Relevant bibliographies by topics / Climate in Africa

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Climate in Africa'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Climate in Africa"

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Cizek, Anthony F. "Africa Climate exchange." Ostrich 81, no. 3 (November 11, 2010): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2010.529989.

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Eghweree, Charles Ogheneruonah, and Festus O. Imuetinyan. "Africa and the Climate Change Diplomacy." Journal of Sustainable Development 12, no. 2 (March 30, 2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v12n2p101.

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The climate change debate and how to tame impact of climate change in the global context, remains a topical issue that elicits response from both continental bodies and states. While western countries take practical diplomatic steps in the climate change debate, African states appear both silent and unprepared for the challenges of climate change. Exploitation of natural resources has left marked impact on the environment in most African states, as degraded environment; denying them opportunity of harnessing wealth of the environment to achieve sustainable national development. Utilizing secondary data, the paper examines Africa’s effort at striking favourable climate change deals in the global context and what Africans are doing to maintain a healthy environment to achieve sustainable development. The paper recommends that Africa should be proactive in the global climate change politics to avert being short-changed.
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Peterson, A. Townsend, Thomas Radocy, Erin Hall, Julian C. Kerbis Peterhans, and Gastone G. Celesia. "The potential distribution of the Vulnerable African lion Panthera leo in the face of changing global climate." Oryx 48, no. 4 (June 3, 2014): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605312000919.

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AbstractThe objective of this study is to estimate possible impacts of global climate change on the geographical distribution of the African lion Panthera leo in the coming decades. Current lion population occurrence data across Africa and distributions of lions in historical times (6,000–100 years before present) were obtained from the literature and integrated with data on present-day climates to generate ecological niche models. Models based on distributions of African lions were tested for predictive ability based on various subsetting approaches and were projected across Asia, Africa and Europe, to retrodict the distribution of the species for the past 6,000 years. These models were highly accurate, giving confidence in future projections. Future potential distributions were predicted by projecting ecological niche models onto three climate scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions based on eight climate models for the years 2040–2070. The prediction was of relative range stability into the future: few new areas were identified as becoming suitable for the species but large areas of southern Africa and West Africa are expected to become less suitable. Predictions of effects of climate change on potential distributions of lions may assist conservation efforts by clarifying options for mitigation and response.
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Woillez, M. N., G. Levavasseur, A. L. Daniau, M. Kageyama, D. H. Urrego, M. F. Sánchez-Goñi, and V. Hanquiez. "Impact of precession on the climate, vegetation and fire activity in southern Africa during MIS4." Climate of the Past 10, no. 3 (June 18, 2014): 1165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1165-2014.

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Abstract. The relationships between climate, vegetation and fires are a major subject of investigation in the context of climate change. In southern Africa, fire is known to play a crucial role in the existence of grasslands and Mediterranean-type biomes. Microcharcoal-based reconstructions of past fire activity in that region have shown a tight correlation between grass-fueled fires and the precessional cycle, with maximum fire activity during maxima of the climatic precession index. These changes have been interpreted as the result of changes in fuel load in response to precipitation changes in eastern southern Africa. Here we use the general circulation model IPSL_CM5A (Institut Pierre Simon Laplace Climate Model version 5A) and the dynamic vegetation model LPJ-LMfire to investigate the response of climate, vegetation and fire activity to precession changes in southern Africa during marine isotopic stage 4 (74–59 kyr BP). We perform two climatic simulations, for a maximum and minimum of the precession index, and use a statistical downscaling method to increase the spatial resolution of the IPSL_CM5A outputs over southern Africa and perform high-resolution simulations of the vegetation and fire activity. Our results show an anticorrelation between the northern and southern African monsoons in response to precession changes. A decrease of the precession climatic index leads to a precipitation decrease in the summer rainfall area of southern Africa. The drying of climate leads to a decrease of vegetation cover and fire activity. Our results are in qualitative agreement with data and confirm that fire activity in southern Africa during MIS4 is mainly driven by vegetation cover.
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Hessler, I., L. Dupont, D. Handiani, A. Paul, U. Merkel, and G. Wefer. "Masked millennial-scale climate variations in South West Africa during the last glaciation." Climate of the Past 8, no. 2 (April 24, 2012): 841–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-841-2012.

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Abstract. To address the connection between tropical African vegetation development and high-latitude climate change we present a high-resolution pollen record from ODP Site 1078 (off Angola) covering the period 50–10 ka BP. Although several tropical African vegetation and climate reconstructions indicate an impact of Heinrich Stadials (HSs) in Southern Hemisphere Africa, our vegetation record shows no response. Model simulations conducted with an Earth System Model of Intermediate Complexity including a dynamical vegetation component provide one possible explanation. Because both precipitation and evaporation increased during HSs and their effects nearly cancelled each other, there was a negligible change in moisture supply. Consequently, the resulting climatic response to HSs might have been too weak to noticeably affect the vegetation composition in the study area. Our results also show that the response to HSs in southern tropical Africa neither equals nor mirrors the response to abrupt climate change in northern Africa.
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Wu, Minchao, Guy Schurgers, Markku Rummukainen, Benjamin Smith, Patrick Samuelsson, Christer Jansson, Joe Siltberg, and Wilhelm May. "Vegetation–climate feedbacks modulate rainfall patterns in Africa under future climate change." Earth System Dynamics 7, no. 3 (July 26, 2016): 627–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-627-2016.

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Abstract. Africa has been undergoing significant changes in climate and vegetation in recent decades, and continued changes may be expected over this century. Vegetation cover and composition impose important influences on the regional climate in Africa. Climate-driven changes in vegetation structure and the distribution of forests versus savannah and grassland may feed back to climate via shifts in the surface energy balance, hydrological cycle and resultant effects on surface pressure and larger-scale atmospheric circulation. We used a regional Earth system model incorporating interactive vegetation–atmosphere coupling to investigate the potential role of vegetation-mediated biophysical feedbacks on climate dynamics in Africa in an RCP8.5-based future climate scenario. The model was applied at high resolution (0.44 × 0.44°) for the CORDEX-Africa domain with boundary conditions from the CanESM2 general circulation model. We found that increased tree cover and leaf-area index (LAI) associated with a CO2 and climate-driven increase in net primary productivity, particularly over subtropical savannah areas, not only imposed important local effect on the regional climate by altering surface energy fluxes but also resulted in remote effects over central Africa by modulating the land–ocean temperature contrast, Atlantic Walker circulation and moisture inflow feeding the central African tropical rainforest region with precipitation. The vegetation-mediated feedbacks were in general negative with respect to temperature, dampening the warming trend simulated in the absence of feedbacks, and positive with respect to precipitation, enhancing rainfall reduction over the rainforest areas. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for vegetation–atmosphere interactions in climate projections for tropical and subtropical Africa.
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Mahlatsi, Monaheng. "Climate Change: Towards Compensating Africa for Economic Growth and Development by Industrialized Countries." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 9, no. 3 (October 19, 2018): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v9i3.2474.

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On one hand, anthropogenic climate change is real and affecting the world economy in general and Africa in particular. On the other hand, the policy of climate change adaptation as the solution to the problem of climate change is seriously unsuccessful in Africa. Even though climate change is affecting the whole world, Africa is the most vulnerable continent that is economically affected. This is due to a variety of interconnected consequences of climate change such as droughts, floods, desertification, diseases and poor agricultural system including other unknown factors. This article focuses on challenges facing the implementation of climate change adaptation policy in Africa. The implementation of the policy of mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions will not be discussed. The aim of the article is to investigate the underlying implications of climate change adaptation policy that hamper smooth growth and development of the African economy. To achieve this aim, the theoretical research method will be utilized. This article concludes that Africa cannot afford to adapt to climate change because of its extreme poverty and will remain economically poor and suffer the consequences of climate change if industrialized countries are reluctant to compensate it. Therefore, the article argues that industrialized countries have a moral duty to compensate Africa for the harm they have caused through industrialization. The compensation will boost the African economy that is necessary for climate change adaptation.
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Munang, Richard, and Jesica Andrews. "Despite climate change, Africa can feed Africa." Africa Renewal 27, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/63bc5598-en.

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Attfield, Robin. "Africa and Climate Change." Utafiti 14, no. 2 (March 4, 2020): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26836408-14010016.

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Abstract Africa is affected by climate change in multiple ways. Like other continents, its coastline is in danger of being flooded, and its islands are in danger of being inundated. Many people are forced by climate change to migrate, and this increases the flows of refugees moving both north towards the Mediterranean and south towards the Cape, seeking a viable homeland. It is in the interest of African countries to develop in ways that are climate-friendly. More electricity needs to be generated to enhance people’s quality of life, but this should be generated in environmentally friendly ways. Large schemes of tree-planting are also needed, to restore the forests of areas where they have been lost in civil conflicts (as in central and northern Ethiopia) and at the same time to sequestrate some of the carbon dioxide of the atmosphere. As well as mitigation, collaborative efforts are needed in the field of adaptation, so as to limit the impacts of climate change. Developing countries should assist such measures, but they should be adopted whether or not such assistance materialises.
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Rowan, John, Jason M. Kamilar, Lydia Beaudrot, and Kaye E. Reed. "Strong influence of palaeoclimate on the structure of modern African mammal communities." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1840 (October 12, 2016): 20161207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1207.

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Ecological research often assumes that species are adapted to their current climatic environments. However, climate fluctuations over geologic timescales have influenced species dispersal and extinction, which in turn may affect community structure. Modern community structure is likely to be the product of both palaeoclimate and modern climate, with the relative degrees of influence of past and present climates unknown. Here, we assessed the influence of climate at different time periods on the phylogenetic and functional trait structure of 203 African mammal communities. We found that the climate of the mid-Holocene (approx. 6000 years ago) and Last Glacial Maximum (approx. 22 000 years ago) were frequently better predictors of community structure than modern climate for mammals overall, carnivorans and ungulates. Primate communities were more strongly influenced by modern climate than palaeoclimate. Overall, community structure of African mammals appears to be related to the ecological flexibility of the groups considered here and the regions of continental Africa that they occupy. Our results indicate that the future redistribution, expansion and contraction of particular biomes due to human activity, such as climate and land-use change, will differentially affect mammal groups that vary in their sensitivity to environmental change.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Climate in Africa"

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Chin-Yee, Simon. "Defining climate policy in Africa : Kenya's climate change policy processes." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/defining-climate-policy-in-africa-kenyaas-climate-change-policy-processes(3b7440d0-7f08-4e87-b47d-ea4ad0a56d50).html.

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This thesis seeks to investigate what shapes climate change policies in Kenya. Using Peter Haas' concept of usable knowledge, it argues the need to move beyond conventional perspectives on knowledge and power and provides a framework for understanding what knowledge and mechanisms are usable for policy makers. I argue that Kenyan climate policy is shaped by the interaction of knowledge and power across three crucial levels of influence - global, regional and national. As climate change forces us to rethink how we combine economic policies with environmental realities in Africa, each level encompasses distinct policy narratives where critical actors have an impact on national climate change policy. First, I argue that the standards, norms and regulations established by the global climate regime are directly reflected in national climate strategies of African countries, not only in terms of diplomatic moves to adhere to commitments made, but also in respect to benefiting from international mechanisms put in place to aid developing countries. Second, I examine the One Voice, One Africa narrative. This looks at the rise of the African Group of Negotiators within the global climate regime and their ability to influence Kenyan policy. Third, Kenya's climate change policy is shaped by the interaction of economic, political, and environmental constructs in national policy-making. The principle goal of this thesis is to open African environmental scholars and climate change policy analysts to a rigorous and flexible questioning of how climate policy processes operate in the African context.
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Mongie, Caitlin Claire. "Voluntary climate change disclosure in South Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30897.

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There is increasing evidence that anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions are the major cause for global warming. A changing external environment and societal pressure is driving companies to respond to climate change and to limit further contribution where possible. Despite carbon emissions still being largely unregulated and carbon disclosure not being mandatory, many companies in South Africa have voluntarily decided to reduce emissions and make disclosures to the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP). Institutional, socio-political and economic voluntary disclosure theories all indicate that there is a pressure for companies to monitor their climate mitigation, evaluate the costs of disclosing and manage stakeholders’ pressures by producing voluntary climate change disclosure. The CDP scores the disclosure made by each company as a measure of the company’s progress towards environmental stewardship. The highest CDP score indicates that a company has leadership in its efforts to environmental stewardship and so addressed stakeholders’ concerns. This study aims to determine which factors, either company specific or individual company responses within the CDP questionnaire, influence a high CDP climate change score for South African companies. The top 100 South African companies were selected using a full Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) listing as at 31 March 2017 and the climate change programme score and individual company responses to the climate change questionnaire were obtained from the CDP for the five-year period from 2013 to 2017. A random effect model was used to examine the determinants of voluntary disclosure of carbon information. The results indicate that while CDP scores have improved post the signing of the Paris Agreement in December 2015, providing incentives for managing climate change has also led to improvements in the CDP score which results in improved climate change disclosure. Furthermore, the longer the company assesses climate change risks and opportunities into the future, the better its CDP score. This research contributes a more thorough understanding of disclosure theories, as established from these results. In terms of institutional theories, institutional investors should call for incentives to motivate for climate change management because companies might then be more likely to receive a better CDP score. In terms of socio-political theories, this study’s findings indicate that managers should be made aware that the further into the future they consider climate change risk management the better because this practice will result in the company obtaining an improved CDP score, while simultaneously managing stakeholders’ perceptions of the company. Additionally, this study contributes by making recommendations for companies and policy makers.
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Tirivarombo, Sithabile. "Climate variability and climate change in water resources management of the Zambezi River basin." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002955.

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Water is recognised as a key driver for social and economic development in the Zambezi basin. The basin is riparian to eight southern African countries and the transboundary nature of the basin’s water resources can be viewed as an agent of cooperation between the basin countries. It is possible, however, that the same water resource can lead to conflicts between water users. The southern African Water Vision for ‘equitable and sustainable utilisation of water for social, environmental justice and economic benefits for the present and future generations’ calls for an integrated and efficient management of water resources within the basin. Ensuring water and food security in the Zambezi basin is, however, faced with challenges due to high variability in climate and the available water resources. Water resources are under continuous threat from pollution, increased population growth, development and urbanisation as well as global climate change. These factors increase the demand for freshwater resources and have resulted in water being one of the major driving forces for development. The basin is also vulnerable due to lack of adequate financial resources and appropriate water resources infrastructure to enable viable, equitable and sustainable distribution of the water resources. This is in addition to the fact that the basin’s economic mainstay and social well-being are largely dependent on rainfed agriculture. There is also competition among the different water users and this has the potential to generate conflicts, which further hinder the development of water resources in the basin. This thesis has focused on the Zambezi River basin emphasising climate variability and climate change. It is now considered common knowledge that the global climate is changing and that many of the impacts will be felt through water resources. If these predictions are correct then the Zambezi basin is most likely to suffer under such impacts since its economic mainstay is largely determined by the availability of rainfall. It is the belief of this study that in order to ascertain the impacts of climate change, there should be a basis against which this change is evaluated. If we do not know the historical patterns of variability it may be difficult to predict changes in the future climate and in the hydrological resources and it will certainly be difficult to develop appropriate management strategies. Reliable quantitative estimates of water availability are a prerequisite for successful water resource plans. However, such initiatives have been hindered by paucity in data especially in a basin where gauging networks are inadequate and some of them have deteriorated. This is further compounded by shortages in resources, both human and financial, to ensure adequate monitoring. To address the data problems, this study largely relied on global data sets and the CRU TS2.1 rainfall grids were used for a large part of this study. The study starts by assessing the historical variability of rainfall and streamflow in the Zambezi basin and the results are used to inform the prediction of change in the future. Various methods of assessing historical trends were employed and regional drought indices were generated and evaluated against the historical rainfall trends. The study clearly demonstrates that the basin has a high degree of temporal and spatial variability in rainfall and streamflow at inter-annual and multi-decadal scales. The Standardised Precipitation Index, a rainfall based drought index, is used to assess historical drought events in the basin and it is shown that most of the droughts that have occurred were influenced by climatic and hydrological variability. It is concluded, through the evaluation of agricultural maize yields, that the basin’s food security is mostly constrained by the availability of rainfall. Comparing the viability of using a rainfall based index to a soil moisture based index as an agricultural drought indicator, this study concluded that a soil moisture based index is a better indicator since all of the water balance components are considered in the generation of the index. This index presents the actual amount of water available for the plant unlike purely rainfall based indices, that do not account for other components of the water budget that cause water losses. A number of challenges were, however, faced in assessing the variability and historical drought conditions, mainly due to the fact that most parts of the Zambezi basin are ungauged and available data are sparse, short and not continuous (with missing gaps). Hydrological modelling is frequently used to bridge the data gap and to facilitate the quantification of a basin’s hydrology for both gauged and ungauged catchments. The trend has been to use various methods of regionalisation to transfer information from gauged basins, or from basins with adequate physical basin data, to ungauged basins. All this is done to ensure that water resources are accounted for and that the future can be well planned. A number of approaches leading to the evaluation of the basin’s hydrological response to future climate change scenarios are taken. The Pitman rainfall-runoff model has enjoyed wide use as a water resources estimation tool in southern Africa. The model has been calibrated for the Zambezi basin but it should be acknowledged that any hydrological modelling process is characterised by many uncertainties arising from limitations in input data and inherent model structural uncertainty. The calibration process is thus carried out in a manner that embraces some of the uncertainties. Initial ranges of parameter values (maximum and minimum) that incorporate the possible parameter uncertainties are assigned in relation to physical basin properties. These parameter sets are used as input to the uncertainty version of the model to generate behavioural parameter space which is then further modified through manual calibration. The use of parameter ranges initially guided by the basin physical properties generates streamflows that adequately represent the historically observed amounts. This study concludes that the uncertainty framework and the Pitman model perform quite well in the Zambezi basin. Based on assumptions of an intensifying hydrological cycle, climate changes are frequently expected to result in negative impacts on water resources. However, it is important that basin scale assessments are undertaken so that appropriate future management strategies can be developed. To assess the likely changes in the Zambezi basin, the calibrated Pitman model was forced with downscaled and bias corrected GCM data. Three GCMs were used for this study, namely; ECHAM, GFDL and IPSL. The general observation made in this study is that the near future (2046-2065) conditions of the Zambezi basin are expected to remain within the ranges of historically observed variability. The differences between the predictions for the three GCMs are an indication of the uncertainties in the future and it has not been possible to make any firm conclusions about directions of change. It is therefore recommended that future water resources management strategies account for historical patterns of variability, but also for increased uncertainty. Any management strategies that are able to satisfactorily deal with the large variability that is evident from the historical data should be robust enough to account for the near future patterns of water availability predicted by this study. However, the uncertainties in these predictions suggest that improved monitoring systems are required to provide additional data against which future model outputs can be assessed.
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Olwoch, Jane Mukarugwiza. "Climate change and tick-host relationships in Africa." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06082007-090301.

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Bayor, Hypolite. "Diospyros in west Africa : morphology, molecules and climate." Thesis, University of Reading, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.558778.

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Diospyros is a pantropical genus occurring in the lower layers oftropical moist forests. As such the persistence of the forest may be critical to the survival of some species. Twenty-two species of Diospyros occur in the Upper Guinean biodiversity hotspot, seven of which are endemic. The effectiveness of vegetative characters used with computer-aided keys, DNA barcoding, phylogeny and species distribution modelling as tools to study the biodiversity of this area was investigated. A computer-aided multi-access key developed indicated that vegetative characters might be able to identify some species but more testing is required. The effectiveness of the proposed barcodes for plants (rbeL and matK) and psbA-trnH were tested. Bayesian trees showed that single regions produced unresolved trees but using the three regions combined could assign 26 accessions to species. Using TaxonDNA, matK and psbA-trnH were almost equally effective at 84.6% and 84.0% respectively in assigning field collected accessions to species however, rbeL identified only 37.4%. For a combined data set of Genbank and field data, proportion of accessions correctly assign to species was lower. TaxonDNA assigned 59.6%,49.3% and 75.1% accessions of rbeL, matK, and psbA-trnH respectively to species. Phylogenetic analysis using rbeL and matK shows that West African species may belong to at least four different lineages and these are scattered over the entire worldwide Diospyros phylogeny. Sister species mayor may not have overlapping ranges indicating that dispersal might contribute to speciation in Diospyros. The effect of climate change on five ofthe endemic species was investigated. Although reduction in predicted area for three species was observed, the area occupied by one was not affected while one species was predicted to have potential to expand its range which suggests genetic homogenization as a possible outcome. The availability and quality of data for species distribution modelling offive species was also investigated. Data were insufficient for two species not modelled and gaps in sampling were also evident. The effect of biased geographic sampling was to inflate AUC values of distribution models. Overall, it is clear that technologies such as computer-aided keys, DNA barcoding, phylogenetic analysis and climate envelope modelling help to study and understand diversity in this Western African biodiversity hotspot. The identification tools can be challenging to develop but will allow better surveys and in turn help to fill the data gaps revealed in the climate envelope modelling studies.
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Egbebiyi, Temitope Samuel. "Future changes in extreme rainfall events and African easterly waves over West Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20581.

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This study examines the relationship between African Easterly Waves (AEWs) and extreme rainfall events over West Africa, and investigates how climate change could alter this relationship in the future. Satellite observations, reanalysis data, and regional climate model (RCA4) simulations (forced with eight global climate simulations) were analysed for the study. The study used the 95th percentile of daily rainfall as a threshold to identify extreme rainfall events, and applied spectral analysis to extract 3-5 days and 6-9 days AEWs from 700hPa meridional wind component over West Africa. The capability of RCA4 to reproduce the rainfall climatology, extreme rainfall events, the characteristics of AEWs and the contribution of AEWs to extreme rainfall events over the region during the past climate (1971-2005) was examined and quantified using statistical analysis. The future changes (2031-2065) in these parameters were projected for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate-change scenarios. The results of the study show that RCA4 gives a realistic simulation of the West African climate, including the annual rainfall pattern, the structure of AEWs, and the characteristics of the African Easterly Jet that feeds AEWs. The bias in the simulated threshold of extreme rainfall is within the uncertainty of the observed values. The model also captures the link between the structure of AEWs and the rainfall pattern over West Africa, and shows that the percentage contribution of AEWs to extreme rainfall events over the region ranges from 20 to 60%, as depicted by reanalysis data. For the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, the RCA4 ensemble mean projects a future increase in annual rainfall and in the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events over the sub-continent, but the increase is generally higher for the RCP8.5 scenario. It also projects a decrease in the frequency of rain days, no changes in the structure of the AEWs, and an increase in the variance of the waves. However, the simulations from the ensemble mean shows no substantial changes in the contribution of AEWs to the extreme rainfall events, suggesting that the increase in the frequency and intensity of the extreme rainfall events may not be attributable to the changes in AEWs. The study's application is in understanding and mitigating the future impact of climate extremes over West Africa.
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Foto, Tongai. "A measure of the investment climate in South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8987_1297754095.

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Investor confidence is a concept many investors are constantly trying to gauge. In practice however these concepts are usually not easy to measure. This study attempts to capture the total sum of investor perception in South Africa by examining market behaviour. Data from the JSE/FTSE (1995-2009) will be used to determine an Equity Risk Premium. Bond Yield Spreads will also be calculated from data provided by I-NET BRIDGE. An amalgamation of these components will produce the proposed Investment Confidence Index. Similar indices currently on the South African Market are based on subjective surveys and might therefore be biased. The proposed index which is a first in SA will prove invaluable to practitioners in the financial sector.

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Veljanoska, Stefanija. "Agricultural risk, remittances and climate change in rural Africa." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01E057/document.

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Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à l'étude des décisions des ménages ruraux Ougandais en termes de gestion des risques climatiques. Dans un premier temps, nous testons l'impact des transferts des fonds des migrants sur le niveau de spécialisation des cultures agricoles ainsi que le niveau de risque du portefeuille des cultures des ménages contraints par l'accès aux marchés du crédit et de l'assurance. Nous complétons cette première analyse avec une étude sur la capacité des transferts des migrants à encourager les ménages à utiliser des inputs plus risqués tels que les engrais. Dans un troisième temps, nous explorons si le morcellement des terres peut réduire les effets négatifs de la variabilité des précipitations sur les rendements des cultures agricoles. Le dernier objectif de cette thèse est d'analyser l'impact de l'inégalité d'accès à l'eau sur l'intensité et l'incidence des manifestations et des émeutes au sein d'un pays. Le point central et commun aux différents chapitres est la variabilité climatique : quelles sont les conséquences pour les ménages agricoles ; comment les ménages peuvent se protéger contre les aléas climatiques et quelles sont les implications pour la disponibilité de l'eau et les conflits. Telles sont les questions que la thèse vise à aborder à travers une approche micro-économétrique
The dissertation provides evidence on the agricultural decisions of rural Ugandan households in terms of risk management against weather variability. First, I study the impact of remittances sent by migrants on households' degree of crop specialization and crop riskiness, as remittances may, to some extent, relieve credit and risk constraints. I complete the first objective with a second analysis that explores if remittances can motivate households to use riskier inputs - fertilizers. Third, I examine whether land fragmentation can reduce the negative impacts of rainfall variability on farmers' crop yields. In the final chapter, I test whether inequality in access to water for consumption may increase the incidence and the intensity of low-level conflicts. The central and common theme of the different chapters is weather variability: what are the consequences for agricultural households, how can households protect themselves against weather fluctuations and what are the implications for water availability and social conflict. Those are the questions that the dissertation aims at addressing with a micro-level empirical approach
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Abdussalam, Auwal Farouk. "Climate influences on infectious diseases in Nigeria, West Africa." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5368/.

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Meningitis and cholera have remained major health burden in Nigeria, especially in the heavily populated northwest region – which is identified as one of the “hotspots” of climate change. The strong sensitivity that both diseases exhibit to climate is raising concern that future anthropogenic climate change may exacerbate the occurrence of the diseases. This thesis aimed at modelling the influences of climate on the incidence of the selected diseases, and assessing their future risk in northwest Nigeria. The aim is achieved by first, investigating and understanding the spatial and time characteristics of both meteorological and diseases conditions in the region. This was followed by developing and validating suites of empirical statistical models capable of explaining and predicting both diseases. Models that are specifically designed for climate change studies were applied to estimate the future impact of climate change, by forcing them with simulations from an ensemble of statistically downscaled Atmosphere-ocean Global Climate Models (AOGCMs), for three different scenarios in the early and late 21st century. Results from developed models indicate the significant roles of both meteorological and socioeconomic factors on incidence of diseases. Evaluation of models developed with 1-month lagged explanatory variables suggest the potential to predict both diseases cases up to a month to aid decision making. Projection results suggest that future temperature increases due to climate change has the potential to significantly increase diseases cases in all scenarios and time slices. It is noteworthy that the projections result represents only the climatological potential for increased cases due to climate change, assuming that the present prevention strategies remain similar in the future.
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Pinto, Izidine S. de Sousa. "Future changes in extreme rainfall events and circulation patterns over southern Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16781.

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Changes in precipitation extremes are projected by many global climate models as a response to greenhouse gas increases, and such changes will have significant environmental and social impacts. These impacts are a function of exposure and vulnerability. Hence there is critical need to understand the nature of weather and climate extremes. Results from an ensemble of regional climate models from the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) project are used to investigate projected changes in extreme precipitation characteristics over southern Africa for the middle (2036-2065) and late century (2069-2098) under the representative concentration pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) and 8.5 (RCP8.5). Two approaches are followed to identify and analyze extreme precipitation events. First, indices for extreme events, which capture moderate extreme events, are calculated on the basis of model data and are compared with indices from two observational gridded datasets at annual basis. The second approach is based on extreme value theory. Here, the Generalized Extreme Value distribution (GEV) is fitted to annual maxima precipitation by a L-moments method. The 20-year return values are analyzed for present and future climate conditions. The physical drivers of the projected change are evaluated by examining the models ability to simulate circulation patterns over the regions with the aid of Self-Organizing Maps (SOM).
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Books on the topic "Climate in Africa"

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Institute, International African, Royal African Society, and Social Science Research Council (U.S.), eds. Climate change in Africa. London: Zed Books in association with International African Institute, Royal African Society, Social Science Research Council, 2009.

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Conway, Declan, and Katharine Vincent, eds. Climate Risk in Africa. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61160-6.

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Climate change & trade: The challenges for Southern Africa. Auckland Park, South Africa: Fanele, 2010.

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Hayward, Derek F. Climatology of West Africa. London: Hutchinson Education, 1987.

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Tyson, P. D. Climatic change and variability in southern Africa. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1986.

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Kummer, Patricia K. The changing climate of Africa. New York: Cavendish Square, 2014.

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Leal Filho, Walter, Simane Belay, Jokasha Kalangu, Wuta Menas, Pantaleo Munishi, and Kumbirai Musiyiwa, eds. Climate Change Adaptation in Africa. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49520-0.

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Hayward, Derek F. The climatology of West Africa. London: Hutchinson, 1987.

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Nkem, Johnson. Lessons for adaptation in sub-Saharan Africa. Nairobi]: UNDP, 2011.

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Matondo, Jonathan I., Berhanu F. Alemaw, and Wennegouda Jean Pierre Sandwidi, eds. Climate Variability and Change in Africa. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31543-6.

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Book chapters on the topic "Climate in Africa"

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Cilliers, Jakkie. "Climate Change." In The Future of Africa, 355–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46590-2_15.

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AbstractOn its current development trajectory the world is headed for serious climate change trouble. More carbon emissions will affect all of humanity and with its low adaptation capacity, arid climates and rainfall-dependent agriculture, Africa is particularly at risk. Cillliers offers an in-depth assessment of the implications of climate change for Africans. In addition to reviewing the scientific consensus on the threats climate change is likely to pose in the coming decades, he sheds light on how Africa’s future trends in energy, population and lifestyle will affect carbon emissions. The chapter concludes by comparing Africa’s carbon emissions in four scenarios with the Current Path forecast, namely Made in Africa and Free Trade (highest carbon emissions) and Leapfrogging and Demographic Dividend (lowest carbon emissions).
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Pink, Ross Michael. "Africa: Kenya, South Africa, Botswana." In The Climate Change Crisis, 125–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71033-4_6.

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Godfrey, Anna, Miriam Burton, and Emily LeRoux-Rutledge. "“Africa Talks Climate”." In The Handbook of Global Media Research, 504–20. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118255278.ch29.

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Seimon, Anton, and Andrew Plumptre. "Albertine Rift, Africa." In Climate and Conservation, 33–44. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-203-7_3.

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Chambers, Deborah Nabubwaya. "Africa." In Global Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change, 11–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01213-7_2.

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Lopes, Carlos. "Adjusting to Climate Change." In Africa in Transformation, 117–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01291-5_8.

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Hannah, Lee, Dave Panitz, and Guy Midgley. "Cape Floristic Region, South Africa." In Climate and Conservation, 80–91. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-203-7_7.

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Ayalew, Mulugeta Mengist, and Florent Gasc. "Managing climate risks in Africa." In Geoengineering Our Climate?, 151–54. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2019. |: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203485262-27.

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Augustyn, Johann, Andrew Cockcroft, Sven Kerwath, Stephen Lamberth, Jean Githaiga-Mwicigi, Grant Pitcher, Michael Roberts, Carl van der Lingen, and Lutz Auerswald. "South Africa." In Climate Change Impacts on Fisheries and Aquaculture, 479–522. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119154051.ch15.

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Babugura, A. A. "Gender and climate-smart agriculture in Africa." In Gender, climate change and livelihoods: vulnerabilities and adaptations, 107–22. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247053.0009.

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Abstract This chapter explores the interrelated issues of gender and climate-smart agriculture (CSA) within the African context. The importance and goal of mainstreaming gender into CSA is emphasized. The chapter draws on knowledge from CSA good practice and innovative approaches to highlight some successes and lessons learned from African countries. Opportunities for gender-sensitive actions in CSA within the African context are discussed, and gender-equitable CSA best practices in Africa are presented.
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Conference papers on the topic "Climate in Africa"

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Tangwa, Elvis, Vit Voženílek, Jan Brus, and Vilem Pechanec. "CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL OF SELECTED LEGUME CROPS IN EAST AFRICA." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b1/v2/02.

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Land expansion to increase agricultural production in East Africa (Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda) will be limited by climate change. In this study, we predict landscape suitability for chickpea (Cicer arietinum), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), lentil (Lens culinaris), field pea (Pisum sativum) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) cultivated across diverse agro-ecological zones (AEZs) in East Africa from 1970 to 2070, under the 4.5 emission scenario. Our aim was to understand how suitability shifts among the AEZs might affect the agricultural potential of the selected crops. We use the geolocations of each crop together with response curves from the species distribution software, Maxent to fine-tune the expert based EcoCrop model to the prevailing climatic conditions in the study region. Our optimal precipitation and temperature ranges compared reasonably with the FAO base parameters, deviating by ±200mm and ±5oC, respectively. There is currently a high potential for lentil, pea and common bean in the region. However, under future climates, the suitability of common bean and lentil with a much narrow climate range will shrink considerably while pigeon pea and chickpea will continue to be suitable. Under projected climatic conditions, the agricultural potential of these legumes will be limited by drought or heat stress as landscape suitability will shift optimally toward the cool sub-humid (tcsh), and the cool semi-arid (tcsa) zones. Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda will be the most affected and will lose a large share of suitable arable land. Different adaptation measures will be needed to increase the agricultural potential and optimized production in vulnerable AEZs. In general, smallholder farmers will have to substitute lentil and common bean for chickpea and pigeon pea or other suitable substitutes to address food security issues. Notwithstanding the limitations of this study, our results highlight the vulnerability of legumes crops as well as their production zones which could be useful in the formulation of adaptation strategies for the East African region.
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Yohannis, Michaelina, Agnes Wausi, Timothy Waema, and Margaret Hutchinson. "The Role of ICT Tools in the Access of Climate Information in Rural Communities." In 2019 IST-Africa Week Conference (IST-Africa). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/istafrica.2019.8764875.

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Yohannis, Michaelina Almaz, Timothy M. Waema, and Margaret Hutchinson. "Linking climate information to livelihood strategies through ICTs: The role of integrated sustainable livelihoods framework." In 2017 IST-Africa Week Conference (IST-Africa). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/istafrica.2017.8102295.

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Heun, M. K., J. L. van Niekerk, M. Swilling, A. J. Meyer, A. Brent, and T. P. Fluri. "Learnable Lessons on Sustainability From the Provision of Electricity in South Africa." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90071.

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South Africa is a “canary in a coal mine” for the world’s upcoming ecological crises, especially regarding electrical energy provision for a developing modern society, because aspects of the South African situation may be repeated elsewhere when ecological limits constrain economic activity. We describe the South African context in terms of social issues and economic development policies, environmental issues, and the electrical energy situation in the country. We explore implications of the South African context for the provision of electrical energy in terms of development objectives, climate change, the electrical grid, water, and solar, wind, ocean, and hydro energy resources. Thereafter, we explore future directions for electrical energy provision in the country, including some important questions to be answered. Next, we offer a rational way forward, including an assessment favoring concentrated solar power (CSP) as a path of least resistance for decoupling South Africa’s energy use from upstream and downstream environmental impacts. We conclude with some learnable lessons from the South African context for the rest of the developing and developed world.
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"Climate Change and Eastern Africa: A Review of Impact on Major Crops." In ASABE 1st Climate Change Symposium: Adaptation and Mitigation. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/cc.20152112695.

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Ifalade, Oluwajuwon, Elizabeth Obode, and Joseph Chineke. "Hydrocarbon of the Future: Sustainability, Energy Transition and Developing Nations." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207176-ms.

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Abstract The population of Africa is estimated to be about 1.5 billion, 25% of world population but the continent accounts for only 3.2% of global electricity generation (2.2% coming from South Africa, Egypt, Algeria and Morocco). This translates to the lowest per capita energy of any continent. The rapidly growing population in Africa will inevitably result in the emergence of more African cities and this underscores a need to urgently address the energy poverty concerns presented. The global energy landscape is changing, and Africa finds herself at a vantage point in the complex interplay between energy, development, climate change and sustainability. The need to provide an answer to these concerns is further highlighted by the effects of globalization and climate change. The onus rests on African countries to find a cross-functional solution; one which answers simultaneously to socio-economic and environmental challenges. This involves driving growth in energy supply and hence industrialization via the adoption of a balanced mix that harnesses all energy potential and integrated utilization possibilities. Projected increase in energy demands coupled with emission allowances present a unique opportunity for these countries to put in place plans and infrastructure congruent with the future energy landscape. In contrast to the narrative where African energy is driven majorly by renewables, the continent must first maximize the enormous fossil fuel potentials domiciled in large gas reserves in some of her countries to create an economy that can support a sustainable energy future. Natural gas is expected to play a vital role in the transition to a more environment friendly future of energy, especially in developing countries. This paper aims to present the prospects and challenges of the use of natural gas as a driver of sustainability and energy transition in the developing nations. Nigeria and the Nigerian Gas Master Plan will be taken as a Case Study.
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Doyle, Laura, Lauren Oliver, and Cristina Whitworth. "Design of a Climate Smart Farming System in East Africa." In 2018 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ghtc.2018.8601553.

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Alanezi, Abdullah, and Mohammad H. Naraghi. "Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant Development for a Desert Climate." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86588.

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The present work develops design guidelines for a photovoltaic power plant to shave peak electricity demand in an arid climate, which cover approximately 1/3rd of earth land mass and a good portion of this climate is in the Middle East and North Africa. In a typical desert climate, such as the Arabian Peninsula a large portion of the electricity consumed is due to the use of air conditioning units during hot sunny days. In the present work the energy consumption pattern of a typical building in an arid area is studied. Additionally, overall regional grid power demand in Tabuk located in Northwest of Saudi Arabia is studied. Guidelines for development of solar plants (i.e., panel ordinations) are presented to shave off the peak demand. It is determined that for most desert climates the peak electricity demand is between 2:00–5:00PM during summers.
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Nouaceur, Z., and O. Murărescu. "Climate Change and Floods: Are We Heading Towards a New Climate Cycle in Sahelian West Africa?" In Air and Water Components of the Environment Conference. Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/awc2018_11.

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Yohannis, Michaelina Almaz, Timothy M. Waema, and Agnes N. Wausi. "Provisional findings on linking climate information to livelihood strategies through ICTs among rural women in Kitui County, Kenya." In 2016 IST-Africa Week Conference. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/istafrica.2016.7530675.

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Reports on the topic "Climate in Africa"

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Raji, Rafiq. Africa Current Issues - Climate Change and Conflict in West Africa. Nanyang Business School, August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32655/africacurrentissues.2019.06.

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Wilby, Robert. Final Report: Climate for development in Africa (ClimDev) – Climate sciences and services for Africa – Strategic research opportunities for ClimDev. Evidence on Demand, August 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.12774/eod_cr.may2014.wilbyr.

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McGuirk, Eoin, and Nathan Nunn. Nomadic Pastoralism, Climate Change, and Conflict in Africa. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w28243.

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Bolton, Laura. Lessons for FCDO Climate Change Programming in East Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.085.

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This rapid review synthesises evidence on FCDO climate projects across the East African region in the following countries; Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania. This review established that sector stakeholders in countries like Rwanda lacked climate impact information. This highlights the need of providing the right information in the right form to meet the end users need. The above case studies have shown the need for consistent and harmonised future climate projections that are country specific. According to a study undertaken in Tanzania and Malawi, understanding the likely future characteristics of climate risk is a key component of adaptation and climate-resilient planning, but given future uncertainty it is important to design approaches that are strongly informed by local considerations and robust to uncertainty. According to the findings from the research, policy incoherence, over-reliance on donor funding, change in leadership roles is a barrier to adaptation. There is also an urgent need for mechanisms for sharing experience and learning from methodologies, technologies, and challenges. Further, Stakeholder dialogue and iterative climate service processes need to be facilitated. This review also explores approaches to communicating climatic uncertainties with decision-makers. Particularly, presentation of data using slide-sets, and stories about possible futures.
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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. How can African agriculture adapt to climate change? Insights from Ethiopia and South Africa. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896297906.

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J., Nkem, Idinoba M., Brockhaus M., Kalame F.B., and Tas Adriaan. Adaptation to climate change in Africa: synergies with biodiversity and forest. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.17528/cifor/002607.

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MUKUTE, MUTIZWA, JOHN COLVIN, and ARISTIDES BALOI. Africa Climate Change Resilience Alliance: Phase 2 Synthesis Evaluation, final report. Oxfam; Care; Save the Children; World Vision; Overseas Development Institute, June 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2017.0087.

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Horlbeck, Michael. Testing the Waters: Climate Change in Africa and Anticipating Regional Conflicts. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada546256.

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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. The effects of climate change on agriculture and food security in Africa. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896292949_02.

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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. The effects of widespread adoption of climate-smart agriculture in Africa south of the Sahara under changing climate regimes. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896292949_03.

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