic inputs to the soil were quantified (tree roots, leaf litter, crop roots and residues). The stability of additionnal stored carbon was caracterised with soil organic matter fractionation, and soil incubations. A model of soil organic carbon dynamic was described in order to better undrestand this dynamic in agroforestry, especially in deep soil layers. This study revealed the interest and the potential of agroforestry systems in increasing soil organic carbon stocks, with accumulation rates of 0.09 to 0.46 t C ha -1 yr -1. It also reveals the role of tree rows in this storage, and the importance of carbon inputs from root mortality. However, it raises concerns about the stability of this storage
Ould, Khaoua Sid-Ali. "Modélisation de l'aération naturelle et du microclimat des serres en verre de grande portée sous climat tempéré océanique." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00357023.
Full textLa ventilation naturelle est le système le plus économique pour réguler le microclimat interne de la serre. Néanmoins, elle n'offre qu'un contrôle limité sur l'écoulement d'air dans la serre et reste difficile à maîtriser.
Cette étude contribue à l'analyse et à la modélisation des phénomènes mis en jeu dans l'aération naturelle des serres en verre, de grande portée, habituellement utilisées en culture ornementale (plantes en pots), sous climat tempéré, tel qu'en Anjou. Deux approches complémentaires incluant expérimentation in situ et modélisation mathématique du climat distribué sont mises en œuvre.
Des campagnes de mesures ont été menées à l'intérieur d'une serre de production et dans son environnement immédiat sous conditions réelles de culture ornementale. Des données météorologiques : température de l'air, vitesse et direction du vent, rayonnement solaire et atmosphérique, ont été collectées. L'ensemble de ces mesures constitue un jeu de données conséquent destiné à fournir les entrées du modèle numérique. Parallèlement à ces mesures, nous avons systématiquement procédé à des mesures du taux de renouvellement d'air qui ont été utilisées pour valider le modèle.
Un modèle numérique a été mis en œuvre. Il s'appuie sur un code de mécanique des fluides numérique (Computational Fluid Dynamics). Ce code permet de prédire les champs de vitesses et de températures à l'intérieur de la serre après résolution numérique des équations de base qui régissent les mouvements d'air (équations de Navier-Stokes couplées à l'équation de l'énergie) dans le domaine de calcul considéré. La turbulence, dont l'effet est loin d'être négligeable sous serre, a été modélisée à l'aide d'une fermeture de type k-e. Le taux d'aération a pu être déduit ensuite par résolution d'une équation de transport d'un gaz traceur virtuel. Un module radiatif a été ajouté dans le modèle numérique afin de prendre en compte le rayonnement d'origine solaire et atmosphérique. Ce module résout l'équation des Transferts Radiatifs qui est couplée à l'équation de l'énergie.
Ce modèle « complet » a pu être vérifié et validé pour différentes conditions climatiques. Il a été ensuite utilisé pour analyser l'impact de la configuration des ouvrants sur le climat et sur les flux de chaleur au niveau de la toiture de la serre. Cette analyse a porté non seulement sur la ventilation mais aussi sur l'homogénéité de la distribution des vitesses et des températures dans la serre et notamment au niveau des cultures.
Enfin, des indicateurs d'efficacité de l'aération de la serre sous climat estival ont pu être dégagés pour différentes configurations d'aération (ouverture) et différentes conditions climatiques.
Simões, Fabiano. "Paramètres hydriques chez différentes espèces angiospermes ligneuses de climat tempéré lors des phases de dormance et de croissance." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00868104.
Full textHubert, Fabien. "Modélisation des diffractogrammes de minéraux argileux en assemblages complexes dans deux sols de climat tempéré : implications minéralogique et pédologique." Poitiers, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008POIT2319.
Full textClay minerals play a key role in major soil properties such as soil structure, CEC and organic matter stabilisation. Nevertheless, accurate identification and more often quantification of clay mineral assemblage of soils is doubtful. In this work, we applied, for the first time to soil samples; direct X-Ray diffraction pattern fitting method that was developed for diagenetic clays. It afforded great improvements in the identification and relative quantification of clay mineral assemblage with several mixed layer minerals (MLMs). The fitting software directly compute a theoretical (00l) reflection set which is adjusted to the experimental XRD patterns obtained both in the air-dried (AD, Ca saturation) and ethylene glycol solvated (EG) states. The clay mineral assemblage of the < 2µm fraction was determined for each horizons of two soil profiles from different INRA experimental sites (Versailles and Lusignan). Results show in both soils that clay mineral assemblage is complex with about six to height clay mineral phases. R0 MLMs are abundant in both cases. In order to describe the clay minerals with low coherent scattering domain size, calculation of experimental diffractogram was performed on the < 0. 05 µm fraction for both soils. Results show that for both soils, slight mineralogical variations are observed. The same clay mineral assemblage fits all the soil horizons of the two soil profiles. However, relative proportions change between soil horizons. Clay mineral assemblage of the Luvisol from Versailles (les Closeaux) is dominated by MLM illite/smectite (R0 ~60/40) and smectite. Smectite leaching and/or dissolution from soil surface to BT horizon was attested. Clay mineral assemblage of the Cambisol from Lusignan was dominated by MLM illite/chlorite/smectite and kaolinite. Results show that the actual soil derives from the incorporation of silt in a paleo ferralitic soil
Carof, Matthieu. "Fonctionnement de peuplements en semis direct associant du blé tendre d'hiver (Triticum aestivum L.) à différentes plantes de couverture en climat tempéré." Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00338817.
Full textCette thèse se propose d'accroître les connaissances scientifiques sur ces systèmes particuliers pour faciliter leur conception et leur évaluation en climat tempéré. Le travail repose sur un dispositif expérimental mis en place à Grignon (Yvelines, France) en 2002 pour trois campagnes culturales. Du blé tendre d'hiver (Triticum aestivum L.) est semé (i) dans un sol labouré, (ii) directement dans les résidus de la culture précédente et, (iii) directement dans six plantes de couverture différentes. En combinant sur ce dispositif une double approche, systémique et analytique, les objectifs de la thèse sont de comprendre, selon l'espèce de couverture, (i) l'impact des différents SCV avec cultures associées sur le rendement de la culture de vente en mettant en évidence les phases de sensibilité aux stress de cette culture, (ii) les relations de compétition et/ou de facilitation pour l'azote et la lumière entre les espèces associées et, (iii) l'évolution, à court terme, de la structure du sol et de ses propriétés hydriques.
Ce travail montre que la présence d'une plante de couverture peut réduire, parfois fortement, le rendement de la culture de vente, différemment selon l'espèce de couverture, sa conduite technique et les conditions climatiques ; les phases d'élaboration du rendement qui sont perturbées dans ces situations culturales dépendent aussi de ces trois facteurs. De plus, l'étude met en évidence que la compétition pour le rayonnement lumineux entre les espèces associées est le processus le plus défavorable au rendement du blé.
A court terme, il n'apparaît pas de différences marquées entre la structure d'un sol non travaillé sans plante de couverture et celle d'un sol non travaillé avec une plante de couverture. Toutefois, l'étude révèle que les propriétés hydriques peuvent être modifiées selon l'absence ou la présence d'une plante de couverture sur un sol non travaillé sans démontrer de variations importantes de ces propriétés selon l'espèce de couverture.
La thèse fournit des informations scientifiques et techniques sur le fonctionnement, en climat tempéré, de peuplements associant sur un sol non travaillé, une culture de vente à différentes plantes de couverture. Elle montre la faisabilité mais aussi les risques des SCV avec cultures associées ; elle permet d'identifier des axes de recherche pour compléter les connaissances et fournir des références pour réduire ces risques.
Poszwa, Anne. "Utilisation des isotopes du strontium pour évaluer la dynamique des éléments minéraux dans des écosystèmes forestiers sous climat boréal, tempéré et tropical." Nancy, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2000_0128_POSZWA.pdf.
Full textAbdelouahid, Djamel-Eddine. "Taxonomie et capacités dégradatives de bactéries assimilant les hydocarbures." Compiègne, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989COMPD192.
Full textEglin, Thomas. "Modélisation. Et. étude expérimentale. Du. Déterminisme des variations intra-annuelles du delta13C de la matière organique au sein d’arbres décidus en climat tempéré." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112273.
Full textAt tree-scale, organic matter δ13C is generally considered as an integrator of physiological processes and environmental conditions prevailing during CO2 assimilation process (Ehleringer and al. 1988; Guehl and al. 1993). In particular, tree rings constitute a physiological and climatic archive easily datable at a yearly timestep. It is now considered that this information could be extracted at an intra-annual resolution from the intra-ring δ13C variations. The main objective of this thesis was to study the determinism of these intra-seasonal variations and to specify what are the physiological and environmental information that it is possible to extract from the δ13C signal within rings. Our approach consisted first in studying experimentally a part of the processes likely to influence, during growth, the variations of the bulk matter δ13C in leaves, stems and current-year ring by focusing on the biochemical composition and the respiratory discrimination. The studied species were deciduous trees: european beech (F. Sylvatica L. ) and sessile oak (Q. Petraea Matt. (Liebl. )). In a second step, data from these experiments as well as literature data have been used to elaborate a mechanistic model simulating the carbon isotopic balance at tree-scale. This model has been coupled with CASTANEA, a model simulating the carbon, water and energy balances at stand-scale, then calibrated and validated on measurements of intra-annual variations of δ13C within oak rings, sampled in the Barbeau forest (ECOFOR and CARBOEUROPE-IP site). Our study has shown (1) that the intra-annual variations of the δ13C of the organic matter of leaves, stems and ring are little influenced by variations in biochemical composition (in particular, lignin and holocellulose contents) and are mainly related to the mobilization of carbon reserves at the beginning of growth and to the influence of environmental conditions on the photosynthetic discrimination during the rest of the growth, (2) that the correlation between the bulk matter δ13C of the latewood and climatic conditions (mainly relative humidity and VPD) can be physiologically explained at intra-seasonal scale and (3) that there is a strong attenuation of the carbon isotopic signal in relation to the changes in climatic conditions from the leaf to the ring
Hamid, Salim. "Étude des mécanismes d'infiltration en terrain morainique et fluvio-glaciaire sous climat tempéré (Haute-Savoie) : approches hydrologique, hydrochimique et isotopique sur parcelles expérimentales et bassin versant." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112294.
Full textPrunier, Jonathan. "Etude du fonctionnement d'un écosystème forestier en climat tempéré, par l'apport de la géochimie élémentaire et isotopique (Sr,U-Th-Ra) : Cas du bassin versant du Strengbach (Vosges, France)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STR1GEO9.
Full textVitasse, Yann. "Déterminismes environnemental et génétique de la phénologie des arbres de climat tempéré : suivi des dates de débourrement et de sénescence le long d'un gradient altitudinal et en tests de provenances." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13788/document.
Full textTo assess the response of forests to climate change, the phenology of six tree species was monitored from 2005 to 2007 both along an altitudinal gradient (providing a thermal gradient of about 7 ° C), and in provenance trials at various altitudes. The aim was (i) to characterize phenological patterns of leaf unfolding and leaf senescence timings in situ, (ii) to determine climatic variables responsible for these patterns, in particular using phenological models, and (iii) to assess the genetic variability and phenotypic plasticity of these phenological events. Our results showed that spring temperature differentially affected the leaf unfolding dates of the six species, with significant disparity in responses among species (from -1.9 days / ° C to -6.5 days / ° C for beech and oak, respectively) but not between the populations of a given species. Regarding the dates of senescence, we highlighted that temperature induced a strong shift of this event for oak and beech (> 5 days / ° C), while no cline was detected for sycamore and ash. The lengthening the growing season in response to an increase in temperature is thus mainly the result of an advance in flushing dates for all species except beech, whose growing season length changes were greatly resulting from shifts in senescence. Phenological models stressed the importance of forcing temperatures (effective during bud quiescence period), while the chilling temperatures (effective during dormancy) did not appear to significantly influence the occurrence of leaf unfolding. Concerning senescence variations , the models highlighted the role of temperature for sessile oak and beech, while the photoperiod and other factors could be involved in the ash and maple. Thus, for oak, the models predicted that the length of growing season will extend faster than the one for beech in the coming decades, and that the phenological competitive balance between these two species will likely to evolve towards higher altitudes. Finally, we showed that the sampled populations showed strong adaptations in phenology and growth in spite of their geographical proximity. Moreover, the reaction norms indicated, first, the existence of a strong phenological plasticity of species, and second, that this plasticity seemed to be an intrinsic characteristic of the species. These results underline that trees have consequent inherent adaptive capacities in phenological traits which may enable them to cope with global warming. However, the differences in phenological sensitivities among species suggest that global warming will significantly affect the competitive balance of species
Mohamed, Awaz. "Relations entre phénologie de la croissance souterraine et aérienne de noyers hybrides en systèmes agroforestiers tempérés." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT154/document.
Full textThe study of phenology is primordial to understand tree response to climate change. Although many studies have examined shoot phenology, the difficulties in observing root system growth have resulted in a poor understanding of root phenology. As root system dynamics are considered as playing a major role in carbon cycling and sequestration, it is necessary to overcome methodological difficulties, so that root demography can be studied in the field and over several years. Our first objective was therefore to develop and evaluate methods for studying root system growth in the field. Studying mature hybrid walnut (Juglans L.), growing in agroforests, We showed that smartphone scanners are the best adapted tool for acquiring high quality images of tree roots growing in field rhizotrons. However, time-lapse cameras were good alternatives when a fully automated method was required (up to 4 months autonomy). Our second objective was to determine the main drivers of walnut hybrid root growth in field conditions. In particular, (i) We hypothesized that shoot and root phenologies were asynchronous, (ii) We evaluated the effect of environmental factors on root growth along a latitudinal gradient comprising three climates (Mediterranean, oceanic and continental) and (iii) We determined how phenology and environmental factors influenced root dynamics depending on root morphology and topology. Results show that flushes of fine root growth are not synchronized with budburst and leaf expansion, but are synchronized with stem and coarse root radial growth. Soil temperature was on the whole the main driver of root growth, and to a lesser extent, soil humidity, but which had contrasting effects on root growth. Root topological order had a major influence on root response to environmental variables, reflected in root elongation, production and longevity. Results will be highly useful not only for a better understanding of the role that root systems play in the carbon cycle, but also for tree ecophysiological models. Future studies should expand the knowledge gained here into a global understanding of the drivers of tree root initiation, growth and longevity, through the creation of databases and the use of meta-analyses
Andrianantenaina, Anjy. "Dynamiques intra-annuelles de la séquestration du carbone dans le bois des feuillus et des résineux en forêts tempérées." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AGPT0001.
Full textForest ecosystems are the major and most perennial terrestrial carbon pool. However, the seasonal dynamics of production of this woody biomass, in relation to the ecosystem carbon uptake remain poorly studied, limiting our understanding of the carbon cycle and particularly its sensitivity to current climate changes. This thesis aimed to better understand the underlying process of carbon sequestration within forming wood, as related to tree physiology, stand carbon assimilation and site environmental conditions. The study was conducted on three instrumented site with a flux tower, the stand is dominated respectively by spruce in Tharandt in 2016, by beech in Hesse in 2015-2017, and by oak in Barbeau in 2016. To monitor wood formation, wood samples containing phloem, cambial zone, and developing xylem were collected weekly on dominant trees within the tower footprint. Flux tower measurements were used to estimate the daily GPP of the stand, and record the climatic conditions. In the 1st chapter, we developed a novel histologic approach, to quantify the intra-annual dynamics of carbon sequestration in spruce forming wood. This approach, based on repeated measurements of xylem apparent density, is easier, faster, and more accurate than the previously available method, and is applicable also to angiosperm species. In the 2nd chapter, we showed that simultaneous occurrence of the canopy development and the resumption of cambial activity slowed down xylem radial growth, and might entail the formation of xylem with high porosity but functional at early growing season. In the 3rd chapter, we demonstrated that the tree-ring structure determined the temporal coordination between stem growth in size and in biomass along the growing season, with carbon sequestration in forming wood always lagging behind stem radial growth due to inner processes of xylogenesis. Indeed, we showed an increasing timelag ranging from ten days to nearly one month for spruce and beech, but a decreasing timelag from nearly three to one week for oak trees. In the 4th chapter, we observed that regardless of the stand, carbon assimilation followed a large and symmetric bell curve peaking in June, while seasonal dynamics of carbon sequestration differed among the three species. The beech trees concentrated carbon sequestration in stem in May-July, while the spruce and oak trees rather peaked in June-August, and completed stem growth towards the second part of the growing season. In the 5th chapter, based on a three-year monitoring of carbon fluxes, trees growth and environmental factors in the mature beech stand, we showed that ranking of annual carbon balance was not maintained from one year to another, with higher carbon assimilation during the hottest year, but higher woody biomass production in the wettest year. This suggests that allocation of carbon from assimilation to sequestration in stem is not following a simple allometric rule. In the last chapter, we observed that parallel to formation of a new xylem, starch content also increased in forming wood, suggesting that storage and stem growth were tightly connected along the growing season, with higher allocation to storage for sessile oak, compared to spruce and beech. This thesis has improved our knowledge about the dynamics of carbon allocation in the tree, from assimilation at the leaf level to long-term sequestration into the wood, and allowed to explore their respective sensitivity to climate conditions. A better quantification of the shift between stem growth in size and in biomass will require to disentangle the kinetics of cellulose and lignin deposition. However, our work contributed to a better understanding of the intra-annual dynamics of stem radial growth and carbon sequestration, which could help to improve modelling of forests net primary productivity, in the context of current global warming
Coronel, Benoît. "Impact des processus humides sur les dépressions des latitudes tempérées." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30340/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to analyze the influence of moist processes on mid-latitude cyclones, and specifically the tracks of cyclones and the formation of strong winds near the surface. These researches have been made using idealized simulations of the mesoscale model Méso-NH. The first study focused on the effects of moist processes on the motion perpendicularly to the zonal jet axis, poleward. The main mechanism explaining this motion involves the nonlinear advection of the surface cyclone by the upper-level cyclonic and anticyclonic perturbations located on both sides of the surface cyclone. In the presence of humidity, the upper-level anticyclonic anomaly strengthens due to the latent heat release in the ascent zones, and the poleward motion is reinforced. The eastward motion of the cyclone is also reinforced with the inclusion of moist processes. The second study focuses on the formation of near-surface strong winds which are triggered by the so-called " sting-jets ". These jets correspond to descending air masses from the mid-troposphere near the cloud head down to the top of the boundary layer, and can trigger devastating surface winds. In the case where synoptic perturbations are initialized south of the baroclinic zonal jet, the bent-back warm front phase occurs, whereas when they are initialized on the zonal jet axis, the surface cyclone has a less active warm front. Thus, the formation of a sting-jet only occurs in the first case, and with a high vertical resolution. It is the geostrophic forcing in a globally neutral environment relative to conditional symmetric instability which facilitates the airstreams descent and the formation of the sting-jet
Macron, Clémence. "Les Talwegs Tropicaux Tempérés en Afrique australe : mécanismes et évolution face au changement climatique (2010-2099)." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOS057/document.
Full textIn the Southern Hemisphere, Southern Africa and the south-west Indian Ocean are one of the three preferred regions where interactions between the tropics and midlatitudes develop. This is the South Indian Convergence Zone (SICZ), where northwest-southeast oriented cloud bands form at the synoptic scale (between 3 and 5 days). These bands are mainly found during the austral summer and are commonly referred to as tropical temperate troughs (TTTs). This research aims at improving our knowledge related to TTTs, with a study on the dynamics associated with these systems, and an analysis of their possible evolution during the 21st century.The first part of this thesis aims at identifying favorable conditions for the formation and the development of TTTs. Weather regimes analysis is used to identify TTTs on the one hand and mid-latitude perturbations on the other hand, allowing us to better document the spatial and temporal variability of TTTs together with background climate conditions. The events identified account for 20% of seasonal rainfall on average. Their contribution increases according to a west to east gradient. The comparison between these two classifications, partitioned using a k-means clustering, first confirms that midlatitude perturbations are a necessary condition for TTT development, but they are not sufficient. An excess of moist static energy over the Mozambique Channel partly supplied by advections from remote regions (mostly the southern Atlantic basin and the south-west Indian Ocean) form additional conditions favoring deep atmospheric convection over and near the Southern Africa. The second part investigates possible changes in precipitation, TTTs and more generally climate over Southern Africa during the 21st century in response to radiative forcing associated with greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). A multi-model (height climate models taken on the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report) and multi-scenario (RCP 8.5 and 2.6) approach is chosen. All models are skillful to reproduce Southern Africa current climate characteristics and cloud bands associated with TTTs, both in terms of spatial variability and frequency of occurrences. During the 21th century, there is no consensus between the models on the future evolution of seasonal rainfall (NDJF). However, all simulate an increase in the amounts precipitated by rainy day over the south-east part of southern Africa. These changes are not related to an evolution of TTTs: their spatial patterns, frequency of occurrences and contribution to rainfall remain stationary throughout the 21st century, but they associated with extreme rainfall events that become more frequent and more intense
Chiron, Thomas. "Quelle gestion durable des ressources en eau et du risque de pénurie sur les petites îles ? : application aux îles de Bretagne (France)." Brest, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00281315.
Full textThe problem of freshwater scarcity is sensitive on very small islands such as Breton ones: actually, their water resources are vulnerable because of the combination of restricted hydrological potential, due to yearly climate variability and high human pressure, namely inducec by tourism. Lack of winter rainfali may threat freshwater availability in summer. Since the l8th century, islanders have faced many water crisis leading to sanitary problems and conflicts of use between permanent residents and foreign population. Moreover, for the last five decades, modernity and tourism have deeply modified consumption standards and have inevitably increased water needs. If water supply used to be a main issue on Breton islands, hydraulic politics have globally solved the problem for the last four decades thanks to important investments. Technical and economical analysises underline oversizing and overinvestment in comparison with regional and national figures. Nevertheless, water shortage in summer still threats on some islands which remain vulnerable to lack of winter rainfall. That is what happened in 2005 in Belle-Ile where freshwater was imported from the mainland. Finally, to improve sustainable water management, water shortage risk is calculted integrating natural, human and structural elements: combined to forecasting scenarios on future water demand, this new approach ought to give elected and professionnal stakeholders objective tools to reach sustainable management decisions
Andrianantenaina, Anjy. "Dynamiques intra-annuelles de la séquestration du carbone dans le bois des feuillus et des résineux en forêts tempérées." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AGPT0001.
Full textForest ecosystems are the major and most perennial terrestrial carbon pool. However, the seasonal dynamics of production of this woody biomass, in relation to the ecosystem carbon uptake remain poorly studied, limiting our understanding of the carbon cycle and particularly its sensitivity to current climate changes. This thesis aimed to better understand the underlying process of carbon sequestration within forming wood, as related to tree physiology, stand carbon assimilation and site environmental conditions. The study was conducted on three instrumented site with a flux tower, the stand is dominated respectively by spruce in Tharandt in 2016, by beech in Hesse in 2015-2017, and by oak in Barbeau in 2016. To monitor wood formation, wood samples containing phloem, cambial zone, and developing xylem were collected weekly on dominant trees within the tower footprint. Flux tower measurements were used to estimate the daily GPP of the stand, and record the climatic conditions. In the 1st chapter, we developed a novel histologic approach, to quantify the intra-annual dynamics of carbon sequestration in spruce forming wood. This approach, based on repeated measurements of xylem apparent density, is easier, faster, and more accurate than the previously available method, and is applicable also to angiosperm species. In the 2nd chapter, we showed that simultaneous occurrence of the canopy development and the resumption of cambial activity slowed down xylem radial growth, and might entail the formation of xylem with high porosity but functional at early growing season. In the 3rd chapter, we demonstrated that the tree-ring structure determined the temporal coordination between stem growth in size and in biomass along the growing season, with carbon sequestration in forming wood always lagging behind stem radial growth due to inner processes of xylogenesis. Indeed, we showed an increasing timelag ranging from ten days to nearly one month for spruce and beech, but a decreasing timelag from nearly three to one week for oak trees. In the 4th chapter, we observed that regardless of the stand, carbon assimilation followed a large and symmetric bell curve peaking in June, while seasonal dynamics of carbon sequestration differed among the three species. The beech trees concentrated carbon sequestration in stem in May-July, while the spruce and oak trees rather peaked in June-August, and completed stem growth towards the second part of the growing season. In the 5th chapter, based on a three-year monitoring of carbon fluxes, trees growth and environmental factors in the mature beech stand, we showed that ranking of annual carbon balance was not maintained from one year to another, with higher carbon assimilation during the hottest year, but higher woody biomass production in the wettest year. This suggests that allocation of carbon from assimilation to sequestration in stem is not following a simple allometric rule. In the last chapter, we observed that parallel to formation of a new xylem, starch content also increased in forming wood, suggesting that storage and stem growth were tightly connected along the growing season, with higher allocation to storage for sessile oak, compared to spruce and beech. This thesis has improved our knowledge about the dynamics of carbon allocation in the tree, from assimilation at the leaf level to long-term sequestration into the wood, and allowed to explore their respective sensitivity to climate conditions. A better quantification of the shift between stem growth in size and in biomass will require to disentangle the kinetics of cellulose and lignin deposition. However, our work contributed to a better understanding of the intra-annual dynamics of stem radial growth and carbon sequestration, which could help to improve modelling of forests net primary productivity, in the context of current global warming
Cherkaoui, Mohamed. "Analyse de l'organisation genetique de la descendance hybride de croisements entre mils tropicaux et mils adaptes au climat tempere. Bases genetiques de l'adaptation du mil au climat tempere." Paris 7, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA077182.
Full textPey, Alexis. "Réponses biochimiques et physiologiques des symbioses marines tempérées face aux changements climatiques." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4009.
Full textGlobal climate change leads significant reactions on marine ecosystems which, when dealing with sessile species, can drive to episodes of mass mortalities. In the north-western Mediterranean Sea, recent events of mortalities severely impacted gorgonian communities, threatening their survival, but also all the associated biodiversity. The implementation of strategies of preservations requires preliminary acquisitions of the knowledge at ecological, evolutionary, physiological, biochemical, genomic and genetics levels. In this ambitious framework, these doctoral studies aimed to better define the answers induced by thermal stress of two Mediterranean symbiotic Cnidarians : the white gorgonian Eunicella singularis and the sea anemone Anemonia viridis. A first part of the works was carried out of two populations of the white gorgonian, associated with their photosynthetic symbionts (zooxanthelles), collected at two geographical zones with contrasted thermal profiles. This study allowed us to identify the superior limits of thermal resistance of the populations and to estimate the possible links between the genetic varieties of the hosts and the symbionts, and their thermal resistance. Complementary studies then allowed identifying, on this symbiotic gorgonian early molecular indicators induced by a hyperthermia, implying the global antioxidant defences capacities and the degree of protein ubiquitination. Finally, our studies led on the sea anemone allowed to deepen our knowledge developed on this model concerning the antioxidant enzymes and in particular the glutathione peroxidases (GPx). The measures of the GPx activities in the different holobiont compartments did not reveal major modifications during the stress, but the appearance of one activity band induced by the hyperthermia could represent a new potential marker of stress
Schermer, Éliane. "La pollinisation, un élément central du masting chez les chênes de région tempérée." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1081/document.
Full text“Masting” designates a fruiting dynamics common in many perennial plants and characterized by seed production that is highly variable over the years and strongly synchronized among trees within populations. It is expected to strongly impact the population demography of seed consumers, and by cascade effect, the dynamics of forest ecosystems as a whole. Our lack of knowledge of the proximate causes of “masting” currently prevents any reliable prediction about the frequency and the intensity of fruiting, or about their consequences, under climate change. In this work I aimed to test the hypothesis that the pollination process is playing a key role in “masting” in temperate oak forests (Quercus petraea and Q. robur), which would make masting highly sensitive to climate change. By combining an empirical multi-site approach at large spatio-temporal scale in France and a theoretical approach based on a mechanistic model, I found that (i) fruiting dynamics depends on the annual amount of airborne pollen available for reproduction. This amount could be limited some years due to either low amounts of pollen produced at the population level, or harsh weather conditions affecting pollen release and aerial diffusion; (ii) pollen phenology is a key character of “masting”: pollen release takes place in early spring when weather conditions are typically unfavorable to pollination, which leads to frequent fruiting failure and explains thereby why mast years are rare and unpredictable; (iii) “masting” should become less stochastic in the upcoming decades because of the increase of spring temperatures, which should markedly influence the dynamics of seed consumers, and by cascading effect, oak forest regeneration
Mansouri, Yasmine. "Conception des enveloppes de bâtiments pour le renouvellement d'air par ventilation naturelle en climats tempérés : proposition d'une méthodologie de conception." Nantes, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NANT2068.
Full textHubert, Fabien. "MODELISATION DES DIFFRACTOGRAMMES DE MINERAUX ARGILEUX EN ASSEMBLAGES COMPLEXES DANS DEUX SOLS DE CLIMAT TEMPERE. IMPLICATIONS MINERALOGIQUE ET PEDOLOGIQUE." Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00378892.
Full textLes assemblages des minéraux argileux de la fraction < 2 µm ont été déterminés pour les horizons de deux profils de sol sur lesquels des sites expérimentaux de l'INRA (Versailles et Lusignan) sont installés. Les résultats indiquent que les assemblages sont complexes avec six à huit phases. Les minéraux interstratifiés (R0) sont abondants dans les deux sols. La caractérisation de ces assemblages complexes nécessite le calcul des diffractogrammes expérimentaux pour les fractions fines (< 0.05 µm) afin de prendre en compte les minéraux argileux à faible taille de domaine cohérent.
Dans les deux cas, les variations minéralogiques sont faibles et le même assemblage permet de décrire l'ensemble du profil des deux sols. Par ailleurs, les proportions relatives varient. Dans le cas du Néoluvisol du site de Versailles (les Closeaux), les phases d'interstratifié illite/smectite (R0 ~60/40) et smectite sont dominantes. Le processus de migration préférentielle et/ou de néoformation des smectites a été mis en évidence. La description de l'assemblage des minéraux argileux du Cambisol du site de Lusignan montre que les interstratifiés illite/chlorite/smectite et les kaolinites sont dominants. Les résultats montrent que le sol actuel résulte d'un paléosol ferrallitique dans lequel un dépôt de limons s'est incorporé.
TAZI, LINA. "Evaluation des ressources genetiques des mils du maroc : analyse de la diversite genetique; analyse genetique de l'adaptation au climat tempere." Paris 11, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA112178.
Full textClément, Pierre. "Processus d'érosion et évolution du relief : exemples sous climats tempérés à hivers froids : (Appalaches du Québec méridional : comparaison avec la Suède centrale)." Lyon 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO20031.
Full textErosion processes are studied in relationship with geomorphic evolutions of appalachian and caledonian sedimentary and low-grade metamorphic areas in which planed surfaces are inequally stepped. The representative watersheds ( st francis, ammeran ) have kept fluvial features in spite of glacial invasions the average ablation of which is estimated to 20-25 m in the former. The discrepancy between present erosion rates ( under continuous vegetation since 811,000 bp ) is mostly explained by latitude difference also responsible for paleoclimatical distinction. Chemical processes ( bisiallitisation, podzolisation ) prevail on natural slopes, only the steepest ones being shaped by mechanical actions elsewhere damped by vegetation and material cohesion. Weathering proceeds faster on carbonated and fine detritic rocks and weakened intrusive areas ; incipient saprolites include clay mineral assortments depending on drainage ; the deepest profiles are partly prewisconsinian. Fluvial regressive erosion works mainly on surficial deposits and rates from 20-25 t km2 y for elementary streams to about 100 in main basins ( ammeran : 5 ). Net dissolved loads range between 14 and 36 t ( 13 ) and total ablation between 48 and 68 mm 10 3y ( 8 ). Slope evolution results from rock-controlled lowering and backwearing. .
Barreau, Christine. "Etude de la matiere organique associee aux suspensions fluviales : application a des fleuves de climats tempere et intertropical." Paris 6, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA066031.
Full textMerian, Pierre. "Variations spatio-temporelles de la réponse au climat des essences forestières tempérées : quantification du phénomène par approche dendroécologique et influence de la stratégie d'échantillonnage." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00764526.
Full textMarchand, Neil. "Croissance radiale de la pruche (Tsuga Canadensis) et du pin blanc (Pinus Strobus) dans la forêt tempérée du Québec en relation avec les perturbations forestières et le climat." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29701/29701.pdf.
Full textOur dissertation documents the radial growth among eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis L. Carr.) and white pine (Pinus strobus L.), two tree species of the southern Québec temperate forests, where several disturbances get involved in stand dynamics. Based on a dendroecological and dendroclimatical approach, this study includes three highly complementary sections which address the relationship between radial growth among these two tree species and forest disturbances, i.e., selective tree harvest, defoliation during spruce budworm (SBW) (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)) outbreaks, and climate. The first section describes eastern hemlock and white pine long tree-ring series which were built from both living trees and dead wood, mainly submerged floated wood extracted from several lakes in the Mauricie National Park. One can deduce from white pine logging years that this tree had been harvested for domestic use 30 years before the first issue of logging rights, i.e., since the 1800s onwards, and about 70 years after presumed decimation of pine forests in the area. Tree ring series show major growth release which likely resulted from selective harvest in forest stands. Our chronology of SBW outbreaks established from eastern hemlock tree-ring series is the longest chronology produced so far in eastern Canada, although hemlock is a secondary host of SBW. Series from several regions (Mauricie, Outaouais and Lotbinière) suggest that eastern hemlock may experience severe defoliation and radial growth suppression in areas where primary hosts of SBW are abundant. At the regional scale, the frequency of SBW outbreaks increases likely in response to an increased abundance in balsam fir in second-growth stands. In this section, we attempted to evaluate climate responsiveness among eastern hemlock and white pine growing in the southern Quebec Temperate Forest. Dendroclimatic analyses showed that hemlock radial growth may be a good climatic indicator in stands where natural and anthropogenic disturbances were light. Sampling strategies when conducting dendroclimatic studies should focus on trees growing in hardwood-dominated stands and areas where past disturbances have beendocumented. White pine is less sensitive to biotic disturbance than eastern hemlock but the climate responsiness of this conifer depends on constraints associated with water deficit or thermal stress. The third section deals with false ring formation in the white pine of the Outaouais Hills, a dendroanatomic response to water stress. False ring chronologies were established for two groups of sites (rocky outcrops and shallow soils). The years 1955, 1959, and 1988 were those with the highest occurrence of false rings (62% to 90% of all stems). Factors predisposing false ring formation include the cambial age of stems bearing false rings and drainage conditions (dry rocky outcrop sites). Triggering factors were climatic events (low precipitation) occurring during the growing season.
Michelot, Alice. "Croissance et δ13C des cernes de trois essences forestières tempérées (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea et Pinus sylvestris) face aux variations climatiques à l'échelle interannuelle et saisonnière." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00630649/en/.
Full textCuny, Henri. "Dynamique intra-annuelle de la formation du bois de trois espèces de conifères (sapin pectiné, épicéa commun et pin sylvestre) dans les Vosges : De la description des patrons saisonniers de la croissance à l'étude de l'influence de l'environnement sur la cinétique du développement cellulaire et les caractéristiques anatomiques du xylène." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0076/document.
Full textWood formation (xylogenesis) produces a large part of the biomass of this planet and provides a crucial resource to Mankind. Wood cells are produced by division in the cambium, after what they enlarge, build a lignified thick wall and die. During a year, these processes take place at certain dates, last for certain durations and go at certain rates. These dates, durations and rates characterize the intra-annual dynamics of xylogenesis. This dynamics remains poorly explored whereas it is a key aspect as it determines the quantity and quality of the produced wood and conveys the influence of intrinsic (gene, hormone) and extrinsic (environment) regulatory factors. This work aims to improve our knowledge on the intra-annual dynamics of xylogenesis. During three years (2007-2009), xylogenesis was monitored for 45 trees of three conifer species (silver fir, Norway spruce, and Scots pine) in northeast France. For that, small wood samples were collected weekly on tree stem. Samples were prepared at the laboratory, and anatomical sections were cut to observe xylogenesis under a light microscope. This thesis has improved our knowledge on the functioning of xylogenesis, a biological system of a fascinating complexity. We characterized - thanks to the development of an efficient statistical method - the little known aspects of wood cell differentiation dynamics. Based on this characterization, we eluded the mechanisms by which xylogenesis dynamics shapes tree ring structure, we established the intra-annual dynamics of carbon accumulation in wood and we evaluated the mechanisms of the climate influence on xylogenesis
Dietz, Lucie. "Dynamique spontanée post-tempête de la végétation forestière en contexte de changement climatique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AGPT0004.
Full textIn a context where the disturbances could be more severe and/or more frequent, the choice of silvicultural management to be implemented following disturbances comes up against the lack of knowledge of the spontaneous dynamics of regeneration obtained in the context of climate change. From permanent plots installed in France following the storms of 1999, the objective of this study is to analyse the medium-term vegetation dynamics observed within forest gaps, to identify its main determinants and assess the interaction between disturbances and adaptation of plant communities to climate change. The natural tree regeneration, obtained in the post-storm gaps, seems to be sufficient in terms of density and species diversity. Most sites have in average more than 2000 stems/ha and 4.4 species present in the stratum greater than 2 m. The few concerning situations have been identified from the young stages of regeneration and have common characteristics: they are old coniferous stands on acidic soil where competing vegetation has been able to develop, inducing regeneration blocking. In these contexts, a silvicultural intervention would have been desirable to promote regeneration. A specific study of the natural regeneration of three major European hardwood species was carried out: oak, hornbeam and beech. We have highlighted a decline in the abundance of oak over time, in favour of the two most competitive species of beech and hornbeam. Oak is still present on 22% of the sites 19 years after the canopy was opened despite its low density. It also shows growth equivalent or even superior to that of hornbeam and beech, suggesting different development strategies between the three species. Nevertheless, in view of the observed dynamics of the oak, without intervention to promote its regeneration, its future seems uncertain in the coming decades. Finally, our study revealed a greater thermophilisation of the plant communities present in forests that have had an open canopy compared to those in undisturbed forests. By stimulating thermophilization, disturbance thus plays a major ecological role in the adaptation of plant communities to climate change. The importance of large-scale disturbances should therefore not be underestimated, especially in a future climate context where they are likely to intensify
Březina, Jan. "Energetický posudek." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240486.
Full textToïgo, Maude. "Productivité des forêts mélangées : effet de la diversité en essences dans un contexte climatique et édaphique variable." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2018.
Full textGlobal environmental changes may lead to a modification of abiotic factors and biological diversity. The production function in forest ecosystems has the particularity to be both subjected to, and a regulator of, these environmental changes. Understanding how forest productivity is driven by species diversity and environmental factors is therefore a critical issue. This PhD thesis studies how tree species mixture affects their productivity along edaphic and climatic gradients. Based on an approach using both an original dataset and the national forest inventory dataset, I focused on five major species of European forests in pure and two-species forests: Quercus petraea, Pinus sylvestris, Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba and Picea abies. In lowlands, abiotic factors had little impacts on the outcome of tree species mixture on productivity. In addition, the effect of tree species mixture was determined by the shade tolerance of companion species. In highlands, the positive effects of tree species mixture were strongest when the abiotic factors were the most limiting for growth. These results highlight the importance of considering abiotic factors and the functional characteristics of species as drivers of the effect of biological diversity on ecosystem functions
Taccoen, Adrien. "Détermination de l'impact potentiel du changement climatique sur la mortalité des principales essences forestières européennes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AGPT0004.
Full textForest ecosystems are one of the main providers of terrestrial ecosystem services, whose functioning has already been altered by recent climate change. Increases in tree mortality rates have been highlighted in different biomes worldwide, as well as increases in the frequency of massive mortality events following droughts. However, tree mortality is a multi-causal process. It is difficult to quantify the importance of the different factors that can possibly lead to tree death, and particularly the importance of climate change in comparison with forest dynamics and competition-related effects, environmental or biotic factors. This thesis aims at assessing the drivers of background tree mortality, which is the mortality observed in a stand in the absence of extreme perturbation, for the main European tree species. We used data from the French forest inventory of the National Geographic Institute (IGN) and historic climate data from Météo-France spanning the years 1961 to 2015.First, we modelled background tree mortality for 43 tree species in order to identify the drivers of background tree mortality. We used 372.974 trees, including 7.312 dead trees surveyed between the years 2009 and 2015. We found that factors related with competition, tree development stage, stand structure and species composition and logging intensity explained 85% of the recent tree mortality. Environmental factors (soil and climate conditions) accounted for 9% of the total modelled mortality. Temperature increases and rainfall decreases since the period 1961 – 1987 had a significant effect on the mortality of 45% of the 43 species and explained in average 6% of the total modelled mortality.Secondly, we focused on the link between trees locations along temperature and rainfall gradients and their sensitivity to changes of temperature and rainfall. We found that, for 9 species out of 12, temperature increases and rainfall decreases effects were more important in areas with high mean temperature and low mean rainfall. These results show that climate change-related tree mortality could be exacerbated towards the species’ warm and dry edges.Finally, we sought to evaluate how climate change-related tree mortality varied along trees social statuses and sizes gradients. We found that suppressed trees were more sensitive to temperature increases than dominant trees. On the contrary, dominant trees, and particularly large dominant trees, appear to be more sensitive to rainfall decrease than suppressed trees. Overall, our results show that climate change-related tree mortality is globally more important for suppressed than dominant trees.We highlighted the existence of a link between recent temperature increases and rainfall decreased and observed tree mortality rates on around half of the species of the French forest. We also showed that these effects were exacerbated towards the warm and dry edges of the species ranges. Finally, we showed that these effects differed according to trees social statuses and development stages. These results allow us to better understand the impacts of climate change on French and European forest and to better anticipate their effects through the adaptation of silvicultural practices
Xi, Nian-Xun. "Effects of patchy nitrogen inputs and soil nitrogen heterogeneity on grassland structure and function." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22542/document.
Full textGrasslands provide a variety of important ecological and economic services worldwide. Improved understanding of grassland structure and function is necessary for the development of sustainable management and maintaining the provision of multiple ecosystem services in a changing environment. However, predicting grassland structure and function is a challenge because grasslands are dynamic, heterogeneous systems. In grazed grasslands, large herbivore activities promote heterogeneity in soil nutrients via excretion, but the effects of patchy nutrient inputs and soil spatial heterogeneity on grassland structure and function remain unclear. This thesis addresses effects of spatial heterogeneity in soil nitrogen (N) for grassland ecosystem structure and function, with particular emphasis on community responses. A combination of experimental and modelling approaches are used to study impacts of a number of different patch attributes (N form, patch size, patch contrast), as well as possible interactions with rainfall regime and timing of N inputs. We find that patchy N inputs enhance within plot-plant production and biomass variability irrespective of N form, but do not modify whole-plot plant production in the short term. Nevertheless, patchy organic N promotes spatial and temporal asynchrony in plant-soil responses, with implications for longer-term grassland function. Unlike plant production, community structure responds significantly to patchy N inputs, with increased community dominance and a shift in the rank of subordinate species. Contrary to expectations, rainfall quantity does not modify heterogeneity effects on either plant production or community structure. Modelling work shows that heterogeneity effects on field-scale production vary depending on patch size and patch contrast. For a fixed total N input, field-scale grassland production responds positively to patch size, but decreases in high- versus low-patch contrast conditions. Patch size does not interact with patch contrast or timing of N inputs on grassland production. Overall, our results highlight the importance of N heterogeneity for plant and soil processes at different spatial scales, and demonstrate that heterogeneity effects vary depending on patch attributes. Biotic interactions (competition) appear to play a relatively greater role than abiotic factors (chronic rainfall changes) for heterogeneity effects. Impacts of N heterogeneity on plant and soil processes may have significant implications on plant-soil feedbacks involved with the regulation of biogeochemical cycling, and provide useful information for the development of efficient N management strategies
Barriault, Isabelle. "Étude de la biologie florale et de mécanismes de pollinisation d'Arisaema triphyllum." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17088.
Full textSchäfer, Martina. "MODÉLISATION DE L'ECOULEMENT DES GLACIERS TEMPÉRÉS." Phd thesis, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00192512.
Full textLe modèle de Le Meur et Vincent (2003) est utilisé à plusieurs reprises. Plusieurs améliorations sont effectuées (conservation de la masse, traitement des épaisseurs négatives, traitement de la glace située en amont de la rimaye).
Sur le glacier de St. Sorlin (France) une comparaison entre le champ de bilan issu des mesures et celui issu d'un modèle est effectuée. Le comportement du glacier sous un scénario climatique futur est prédit.
Une intercomparaison entre différents types de modèles est effectuée avec pour objectif la détermination du type de modèle le plus approprié en fonction du type de glacier. Les modèles testés sont le modèle SIA de Le Meur et Vincent (2003), le modèle SIA et le modèle d'ordre supérieur de Pattyn (2003) et un modèle Full Stokes (Elmer). Des géométries synthétiques sont utilisées ainsi qu'un cas réel. Les tests synthétiques montrent les limites de l'applicabilité de la SIA. Par contre, une comparaison rapide montre le gain considérable en temps CPU. D'un autre côté, l'augmentation du coût en terme de temps CPU ne s'avère pas très importante lors du passage d'un modèle d'ordre supérieur à un modèle Full Stokes.
Les simulations effectuées sur le glacier de St. Sorlin donnent un aperçu des limites de la validité de la SIA sur ce glacier. Même si elle reproduit globalement l'évolution observée du glacier, elle ne reproduit pas correctement le champ de vitesse ni certaines structures de la géométrie.
Les simulations sont comparées avec les observations pour la position du front et les vitesses de surface.
Un dernier chapitre est consacré au glacier Cotopaxi (Andes).
Bégin, Edith. "Caractérisation des régimes de perturbations par le chablis et des vents extrêmes dans l'érablière à bouleau jaune du Québec." Mémoire, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4591/1/M12262.pdf.
Full textMassé, Stéphanie. "Dynamique saisonnière des communautés nitrifiantes dans un petit lac oligotrophe." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12479.
Full textSince the discovery that some archaea are able to oxidize ammonia aerobically, several studies have focused on measuring nitrification rates and identifying the diversity of planktonic ammonia oxidizers in marine systems. Despite the global importance of freshwater lakes, far fewer studies have done the same in these ecosystems. Here we investigated the importance of nitrification and characterize the microbial community catalyzing the first rate-limiting step of nitrification over an annual cycle in a temperate lake. The measurements of ammonia oxidation rates, using the 15NH4+ isotope tracer method, at two depths in the photic zone show that this process occurred throughout the entire year in the lake. Rates of ammonia oxidation ranged from undetectable to 333 nmol L-1 d-1 with a peak of activity during winter. Off all environmental variables measured, ammonium concentrations in the water-column seem to have the strongest effect on the magnitude of ammonia oxidation rates. We detected the presence of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting part of the ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) gene. Both AOA and AOB were detected in the photic zone of the lake, although only AOA were omnipresent over the year. The sequencing of archaeal amoA genes reveals that most of the AOA in the lake are members of the Nitrosotalea cluster (also referred as SAGMGC-1 or group I.1a associated), which confirms the ecological relevance of this cluster in oligotrophic freshwaters. Altogether, our results indicate that winter may be a critical time for ammonia oxidation in temperate lakes and provide a baseline for the understanding of ammonia oxidation in small oligotrophic lakes.