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1
Cizek, Anthony F. "Africa Climate exchange." Ostrich 81, no. 3 (November 11, 2010): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2010.529989.
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Eghweree, Charles Ogheneruonah, and Festus O. Imuetinyan. "Africa and the Climate Change Diplomacy." Journal of Sustainable Development 12, no. 2 (March 30, 2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v12n2p101.
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The climate change debate and how to tame impact of climate change in the global context, remains a topical issue that elicits response from both continental bodies and states. While western countries take practical diplomatic steps in the climate change debate, African states appear both silent and unprepared for the challenges of climate change. Exploitation of natural resources has left marked impact on the environment in most African states, as degraded environment; denying them opportunity of harnessing wealth of the environment to achieve sustainable national development. Utilizing secondary data, the paper examines Africa’s effort at striking favourable climate change deals in the global context and what Africans are doing to maintain a healthy environment to achieve sustainable development. The paper recommends that Africa should be proactive in the global climate change politics to avert being short-changed.
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Peterson, A. Townsend, Thomas Radocy, Erin Hall, Julian C. Kerbis Peterhans, and Gastone G. Celesia. "The potential distribution of the Vulnerable African lion Panthera leo in the face of changing global climate." Oryx 48, no. 4 (June 3, 2014): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605312000919.
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AbstractThe objective of this study is to estimate possible impacts of global climate change on the geographical distribution of the African lion Panthera leo in the coming decades. Current lion population occurrence data across Africa and distributions of lions in historical times (6,000–100 years before present) were obtained from the literature and integrated with data on present-day climates to generate ecological niche models. Models based on distributions of African lions were tested for predictive ability based on various subsetting approaches and were projected across Asia, Africa and Europe, to retrodict the distribution of the species for the past 6,000 years. These models were highly accurate, giving confidence in future projections. Future potential distributions were predicted by projecting ecological niche models onto three climate scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions based on eight climate models for the years 2040–2070. The prediction was of relative range stability into the future: few new areas were identified as becoming suitable for the species but large areas of southern Africa and West Africa are expected to become less suitable. Predictions of effects of climate change on potential distributions of lions may assist conservation efforts by clarifying options for mitigation and response.
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Woillez, M. N., G. Levavasseur, A. L. Daniau, M. Kageyama, D. H. Urrego, M. F. Sánchez-Goñi, and V. Hanquiez. "Impact of precession on the climate, vegetation and fire activity in southern Africa during MIS4." Climate of the Past 10, no. 3 (June 18, 2014): 1165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1165-2014.
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Abstract. The relationships between climate, vegetation and fires are a major subject of investigation in the context of climate change. In southern Africa, fire is known to play a crucial role in the existence of grasslands and Mediterranean-type biomes. Microcharcoal-based reconstructions of past fire activity in that region have shown a tight correlation between grass-fueled fires and the precessional cycle, with maximum fire activity during maxima of the climatic precession index. These changes have been interpreted as the result of changes in fuel load in response to precipitation changes in eastern southern Africa. Here we use the general circulation model IPSL_CM5A (Institut Pierre Simon Laplace Climate Model version 5A) and the dynamic vegetation model LPJ-LMfire to investigate the response of climate, vegetation and fire activity to precession changes in southern Africa during marine isotopic stage 4 (74–59 kyr BP). We perform two climatic simulations, for a maximum and minimum of the precession index, and use a statistical downscaling method to increase the spatial resolution of the IPSL_CM5A outputs over southern Africa and perform high-resolution simulations of the vegetation and fire activity. Our results show an anticorrelation between the northern and southern African monsoons in response to precession changes. A decrease of the precession climatic index leads to a precipitation decrease in the summer rainfall area of southern Africa. The drying of climate leads to a decrease of vegetation cover and fire activity. Our results are in qualitative agreement with data and confirm that fire activity in southern Africa during MIS4 is mainly driven by vegetation cover.
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Hessler, I., L. Dupont, D. Handiani, A. Paul, U. Merkel, and G. Wefer. "Masked millennial-scale climate variations in South West Africa during the last glaciation." Climate of the Past 8, no. 2 (April 24, 2012): 841–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-841-2012.
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Abstract. To address the connection between tropical African vegetation development and high-latitude climate change we present a high-resolution pollen record from ODP Site 1078 (off Angola) covering the period 50–10 ka BP. Although several tropical African vegetation and climate reconstructions indicate an impact of Heinrich Stadials (HSs) in Southern Hemisphere Africa, our vegetation record shows no response. Model simulations conducted with an Earth System Model of Intermediate Complexity including a dynamical vegetation component provide one possible explanation. Because both precipitation and evaporation increased during HSs and their effects nearly cancelled each other, there was a negligible change in moisture supply. Consequently, the resulting climatic response to HSs might have been too weak to noticeably affect the vegetation composition in the study area. Our results also show that the response to HSs in southern tropical Africa neither equals nor mirrors the response to abrupt climate change in northern Africa.
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Wu, Minchao, Guy Schurgers, Markku Rummukainen, Benjamin Smith, Patrick Samuelsson, Christer Jansson, Joe Siltberg, and Wilhelm May. "Vegetation–climate feedbacks modulate rainfall patterns in Africa under future climate change." Earth System Dynamics 7, no. 3 (July 26, 2016): 627–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-627-2016.
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Abstract. Africa has been undergoing significant changes in climate and vegetation in recent decades, and continued changes may be expected over this century. Vegetation cover and composition impose important influences on the regional climate in Africa. Climate-driven changes in vegetation structure and the distribution of forests versus savannah and grassland may feed back to climate via shifts in the surface energy balance, hydrological cycle and resultant effects on surface pressure and larger-scale atmospheric circulation. We used a regional Earth system model incorporating interactive vegetation–atmosphere coupling to investigate the potential role of vegetation-mediated biophysical feedbacks on climate dynamics in Africa in an RCP8.5-based future climate scenario. The model was applied at high resolution (0.44 × 0.44°) for the CORDEX-Africa domain with boundary conditions from the CanESM2 general circulation model. We found that increased tree cover and leaf-area index (LAI) associated with a CO2 and climate-driven increase in net primary productivity, particularly over subtropical savannah areas, not only imposed important local effect on the regional climate by altering surface energy fluxes but also resulted in remote effects over central Africa by modulating the land–ocean temperature contrast, Atlantic Walker circulation and moisture inflow feeding the central African tropical rainforest region with precipitation. The vegetation-mediated feedbacks were in general negative with respect to temperature, dampening the warming trend simulated in the absence of feedbacks, and positive with respect to precipitation, enhancing rainfall reduction over the rainforest areas. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for vegetation–atmosphere interactions in climate projections for tropical and subtropical Africa.
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Mahlatsi, Monaheng. "Climate Change: Towards Compensating Africa for Economic Growth and Development by Industrialized Countries." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 9, no. 3 (October 19, 2018): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v9i3.2474.
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On one hand, anthropogenic climate change is real and affecting the world economy in general and Africa in particular. On the other hand, the policy of climate change adaptation as the solution to the problem of climate change is seriously unsuccessful in Africa. Even though climate change is affecting the whole world, Africa is the most vulnerable continent that is economically affected. This is due to a variety of interconnected consequences of climate change such as droughts, floods, desertification, diseases and poor agricultural system including other unknown factors. This article focuses on challenges facing the implementation of climate change adaptation policy in Africa. The implementation of the policy of mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions will not be discussed. The aim of the article is to investigate the underlying implications of climate change adaptation policy that hamper smooth growth and development of the African economy. To achieve this aim, the theoretical research method will be utilized. This article concludes that Africa cannot afford to adapt to climate change because of its extreme poverty and will remain economically poor and suffer the consequences of climate change if industrialized countries are reluctant to compensate it. Therefore, the article argues that industrialized countries have a moral duty to compensate Africa for the harm they have caused through industrialization. The compensation will boost the African economy that is necessary for climate change adaptation.
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Munang, Richard, and Jesica Andrews. "Despite climate change, Africa can feed Africa." Africa Renewal 27, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/63bc5598-en.
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Attfield, Robin. "Africa and Climate Change." Utafiti 14, no. 2 (March 4, 2020): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26836408-14010016.
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Abstract Africa is affected by climate change in multiple ways. Like other continents, its coastline is in danger of being flooded, and its islands are in danger of being inundated. Many people are forced by climate change to migrate, and this increases the flows of refugees moving both north towards the Mediterranean and south towards the Cape, seeking a viable homeland. It is in the interest of African countries to develop in ways that are climate-friendly. More electricity needs to be generated to enhance people’s quality of life, but this should be generated in environmentally friendly ways. Large schemes of tree-planting are also needed, to restore the forests of areas where they have been lost in civil conflicts (as in central and northern Ethiopia) and at the same time to sequestrate some of the carbon dioxide of the atmosphere. As well as mitigation, collaborative efforts are needed in the field of adaptation, so as to limit the impacts of climate change. Developing countries should assist such measures, but they should be adopted whether or not such assistance materialises.
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Rowan, John, Jason M. Kamilar, Lydia Beaudrot, and Kaye E. Reed. "Strong influence of palaeoclimate on the structure of modern African mammal communities." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1840 (October 12, 2016): 20161207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1207.
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Ecological research often assumes that species are adapted to their current climatic environments. However, climate fluctuations over geologic timescales have influenced species dispersal and extinction, which in turn may affect community structure. Modern community structure is likely to be the product of both palaeoclimate and modern climate, with the relative degrees of influence of past and present climates unknown. Here, we assessed the influence of climate at different time periods on the phylogenetic and functional trait structure of 203 African mammal communities. We found that the climate of the mid-Holocene (approx. 6000 years ago) and Last Glacial Maximum (approx. 22 000 years ago) were frequently better predictors of community structure than modern climate for mammals overall, carnivorans and ungulates. Primate communities were more strongly influenced by modern climate than palaeoclimate. Overall, community structure of African mammals appears to be related to the ecological flexibility of the groups considered here and the regions of continental Africa that they occupy. Our results indicate that the future redistribution, expansion and contraction of particular biomes due to human activity, such as climate and land-use change, will differentially affect mammal groups that vary in their sensitivity to environmental change.
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Woillez, M. N., G. Levavasseur, A. L. Daniau, M. Kageyama, D. H. Urrego, and M. F. Sánchez-Goñi. "Impact of precession on the climate, vegetation and fire activity in southern Africa during MIS4." Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 5 (September 17, 2013): 5391–438. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-5391-2013.
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Abstract. The relationships between climate, vegetation and fires are a major subject of investigation in the context of climate change. In southern Africa, fire is known to play a crucial role in the existence of grasslands and Mediterranean-like biomes. Microcharcoal-based reconstructions of past fire activity in that region have shown a tight correlation between grass-fueled fires and the precessional cycle, with maximum fire activity during maxima of the climatic precession index. These changes have been interpreted as the result of changes in fuel load in response to precipitation changes in eastern southern Africa. Here we use the general circulation model IPSL_CM5A and the dynamical vegetation model LPJ-LMfire to investigate the response of climate, vegetation and fire activity to precession changes in southern Africa during Marine Isotopic Stage 4. We perform two climatic simulations, for a maximum and minimum of the precession index, and use a statistical downscaling method to increase the spatial resolution of the IPSL_CM5A outputs over southern Africa and perform high-resolution simulations of the vegetation and fire activity. Our results show an anti-correlation between the North and South African monsoons in response to precession changes. A decrease of the precession climatic index leads to a precipitation decrease in the summer rainfall area of southern Africa. The drying of climate leads to a decrease of vegetation cover and fire activity. Our results are in qualitative agreement with data and confirm that fire activity in southern Africa is strongly dependent on the vegetation type.
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Collier, P., G. Conway, and T. Venables. "Climate change and Africa." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 24, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 337–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grn019.
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Brown, Alastair. "Climate change and Africa." Nature Climate Change 5, no. 9 (August 21, 2015): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2789.
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DUBE, L. T. "CLIMATE OF SOUTHERN AFRICA." South African Geographical Journal 84, no. 1 (March 2002): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2002.9713763.
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Nelson, Michael Byron. "Africa’s Regional Powers and Climate Change Negotiations." Global Environmental Politics 16, no. 2 (May 2016): 110–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00348.
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Two pillars underpin Africa’s approach to climate change negotiations: One is the “African Common Position,” and the other is the development of a negotiating coalition for presenting that position. This report explores the roles that Africa’s regional powers—Egypt, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and South Africa—play in supporting this African approach. These regional powers do not share the same interests as the rest of the continent. Not only do they differ based on energy production (Nigeria) and consumption (South Africa), but also in terms of their general vulnerabilities and readiness to face climate change. Even where they share interests, they often view these negotiation processes as serving goals other than solving the problems of climate change. Despite such issues, Africa still needs its regional powers to play a role in ongoing global negotiations, and the world will likely continue to focus on at least some of them as continental representatives.
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Camberlin, P., B. Fontaine, S. Louvet, P. Oettli, and P. Valimba. "Climate Adjustments over Africa Accompanying the Indian Monsoon Onset." Journal of Climate 23, no. 8 (April 15, 2010): 2047–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli3302.1.
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Abstract Rainfall and circulation changes accompanying the Indian monsoon onset are examined, focusing on the African continent and neighboring areas. The Indian Meteorological Department official monsoon onset dates over Kerala (MOK; on average on 1 June) are used. Composites are formed at a pentad (5 days) time scale to compare pre- and postonset conditions. Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) data for 1979–2007 indicate that a substantial rainfall decrease over several parts of Africa is associated with MOK. Significant rainfall anomalies, after removal of the mean seasonal cycle, are found in eastern Africa and the nearby western Indian Ocean. Indian monsoon onset dates over the period 1958–2001 are correlated at 0.55 with the cessation dates of the March–May rainy season (the long rains) averaged over Kenya and northern Tanzania. The rainy season cessation leads the onset by 12 days, on average. An early cessation of the March–May rains tends to precede an early onset over India. Over East Africa, the rainfall decrease is associated with a strengthening of the southerly winds (Somali jet) shortly before MOK, enhancing wind divergence and wind shear. A weaker rainfall signal is noted over western Africa and the Gulf of Guinea. MOK coincides with a pause in the progression of the West African monsoon. The pause is associated with anomalous descent over the Sahel, culminating two to three pentads after MOK. Composite maps further indicate that MOK is followed over much of the African continent by a sea level pressure rise and, between India and North Africa, a westward propagation of easterly wind and positive geopotential height anomalies. Many of these signals are associated with Madden–Julian oscillations, but independent features, suggesting Rossby wave propagation over North Africa, are also found to connect MOK and West Africa. Overall, these results are indicative of a large-scale adjustment of the atmospheric dynamics across both eastern and western Africa in conjunction with the monsoon onset over India.
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Okonkwo, Theodore. "The Paris Climate Change Agreement: Where Does Africa Fit in?" Sustainability in Environment 2, no. 2 (May 11, 2017): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/se.v2n2p192.
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<p><em>The 195 member state parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on December 2015 formally adopted the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. On April 22, 2016 not less than 175 world leaders converged on the United Nations Secretariat in New York and signed the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and 15 nations ratified it. As of March 1, 2017 133 countries have joined the Paris Agreement. The Paris Agreement on Climate Change is absolutely critical for Africa, a continent that is susceptible to the influence of climate change. The Paris Agreement on climate change is expected to assist the African continent obtain financial aid and cutting-edge technology to alleviate the impact of climate change. This article examines the Paris Climate Change Agreement in the context of its significance for Africa and asks whether the climate change deal is a worthwhile pact from an African standpoint or just an agreement relating to approaches that are standard and not tailored to the African peculiar needs, in other words, “one size fits all”</em><em>.</em></p>
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James, Rachel, Richard Washington, Babatunde Abiodun, Gillian Kay, Joseph Mutemi, Wilfried Pokam, Neil Hart, Guleid Artan, and Cath Senior. "Evaluating Climate Models with an African Lens." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 99, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 313–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0090.1.
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Abstract Climate models are becoming evermore complex and increasingly relied upon to inform climate change adaptation. Yet progress in model development is lagging behind in many of the regions that need the information most, including in Africa. Targeted model development for Africa is crucial and so too is targeted model evaluation. Assessment of model performance in specific regions often follows a “validation” approach, focusing on mean biases, but if models are to be improved, it is important to understand how they simulate regional climate dynamics: to move from validation to process-based evaluation. This evaluation may be different for every region and requires local weather and climate expertise: a “one size fits all” approach could overlook important, region-specific phenomena. So which are the important processes in African regions? And how might they be evaluated? This paper addresses these questions, drawing on the expertise of a team of scientists from Central, East, southern, and West Africa. For each region, the current understanding of climate models is reviewed, and an example of targeted evaluation is provided, including analysis of moist circulations, teleconnections, and modes of variability. A pan-African perspective is also considered, to examine processes operating between regions. The analysis is based on the Met Office Unified Model, but it uses diagnostics that might be applied to other models. These examples are intended to prompt further discussion among climate modelers and African scientists about how to best evaluate models with an African lens, and promote the development of a model evaluation hub for Africa, to fast track understanding of model behavior for this important continent.
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Kanle Satishchandra, Nitin, and Sjirk Geerts. "Modeling the Distribution of the Invasive Alien Cycad Aulacaspis Scale in Africa Under Current and Future Climate Scenarios." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 5 (July 29, 2020): 2276–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa156.
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Abstract The cycad aulacaspis scale, Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae), is native to Southeast Asia but an invasive pest of the gymnosperm order Cycadales in many parts of the world. Aulacaspis yasumatsui was recently reported on the cycad genus Encephalartos in South Africa and is currently categorized as a ‘prohibited terrestrial invertebrate’ in the invasive species legislation, National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (NEM:BA). Encephalartos is endemic to Africa, and 11 species are listed as critically endangered and four species as endangered. Seeing the limited distribution of A. yasumatsui in South Africa and only one unconfirmed record from the Ivory Coast, understanding the potential distribution range is essential for control and management. Here we model the potential distribution of A. yasumatsui under current and future climate scenarios in Africa, with a focus on South Africa. Future climatic scenarios were simulated using a bio-climatic software, CLIMEX. The model indicates that, under the current climatic scenario, all 17 African countries possessing Encephalartos are susceptible to A. yasumatsui establishment. However, under climatic change, the suitability decreases for large parts of Africa. In South Africa, 93% of the winter rainfall areas, and 90% of the temperate, summer rainfall areas are suitable for A. yasumatsui establishment. In this study, we highlight the urgent need for regulation, management, and research on A. yasumatsui in African countries with native cycads.
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Dougill, Andrew J., Thirze D. G. Hermans, Samuel Eze, Philip Antwi-Agyei, and Susannah M. Sallu. "Evaluating Climate-Smart Agriculture as Route to Building Climate Resilience in African Food Systems." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (September 3, 2021): 9909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179909.
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Efforts to meet the growing demand for food across Africa have led to unsustainable land management practices that weaken the resilience of African Food Systems. Soil health is key to building more climate-resilient agricultural systems and can be improved through Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) practices that also enhance soil carbon storage. Many CSA practices are being implemented by African farmers, whereas others are being actively promoted but adoption remains low due to multiple factors including weak policy integration, limited institutional support, and inadequate agricultural extension advice. This Short Communications paper presents overview findings from trans-disciplinary research projects from Southern, East, and West Africa to evaluate the potential importance of integrated participatory soil health studies designed to inform context-specific recommendations and policies for resilient African food systems. The use of soil health indicators to measure the effectiveness of implemented CSA practices including Conservation Agriculture in maize-based systems and Soil and Water Conservation in Highland African systems are discussed. The paper identifies how more integrated research can help to enable shared learning and the enhanced knowledge exchange required for the upscaling of sustainable land management practices enabled through enhanced farmer participation in the chain of CSA activities from intervention design to community evaluation of impacts.
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Stratton, Rachel A., Catherine A. Senior, Simon B. Vosper, Sonja S. Folwell, Ian A. Boutle, Paul D. Earnshaw, Elizabeth Kendon, et al. "A Pan-African Convection-Permitting Regional Climate Simulation with the Met Office Unified Model: CP4-Africa." Journal of Climate 31, no. 9 (April 2, 2018): 3485–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0503.1.
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Abstract A convection-permitting multiyear regional climate simulation using the Met Office Unified Model has been run for the first time on an Africa-wide domain. The model has been run as part of the Future Climate for Africa (FCFA) Improving Model Processes for African Climate (IMPALA) project, and its configuration, domain, and forcing data are described here in detail. The model [Pan-African Convection-Permitting Regional Climate Simulation with the Met Office UM (CP4-Africa)] uses a 4.5-km horizontal grid spacing at the equator and is run without a convection parameterization, nested within a global atmospheric model driven by observations at the sea surface, which does include a convection scheme. An additional regional simulation, with identical resolution and physical parameterizations to the global model, but with the domain, land surface, and aerosol climatologies of CP4-Africa, has been run to aid in the understanding of the differences between the CP4-Africa and global model, in particular to isolate the impact of the convection parameterization and resolution. The effect of enforcing moisture conservation in CP4-Africa is described and its impact on reducing extreme precipitation values is assessed. Preliminary results from the first five years of the CP4-Africa simulation show substantial improvements in JJA average rainfall compared to the parameterized convection models, with most notably a reduction in the persistent dry bias in West Africa, giving an indication of the benefits to be gained from running a convection-permitting simulation over the whole African continent.
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Vigaud, N., P. Roucou, B. Fontaine, S. Sijikumar, and S. Tyteca. "WRF/ARPEGE-CLIMAT simulated climate trends over West Africa." Climate Dynamics 36, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2009): 925–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-009-0707-4.
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Guo, Danni, Gina Zietsman, and Philip A. R. Hockey. "Climate Change Impacts on the Common Swift in South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 7, no. 4 (2016): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijesd.2016.v7.789.
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Barry, A. A., J. Caesar, A. M. G. Klein Tank, E. Aguilar, Carol McSweeney, Ahmed M. Cyrille, M. P. Nikiema, et al. "West Africa climate extremes and climate change indices." International Journal of Climatology 38 (February 7, 2018): e921-e938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.5420.
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Collins, Jennifer M. "Temperature Variability over Africa." Journal of Climate 24, no. 14 (July 15, 2011): 3649–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli3753.1.
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Abstract The variation of near-surface air temperature anomalies in Africa between 1979 and 2010 is investigated primarily using Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) total lower-tropospheric temperature data from the Remote Sensing Systems (RSS) and the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) datasets. Significant increasing temperature trends were found in each of the following regions examined: all of Africa, Northern Hemisphere Africa, Southern Hemisphere Africa, tropical Africa, and subtropical Africa. Considering the months June–August, regions in both North and South Africa saw significantly warmer temperatures in the most recent period 1995–2010 than in the period 1979–94. However, for the months December–February, the significant warming was concentrated in the north of Africa. When the two most recent decades are compared with the period 1979–90, warming is observed over these same regions and is concentrated in the most recent decade, from 2001 to 2010. The results presented here indicate that the climate change over Africa is likely not predominantly a result of variations in the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (a teleconnection that has been previously shown to affect climate in some parts of Africa). Instead the climate changes likely occur owing to other natural variability of the climate and/or may be a result of human activity. However, even without ascertaining the specific causes, the most important finding in this work is to demonstrate that a significant rise in African temperatures occurred between 1979 and 2010.
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Zougmoré, Robert B., Samuel T. Partey, Mathieu Ouédraogo, Emmanuel Torquebiau, and Bruce M. Campbell. "Facing climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa: analysis of climate-smart agriculture opportunities to manage climate-related risks." Cahiers Agricultures 27, no. 3 (May 2018): 34001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2018019.
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In the literature, a lot of information is available about climate change perceptions and impacts in sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is limited attention in the region to emerging initiatives, technologies and policies that are tailored to building the adaptive capacity of agricultural systems to climate change and variability. In this paper, we discuss the prospects for climate-smart agriculture technologies and enabling policies in dealing with climate change and variability at different sub-regional levels of sub-Saharan Africa to sustain farm productivity and livelihoods of agrarian communities. The review provides substantial information suggesting that without appropriate interventions, climate change and variability will affect agricultural yields, food security and add to the presently unaceptable levels of poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. Although some of them were already existing, the past decades have seen the development and promotion of climate-smart agriculture innovations such as the use of high yielding drought tolerant crop varieties, climate information services, agricultural insurance, agroforestry, water harvesting techniques, integrated soil fertility management practices, etc. In the context of climate change, this appears as a stepping up approach to sustainably improving farm productivity, rural livelihoods and adaptive capacity of farmers and production systems while contributing to mitigation. The development of regional, sub-regional and national climate change policies and plans targeted at mitigating climate change and improving adaptive capacity of the African people have also been developed to enable mainstreaming of climate-smart agriculture into agricultural development plans. Financial commitments from governments and development agencies will be crucial for improving large scale adoption of climate-smart agriculture.
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Druyan, Leonard, and Matthew Fulakeza. "Downscaling Atmosphere-Ocean Global Climate Model Precipitation Simulations over Africa Using Bias-Corrected Lateral and Lower Boundary Conditions." Atmosphere 9, no. 12 (December 12, 2018): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9120493.
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A prequel study showed that dynamic downscaling using a regional climate model (RCM) over Africa improved the Goddard Institute for Space Studies Atmosphere-Ocean Global Climate Model (GISS AOGCM: ModelE) simulation of June–September rainfall patterns over Africa. The current study applies bias corrections to the lateral and lower boundary data from the AOGCM driving the RCM, based on the comparison of a 30-year simulation to the actual climate. The analysis examines the horizontal pattern of June–September total accumulated precipitation, the time versus latitude evolution of zonal mean West Africa (WA) precipitation (showing monsoon onset timing), and the latitude versus altitude cross-section of zonal winds over WA (showing the African Easterly Jet and the Tropical Easterly Jet). The study shows that correcting for excessively warm AOGCM Atlantic sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) improves the simulation of key features, whereas applying 30-year mean bias corrections to atmospheric variables driving the RCM at the lateral boundaries does not improve the RCM simulations. We suggest that AOGCM climate projections for Africa should benefit from downscaling by nesting an RCM that has demonstrated skill in simulating African climate, driven with bias-corrected SST.
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Zougmoré, Robert B., Peter Läderach, and Bruce M. Campbell. "Transforming Food Systems in Africa under Climate Change Pressure: Role of Climate-Smart Agriculture." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 4305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084305.
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Low-income producers and consumers of food in Africa are more vulnerable to climate change, owing to their comparatively limited ability to invest in more adapted institutions and technologies under increasing climatic risks. Therefore, the way we manage our food systems needs to be urgently changed if the goal is to achieve food security and sustainable development more quickly. This review paper analyzes the nexus “climate-smart agriculture-food systems-sustainable development” in order to draw sound ways that could allow rapid transformation of food systems in the context of climate change pressure. We followed an integrative review approach based on selected concrete example-experiences from ground-implemented projects across Africa (Ghana, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, in West Africa, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, and Tanzania in East Africa). Mostly composed of examples from the Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security (CCAFS) Research Program of the CGIAR (former Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) and its partners, these also included ground initiatives from non-CGIAR that could provide demonstrable conditions for a transformative agriculture and food systems. The lessons learnt from the ground implementation of climate-smart agriculture (CSA), in the African context, were instrumental to informing the actions areas of the food-system transformation framework suggested in this paper (reroute, de-risk, reduce, and realign). Selected CSA example-cases to inform these action areas included 24 initiatives across Africa, but with a focus on the following studies for an in-depth analysis: (1) the climate-smart village approach to generate knowledge on climate-smart agriculture (CSA) technologies and practices for their scaling, (2) the use of climate information services (CIS) to better manage climate variability and extremes, and (3) the science–policy interfacing to mainstream CSA into agricultural development policies and plans. The analysis of these examples showed that CSA can contribute driving a rapid change of food systems in Africa through: (1) the implementation of relevant climate-smart technologies and practices to reroute farming and rural livelihoods to new climate-resilient and low-emission trajectories; (2) the development and application of weather and climate information services (WCIS) that support de-risking of livelihoods, farms, and value chains in the face of increasing vagaries of weather and extreme events; (3) the use of climate-smart options that minimize waste of all the natural resources used for growing, processing, packaging, transporting, and marketing food, and therefore mitigating the carbon footprint attached to this food loss and waste; and (4) the realignment of policies and finance that facilitate action in the four proposed action areas through the identification of news ways to mobilize sustainable finance and create innovative financial mechanisms and delivery channels.
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Konare, A., C. Liousse, B. Guillaume, F. Solmon, P. Assamoi, R. Rosset, J. M. Gregoire, and F. Giorgi. "Combustion particulate emissions in Africa: regional climate modeling and validation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 2 (April 7, 2008): 6653–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-6653-2008.
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Abstract. Africa, as a major aerosol source in the world, plays a key role in regional and global geochemical cycles and climate change. Combustion carbonaceous particles, central in this context through their radiative and hygroscopic properties, require ad hoc emission inventories. These inventories must incorporate fossil fuels FF (industries, traffic,...), biofuels BF (charcoal, wood burning,... quite common in Africa for domestic use), and biomass burning BB regularly occurring over vast areas all over the African continent. This latter, subject to rapid massive demographic, migratory, industrial and socio-economic changes, requires continuous emission inventories updating, so as to keep pace with this evolution. Two such different inventories, L96 and L06 with main focus on BB emissions, have been implemented for comparison within the regional climate model RegCM3 endowed with a specialized carbonaceous aerosol module. Resulting modeled black carbon BC and organic carbon OC fields have been compared to past and present composite data set available in Africa. This data set includes measurements from intensive field campaigns (EXPRESSO 1996, SAFARI 2000), from the IDAF/DEBITS surface network and from MODIS, focused on selected west, central and southern African sub-domains. This composite approach has been adopted to take advantage of possible combinations between satellite high-resolution coverage of Africa, regional modeling, use of an established surface network, together with the patchy detailed knowledge issued from past short intensive regional field experiments. Stemming from these particular comparisons, one prominent conclusion is the need for continuous detailed time and spatial updating of combustion emission inventories apt to reflect the rapid transformations of the African continent.
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Fleshman, Michael. "Climate change: Africa gets ready." Africa Renewal 21, no. 2 (July 31, 2007): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/d65141c2-en.
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Diabaté, L., Ph Blanc, and L. Wald. "Solar radiation climate in Africa." Solar Energy 76, no. 6 (2004): 733–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2004.01.002.
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Thomson, Madeleine C., Simon Mason, Barbara Platzer, Abere Mihretie, Judy Omumbo, Gilma Mantilla, Pietro Ceccato, Michel Jancloes, and Stephen Connor. "Climate and health in Africa." Earth Perspectives 1, no. 1 (2014): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2194-6434-1-17.
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Jury, Mark R. "Climate trends in southern Africa." South African Journal of Science 109, no. 1/2 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/sajs.2013/980.
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Thomas, Christopher. "A changed climate in Africa?" Nature 427, no. 6976 (February 2004): 690–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/427690b.
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Early, Regan, Pablo González-Moreno, Sean T. Murphy, and Roger Day. "Forecasting the global extent of invasion of the cereal pest Spodoptera frugiperda, the fall armyworm." NeoBiota 40 (November 9, 2018): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.40.28165.
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Fall armyworm, Spodopterafrugiperda, is a crop pest native to the Americas, which has invaded and spread throughout sub-Saharan Africa within two years. Recent estimates of 20–50% maize yield loss in Africa suggest severe impact on livelihoods. Fall armyworm is still infilling its potential range in Africa and could spread to other continents. In order to understand fall armyworm’s year-round, global, potential distribution, we used evidence of the effects of temperature and precipitation on fall armyworm life-history, combined with data on native and African distributions to construct Species Distribution Models (SDMs). We also investigated the strength of trade and transportation pathways that could carry fall armyworm beyond Africa. Up till now, fall armyworm has only invaded areas that have a climate similar to the native distribution, validating the use of climatic SDMs. The strongest climatic limits on fall armyworm’s year-round distribution are the coldest annual temperature and the amount of rain in the wet season. Much of sub-Saharan Africa can host year-round fall armyworm populations, but the likelihoods of colonising North Africa and seasonal migrations into Europe are hard to predict. South and Southeast Asia and Australia have climate conditions that would permit fall armyworm to invade. Current trade and transportation routes reveal Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand face high threat of fall armyworm invasions originating from Africa.
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Fan, Jingyu, Pengxiang Wu, Tianqi Tian, Qilin Ren, Muhammad Haseeb, and Runzhi Zhang. "Potential Distribution and Niche Differentiation of Spodoptera frugiperda in Africa." Insects 11, no. 6 (June 21, 2020): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11060383.
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The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) is a serious agricultural pest. The species originates from the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas and has now become established in many countries. Its strong migratory ability is the key factor in the rapidly expanding range of S. frugiperda in Africa, where food security faces unprecedented challenges. Exploring potential distributions and niche differentiation of S. frugiperda could provide new insights into the nature of climate niche shifts and our ability to anticipate further invasions. In this study, the occurrence population records (native, source, global, and African) and environmental variables of S. frugiperda were selected to fit ecological niche models (ENMs), with an evaluation of niche conservatism during its invasion of Africa. The results showed that the potential distributions of S. frugiperda are mainly in tropical and subtropical areas in Africa. The climate spaces occupied by its native population and introduced African population broadly overlap. Although, climate niches were conserved during invasion of Africa, many climate spaces were unoccupied, suggesting a high remaining invasion potential in Africa. The selection of the biogeographic realm is an important factor in model construction, and has a great influence on the transferability of the models. Indeed, the global model produced the best performance, following the source and native models.
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Francisco Ribeiro, Priscilla, and Anyela Valentina Camargo Rodriguez. "Emerging Advanced Technologies to Mitigate the Impact of Climate Change in Africa." Plants 9, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9030381.
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Agriculture remains critical to Africa’s socioeconomic development, employing 65% of the work force and contributing 32% of GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Low productivity, which characterises food production in many Africa countries, remains a major concern. Compounded by the effects of climate change and lack of technical expertise, recent reports suggest that the impacts of climate change on agriculture and food systems in African countries may have further-reaching consequences than previously anticipated. Thus, it has become imperative that African scientists and farmers adopt new technologies which facilitate their research and provide smart agricultural solutions to mitigating current and future climate change-related challenges. Advanced technologies have been developed across the globe to facilitate adaptation to climate change in the agriculture sector. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), synthetic biology, and genomic selection, among others, constitute examples of some of these technologies. In this work, emerging advanced technologies with the potential to effectively mitigate climate change in Africa are reviewed. The authors show how these technologies can be utilised to enhance knowledge discovery for increased production in a climate change-impacted environment. We conclude that the application of these technologies could empower African scientists to explore agricultural strategies more resilient to the effects of climate change. Additionally, we conclude that support for African scientists from the international community in various forms is necessary to help Africans avoid the full undesirable effects of climate change.
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PANDY, Wayde R., and Christian M. ROGERSON. "CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS AND TOURISM IN SOUTH AFRICA: PROJECTIONS AND POLICY." GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 35, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/gtg.35224-671.
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The challenge of climate change and tourism is an evolving international knowledge domain. South Africa is one of the most vulnerable countries with respect to projected climate change. For the national tourism economy climate change is a significant topic of concern. The objectives in this article are to present climate change projections and potential impacts for South Africa’s tourism economy and to critically analyse the policy landscape concerning national government’s response to climate change as a whole and more specifically in relation to the tourism sector. It is shown key tourism assets of South Africa are at risk from the advance of climate change. The analysis discloses that the South African government has supported international efforts and obligations to address the challenge of climate change, commitments which have influenced policy development regarding tourism. Nevertheless, policy development towards climate change and tourism has not progressed greatly over the past decade. Arguably, this is an outcome of the overwhelming concentration in recent government tourism policy in South Africa towards issues of inclusivity and transformation.
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Nzabarinda, Vincent, Anming Bao, Wenqiang Xu, Solange Uwamahoro, Liangliang Jiang, Yongchao Duan, Lamek Nahayo, Tao Yu, Ting Wang, and Gang Long. "Assessment and Evaluation of the Response of Vegetation Dynamics to Climate Variability in Africa." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031234.
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Understanding the impacts of climate variability and change on terrestrial ecosystems in Africa remains a critical issue for ecology as well as for regional and global climate policy making. However, acquiring this knowledge can be useful for future predictions towards improved governance for sustainable development. In this study, we analyzed the spatial–temporal characteristics of vegetation greenness, and identified the possible relationships with climatic factors and vulnerable plant species across Africa. Using a set of robust statistical metrics on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI3g) for precipitation and temperature over 34 years from 1982 to 2015, relevant results were obtained. The findings show that, for NDVI, the annual rate of increase (0.013 y−1) was less than that of decrease (−0.014 y−1). In contrast, climate data showed a sharper increase than a marked decrease. Temperature is increasing while rainfall is decreasing, both at a sharp rate in central Africa. In Africa, tree cover, broadleaved, deciduous, closed to open (>15%) and shrubland plant species are critically endangered. The tropical vegetation devastated by the climate variability, causes different plant species to gradually perish; some were cleared out from the areas which experienced degradation, while others were from that of improvement. This study provides valuable information to African governments in order to improve environmental sustainability and development that will lead to the sustainability of natural resources.
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Fapohunda, Stephen O., and Annabella A. Adewunmi. "Climate change and mycotoxins." Croatian journal of food science and technology 11, no. 2 (November 29, 2019): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17508/cjfst.2019.11.2.09.
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The role of climate change on mycotoxin profile and activity was reviewed. The unprecedented spread and relocation experienced by some regulated mycotoxins on food and feed items were investigated. Aspergillus species and aflatoxin, originally associated with tropical and subtropical climate characteristics of Sub-Saharan Africa are now comfortable guests in temperate zones. The same applies to Fusarium and Penicilium species, earlier thought to be strictly specific to temperate regions of Europe, now encountered in tropical Africa, with their toxins like zearalenone and trichothecenes, particularly in recent surveillance studies. This review is an update on the unstable trend on a global mycotoxin map with reference to the obvious climatic dynamics, having Africa in view
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Abiodun, Gbenga J., Babatope O. Adebiyi, Rita O. Abiodun, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Kelechi E. Oladimeji, Abiodun M. Adeola, Olusola S. Makinde, et al. "Investigating the Resurgence of Malaria Prevalence in South Africa Between 2015 and 2018: A Scoping Review." Open Public Health Journal 13, no. 1 (April 24, 2020): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944502013010119.
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Background: Malaria remains a serious concern in most African countries, causing nearly one million deaths globally every year. This review aims to examine the extent and nature of the resurgence of malaria transmission in South Africa. Methods: Using the Arksey and O'Malley framework, this scoping review includes articles published between the years 2015 and 2018 on the resurgence of malaria occurrence in South Africa. Articles were searched between October 2018 to January 2019 using the following electronic databases: CINAHL, Pubmed, Science Direct and SCOPUS. Grey literature from Google Scholar was also hand searched. Key search terms and subject headings such as climate variables, climate changes, climatic factors, malaria resurgence, malaria reoccurrence and malaria increase over epidemic regions in South Africa were used to identify relevant articles. Three independent reviewers performed the selection and characterization of articles, and the data collected were synthesized qualitatively. Results: A total number of 534 studies were identified. Among these, 24 studies met the inclusion criteria. The results were grouped by factors (four main themes) that influenced the malaria resurgence: Climatic, Epidemiological, Socio-economic, and Environmental factors. Climatic factors were found to be the major factor responsible for the resurgence of malaria, as more than 55% of the selected articles were climate-focused. This was followed by epidemiological, socio-economic and environmental factors, in that order. Grey literature from Google Scholar yielded no results. Conclusion: This study shows that malaria transmission in South Africa is more associated with climate. Climate-based malaria models could be used as early warning systems for malaria over the epidemic regions in South Africa. Since epidemiological factors also play significant roles in malaria transmission, regular and unrelaxed use of Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) should be encouraged in these regions. Individuals should also be educated on the importance and the usefulness of these deliveries. While some studies have indicated that the vectors have developed resistance to insecticides, continuous research on developing new insecticides that could alter the resistance are encouraged. Furthermore, all efforts to eradicate malaria in South Africa must also target malaria-endemic neighbouring countries.
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Götz, Annette E., P. John Hancox, and Andrew Lloyd. "Permian climate change recorded in palynomorph assemblages of Mozambique (Moatize Basin, eastern Tete Province)." Acta Palaeobotanica 57, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acpa-2017-0001.
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Abstract Knowledge of Late Permian biodiversity patterns, following the end-Guadalupian crisis, is still in its infancy, since most recent studies have focused on the end-Permian biotic crisis. The palynological record of southern Africa, however, reveals major climatic changes during the Late Permian. Here we report new palynological data from eastern Tete Province of Mozambique, documenting the change from cool to warm temperate climates during the Lopingian. This prominent climate signal was also detected recently in other depositional environments elsewhere in southern Africa, and thus enables interregional temporal correlations.
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Jegede, Ademola Oluborode. "The Protection of Indigenous Peoples’ Lands by Domestic Legislation on Climate Change Response Measures: Exploring Potentials in the Regional Human Rights System of Africa." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 24, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 24–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02401003.
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The need for protecting indigenous peoples’ lands as human rights in domestic legislation dealing with climate change response measures, that is, initiatives meant to address adverse effects of climate change, has been emphasised in a range of resolutions and decisions made under the auspices of the United Nations Human Rights Council (unhrc) and the United Nations Framework on Climate Change Convention (unfccc). Where domestic legislation on climate change response measures fails to protect adequately indigenous peoples’ lands, what potentials exist within the African human rights system? Using Nigeria, Zambia and Tanzania as illustration, this article demonstrates how key legislation dealing with climate change response measures fails to protect indigenous peoples’ lands in Africa. It then explores potentials within the African regional human rights system for addressing the inadequate gap existing within domestic legislation on the protection of indigenous peoples’ lands in the context of climate change response measures in Africa.
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Hansungule, Michelo, and Ademola Oluborode Jegede. "The Impact of Climate Change on Indigenous Peoples’ Land Tenure and Use." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 21, no. 2 (June 12, 2014): 256–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02102004.
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In Africa, owing to a lifestyle that is culturally and collectively dependent on land and its natural resources, indigenous peoples are adversely affected by climate change. This is despite the fact that they contribute least to its cause. While this situation requires the protection of indigenous peoples’ land tenure and use, this is generally not yet the reality in the domestic laws of states in Africa. Premised on four propositions, this article makes a case for a regional policy to safeguard indigenous peoples’ land tenure and use in the light of climate change challenge in Africa. In the main, the propositions are: the indigenous peoples have a distinctive perception of land tenure and use relevant for adaptation and mitigation purposes; the land tenure and use is adversely affected by climate change; there is weak protection of indigenous peoples’ land tenure and use under the national and international climate change response frameworks, particularly the National Adaptation Programmes Plan of Action (napa) documentation as well as land-related Clean Development Mechanism (cdm) and redd+ mitigation initiatives; and there are emerging regional activities with the potential to crystallise into a statement of policy. The proposed policy which should embody detailed normative and institutional safeguards on land tenure and use, the article recommends, can be initiated by the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (amcen) and the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Commission) for the protection of indigenous peoples facing the adverse impact of climate change in Africa.
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Giddy, Julia K., Jennifer M. Fitchett, and Gijsbert Hoogendoorn. "Insight into American tourists’ experiences with weather in South Africa." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 38, no. 38 (December 20, 2017): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bog-2017-0034.
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Abstract Weather and climate are often important factors determining the success of a tourism destination and resultant satisfaction among tourists. This is particularly true for South Africa due the predominance of outdoor tourist attractions. Increasing numbers of international tourists have visited South Africa since the fall of apartheid, particularly those from the United States (U.S.), which is an important market for South African tourism. Therefore, this paper seeks to examine a sample of American tourists’ experience with day-to-day weather and climatic conditions in South Africa. The results show that although respondents did not feel that climatic conditions were an important factor in motivations to visit the country, the day-to-day weather did often impact the enjoyment of their visit. Most notably, weather controlled their ability to participate in outdoor activities. In correlating accounts of unpleasant weather conditions with the meteorological records, a close association emerged, particularly for excessively high temperatures. This indicates that the experiences of American tourists are an accurate indication of climatic unsuitability for tourism, which poses threats to the South African outdoor tourism sector.
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Lavery, Charne. "Antarctica and Africa: Narrating alternate futures." Polar Record 55, no. 5 (September 2019): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247419000743.
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AbstractAfrica has been marginalised in the history of Antarctica, a politics of exclusion (with the exception of Apartheid South Africa) reflected unsurprisingly by a dearth of imaginative, cultural and literary engagement. But, in addition to paleontological and geophysical links, Antarctica has increasing interrelationship with Africa’s climactic future. Africa is widely predicted to be the continent worst affected by climate change, and Antarctica and its surrounding Southern Ocean are uniquely implicated as crucial mediators for changing global climate and currents, rainfall patterns, and sea level rise. This paper proposes that there are in fact several ways of imagining the far South from Africa in literary and cultural terms. One is to read against the grain for southern-directed perspectives in existing African literature and the arts, from southern coastlines looking south; another is to reexamine both familiar and new, speculative narratives of African weather – drought, flood and change – for their Antarctic entanglements. In the context of ongoing work on postcolonial Antarctica and calls to decolonise Antarctic studies – such readings can begin to bridge the Antarctica–Africa divide.
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Rogerson, Christian M., and Jayne M. Rogerson. "Climate therapy and the development of South Africa as a health resort, c.1850–1910." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 52, no. 52 (June 1, 2021): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2021-0017.
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Abstract Historical research is undeveloped concerning tourism in sub-Saharan Africa. This research contributes to scholarship about the history of tourism for climate and health. In South Africa the beginnings of international tourism are associated with its emergence as a health resort and to climate therapy. Using archival sources an analysis is undertaken of the factors that influenced the emergence of South Africa as a health destination during the 19th century. Climate therapy was of particular interest for the treatment of consumption or tuberculosis. Arguably, the perceived therapeutic regenerative qualities of South Africa's climate became a driver for the development of a form of international tourism that pre-dated the country's emergence as a leisure tourism destination.
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Kala, Namrata, Pradeep Kurukulasuriya, and Robert Mendelsohn. "The impact of climate change on agro-ecological zones: evidence from Africa." Environment and Development Economics 17, no. 6 (August 10, 2012): 663–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x12000241.
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AbstractThis study predicts the impact of climate change on African agriculture. We use a generalized linear model (GLM) framework to estimate the relationship between the proportion of various Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZs) in a district and climate. Using three climate scenarios, we project how climate change will cause AEZs to shift, causing changes in acreage and net revenue per hectare of cropland. Our results predict that Africa will suffer heavy annual welfare losses by 2070–2100, ranging between US$14 billion and US$70 billion, depending on the climate scenario and cropland measure considered.
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Whittleston, D., S. E. Nicholson, A. Schlosser, and D. Entekhabi. "Climate Models Lack Jet–Rainfall Coupling over West Africa." Journal of Climate 30, no. 12 (June 2017): 4625–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0579.1.
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Changes in large-scale dynamics over West Africa—the strength and position of zonal jets—are a key interim step by which local and remote forcing is communicated into changes in rainfall. This study identifies a key mode of jet variability and demonstrates how it is strongly coupled with rainfall. The approach provides a quantitative framework to assess jet–rainfall coupling and a useful tool to investigate the concerning spread in CMIP5 rainfall projections over the West African Sahel. It is shown that many CMIP5 simulations fail to capture this coupling, indicating a fundamental limitation in their ability to predict future rainfall conditions. The results demonstrate that West African rainfall in the coming CMIP6 ensemble should be interpreted with caution; key atmospheric processes that deliver rainfall must be validated before conducting detailed analysis on rainfall.
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Mills, K., D. B. Ryves, N. J. Anderson, C. L. Bryant, and J. J. Tyler. "Expressions of climate perturbations in western Ugandan crater lake sediment records during the last 1000 yr." Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 5 (September 10, 2013): 5183–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-5183-2013.
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Abstract. Equatorial East Africa has a complex, regional patchwork of climate regimes, with multiple interacting drivers. Recent studies have focussed on large lakes and reveal signals that are smoothed in both space and time, and, whilst useful at a continental scale, are of less relevance when understanding short-term, abrupt or immediate impacts of climate and environmental changes. Smaller-scale studies have highlighted spatial complexity and regional heterogeneity of tropical palaeoenvironments in terms of responses to climatic forcing (e.g. the Little Ice Age [LIA]) and questions remain over the spatial extent and synchroneity of climatic changes seen in East African records. Sediment cores from paired crater lakes in western Uganda were examined to assess ecosystem response to long-term climate and environmental change as well as testing responses to multiple drivers using redundancy analysis. These archives provide annual to sub-decadal records of environmental change. The records from the two lakes demonstrate an individualistic response to external (e.g. climatic) drivers, however, some of the broader patterns observed across East Africa suggest that the lakes are indeed sensitive to climatic perturbations such as a dry Mediaeval Climate Anomaly (MCA; 1000–1200 AD) and a relatively drier climate during the main phase of the LIA (1500–1800 AD); though lake levels in western Uganda do fluctuate. The relationship of Ugandan lakes to regional climate drivers breaks down c. 1800 AD, when major changes in the ecosystems appear to be a response to sediment and nutrient influxes as a result of increasing cultural impacts within the lake catchments. The data highlight the complexity of individual lake response to climate forcing, indicating shifting drivers through time. This research also highlights the importance of using multi-lake studies within a landscape to allow for rigorous testing of climate reconstructions, forcing and ecosystem response.