Academic literature on the topic 'Climate ; health ; CFD'
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Journal articles on the topic "Climate ; health ; CFD"
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Lamas Galdo, M. I., J. D. Rodriguez García, and J. M. Rebollido Lorenzo. "Numerical Model to Analyze the Physicochemical Mechanisms Involved in CO2 Absorption by an Aqueous Ammonia Droplet." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 4119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084119.
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CO2 is the main anthropogenic greenhouse gas and its reduction plays a decisive role in reducing global climate change. As a CO2 elimination method, the present work is based on chemical absorption using aqueous ammonia as solvent. A CFD (computational fluid dynamics) model was developed to study CO2 capture in a single droplet. The objective was to identify the main mechanisms responsible for CO2 absorption, such as diffusion, solubility, convection, chemical dissociation, and evaporation. The proposed CFD model takes into consideration the fluid motion inside and outside the droplet. It was found that diffusion prevails over convection, especially for small droplets. Chemical reactions increase the absorption by up to 472.7% in comparison with physical absorption alone, and evaporation reduces the absorption up to 41.9% for the parameters studied in the present work.
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Murakami, S. "Analysis and design of micro-climate around the human body with respiration by CFD." Indoor Air 14, s7 (August 2004): 144–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00283.x.
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Yuan, Jihui, Toshio Yamanaka, Tomohiro Kobayashi, Haruto Kitakaze, and Kazuo Emura. "Effect of highly reflective building envelopes on outdoor environment temperature and indoor thermal loads using CFD and numerical analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 06031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911106031.
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In recent years, the climate change (CC) and urban heat island (UHI) effects are becoming serious problems, affecting people’s life and health, especially in hot summer. For large cities such as Tokyo and Osaka in Japan, the UHI effect is particularly intense. It is known that about 40% of urban anthropogenic heat comes from buildings in large cities. To reduce the anthropogenic heat of buildings is an important countermeasure to this problem. Strategies for UHI mitigation include urban ventilation, urban greening, green roof, highly reflective (HR) roads, and HR building envelopes, etc. Among these mitigation strategies, the research on HR building envelopes has been carried out globally. However, it is not clear that how the HR building envelopes affect the urban outdoor environment temperature and indoor thermal loads of urban buildings which is directly related to the selection of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effect of solar reflectivity of building envelopes varied from 0.1 to 0.9, on the outdoor environment temperature and indoor thermal loads of buildings located on Osaka University Suita Campus, Japan, using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and numerical analysis.
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Prabhakaran, Raghavalu Thirumalai Durai, Simon F. Curling, Morwenna Spear, and Graham A. Ormondroyd. "Simulation Model to Evaluate Human Comfort Factors for an Office in a Building." Proceedings 2, no. 15 (August 24, 2018): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2151126.
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According to the literature, both advanced and developing countries are facing several challenges due to the lack of clean energy and emissions of CO2 leading to climate change. Especially in the built environment, energy efficient buildings are highly desirable to save energy without affecting occupant’s health while providing an acceptable indoor environment and thermal conditions. The use of insulation, passive solar heating, and HVAC systems can contribute to improve the indoor thermal comfort. In the present study, a numerical simulation model is developed to evaluate the human comfort factors in a simulated indoor environment. The CFD model considers the thermal interaction of humans with the indoor environment. Ventilation and a heat source are added to model a workspace for evaluating indoor air temperature and human comfort factors. Indices like predicted mean vote (PMV) and predicted percentage dissatisfaction (PPD) are evaluated to assess thermal sensation of human body when adding and removing a heat source in the model office (i.e., radiator).
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Beer, Martin, Radim Rybár, Jana Rybárová, Andrea Seňová, and Vojtech Ferencz. "Numerical Analysis of Concentrated Solar Heaters for Segmented Heat Accumulators." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 19, 2021): 4350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144350.
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This presented paper focuses on the design and evaluation of the concept of concentrated solar heaters for segmental heat accumulators, which are designed to cover the energy needs of selected communities in terms of food preparation without the need for fossil fuels, which have a negative impact not only on the climate but especially on health. The proposed device is based on the traditional method of food preparation in the so-called earth oven; however, the fire-heated stones are replaced with heat accumulators heated by solar radiation. This approach eliminates the need to change common and long-term habits of food preparation for selected communities. The device connects solar vacuum heat pipes, a solar radiation concentrator, and heat accumulators. The concept was evaluated based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis with the use of a transient simulation of selected operating situations in three geographical locations. The results showed a significant temperature increase of the heat accumulators, where in the most effective case the temperature increased up to 227.23 °C. The concept was also evaluated based on a calorimetric analysis of the system consisting of heat accumulators and food. The resulting temperature in the considered case reached the pasteurization temperature necessary for safe and healthy food preparation.
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Derahim, Norfadillah, Kadir Arifin, Wan Mohammad Zaidi Wan Isa, Muhammad Khairil, Mahfudz Mahfudz, Muhammad Basir Ciyo, Muhammad Nur Ali, Ilyas Lampe, and Muhammad Ahsan Samad. "Organizational Safety Climate Factor Model in the Urban Rail Transport Industry through CFA Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 2939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052939.
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Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) issues in the urban rail transport industry need to be given full attention due to the factors of the instability of declining occupational accident rate, increasing number of passengers each year, and the pressure of technological development; in addition, the day-to-day operations also involve the public and various interested communities. Organization is one of the factors that influence worker safety and health status. This study aimed to propose a factor model of the organizational safety climate towards a better safety and health status for Malaysian urban rail industry. This quantitative study used a questionnaire randomly distributed to Malaysian rail system workers. A total of 441 workers in the operation and maintenance division were involved in this study. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using IBM SEM-AMOS was conducted to determine the reliability and validity of the observed variables and the latent variables. This study proved that all four dimensions identified as safety communication, safety training, safety support system, and safety value represents the organizational safety climate. Following the analysis, an organizational safety climate model is successfully developed. This factor model aims to be used in the context of rail management studies to measure the safety climate of their organization, thereby improving the safety level of the workers within the organization.
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Duffy-Randall, Ann T. "Mandala: A Way of Learning Transpersonal Nursing." International Journal of Human Caring 10, no. 3 (April 2006): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20467/1091-5710.10.3.57.
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Working in today’s healthcare environment, with its increasing emphasis on profits, can result in our forgetting why we are here. This reductionistic climate is the antithesis of mental health and caring. To resurrect the culture of caring and help us reconnect with ourselves as nurses, the Center for Caring (CFC) at University Health System, based on the principles of Dr. Jean Watson’s Transpersonal Nursing, was established in 2003. During the first annual CFC retreat, the nurses created group Mandalas. This paper explores how the process of creating Mandalas gave participants the freedom to connect with themselves and each other, by living, imagining, and sharing Transpersonal Nursing in their lives.
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Vukovic, Ana, Mirjam Vujadinovic, Sonja Rendulic, Vladimir Djurdjevic, Mirjana Ruml, Violeta Babic, and Dunja Popovic. "Global warming impact on climate change in Serbia for the period 1961-2100." Thermal Science 22, no. 6 Part A (2018): 2267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180411168v.
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Serbia is situated at Balkan Peninsula, and currently majority of the territory is under warm temperate ? fully humid climate type with warm summers (Cfb type, according to Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification). Observed changes in climate conditions since 1961 until present time show significant increase in temperature change and change in precipitation patterns. Disturbances in heat conditions, which are recorded to affect human health, agricultural production and forest eco?system, are priority in climate change analysis and application in adaptation plan?ning. Future change analysis show accelerated increase of temperature by the end of the 21st century, which proves the needs for immediate measures for mitigation of negative impacts. Temperature increase averaged over the territory of Serbia is 1.2?C for the period 1996-2015 with respect to the period 1961-1980, with highest increase of maximum daily temperature during the summer season, 2.2?C. Using high resolution multi-model ensemble approach for analysis of the future changes with respect to the base period 1986-2005, in compliance with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) fifth assessment report (AR5), it is estimated that temperature may increase by 1.9?C according to Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) scenario and by 4.4?C according to RCP8.5 by the end of the century. Spatial distribution of temperature increase, intensification of high pre?cipitation events and decrease of summer precipitation, show intrusion of subtropi?cal climate over the Serbia and increase of high temperature and high precipitation risks. Results presented in this paper, using high-resolution multi-model ensemble approach, provide climate change information for short term to long term planning in different sectors of economy and preservation of human health and environment.
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Shamsi, Hamidreza, Mohammad Munshed, Manh-Kien Tran, Youngwoo Lee, Sean Walker, Jesse The, Kaamran Raahemifar, and Michael Fowler. "Health Cost Estimation of Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Assessing the Pollution Reduction Potential of Zero-Emission Vehicles in Toronto, Canada." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 12, 2021): 4956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164956.
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Fossil fuel vehicles, emitting air toxics into the atmosphere, impose a heavy burden on the economy through additional health care expenses and ecological degradation. Air pollution is responsible for millions of deaths and chronic and acute health problems every year, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The fossil-fuel-based transportation system releases tons of toxic gases into the atmosphere putting human health at risk, especially in urban areas. This analysis aims to determine the economic burden of environmental and health impacts caused by Highway 401 traffic. Due to the high volume of vehicles driving on the Toronto Highway 401 corridor, there is an annual release of 3771 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). These emissions are mainly emitted onsite through the combustion of gasoline and diesel fuel. The integration of electric and hydrogen vehicles shows maximum reductions of 405–476 g CO2e per vehicle-kilometer. Besides these carbon dioxide emissions, there is also a large amount of hazardous air pollutants. To examine the impact of air pollution on human health, the mass and concentrations of criteria pollutants of PM2.5 and NOx emitted by passenger vehicles and commercial trucks on Highway 401 were determined using the MOVES2014b software. Then, an air dispersion model (AERMOD) was used to find the concentration of different pollutants at the receptor’s location. The increased risk of health issues was calculated using hazard ratios from literature. Finally, the health cost of air pollution from Highway 401 traffic was estimated to be CAD 416 million per year using the value of statistical life, which is significantly higher than the climate change costs of CAD 55 million per year due to air pollution.
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Ghosh, Jhimli, Asit Ranjan Ghosh, and P. Porchelvan. "Does Acclimatization Have Any Impact On Primary Health Status Among Students Of Vit University, Vellore?" Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 3, no. 3 (March 12, 2013): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v3i3.5687.
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Objective: The present study was undertaken to determine the overall prevalence of nutritional status among young adult of VIT University, Vellore with impact of psycho-somatic changes, primary health and climate change among fresh admission. Material & Methods: Study measured data on height and weight of adults aged 17-23 years of the newly admitted students (n=157; Girls=87 & Boys=70). One commonly used indicator i.e., body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) was used to evaluate the nutritional status of subjects. Based on BMI, chronic energy deficiency (CED) and obesity were determined accordingly. Results: The mean BMI varies from 21.828 to 23.223 among girls between 17-23 years of age while 23.493 to 24.265 among boys of 17-19 years of age. The mean magnitudes of BMI are between 23.497 and 22.563 respectively among students of 17 to 23 years old. The nutritional status of 57.32% of fresher is normal with the estimated BMI while 11.46 % are suffering from under-nutrition and 31.21% are with obesity. Overall prevalence of CED was (11.3 %). Among 87 girls, 58 (67.5%) and 27.1% of 70 boys are psychologically stressed. The study has also intervened the shifting of time management and utilization before and after to VIT system. Students either gained or lost their bodyweight during the first semester of academic courses; a total of 51 students (17 girls and 34 boys) lost their weight by 1-10 kg while a total of 36 students gained weight. Conclusion: Acclimatization has brought changes among studied students those who came from distant states. Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-3 No-3 (2012), Page -12-19 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v3i3.5687
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Climate ; health ; CFD"
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Shorthouse, Edward. "Climate change and buildings : the impact on human health." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/21077.
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The health risks posed by hot weather are growing as increasingly frequent extreme weather is brought about by climate change. People spend upwards of 80% of time indoors and so human health is largely dependent on the internal environment of buildings. In the building industry engineers currently design buildings for high-energy performance by maximising heat retention, and whilst this may be effective in cold winters, it can lead to unbearable indoor conditions in hot summers. Thermal comfort inside buildings is a well-discussed topic both in industry and academia, but absolute peak thresholds, especially for heat stress still require development. In this thesis the outcomes of research into the effects of current and future hot weather on the heat stress of occupants inside buildings are presented. Hot weather data from the current climate and mortality rates are compared and several temperature metrics are analysed with respect to health risk forecasting performance, so that peak threshold limits for human health indoors are established for the building design industry. Reference weather data used in building simulations for health assessment is currently chosen based on air temperature alone. In this thesis new reference weather data is created for near-extreme and extreme weather and for current and future climates, based on the peak threshold metric research and future weather analysis. By 2050 hot weather reference years currently occurring once every seven years could become an annual occurrence, and by 2080 extreme hot weather reference years currently occurring once in twenty-one years could become an annual occurrence. Computational fluid dynamics is then used to simulate the internal heat stress inside a building model, and a surrogate model is created to emulate heat stress levels for full calendar years of future climates for several UK locations. It is envisaged that the results presented in this thesis will help inform the industry development of new reference data and aid better building design.
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Yousaf, Rehan. "Modelling heat transfer and respiration of occupants in indoor climate." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/25472.
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Although the terms "Human Thermal Comfort" and "Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)" can be highly subjective, they still dictate the indoor climate design (HVAC design) of a building. In order to evaluate human thermal comfort and IAQ, one of three main tools are used, a) direct questioning the subjects about their thermal and air quality sensation (voting, sampling etc.), b) measuring the human thermal comfort by recording the physical parameters such as relative humidity, air and radiation temperature, air velocities and concentration gradients of pollutants or c) by using numerical simulations either including or excluding detailed thermo-physiological models. The application of the first two approaches can only take place in post commissioning and/or testing phases of the building. Use of numerical techniques can however be employed at any stage of the building design. With the rapid development in computational hard- and software technology, the costs involved in numerical studies has reduced compared to detailed tests. Employing numerical modelling to investigate human thermal comfort and IAQ however demand thorough verification and validation studies. Such studies are used to understand the limitations and application of numerical modelling of human thermal comfort and IAQ in indoor climates. This PhD research is an endeavour to verify, validate and apply, numerical simulation for modelling heat transfer and respiration of occupants in indoor climates. Along with the investigations concerning convective and radiation heat transfer between the occupants and their surroundings, the work focuses on detailed respiration modelling of sedentary human occupants. The objectives of the work have been to: verify the convective and radiation numerical models; validate them for buoyancy-driven flows due to human occupants in indoor climates; and apply these validated models for investigating human thermal comfort and IAQ in a real classroom for which field study data was available. On the basis of the detailed verification, validation and application studies, the findings are summarized as a set of guidelines for simulating human thermal comfort and IAQ in indoor climates. This PhD research involves the use of detailed human body geometries and postures. Modelling radiation and investigating the effect of geometrical posture has shown that the effective radiation area varies significantly with posture. The simulation results have shown that by using an effective radiation area factor of 0.725, estimated previously (Fanger, 1972) for a standing person, can lead to an underestimation of effective radiation area by 13% for the postures considered. Numerical modelling of convective heat transfer and respiration processes for sedentary manikins have shown that the SST turbulence model (Menter, 1994) with appropriate resolution of near wall region can simulate the local air velocity, temperature and heat transfer coefficients to a level of detail required for prediction of thermal comfort and IAQ. The present PhD work has shown that in a convection dominated environment, the detailed seated manikins give rise to an asymmetrical thermal plume as compared to the thermal plumes generated by simplified manikins or point sources. Validated simulation results obtained during the present PhD work have shown that simplified manikins can be used without significant limitations while investigating IAQ of complete indoor spaces. The use of simplified manikins however does not seem appropriate when simulating detailed respiration effects in the immediate vicinity of seated humans because of the underestimation in the amount of re-inhaled CO2 and pollutants from the surroundings. Furthermore, the results have shown that due to the simplification in geometrical form of the nostrils, the CO2 concentration is much higher near the face region (direct jet along the nostrils) as compared to a detailed geometry (sideways jet). Simulating the complete respiration cycle has shown that a pause between exhalation and inhalation has a significant effect on the amount of re-inhaled CO2. Previous results have shown the amount of re-inhaled CO2 to range between 10 - 19%. The present study has shown that by considering the pause, this amount of re-inhaled CO2 falls down to values lower than 1%. A comparison between the simplified and detailed geometry has shown that a simplified geometry can cause an underestimation in the amount of re-inhaled CO2 by more than 37% as compared to a detailed geometry. The major contribution to knowledge delivered by this PhD work is the provision of a validated seated computational thermal manikin. This PhD work follows a structured verification and validation approach for conducting CFD simulations to predict human thermal comfort and indoor air quality. The work demonstrates the application of the validated model to a classroom case with multiple occupancy and compares the measured results with the simulation results. The comparison of CFD results with measured data advocates the use of CFD and visualizes the importance of modelling thermal manikins in indoor HVAC design rather than designing the HVAC by considering empty spaces as the occupancy has a strong influence on the indoor air flow. This PhD work enables the indoor climate researchers and building designers to employ simplified thermal manikin to correctly predict the mean flow characteristics in indoor surroundings. The present work clearly demonstrates the limitation of the PIV measurement technique, the importance of using detailed CFD manikin geometry when investigating the phenomena of respiration in detail and the effect of thermal plume around the seated manikin. This computational thermal manikin used in this work is valid for a seated adult female geometry.
Book chapters on the topic "Climate ; health ; CFD"
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Rodríguez-Vázquez, M., I. Hernández-Pérez, J. Xamán, Y. Chávez, and F. Noh-Pat. "Computational Fluid Dynamics for Thermal Evaluation of Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger for Different Climates of Mexico." In CFD Techniques and Thermo-Mechanics Applications, 33–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70945-1_3.
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Barkouch, Yassir, Sana El Fadeli, Mohyeddine El Khadiri, Abdelaziz Ait Melloul, and Alain Pineau. "Study of the Effect of Climate Changes on the Well Water Contamination by Some Heavy Metals at a Mining Extract Region in Marrakech City, Morocco." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 121–28. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7775-1.ch007.
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Seasonal variation on chemical parameters of well water at Draa Lasfar region (Marrakech, Morocco) was studied. A total of 144 samples were collected between 2012 and 2013 and were analyzed for temperature (T°), pH, total hardness (TH), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrates, Cd, Pb, and Zn. Significant difference between seasons was observed for these parameters. Highest temperature (28.72±3.16) was recorded during summer. COD and Zn concentration was recorded maximum during summer (167.25±31.05 mg/l, 131.4±12.0 µg/l respectively). Highest nitrates (2.67±0.75 mg/l) concentrations were recorded during spring. Highest Pb (632.14±82.54 µg/l) and Cd (1.93±0.36 µg/l) concentrations were recorded during winter. Alternating seasons can be likened to small-scale climate change. Therefore, the impacts of this change on quality of water resources include particularly the modification of parameters values. The main drawn conclusion is that a degradation trend of well water quality in the context of climate change can lead to an increase of at-risk situations related to potential health impact.
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Hasan, Nasim, Mohd Arif, and Mohaideen Abdul Khader. "Earth Air Tunnel Heat Exchanger for Building Cooling and Heating." In Heat Transfer - Design, Experimentation and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99348.
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The computational fluid dynamic (CFD) is an influential method for measuring Heat transfer profiles for typical meteorological years. CFD codes are managed by numerical algorithms that may undertake fluid glide headaches. CFD offers the numerical results of partial differential equations with main airflow and heat transfer in a discretized association. The complex fluid glide and the warmth transfer publications worried in any heat exchanger can be determined with the help of the CFD software program (Ansys Fluent). A study states and framework which implicitly rely on the computational fluid dynamics, which is being formulated for computing the efficiency-related parameters of the thermal part and the capability of the EATHE system for cooling. A CFD simulation program is being used for modeling the system. The framework is being validated with the help of the simulation set-up. A thermal model was developed to analyze thermal energy accumulated in soil/ground for the purpose of room cooling/heating of buildings in the desert (hot and dry) climate of the Bikaner region. In this study, the optimization of EATHE design has been performed for finding the thermal performance of straight, spiral, and helical pipe earth air tunnel heat exchanger and Heat transfer rate for helical pipe was found maximum among all designs.
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Reis, Nicholas, and James Cipolla. "The Impact of Systems of Care on International Health Security." In Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security - Volume 1. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93055.
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International health security (IHS) prioritizes cross-border threats to nations such as epidemics, bioterrorism, and climate change. In the modern era, however, the leading causes of mortality are not infectious. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Over three-quarters of CVD deaths take place in low-income countries, illustrating a disparity in care. Traumatic injury also remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, placing a particularly heavy burden upon countries with limited resources. Cerebrovascular disease and acute stroke syndromes are major causes of mortality and disability worldwide. Programs leading to timely revascularization have proven to be the most powerful predictor of disease outcomes. The health of women and children is vital to creating a healthy world. The impact of neonatal resuscitation programs on mortality has been a major force in advancing international health security. Finally, the establishment of emergency medical services (EMS) systems has been shown to improve the health of communities in both high- and low-income nations. In order to address health security on a global scale, government authorities and public health institutions must incorporate access to modern systems of care addressing the major determinants of health and primary causes of mortality.
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Ernesto Aguilar Rodriguez, Cruz, and Jorge Flores Velazquez. "CFD Simulation of Heat and Mass Transfer for Climate Control in Greenhouses." In Heat and Mass Transfer - Advances in Science and Technology Applications. IntechOpen, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86322.
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Michel, Janet, and Marcel Tanner. "Poverty Is Not Poverty: The Reality on the Ground Including the Rural-Urban Divide and How We Can Turn the Tide on NCDs." In Lifestyle and Epidemiology - Poverty and Cardiovascular Diseases a Double Burden in African Populations [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95901.
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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) tend to occur in younger sub-Saharan African (SSA) populations, about 20 years earlier as compared to high income countries (HIC). Weak health systems and infrastructure, scarce cardiac professionals, skewed budget away from non-communicable diseases (NCD), high treatment costs and reduced access to health care. On top of that, hypertension diagnosis, treatment and control are low, less than 40%, less than 35% and 10-20% respectively. SSA has 23% of the worlds rheumatic disease, while 80% of CVD deaths occur in low to middle income countries. Poverty is not poverty. The rural–urban divide is one reality that has to be acknowledged among others, particularly in Africa. Being poor, while owning land and having the possibility to grow crops and rear livestock, goats and chickens, is different from being an unemployed young man or young woman, renting one room, in a crowded township with dilapidated infrastructure, intermittent or untreated water and surrounded by leaking sewers. Understanding the dynamics in different contexts is important for us to identify and address the different challenges affecting health in general, and heart health of people in these contexts in particular. For example, the detection, treatment and control rates of hypertension are higher in semi-urban as compared to rural areas. Detection rates for both men and women are suboptimal particularly in rural areas. Diet, sedentary life, loneliness and stress, insecure environments rather and unsafe places to walk are issues more common in urban settings. The conditions in which people are born, live, grow and work affect their health. The rural conditions are very different from the urban ones. The quality of air, access and types of food, stress levels, isolation, loneliness and fear not to mention violence, vary. All these factors affect heart health in one way or the other. Addressing heart health issues therefore ought to be context specific. The burdens might be treble or more for some -economically, environmentally (climate change, political instability), socially and historically-apartheid and colonialism.
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Turley, Carol, and Kelvin Boot. "The Ocean Acidification Challenges Facing Science and Society." In Ocean Acidification. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199591091.003.0018.
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Human development, inspiration, invention, and aspiration have resulted in a rapidly growing population, with each generation aspiring to greater wealth and well-being, so having greater needs than the previous generation. Amongst the resulting negative impacts are over-exploitation of planetary resources and the build-up of gases in the atmosphere and oceans to the extent that they are changing earth’s climate and ocean chemistry (IPCC 2007). However, the history of humanity’s relationship to the environment has shown that, if threatened, society can respond rapidly to environmental risks, introducing better practices, controls, regulations, and even global protocols, for example the reduction of city smog, the move from leaded to unleaded petrol, and reduction of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) production to reduce loss of the ozone layer. Nearly all of these changes have led to direct and obvious positive gain to human health and well-being which has been a driving force in the production, agreement and implementation of the policies and laws that have brought them about. The spatial scale or ‘ecological footprint’ of these risks has increased with time, such that international agreements and protocols, like the Montreal Protocol for CFCs, have been increasingly necessary for reducing them. Along with the globalization of agriculture, business, industry, and financial markets and the expansion of the human population goes the globalization of risk to the environment. Climate change and ocean acidification are global issues with solutions that are only possible through global agreements and action. Substantial proportions of nations’ gross domestic product (GDP) were used to secure the banks and major industries in the economic crises that have swept the world in the last few years, far greater than the 1 to 2% per annum estimated to be required to mitigate climate change (Stern 2006). However, the response to the economic crisis does show that global society can react rapidly when it believes it is necessary. The question is, when do society and governments deem it necessary to act, and to act together? One issue may be time, the perceived immediacy of the crisis.
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Jha, Vivekanand. "Renal diseases in the tropics." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by John D. Firth, 5049–64. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0501.
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Kidney diseases encountered in tropical areas are a mix of conditions that have a worldwide distribution and those that are secondary to factors unique to the tropics (e.g. climatic conditions, infectious agents, nephrotoxic plants, envenomations, and chemical toxins). Cultural factors, illiteracy, superstitions, living conditions, level of access to health care, and nutritional status also affect the nature and course of disease. Knowledge of such conditions and issues is important for medical professionals in all parts of the globe, as ease of travel means that individuals and practices are exported with increasing frequency. Glomerular diseases—there is a high prevalence of infection-related glomerulonephritis (e.g. quartan malarial, schistosomal, and filarial nephropathies) throughout the tropics, with the pattern of injury dependent upon the nature of the prevalent endemic infection in that region. Once established, the course of disease is rarely modified by treatment of underlying infection. Acute kidney injury (AKI)—there is a higher prevalence of community-acquired AKI in the tropics than elsewhere. Medical causes predominate, with diarrhoeal diseases, intravascular haemolysis due to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, ingestion of toxic plants, snake bites, insect stings, and locally prevalent infections being responsible for most cases. Falciparum malaria and leptospirosis are the most important infectious aetiologies. Use of indigenous herbs and chemicals by traditional healers (‘witch doctors’) are the most important toxic causes of AKI in sub-Saharan Africa. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)—although the contributions of diabetes and hypertension are growing, many cases are secondary to glomerular diseases, likely infection related, or have CKD of undetermined aetiology. Many of the latter are agriculture or farm workers presenting with chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis of unknown cause.
Conference papers on the topic "Climate ; health ; CFD"
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Zucca, Alessandro, Daniele L. Marchisio, Antonello A. Barresi, and Giancarlo Baldi. "Mathematical Modelling of Particle Formation in Combustion Processes." In ASME 8th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2006-95407.
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In recent years the problem of studying particle formation and evolution in turbulent flames has become increasingly important, for both environmental and technological reasons. Information on particle size and morphology is often required, since these characteristics largely influence the effects of particulate matter on human health and global climate in the case of soot. A mathematical model able to describe the evolution of these particulate systems must solve the population balance equation within a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code that predicts the temperature, composition and velocity fields of the flame. In this work, the recently proposed Direct Quadrature Method of Moments (DQMOM) is applied to the study of soot formation in turbulent non-premixed flames. The model takes into account nucleation, molecular growth, oxidation and aggregation of soot particles; simplified kinetic rates are employed, while velocity and scalar fields are computed by simulations based on the solution of the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations. Different population balance formulations are implemented and compared and results show that DQMOM is a suitable modelling tool; comparison of predictions with experimental data shows that the model accurately describes the morphological properties of soot aggregates.
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Kruger, Sunita, and Leon Pretorius. "Heat Transfer in Three-Dimensional Single-Span Greenhouses Containing a Roof Ventilator." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-71207.
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Greenhouses are used worldwide to grow various types of plants in climates and seasons not usually adequately suited for optimum growth. The microclimate inside greenhouses is of major importance as it directly affects the quantity and quality of crop production. Ventilation is a vital mechanism for maintaining an acceptable indoor climate for optimum plant production. A three-dimensional CFD model of a single span greenhouse with roof ventilators is presented. CFD results from a two-dimensional version of the model are compared with appropriate previous experimental results. The role of the Standard versus Low-Reynolds number k-epsilon turbulence model is emphasized. The addition of a ventilator to the roof of a single-span greenhouse was found to have an influence on the heat transfer inside the cavity. Various configurations of three-dimensional CFD models of the greenhouse with different ventilator opening sizes for zero and 45 degrees roof angle were investigated. Additional Nusselt-Rayleigh number relationships for specific Rayleigh number ranges were deduced, and can be useful for a greenhouse designer.
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Wark, Christopher. "Natural Ventilation Design Using CFD." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36199.
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In an effort to make buildings healthier and more energy efficient, architects are increasingly incorporating natural ventilation into their design strategies in order to take advantage of free, available wind power. The extent to which natural ventilation can replace forced ventilation in a given building depends on the local climate and specific site utilization. The ASHRAE Standards 55 and 62.1 that cover natural ventilation establish minimal requirements for climate and building openings but also concede that the ultimate responsibility for proving the effectiveness of this technique lies with the design team and the specific requirements of local codes. But how does a design team prove that air is flowing according to plan without actually creating the structure and taking measurements? Only two possibilities exist — regard each room as a very large ratio conduit and apply conventional equations to those spaces, or do a 3-dimensional numerical analysis of the flow path. Numerical analysis, known as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), is now being recognized as the only reliable way to predict natural airflow through a building and assure that adequate air quality and comfort is provided at all points of each room before construction begins. CFD computer programs allow designers to divide a volume into a large number of small regions and calculate the air and heat transfer between each region, minimizing the assumption-related errors that would otherwise occur. Minimizing computational error at the beginning of the design process reduces the risk of costly post-construction order changes that can occur as substandard air quality is discovered. CFD software can vary in its level of sophistication. While the most basic Navier-Stokes heat and mass transfer equations are essential and can be of great use, a proper natural ventilation analysis tool should include calculations for buoyancy, turbulent convection, and the ability to do open boundary modeling. Other features such as local solar loading and transient analysis are also desirable. A comprehensive CFD package can be particularly useful for modeling the complex airflow found in mixed-mode designs and identifying regions of stagnant air, high heat loss or gain, short-circuited airflow, and other conditions that inhibit good building performance and limit the potential for sustainability.
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Concina, Wendell, Suresh Sadineni, and Robert Boehm. "Solar Assisted Desiccant Cooling Simulation for Different Climate Zones." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54296.
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Evaporative cooling is among the most cost effective methods of air conditioning, but is less efficient in humid climates. An evaporative system coupled with a desiccant wheel can operate effectively in broader climatic conditions. These cooling systems can substitute traditional vapor compression air conditioning systems as they involve environmentally friendly cooling processes with reduced electricity demand (which is commonly generated from fossil fuels) along with no harmful CFC based refrigerant usage. Furthermore, direct utilization of low grade energy sources such as solar thermal energy or flue gas heat can drive the desiccant regeneration process, thus providing economic benefits. This study presents the results of simulations of desiccant cooling system performance for different climate zones of the United States. Solar assisted desiccant air conditioning is particularly useful where there are abundant solar resources with high temperature and humidity levels. Building energy simulations determined cooling energy requirements for the building. Simulation of an evacuated solar hot water collector model provided the heat energy available for regeneration of the desiccant. Solid desiccant of common material such as silica gel used in a rotary wheel is simulated using established validated computer models; this is coupled with evaporative cooling. Transients of the overall system for different cooling loads and solar radiation levels are presented. Finally, feasibility studies of the desiccant cooling systems are presented in comparison with traditional cooling system. Further analysis of the data presents optimization opportunities. Energy savings were achieved in all climatic conditions with decreased effectiveness in more humid conditions.
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MattaraChalill, Subin, Miller Jothi Kalamegam, and Mallika Parveen. "Upgradation of HVAC Systems in Exisiting Commercial Green House Using Evaporative Coolers in Middle East Climatic Conditions." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51570.
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Commercial green houses are the back bone of farming industry in world where the climatic conditions are not stable especially in Middle East, Europe and United states. The commercial greenhouses are often high tech production facilities for vegetables or flowers. The glass greenhouses are filled with equipment like screening installations, heating, cooling, and lighting and also may be automatically controlled by a computer to maximize potential growth. Greenhouse concept will provide the stable indoor plant growth environment throughout the year irrespective of the outside climate variance. The indoor climate conditions can be maintained using the properly designed HAVC systems. The conventional commercial green houses are equipped with axial fans and the cooling pads to control the indoor climate conditions without central control of the equipment’s. Financial conditions of the commercial green houses are very important since the cost per plant will be determined by the overall contribution of the capital and operational expenses. In the present scenario the almost 30% of the net profit is eating by the HVAC systems operational cost. The major operation cost is due to the cooling pads work force and the electricity operational cost for the axial fans equipped with metal blade. The up gradation involves mainly the involvement of individual evaporative air-conditioned system instead of conventional systems. The green houses are equipped with individual evaporative cooling units, circulating fans, top mounted air louvers and the control systems to control the entire set up. The initial heat load calculations will give us an idea about the total heat load required to maintain the ambient conditions for indoor plant cultivation. CFD analysis will provide the exact equipment orientation and the load requirement. In conventional greenhouses the conventional equipment’s are equipped to get the results but the same will consume more electrical power and which is not effective in all weather conditions. Heat load calculations will provide us the system demand in a conditioned space based on the available material properties. Based on the heat load results we can do the proper equipment selection and set the airflow based on the demand. CFD analysis will help the modeling of the system in the actual condition. The aim of the study was to analysis the performance study of the individual evaporative cooling units in the greenhouse conditioned space. The results obtained from the heat loads and CFD analysis can be compared. The objective of the present work is to examine the designed Air conditioning system effectiveness in peak summer heat load conditions to check the design parameters (25 °C temperature and 50%RH) inside the greenhouse using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis.
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Huynh, B. P. "Effects of Entrance Geometry on Solar Chimney’s Performance." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67816.
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People spend most of their time indoors. A comfortable indoor environment is thus essential for the occupants’ good health and productivity. Buildings are responsible for about half of a modern society’s total energy consumption. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning) which is often used to provide thermal comfort to the occupants, in turn accounts for a major proportion of this energy demand. Minimising HVAC energy consumption will thus result in great economic benefits. It also contributes beneficially to the issue of sustainable future and climate change, by reducing fuel burning. Natural ventilation can be used to help reduce significantly HVAC energy demand. Solar chimney (thermal chimney) is a device which absorbs solar radiation to heat the air. The heated air, becoming buoyant, rises through the chimney’s passage and induces further air currents. When fitted to a building, solar chimney can thus induce fresh outside air to flow through it for ventilation. As a very useful ventilation device, solar chimney has been the subject of many studies. However, due to the complex non-laminar, non-isothermal flow and heat transfer involved, there are still many factors affecting a solar chimney’s performance (measured by the induced flow rate of air, for instance) not yet considered, especially regarding 3-dimensional computational modelling in real-sized building settings. This work thus investigates computationally natural ventilation induced by a roof-mounted solar chimney through a real-sized 3-dimensional room, using a commercial CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software package which employs the Finite Volume Method. Chien’s turbulence model of low-Reynolds-number K-ε is used in a Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) formulation. Thus, the full set of Reynolds-Averaged governing equations pertaining to non-isothermal, buoyancy induced, incompressible, steady, turbulent flow of air near standard conditions at sea level, coupled with equations describing the Chien’s turbulence model, are solved, with appropriate boundary conditions. No further simplifying assumptions are made. Grid convergence tests are conducted to make sure that the grid patterns used are appropriate. Adequate numerical convergence is allowed; this often requires that relative changes in the successive iterated solutions be less than 0.0001. Accumulation errors resulting from massive or lengthy computation are also carefully monitored and minimized. 64-bits precision is used throughout. It is found that entrance geometry to the chimney’s channel affects significantly the ventilation rate, especially at higher solar heat flux, with rounded entrance resulting in higher rate. But these entrance-geometry effects also vary significantly with location of the room’s inlet-opening which in its turn affects the flow path before the chimney’s entrance.
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Zingre, Kishor T., Xingguo Yang, and Man Pun Wan. "An Investigation of Microclimatic Impact of Cool Coating for Buildings in Low-Latitude and Tropical Climate." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-39739.
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This study investigates the impact of cool coating on air-conditioning energy savings and micro-climate of buildings in low-latitude and tropical climate by performing a computational study. The computational study was carried out using Integrated Environmental Solutions (IES) software which is plugged in with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) program [1]. IES simulations (which uses the heat balance equations at building envelope surfaces and in indoor environment) were performed to investigate the roof surface temperature, while CFD simulations (which uses the Finite Volume Method) were performed to investigate the impact on micro-climate above a real-size single storey air-conditioned building. The computational models in the software were validated by comparing the simulations results against the experimental results obtained from the test building in the industrial area of Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore. Results showed that by applying a cool coating having solar reflectivity of 0.8 on the concrete roof with original solar reflectivity of 0.27, the surface temperatures of roof and ceiling can be reduced by up to 17.5°C and 1.2°C respectively in an air-conditioned room maintain at 22°C. In addition, after applying this high solar reflectance coating, a maximum reduction of 1.0°C, 0.7°C and 0.6°C for air temperature at a height of 0.5 m, 1 m and 1.5 m above the roof surface could be achieved.
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Mattiello, Fabrizio, Giulio Croce, and Alessandra De Angelis. "CFD Methodology to Predict Demisting Phenomena on the Car Windows." In ASME 8th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2006-95398.
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The vehicle HVAC systems have a fundamental role for demisting operation, eventually even more important than assuring thermal comfort because it guarantees the correct visibility for the drivers in the respect of the global security, towards the passengers and the pedestrians. Fiat Auto regulation follows the Standard CEE 78/317 performance test that the HVAC systems must respect to assure windshield demisting. The performance is evaluated by means an experimental test in climatic chamber. This test usually requires either waste of time and of money, since it has to be performed in climatic chambers. Only afterwards, if this first test is satisfied, thermal comfort performances of the vehicle are analysed. The goal of the present work is to describe the CFD virtual model developed to predict the demist performance of an HVAC system coupled with the virtual vehicle cabin, once the cabin CAD surfaces are available (draft surfaces are enough), and not after the vehicle manufacturing. A suite of routines for the prediction of environment moist condensation and evaporation on solid surfaces is presented. The physical problems require the solution of the air flow field along a (cold) solid surface, the evaluation of the unsteady conduction through the solid itself, and the development of a suitable model for the heat and mass transfer within the thin water layer on the fogged surface. The routines for the unsteady simulation of the water layer evolution are designed as a purely interfacial procedure, minimizing the exchange of information with the flow and conductive solver. This allows the coupling with different solvers. Here, the model is used in connection with a commercial CFD solver, in order to predict the defogging process of a car windshield. The water layer is modelled as a collection of closely packed tiny droplets, leaving a portion of dry area among them. The effect of the contact angle is taken into account, and physical assumptions allow to define the local ratio between wet and dry surface for both the fogging and defogging process. The model for the misted layer simulation is derived from a numerical method developed for the aeronautical de-icing systems. Fluid domain, solid domain and liquid film are simultaneously solved, and the problem of the conjugated thermal exchange through solid-fluid domains is carried out by means of opportune interpolations and information exchange on the boundary conditions. Finally this model has been successfully validated with respect to the experimental results.
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Kropas, Tomas, and Giedrė Streckienė. "ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSIS OF A CYLINDRICAL HOT WATER STORAGE TANK: EXPERIMENTAL AND CFD ANALYSIS." In 11th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.793.
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Active solar water heating systems typically include hot water storage tanks. The selection of the storage system strongly affects the performance of the entire system. This article presents a detailed analysis of a hot water storage tank during charging and dynamic charging-discharging mode. A numerical model using computational fluid dynamics for the storage tank was developed to investigate the temperature distribution inside of it. Transient thermal analysis was carried using ANSYS Fluent. The numerical model was validated with the experimental results. The energy and exergy analysis as an important tool for the evaluation of the thermal systems quantitatively and qualitatively was performed. The calculation procedures were described. The energy and exergy efficiencies, heat losses were calculated for steady and dynamic processes. Effect of mass flow rate was analysed. The results from parametric analysis showed that charging dynamics reduced the thermocline and efficiency of the hot water storage tank. The dependency of the exergy efficiency of the heat storage tank on the reference environment temperature during the dynamic operation was analysed. Exergy efficiencies for two cities with different climates were compared. This indicated that the higher envi-ronmental temperature gave lower exergy efficiency of the storage tank.
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Morton, Scott, and Sivagaminathan Narasingamurthi. "Validated Thermal CFD in an Outboard Marine Engine Enclosure." In ASME 2011 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2011-60195.
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Modern, high-performance, outboard marine engines operate in severe environments. They are typically mounted to a planing boat operating at high horsepower levels due to high hydrodynamic drag. The engine also experiences high vertical impact loads in rough-water conditions. In the ocean, corrosive salt water circulates through the engine to provide necessary engine cooling. Splashing water can be ingested into the combustion air inlets on the outside of the engine cowl (engine enclosure) and must be appropriately managed. In addition, the engine often operates in very warm climates with a sealed cowl wrapped tightly around it. The warm atmospheric air that flows through the cowl inlets and into the engine compartment must first circulate around the power head in order to cool thermally sensitive components such as engine controllers and ignition coils. In some applications, the same air stream mixes with fuel then participates in the combustion process inside the cylinder. At Mercury Marine, computational fluid dynamics, CFD, is used to aid the design of outboard engines that will operate robustly in these extreme conditions. One specific application for CFD is the management of the flow and thermal aspects of engine-compartment air flow. Studies can be done with CFD to assist product design decisions that aim to balance the need to protect thermally sensitive electronics and to efficiently provide the engine with the combustion air. The CFD simulation predicts the air flow behavior from the cowl duct inlets, around the power-head, and into the throttle body inlet of the engine. The simulation also predicts air temperatures, component temperatures, and heat flow to and from the air. The CFD model typically includes rotating components such as alternators and flywheels. A recent study was conducted to validate the CFD method. The CFD model and the dynamometer experiments were conducted with a mid-size outboard 4-stroke engine. The test engine was fully instrumented to measure air temperatures, air velocities, and component temperatures. The validation exercise included a detailed comparison of these values between the CFD predictions and the experimental results. A high level of agreement was achieved and a few lessons were captured for future implementation.
Reports on the topic "Climate ; health ; CFD"
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Bigorre, Sebastien P., Benjamin Pietro, Alejandra Gubler, Francesca Search, Emerson Hasbrouck, Sergio Pezoa, and Robert A. Weller. Stratus 17 Seventeenth Setting of the Stratus Ocean Reference Station Cruise on Board RV Cabo de Hornos April 3 - 16, 2018 Valparaiso - Valparaiso, Chile. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/27245.
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The Ocean Reference Station at 20°S, 85°W under the stratus clouds west of northern Chile is being maintained to provide ongoing climate-quality records of surface meteorology, air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum, and of upper ocean temperature, salinity, and velocity variability. The Stratus Ocean Reference Station (ORS Stratus) is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Climate Observation Program. It is recovered and redeployed annually, with past cruises that have come between October and May. This cruise was conducted on the Chilean research vessel Cabo de Hornos. During the 2018 cruise on the Cabo de Hornos to the ORS Stratus site, the primary activities were the recovery of the previous (Stratus 16) WHOI surface mooring, deployment of the new Stratus 17 WHOI surface mooring, in-situ calibration of the buoy meteorological sensors by comparison with instrumentation installed on the ship, CTD casts near the moorings. The Stratus 17 had parted from its anchor site on January 4 2018, so its recovery was done in two separate operations: first the drifting buoy with mooring line under it, then the bottom part still attached to the anchor. Surface drifters and ARGO floats were also launched along the track.