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Academic literature on the topic 'Climat tropical – Télédétection'
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Journal articles on the topic "Climat tropical – Télédétection"
Marchane, Ahmed, Lionel Jarlan, Lahoucine Hanich, and Abdelghani Boudhar. "Caractérisation de l'enneigement sur l'atlas marocain par le capteur MODIS et relation avec le climat (période 2000-2011)." Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection, no. 204 (April 8, 2014): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.52638/rfpt.2013.18.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Climat tropical – Télédétection"
Do, Thi Phuong Thao. "Apport de la télédétection spatiale pour l'étude multiscalaire des interactions climat-surface en Afrique de l'Ouest : étude du bassin versant de l'Ouémé supérieur (Bénin)." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU025/document.
Full textThis thesis is part of the international AMMA program (Analyse Multidisciplinaire de la Mousson Africaine - Multidisciplinary Analysis of African Monsoon) whose objective is to better understand the regional dynamics of climate-environment-society interactions. It is a contribution to the study of the spatio-temporal variability of vegetation, according to different land use types and under the constraints of seasonal and interannual variations in rainfall in the upper basin of Ouémé river, Benin. This area has an extensive network of hydro-climatic ground monitoring, observatory AMMA-Catch, which provides many in-situ data. The analysis also relies on data from different optical remote sensing satellites (LANDSAT, SPOT-VGT, MODIS, MSG-SEVIRI or ECOCLIMAP) for the study of land occupation, variability of photosynthetic vegetation or rainfall estimate (RFE). The study focuses mainly on three questions: 1) the changes in surface conditions recently observed in the experimental area of upper Ouémé; 2) the analysis of various data from satellite remote sensing to diagnose regional bioclimatic variability of vegetation; 3) the understanding of climate/vegetation interface interactions, in order to interpret certain intra-and interannual bioclimatic variations depending on the main surface conditions. The main results suggest that it is possible to discriminate the functional relationships from the main conditions of forest or anthropized surface. The diachronic analysis through the classification of Landsat (ETM +) images show that the cultivated areas recorded regionally an increase of 25% over the period of 2003-2012. The areas of set-aside decrease, while shrublands increase. All forests lost in area over the decade observed, particularly dense forest (presumably protected in this region) with a drop of over 16%. The spatio-temporal variability of a vegetation index (NDVI) significantly depends on three main types of land use, even though the noise due to the cloud cover complicates the analysis and interpretation. The contrasts between the preserved natural forest area (the forest reserve) and the agricultural areas (crops and fallow) are particularly visible. Over the decade 2002-2012, there is no trend of rainfall, but rather a succession of wet and dry phases, which ultimately induce an interannual stability of NDVI. The average phase difference between rainfall and vegetation activity is four decades, but it seems that the end of the vegetation growing season has retreated back to at least 10 days during the study period, reflecting a change in rainfall at the end of the year
Kemavo, Anoumou. "Potentialités des données de télédétection optique et radar libres d’accès pour l’évaluation et le suivi des écosystèmes forestiers tropicaux : étude de cas au Togo, en République Démocratique du Congo, en Guyane française et en République Dominicaine." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC2181/document.
Full textThis study aims to explore the potential of optical remote sensing and free access radar data for the assessment and monitoring of tropical, dry or wet forest ecosystems. Different test sites located in these tropical forest ecosystems have been selected. These are: the Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the Oti-Keran-Mandourie Biosphere Reserve (OKM) and Togodo Wildlife Reserve (RFT) in Togo, the area around the bridge linking the city of Saint-Georges de l'Oyapock and the plain of the Kourou coast in French Guiana and the province of Monté Cristi in the Dominican Republic. Different data were used in this study: for radar images, Sentinel-1 time series, Alos-2 mosaics and, for optical images, Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8. Exogenous data such as GPS points, digital terrain models and reference maps. The methodology approach used consists of pretreatment on optical and radar images. Specific approaches, varying by study site, included: photo detailed interpretation, supervised SVM classification, forest inventory and application of allometric equations, a wavelet decomposition detection approach, a detection approach automatic changes by thresholding and the characterization of these changes. The main results are:PNVI site: land cover maps and forest, non-forest binary maps of 1987, 1997, 2007 and 2017 are produced on the PNVI. Over the 30-year period using the binary maps between 1987 and 2017 the average annual rate of deforestation is 1.07%. This high deforestation rate shows the increasing pressure on forest resources in the Virunga landscape. OKM and RFT site: a classification carried out on a combination of optical and radar images gives slightly better performances than classifications carried out on optical and radar images considered separately. The land cover maps from these classifications were used as a basis for estimating carbon stocks through forest resource assessment. At the Saint-Georges de l'Oyapock site, temporal analysis using wavelet decompositions revealed three main types of changes due to anthropogenic deforestation, seasonal changes and agricultural changes. On the site of the Monté Cristi province in the Dominican Republic, the joint analysis of radar and optical images made it possible to propose a cartography comprising 18 field-controlled land cover classes with an overall accuracy of more than 90%. Historical forest monitoring shows a decline in forest cover. At the same time, we observe a regression of the surface of mangroves between 2015 and 2018.This study has highlighted the immense potential of optical and radar remote sensing data in the characterization, mapping and monitoring of land use layers in tropical ecosystems in different regions of the world and according to seasonal conditions. While each type of remote sensing data has these discriminatory qualities and capabilities, this study has shown that the joint and combined use of two types of data significantly increases the characterization and discrimination of land-use classes and thus increases the chances of reliability of the actions to be carried out
Höjgård-Olsen, Erik. "Observations du cycle de l'eau atmosphérique tropicale et de ses variations avec la température de surface de la mer, à l'aide d'une constellation de satellites." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASJ007.
Full textThe tropical atmosphere is a complex system of dynamic and thermodynamic processes. Superimposed on these complexities is a radiative forcing due to anthropogenically emitted greenhouse gases and a resulting global warming. Climate projections often assume that the feedback parameter is constant in time, so that changes in radiative flux are proportional to changes in surface temperature. Projection uncertainties are associated with the atmospheric water cycle’s response to surface warming, and motivate the need to better understand processes linking clouds, circulation of atmospheric water and climate.This work aims to improve our understanding of the covariability of sea surface temperature (SST), relative humidity (RH), clouds and precipitation, on different temporal and spatial scales in the tropical belt (30°N-30°S). It relies on a unique synergistic dataset of high vertical resolution that measures the daytime (01:30 pm) RH profile, cloud characteristics and near-surface precipitation provided by the microwave radiometer SAPHIR, the CALIOP lidar and the CPR radar. This dataset has a 1° by 1° horizontal resolution and covers the time period 2012 to 2018. It is associated to SST and atmospheric vertical velocity fields of the ERA5 reanalysis.The synergistic dataset was explored along two scientific questions:(i) The first question concerned the instantaneous timescale and the co-evolution of RH profiles, cloud cover and SST, under large-scale circulation constraint. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive observational view of the tropical atmospheric water cycle’s response to SST on the instantaneous timescale. Different physical relationships are established for the different large-scale circulation regimes, and their characteristics are robust to natural variability (such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation). The descending regime is characterized by a dry free troposphere and decreasing opaque liquid cloud cover with SST, and an expected clear-sky cooling with SST. In contrast, the ascending regime is characterized by a nonlinear response in ice cloud cover and free-tropospheric RH with SST that peak around the 302 K SST, which likely induce nonlinear responses of the radiative fluxes.(ii) The second question addressed the assumption of timescale-invariant feedback factors on daily, monthly, seasonal and annual scales. Rates of changes of RH and cloud characteristics with SST defined on the global scale (tropical oceans) are compared to rates of changes computed on the grid box scale. On the global scale, negligible changes are observed in the RH profile with SST, opaque cloud cover decreases, and ice cloud altitudes rise with SST with little change in cloud temperature. These results suggest an enhanced clear-sky radiative cooling with SST, whilst cloud emission temperatures are invariant, as discussed in some assumptions on the tropical atmosphere. Overall, the results highlight significant differences according to the timescale considered for computing global scale rates of changes, which can be used as a strong diagnostic in the evaluation of climate models. Following this, a first analysis of the IPSL model was performed and shows the interest of such diagnostic based on observations
Chambon, Philippe. "Contribution à l'estimation des précipitations tropicales : préparation aux missions Megha-Tropiques et Global Precipitation Measurement." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00664357.
Full textGuilloteau, Clément. "Approche physico-statistique de la désagrégation des précipitations satellite dans les Tropiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30216/document.
Full textRainfall variability involves a wide range of scales: from the millimeter-scale associated with microphysics to the synoptic scale of the global atmospheric circulation. No existing observation system is able to cover all these scales by itself. Satellite-based observation systems are currently the most efficient systems to resolve the large spatial and temporal scales: from mesoscale meteorology to the synoptic scale. This thesis is dedicated to the exploration of satellites ability to resolve spatial scales from 100km to 2km and temporal scales from 24h to 15 min (in order to resolve the diurnal cycle). The chosen approach is both physical and statistical (or deterministic and probabilistic). The idea is that the deterministic approach can resolve the large scales, but several factors limit its relevance when dealing with fine scales: -The limited resolution of the instruments. -The number of orbiting instruments that limits temporal sampling. -The dynamic nature of fine scale variability. At fines scales, most of the errors in rainfall estimation from satellite comes from not perfectly localizing the precipitating cells. The first objective of this thesis is to identify precisely the lowest limit in scale where the deterministic approach is appropriate. The implementation of the physical-statistical approach relies on an existing multisensor estimate of daily precipitation at a 1° resolution: the TAPEER algorithm developed as part of the Megha-Tropiques mission. The chosen method is a hybrid physical disaggregation and stochastic downscaling via a multiscale representation. The result is an ensemble of high-resolution probable realizations of the rain intensity field. The ensemble is constrained by a high resolution rain detection mask derived from meteosat-SG infrared images at 3km resolution (one image every 15 minutes). The uncertainty associated with the final estimation is handled through the ensemble dispersion. Every realization is generated so that its statistical properties (frequency distribution of the intensities, autocorrelation function) mimic those of the true rain field. The generated fields and the proposed technique contribute to hydrological applications for instance by improving the runoff associated to high precipitation rates in models. Using several realizations is a way to study uncertainty propagation through a model
Basantes-Serrano, Rubén. "Contribution à l’étude de l’évolution des glaciers et du changement climatique dans les Andes équatoriennes depuis les années 1950." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAU009/document.
Full textClimate of the tropical regions plays an important role in the balance of the global climate system. Consequently, it appears essential to understand its functioning and variability to apprehend at best the effects of climate change. In tropical regions where climate projections show an important warming at high elevations, glaciers are the first victims of the increase in temperature. But they also appear as accurate indicators of climatic variations. Until now, glaciological observations carried out in the inner tropics on Glacier Antisana 15 have been used in multiple studies that helped understand physical processes controlling glacial melt in this region. However, the latter studies have not taken into account the spatial and temporal representativeness of these processes at the scale of the whole ice cap. Based on geodetic observations, the present study shows the spatial and temporal evaluation of nine glaciers during four periods spread over the last fifty years (1956-2014). Situated in the volcanic cone of Antisana, these glaciers were chosen according to their orientation and morphological characteristics. In a first phase, we evaluated existing glaciological observations made on Glacier Antisana 15α between 1995 and 2012. Our results suggest an overestimation of at least 5 m w.e. of the cumulated mass balance of this glacier. This excess in the ablation rate was caused by an underestimation of the annual accumulation measurement, linked to the difficulty of identifying the layer separating two hydrological years. In a second phase, we analysed the geometrical fluctuations of glaciers: generally there is a negative trend with a loss rate of -0.5 w.e. per year, leading to a retreat of 38% of the ice cap surface area. However, this trend is not constant. We highlighted a contrasting behaviour from one period to the other: some characteristics draw attention, such as the fact that the mass balance was very negative between 1956 and 1964 (-1.3 m w.e. per year) when in a more recent period (1998 to 2009) glaciers were nearly at equilibrium (-0.2 m w.e. per year). During this long period, these glaciers showed a common response to a regional climate signal, while at the local scale their exposure to humid fluxes combined to their morpho-topographic characteristics gave a specific behaviour to each glacier. This work is the first focussing on intern tropics that details glacier response to climate variability over several decades and that considers the influence of morphological factors on this behaviour. This PhD thesis is in line with the scientific objectives of the Great Ice team from IRD (LMI Great Ice), as well as the progress of the glaciological monitoring service SOERE GLACIOCLIM
El clima de la región tropical juega un rol importante en el balance del sistema climático global, comprender su funcionamiento y su variabilidad es una de las piezas esenciales para entender los efectos del cambio climático. En la región tropical donde las proyecciones climáticas muestran un importante calentamiento a mayor altitud, los glaciares son las primeras víctimas del aumento de las temperaturas y constituyen también los indicadores más precisos de las variaciones del clima. Hasta ahora, en los trópicos internos, las observaciones glaciológicas realizadas sobre el Glaciar Antisana 15α, han sido utilizadas en múltiples estudios que nos han permitido comprender los procesos físicos que gobiernan el deshielo glaciar en esta región. Sin embargo estos estudios no han considerado la representatividad espacial y temporal de estos procesos a escala de todo el casquete glaciar. El presente estudio muestra, a partir de observaciones geodésicas, la evolución espacial y temporal de nueve glaciares en cuatro periodos comprendidos durante en el último medio siglo (1956-2014). Estos glaciares, ubicados en el cono volcánico del Antisana, fueron escogidos en función a su orientación y sus características morfológicas. En una primera etapa hemos evaluado las observaciones glaciológicas existentes sobre el glaciar Antisana 15α entre 1995 y 2012, nuestros resultados sugieren la subestimación de al menos 5 m de agua en el balance de masa acumulado de este glaciar. Este exceso en las tasas de ablación es causado por una subestimación en la medida de la acumulación anual debido a la dificultad que conlleva la determinación de la capa que limita dos años hidrológicos. En una segunda etapa analizamos las fluctuaciones geométricas de los glaciares entre 1956 y 2014, de manera general existe una tendencia negativa con una tasa de pérdida de -0.5 m de agua al año lo que ha ocasionado un retroceso del 38% de la superficie del casquete glaciar. Sin embargo esta tendencia no es continua. Hemos puesto en evidencia un comportamiento contrastado de un periodo al otro, algunas características que llaman la atención son: el balance muy deficitario entre 1956 et 1964 (-1,3 m de agua / año) y en el periodo más reciente (1998 y 2009) en el cual los glaciares se encuentran casi al equilibrio (-0.2 m de agua / año). En el largo plazo, estos glaciares muestran una respuesta común a los una señal climática regional, mientras que a escala local la exposición a los flujos húmedos en combinación a las características morfo-topográficas otorgan un comportamiento específico a cada glaciar. Este trabajo es el primero en los trópicos internos que detalla la respuesta de los glaciares frente a la variabilidad del clima sobre una perspectiva multi-decenal y que considera la influencia que los factores morfológicos tienen sobre este comportamiento. Esta tesis se enmarca en los objetivos científicos del equipo Great Ice del IRD(LMI Great Ice), así como en los alcances del servicio de monitoreo glaciológico SOERE GLACIOCLIM
Pangaud, Thomas. "Assimilation des radiances des sondeurs infrarouges hyperspectraux en condition nuageuse : application à des cyclogénèses extratropicales." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/772/.
Full textThe main goal of this PhD work is to propose an approach to deal with high-spectral-resolution infrared sounders in cloudy conditions. Untill now, these observations were rejected by the data assimilation system due to the complex nature of clouds and to their non-linear processes evolving into spatiotemporal scales lower than those of the model. The emergence of variational techniques as well as improvements achieved in terms of cloud modelisation and radiative transfer revived the interests of the scientific community for the assimilation of cloudy radiances. Indeed most measurements from high-spectral-resolution infrared sounders, and in particular, in atmospheric sensitive regions, are contaminated by clouds. The approach proposed here to deal with cloudy radiances is based on the combined information from the cloud detection algorithm developped by the ECMWF and the CO2-Slicing cloud characterization algorithm. To be efficient, this scheme thus needs a good correspondance in terms of cloud detection between these two algorithms. The fist part of this study demonstrates that these two algorithms are able to detect clouds efficiently. The good correspondance in performances obtained from both algorithms justify their conjoint use to assimilate cloudy radiances. The assimilation scheme developped in this PhD work enables to increase the total amount of assimilated observations by more than 10% for AIRS and by more than 12% for IASI, additional observations are mainly located at mid to high latitudes. In addition, taking into account the cloud effect into the observation operator leads to model equivalents more consistent with true observations. Experiments performed with the AIRS sounder exhibit a positive but not significant impact on forecasts for the temperature, the humidity and the wind. The impact is significantly positive for the geopotential. Preliminary experiments performed with the IASI sounder exhibit a rather mitigated impact. Taking into account cloudy radiances from high-spectral-resolution infrared sounders improves the predictability of intense event for both study cases treated in this work (a mediterrean storm occuring on the 26th of september 2006 and an atlantic storm on the 24th of january 2009). The operational assimilation of this kind of data will certainly enable, among others, a better risk management et thus a more efficient hazard prevention
Ploton, Pierre. "Amélioration des estimations de biomasse en forêt tropicale : apport de la structure et de l’organisation spatiale des arbres de canopée." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AGPT0005.
Full textTropical forests store more than half of the world’s forest carbon and are particularly threatened by deforestation and degradation processes, which together represent the second largest source of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Consequently, tropical forests are the focus of international climate policies (i.e. Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, REDD) aiming at reducing forestrelated CO2 emissions. The REDD initiative lies on our ability to map forest carbon stocks (i.e. spatial dynamics) and to detect deforestation and degradations (i.e. temporal dynamics) at large spatial scales (e.g. national, forested basin), with accuracy and precision. Remote-sensing is as a key tool for this purpose, but numerous sources of error along the carbon mapping chain makes meeting REDD criteria an outstanding challenge. In the present thesis, we assessed carbon (quantified through aboveground biomass, AGB) estimation error at the tree- and plot-level using a widely used pantropical AGB model, and at the landscape-level using a remote sensing method based on canopy texture features from very high resolution (VHR) optical data. Our objective was to better understand and reduce AGB estimation error at each level using information on large canopy tree structure, distribution and spatial organization.Although large trees disproportionally contributed to forest carbon stock, they are under-represented in destructive datasets and subject to an under-estimation bias with the pantropical AGB model. We destructively sampled 77 very large tropical trees and assembled a large (pantropical) dataset to study how variation in tree form (through crown sizes and crown mass ratio) contributed to this error pattern. We showed that the source of bias in the pantropical model was a systematic increase in the proportion of tree mass allocated to the crown in canopy trees. An alternative AGB model accounting for this phenomenon was proposed. We also propagated the AGB model bias at the plot-level and showed that the interaction between forest structure and model bias, although often overlooked, might in fact be substantial. We further analyzed the structural properties of crown branching networks in light of the assumptions and predictions of the Metabolic Theory of Ecology, which supports the power-form of the pantropical AGB model. Important deviations were observed, notably from Leonardo’s rule (i.e. the principle of area conservation), which, all else being equal, could support the higher proportion of mass in large tree crowns.A second part of the thesis dealt with the extrapolation of field-plot AGB via canopy texture features of VHR optical data. A major barrier for the development of a broad-scale forest carbon monitoring method based on canopy texture is that relationships between canopy texture and stand structure parameters (including AGB) vary among forest types and regions of the world. We investigated this discrepancy using a simulation approach: virtual canopy scenes were generated for 279 1-ha plots distributed on contrasted forest types across the tropics. We showed that complementing FOTO texture with additional descriptors of forest structure, notably on canopy openness (from a lacunarity analysis) and tree slenderness (from a bioclimatic proxy) allows developing a stable inversion frame for forest AGB at large scale. Although the approach we proposed requires further empirical validation, a first case study on a forests mosaic in the Congo basin gave promising results.Overall, this work increased our understanding of mechanisms behind AGB estimation errors at the tree-, plot- and landscape-level. It stresses the need to better account for variation patterns in tree structure (e.g. ontogenetic pattern of carbon allocation) and forest structural organization (across forest types, under different environmental conditions) to improve general AGB models, and in fine our ability to accurately map forest AGB at large scale
Sabajo, Clifton. "Changements dans l’utilisation des terres et de la couverture terrestre en Asie du sud-est : les effets de la transformation sur les paramètres de la surface en Indonésie." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AGPT0005.
Full textOver the last decades, Indonesia has experienced dramatic land transformations with an expansion of oil palm plantations at the expense of tropical forests. Indonesia is currently one of the regions with the highest transformation rate of the land surface worldwide related to the expansion of oil palm plantations and other cash crops replacing forests on large scales. As vegetation is a modifier of the climate near the ground these large-scale land transformations have major impacts on surface biophysical variables such as land surface temperature (LST), albedo, vegetation indices (e.g. the normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI), on the surface energy balance and energy partitioning.Despite the large historic land transformation in Indonesia toward oil palm and other cash crops and governmental plans for future expansion, this is the first study so far to quantify the impacts of land transformation on biophysical variables in Indonesia. To assess such changes at regional scale remote sensing data are needed.As a key driver for many ecological functions, LST is directly affected by land cover changes.We analyze LST from the thermal band of a Landsat image and produce a high-resolution surface temperature map (30 m) for the lowlands of the Jambi province in Sumatra (Indonesia), a region which experienced large land transformation towards oil palm and other cash crops over the past decades. The comparison of LST, albedo, NDVI, and evapotranspiration (ET) between seven different land cover types (forest, urban areas, clear cut land, young and mature oil palm plantations, acacia and rubber plantations) shows that forests have lower surface temperatures than the other land cover types, indicating a local warming effect after forest conversion. LST differences were up to 10.1 ± 2.6 ºC (mean ± SD) between forest and clear-cut land. The differences in surface temperatures are explained by an evaporative cooling effect, which offsets an albedo warming effect.Young and mature oil palm plantations differenced in their biophysical. To study the development of surface biophysical variables during the 20 – 25 years rotation cycle of oil palm plantations, we used three Landsat images from the Jambi province in Sumatra/Indonesia covering a chronosequence of oil palm plantations.Our results show that differences between oil palm plantations in different stages of the oil palm rotation cycle are reflected in differences in the surface energy balance, energy partitioning and biophysical variables. During the oil palm plantation lifecycle the surface temperature differences to forest gradually decrease and approach zero around the mature oil palm plantation stage of 10 years. Concurrently, NDVI increases and the albedo decreases approaching typical values of forests. The surface energy balance and energy partitioning show a development patterns related to biophysical variables and the age of the oil palm plantations. Newly established and young plantations (< 5 years) have less net radiation available than mature oil palm plantations, yet have higher surface temperatures than mature oil palm plantations. The changes in biophysical variables, energy balance and energy partitioning during the oil palm rotation cycle can be explained by the previously identified evaporative cooling effect in which the albedo warming effect is offset. A main determinant in this mechanism is the vegetation cover during the different phases in the oil palm rotation cycle. NDVI as a proxy for vegetation cover showed a consistent inverse relation with the LST of different aged oil palm plantations, a trend that is also observed for different land use types in this study. (Last and final summary in the thesis)