Books: 'Climate fluctuation'

1

Oerlemans, Johannes, ed. Glacier Fluctuations and Climatic Change. Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7823-3.

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2

Boye, François. Rainfall and macroeconomic fluctuations: A Sahelian perspective. 2nd ed. Centre de recherches économiques appliquées/FASEG/UCAD, 1997.

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3

Ladurie, Emmanuel Le Roy. Les fluctuations du climat, de l'an mil à nos jours. Fayard, 2011.

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4

1950-, Oerlemans J., ed. Glacier fluctuations and climatic change: Proceedings of the Symposium on Glacier Fluctuations and Climatic Change, held in Amsterdam, 1-5 June 1987. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989.

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5

Kli͡ashtorin, L. B. Climate change and long-term fluctuations of commercial catches: The possibility of forecasting. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2001.

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6

Deschn̊es, Olivier. Climate change, mortality and adaptation: Evidence from annual fluctuations in weather in the U.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2007.

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Deschn̊es, Olivier. Climate change, mortality and adaptation: Evidence from annual fluctuations in weather in the U.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2008.

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8

Deschênes, Olivier. Climate change, mortality, and adaptation: Evidence from annual fluctuations in weather in the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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Deschn̊es, Olivier. Climate change, mortality, and adaptation: Evidence from annual fluctuations in weather in the us. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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10

Xanthakis, John N. A study of the periodicities and climatic fluctuations of atmospheric ozone. Grapheion Dēmosieumatōn tēs Akadēmias Athēnōn, 1995.

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11

Deschênes, Olivier. The Economic impacts of climate change: Evidence from agricultural profits and random fluctuations in weather. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.

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12

Deschn̊es, Olivier. The economic impacts of climate change: Evidence from agricultural profits and random fluctuations in weather. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2006.

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Deschn̊es, Olivier. The economic impacts of climate change: Evidence from agricultural profits and random fluctuations in weather. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2004.

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14

Deschênes, Olivier. The economic impacts of climate change: Evidence from agricultural profits and random fluctuations in weather. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.

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15

Deschn̊es, Olivier. The economic impacts of climate change: Evidence from agricultural profits and random fluctuations in weather. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2006.

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16

Trends and fluctuations in precipitation and stream runoff in the Queen Charlotte Islands. Information Services Branch, Ministry of Forests, 1986.

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17

Lieth, Helmut. Correlation analyses between weatherclasses and blood sedimentation rate fluctuations of a population sample in Leiden, The Netherlands. SPB Academic Pub., 1996.

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18

Rosenzweig, Cynthia, and Daniel Hillel. Climate Variability and the Global Harvest. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195137637.001.0001.

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The Earth's climate is constantly changing. Some of the changes are progressive, while others fluctuate at various time scales. The El Niño-la Niña cycle is one such fluctuation that recurs every few years and has far-reaching impacts. It generally appears at least once per decade, but this may vary with our changing climate. The exact frequency, sequence, duration and intensity of El Niño's manifestations, as well as its effects and geographic distributions, are highly variable. The El Niño-la Niña cycle is particularly challenging to study due to its many interlinked phenomena that occur in various locations around the globe. These worldwide teleconnections are precisely what makes studying El Niño-la Niña so important. Cynthia Rosenzweig and Daniel Hillel describe the current efforts to develop and apply a global-to-regional approach to climate-risk management. They explain how atmospheric and social scientists are cooperating with agricultural practitioners in various regions around the world to determine how farmers may benefit most from new climate predictions. Specifically, the emerging ability to predict the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle offers the potential to transform agricultural planning worldwide. Biophysical scientists are only now beginning to recognize the large-scale, globally distributed impacts of ENSO on the probabilities of seasonal precipitation and temperature regimes. Meanwhile, social scientists have been researching how to disseminate forecasts more effectively within rural communities. Consequently, as the quality of climatic predictions have improved, the dissemination and presentation of forecasts have become more effective as well. This book explores the growing understanding of the interconnectedness of climate predictions and productive agriculture for sustainable development, as well as methods and models used to study this relationship.

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19

A, Abu-Zeid Mahmoud, and Biswas Asit K, eds. Climatic fluctuations and water management. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992.

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20

Riebsame, William E. Assessing the social implications of climate fluctuations: A guide to climate impact studies. UNEP, 1988.

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21

Lurcock, Pontus, and Fabio Florindo. Antarctic Climate History and Global Climate Changes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676889.013.18.

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Antarctic climate changes have been reconstructed from ice and sediment cores and numerical models (which also predict future changes). Major ice sheets first appeared 34 million years ago (Ma) and fluctuated throughout the Oligocene, with an overall cooling trend. Ice volume more than doubled at the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. Fluctuating Miocene temperatures peaked at 17–14 Ma, followed by dramatic cooling. Cooling continued through the Pliocene and Pleistocene, with another major glacial expansion at 3–2 Ma. Several interacting drivers control Antarctic climate. On timescales of 10,000–100,000 years, insolation varies with orbital cycles, causing periodic climate variations. Opening of Southern Ocean gateways produced a circumpolar current that thermally isolated Antarctica. Declining atmospheric CO2 triggered Cenozoic glaciation. Antarctic glaciations affect global climate by lowering sea level, intensifying atmospheric circulation, and increasing planetary albedo. Ice sheets interact with ocean water, forming water masses that play a key role in global ocean circulation.

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Lurcock, Pontus, and Fabio Florindo. Antarctic Climate History and Global Climate Changes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190699420.013.18.

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Antarctic climate changes have been reconstructed from ice and sediment cores and numerical models (which also predict future changes). Major ice sheets first appeared 34 million years ago (Ma) and fluctuated throughout the Oligocene, with an overall cooling trend. Ice volume more than doubled at the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. Fluctuating Miocene temperatures peaked at 17–14 Ma, followed by dramatic cooling. Cooling continued through the Pliocene and Pleistocene, with another major glacial expansion at 3–2 Ma. Several interacting drivers control Antarctic climate. On timescales of 10,000–100,000 years, insolation varies with orbital cycles, causing periodic climate variations. Opening of Southern Ocean gateways produced a circumpolar current that thermally isolated Antarctica. Declining atmospheric CO2 triggered Cenozoic glaciation. Antarctic glaciations affect global climate by lowering sea level, intensifying atmospheric circulation, and increasing planetary albedo. Ice sheets interact with ocean water, forming water masses that play a key role in global ocean circulation.

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23

Burkhard, Frenzel, ed. Glacier fluctuations during the Holocene. G. Fischer, 1997.

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24

Lilja, Sven. Climate, History, and Social Change in Sweden and the Baltic Sea Area From About 1700. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.633.

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The growing concern about global warming has turned focus in Sweden and other Baltic countries toward the connection between history and climate. Important steps have been taken in the scientific reconstruction of climatic parables. Historic climate data have been published and analyzed, and various proxy data have been used to reconstruct historic climate curves. The results have revealed an ongoing regional warming from the late 17th to the early 21st century. The development was not continuous, however, but went on in a sequence of warmer and colder phases.Within the fields of history and socially oriented climate research, the industrial revolution has often been seen as a watershed between an older and a younger climate regime. The breakthrough of the industrial society was a major social change with the power to influence climate. Before this turning point, man and society were climate dependent. Weather and short-term climate fluctuations had major impacts on agrarian culture. When the crops failed several years in sequence, starvation and excess mortality followed. As late as 1867–1869, northern Sweden and Finland were struck by starvation due to massive crop failures.Although economic activities in the agricultural sector had climatic effects before the industrial society, when industrialization took off in Sweden in the 1880s it brought an end to the large-scale starvations, but also the start of an economic development that began to affect the atmosphere in a new and broader way. The industrial society, with its population growth and urbanization, created climate effects. Originally, however, the industrial outlets were not seen as problems. In the 18th century, it was thought that agricultural cultivation could improve the climate, and several decades after the industrial take-off there still was no environmental discourse in the Swedish debate. On the contrary, many leading debaters and politicians saw the tall chimneys, cars, and airplanes as hopeful signs in the sky. It was not until the late 1960s that the international environmental discourse reached Sweden. The modern climate debate started to make its imprints as late as the 1990s.During the last two decades, the Swedish temperature curve has unambiguously turned upwards. Thus, parallel to the international debate, the climate issue has entered the political agenda in Sweden and the other Nordic countries. The latest development has created a broad political consensus in favor of ambitious climate goals, and the people have gradually started to adapt their consumption and lifestyles to the new prerequisites.Although historic climate research in Sweden has had a remarkable expansion in the last decades, it still leans too much on its climate change leg. The clear connection between the climate fluctuations during the last 300 years and the major social changes that took place in these centuries needs to be further studied.

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25

Oerlemans, J. Glacier Fluctuations and Climatic Change (Glaciology and Quaternary Geology). Springer, 1989.

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26

Oerlemans, Johannes. Glacier Fluctuations and Climatic Change: Proceedings of the Symposium on Glacier Fluctuations and Climatic Change, held at Amsterdam, 1–5 June 1987. Springer, 2010.

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27

Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Hydro-climatic data network (HCDN): A U.S. Geological Survey streamflow data set for the United States for the study of climate fluctuations, 1874-1988. U.S. Geological Survey, Dept. of the Interior, 1992.

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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Hydro-climatic data network (HCDN): A U.S. Geological Survey streamflow data set for the United States for the study of climate fluctuations, 1874-1988. U.S. Geological Survey, Dept. of the Interior, 1992.

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29

Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Hydro-climatic data network (HCDN): A U.S. Geological Survey streamflow data set for the United States for the study of climate fluctuations, 1874-1988. U.S. Geological Survey, Dept. of the Interior, 1992.

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30

Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Hydro-climatic data network (HCDN): A U.S. Geological Survey streamflow data set for the United States for the study of climate fluctuations, 1874-1988. U.S. Geological Survey, Dept. of the Interior, 1992.

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31

Isotopes and carbonate minerals in Lake Bonneville marl : records of lake-level fluctuations and climate change. Utah Geological Survey, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ofr-251.

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32

Thompson, William R., and Leila Zakhirova. Denouement: World Politics, Systemic Leadership, and Climate Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.003.0013.

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In this final chapter, we conclude by recapitulating our argument and evidence. One goal of this work has been to improve our understanding of the patterns underlying the evolution of world politics over the past one thousand years. How did we get to where we are now? Where and when did the “modern” world begin? How did we shift from a primarily agrarian economy to a primarily industrial one? How did these changes shape world politics? A related goal was to examine more closely the factors that led to the most serious attempts by states to break free of agrarian constraints. We developed an interactive model of the factors that we thought were most likely to be significant. Finally, a third goal was to examine the linkages between the systemic leadership that emerged from these historical processes and the global warming crisis of the twenty-first century. Climate change means that the traditional energy platforms for system leadership—coal, petroleum, and natural gas—have become counterproductive. The ultimate irony is that we thought that the harnessing of carbon fuels made us invulnerable to climate fluctuations, while the exact opposite turns out to be true. The more carbon fuels are consumed, the greater the damage done to the atmosphere. In many respects, the competition for systemic leadership generated this problem. Yet it is unclear whether systemic leadership will be up to the task of resolving it.

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33

F, Yuretich Richard, and Weingarten Baruch, eds. Late Quaternary climatic fluctuations of the Venezuelan Andes: Final report to the National Science Foundation (ATM83-03171). Dept. of Geology and Geography, University of Massachusetts, 1991.

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34

Thompson, William R., and Leila Zakhirova. Energy, Technology, and (Possibly) the Nature of the Next World Economy Upswing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.003.0010.

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In the last several upswings of the world economy, core innovations paired new engines with new fuels: steam engines with coal, internal combustion engines with petroleum, and numerous electricity-driven applications with fossil fuels. In each instance, the new fuels initially were inexpensive, abundant, and incredibly powerful but also damaging to the climate and environment. Now we need to develop engines that can run using decarbonized fuels to minimize CO2 emissions. In this chapter we shift our focus to the implications of carbon-based energy sources, system leadership, and climate change. We first review the evidence for a strong relationship between global warming and fossil fuels and then consider what might be done to forestall the consequences of such a relationship.We then relate macro-level fluctuations in world economic growth to policy responses focusing largely on electricity and transportation.

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35

El Ninno Phenomenon and Fluctuations of Climate--Lectures Presented at the Thirty-Sixth Session of the Wmo Executive Council (1984). World Meteorological Organization, 1986.

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36

Christensen, Ole Bøssing, and Erik Kjellström. Projections for Temperature, Precipitation, Wind, and Snow in the Baltic Sea Region until 2100. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.695.

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The ecosystems and the societies of the Baltic Sea region are quite sensitive to fluctuations in climate, and therefore it is expected that anthropogenic climate change will affect the region considerably. With numerical climate models, a large amount of projections of meteorological variables affected by anthropogenic climate change have been performed in the Baltic Sea region for periods reaching the end of this century.Existing global and regional climate model studies suggest that:• The future Baltic climate will get warmer, mostly so in winter. Changes increase with time or increasing emissions of greenhouse gases. There is a large spread between different models, but they all project warming. In the northern part of the region, temperature change will be higher than the global average warming.• Daily minimum temperatures will increase more than average temperature, particularly in winter.• Future average precipitation amounts will be larger than today. The relative increase is largest in winter. In summer, increases in the far north and decreases in the south are seen in most simulations. In the intermediate region, the sign of change is uncertain.• Precipitation extremes are expected to increase, though with a higher degree of uncertainty in magnitude compared to projected changes in temperature extremes.• Future changes in wind speed are highly dependent on changes in the large-scale circulation simulated by global climate models (GCMs). The results do not all agree, and it is not possible to assess whether there will be a general increase or decrease in wind speed in the future.• Only very small high-altitude mountain areas in a few simulations are projected to experience a reduction in winter snow amount of less than 50%. The southern half of the Baltic Sea region is projected to experience significant reductions in snow amount, with median reductions of around 75%.

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37

Steffian, Amy, Patrick Saltonstall, and Linda Finn Yarborough. Maritime Economies of the Central Gulf of Alaska after 4000 . Edited by Max Friesen and Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.19.

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Alaska’s central gulf coast encompasses four environmentally diverse regions stretching from Prince William Sound to the Pacific coast of the Alaska Peninsula. Despite their unique geographic and biological settings, these regions have a distinct and cohesive cultural history. Here, the historic distribution of Alutiiq or Sugpiaq peoples reflects the distribution of prehistoric cultures, illustrating a broadly unified evolutionary trajectory. Archaeological data from the past 4,000 years suggest the development of prosperous, permanent villages from smaller, more fluid foraging communities through human ingenuity—the ability to harvest resources with increasing efficiency and to manage inevitable fluctuations in the availability of foods and raw materials in a productive but dynamic environment. Together, changes in climate, population growth, technological innovation, and interaction with other peoples shaped the central gulf’s ancient societies into the powerful corporate groups recorded historically.

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38

Lutsenko, V. I., I. V. Lutsenko, D. O. Popov, and I. V. Popov. Remote sensing of the environment using the radiation of existing ground and space radio systems. PH “Akademperiodyka”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/akademperiodyka.429.345.

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Possibilities of using existing ground (TV centers, broadcasting stations) and space (global navigation satellite systems) radio systems for solving the problem of remote sensing and monitoring of the environment and objects in it are considered. The methods of diagnostics of the troposphere, description of the refractive index with the use of semi-Markov processes and atomic functions of Kravchenko-Rvacheva are proposed. The seasonal and altitudinal dependencies of radio-meteorological parameters and radio-climatic features of Ukraine were studied. Technologies for determining the effective gradient of the refractive index by damping factor of the VHF signals of television centers on the OTH routes in the zone of the near geometric shadow, on the angles of radioa "rise" and "sets" of the AES, detection of precipitation zones by the fluctuations of the pseudoranges and changes of the coordinates estimates, parameters of the surface of the earth by the fluctuations of the GNSS signals. Reviewers: Head of the Department of Radio waves propagation in the natural environments of the O. Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics NASU, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor Kivva F.V., Professor of the Department of Designing Radioelectronic Devices of Aircraft of the National Aerospace University. M.E. Zhukovsky (KhAI), Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Volosyuk V.K.

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39

Nash, David. Changes in Precipitation Over Southern Africa During Recent Centuries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.539.

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Precipitation levels in southern Africa exhibit a marked east–west gradient and are characterized by strong seasonality and high interannual variability. Much of the mainland south of 15°S exhibits a semiarid to dry subhumid climate. More than 66 percent of rainfall in the extreme southwest of the subcontinent occurs between April and September. Rainfall in this region—termed the winter rainfall zone (WRZ)—is most commonly associated with the passage of midlatitude frontal systems embedded in the austral westerlies. In contrast, more than 66 percent of mean annual precipitation over much of the remainder of the subcontinent falls between October and March. Climates in this summer rainfall zone (SRZ) are dictated by the seasonal interplay between subtropical high-pressure systems and the migration of easterly flows associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Fluctuations in both SRZ and WRZ rainfall are linked to the variability of sea-surface temperatures in the oceans surrounding southern Africa and are modulated by the interplay of large-scale modes of climate variability, including the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Southern Indian Ocean Dipole, and Southern Annular Mode.Ideas about long-term rainfall variability in southern Africa have shifted over time. During the early to mid-19th century, the prevailing narrative was that the climate was progressively desiccating. By the late 19th to early 20th century, when gauged precipitation data became more readily available, debate shifted toward the identification of cyclical rainfall variation. The integration of gauge data, evidence from historical documents, and information from natural proxies such as tree rings during the late 20th and early 21st centuries, has allowed the nature of precipitation variability since ~1800 to be more fully explored.Drought episodes affecting large areas of the SRZ occurred during the first decade of the 19th century, in the early and late 1820s, late 1850s–mid-1860s, mid-late 1870s, earlymid-1880s, and mid-late 1890s. Of these episodes, the drought during the early 1860s was the most severe of the 19th century, with those of the 1820s and 1890s the most protracted. Many of these droughts correspond with more extreme ENSO warm phases.Widespread wetter conditions are less easily identified. The year 1816 appears to have been relatively wet across the Kalahari and other areas of south central Africa. Other wetter episodes were centered on the late 1830s–early 1840s, 1855, 1870, and 1890. In the WRZ, drier conditions occurred during the first decade of the 19th century, for much of the mid-late 1830s through to the mid-1840s, during the late 1850s and early 1860s, and in the early-mid-1880s and mid-late 1890s. As for the SRZ, markedly wetter years are less easily identified, although the periods around 1815, the early 1830s, mid-1840s, mid-late 1870s, and early 1890s saw enhanced rainfall. Reconstructed rainfall anomalies for the SRZ suggest that, on average, the region was significantly wetter during the 19th century than the 20th and that there appears to have been a drying trend during the 20th century that has continued into the early 21st. In the WRZ, average annual rainfall levels appear to have been relatively consistent between the 19th and 20th centuries, although rainfall variability increased during the 20th century compared to the 19th.

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40

Bar-Yosef, Ofer, Miryam Bar-Matthews, and Avner Ayalon. 12,000–11,700 cal BP. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199329199.003.0002.

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We take up the question of “why” cultivation was adopted by the end of the Younger Dryas by reviewing evidence in the Levant, a sub-region of southwestern Asia, from the Late Glacial Maximum through the first millennium of the Holocene. Based on the evidence, we argue that the demographic increase of foraging societies in the Levant at the Terminal Pleistocene formed the backdrop for the collapse of foraging adaptations, compelling several groups within a particular “core area” of the Fertile Crescent to become fully sedentary and introduce cultivation alongside intensified gathering in the Late Glacial Maximum, ca. 12,000–11,700 cal BP. In addition to traditional hunting and gathering, the adoption of stable food sources became the norm. The systematic cultivation of wild cereals begun in the northern Levant resulted in the emergence of complex societies across the entire Fertile Crescent within several millennia. Results of archaeobotanical and archaeozoological investigations provide a basis for reconstructing economic strategies, spatial organization of sites, labor division, and demographic shifts over the first millennium of the Holocene. We draw our conclusion from two kinds of data from the Levant, a sub-region of southwestern Asia, during the Terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene: climatic fluctuations and the variable human reactions to natural and social calamities. The evidence in the Levant for the Younger Dryas, a widely recognized cold period across the northern hemisphere, is recorded in speleothems and other climatic proxies, such as Dead Sea levels and marine pollen records.

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41

Southgate, Emily W. B. Russell. People and the Land through Time. Yale University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300225808.001.0001.

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This extensive revision of the first edition of People and the Land Through Time incorporates research over the last two decades to bring the field of historical ecology from an ecological perspective up to date. It emphasizes the use of new sources of data and interdisciplinary data analysis to interpret ecological processes in the past. It describes a diversity of past ecosystems, and how they affect current ecosystem structure and function as well as offering insight into current structure and process, and assisting in predicting the future. This historical perspective highlights the varied and complex roles of indigenous people in historic ecosystems and as well as the importance of past and present climatic fluctuations. The book begins with an introduction to the importance of history for ecological studies, and then has three chapters which explain methods and approaches to reconstructing the past, using both traditional and novel sources of data and analysis. The following five chapters discuss ways people have influenced natural systems, starting with the most primitive, manipulating fire, and proceeding through altering species ranges, hunting and gathering, agriculture and finally structuring landscapes through land surveys, trade and urbanization. Two chapters then deal with diversity, extinction and sustainability in a changing world. The final chapter integrates the rest of the book especially in terms of the importance of history in basic ecological studies, global change and understanding conservation. Throughout, the emphasis is on the potential for evidence-based research in historical ecology, and the new frontiers in this exciting field.

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42

Holman, J. Alan. Pleistocene Amphibians and Reptiles in Britain and Europe. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195112320.001.0001.

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The Pleistocene epoch or Ice Age, an extended period of advancing and retreating ice sheets, is characterized by striking climatic oscillations and sea level fluctuations. This age saw the rise and spread of humans and a great extinction of large mammals by the end of the epoch; in fact, the world today is essentially the product of dramatic changes that took place in the Pleistocene. This book, a companion to the author's Pleistocene Amphibians and Reptiles in North America, discusses the Pleistocene amphibians and reptiles in Britain and the European continent eastward through present-day Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, the Yugoslavian republics, and Greece. The book begins with a general discussion of the Pleistocene in Britain and Europe with an emphasis on regional terms used to define Pleistocene chronological events. Next, a look at the pre-Pleistocene herpetofauna of the study area sets the stage for a discussion of Pleistocene herpetofauna. A significant section of the book consists of a "bestiary," a series of annotated taxonomic accounts of Pleistocene herpetological taxa from the region. Following this is the interpretive section, beginning with a discussion of herpetological species as paleoenvironmental indicators and continuing with an analysis of herpetological population adjustments to Pleistocene events in Britain and Europe, and then with a discussion of extinction patterns in the region. Finally, the author compares Pleistocene herpetological events in Europe with those in North America. This volume and its companion together provide an up-to-date and comprehensive review of Pleistocene herpetofaunas across a significant portion of the Northern Hemisphere.

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43

Freund, Holger, and Deutsche Quartärvereinigung e. V, eds. E&G – Quaternary Science Journal Vol. 59 No 1-2. Geozon Science Media, 2011.

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Books on the topic 'Climate fluctuation'

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