To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Climate refugees.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Climate refugees'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Climate refugees.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Clarin, Malin. "Climate refugees, refugees or under own protection? : A comparative study between climate refugees and refugees embraced by the United Nations Refugee Convention." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för samhälls- och livsvetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-7685.
Full textAbstract:
Global warming is a current topic on the international agenda. The rise of temperature in the atmosphere threatens populations living on island, deltas and coastal areas, and people living nearby the Arctic and areas covered by permafrost are threatened. In turn this leads to the people in these areas being projected to be homeless or displaced due to climate change and the rising numbers of natural disasters. Those people are what you can label as climate refugees. According to IOM and Brown (2001) climate refugees are persons who for compelling reasons of change in the environment which change their living conditions have to escape their homes, either within their country or abroad.The United Nations Refugee Convention is the binding legislation followed by 147 (in 2008) of the UN member states. Either the UN Refugee Convention or any other international law recognizes climate refugees, and those people are due to that not granted any legal status. Who will protect these people when they have to escape their homes? This paper aims to explore what distinguish climate refugees from the refugees embraced by the UN Refugee Convention by a comparative literature review, for in this way be able to recognize the assumptions that make the United Nations to not classify climate refugees with refugee status. Both groups of refugees has in common that they live under the pressured decision they have to make as they flee their native homes to ensure their own and their families survival according to Grove (2006).In the long run both climate refugees and the UN Refugee Convention embraced refugees face the same traumatic experiences escaping their homes and have due to that the similar right to get the same mental help and be protected under international law. But populations facing the effects of global warming do not want to leave their land and believe it is an issue of human rights.
2
Emrich, Merle. "International biopolitics and “climate refugees” as bare life. A Critical Discourse Analysis of how the UN’s framing of “climate refugees” impacts climate related global humanitarian migration and refugee governance." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23429.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis investigates how the United Nations’ (UN) framing of “climate refugees” impacts global humanitarian migration and refugee governance in the context of anthropogenic climate change in which border zones become spaces of biopolitical decision making which impacts both governance strategies and International Relations as an academic field. It argues from a poststructuralist perspective that the UN’s discourse centred around climate change related human movement, the issue of “climate refugees” is downplayed, and “climate refugees” become bare life while their claims to legal protection are delegitimised. Thus, despite the concept of “climate refugees” becoming increasingly important in the Anthropocene, the UN’s discourse has remained vastly unchanged since McNamara’s analysis of it in 2007. The UN’s governance related discourse and reasoning concerning “climate refugees” and (humanitarian) global governance is explored through a Critical Discourse Analysis that examines a set of official UN documents which are relevant to the issue of forced human movement in the context of anthropogenic climate change.
3
Tedenljung, Amanda. "Climate Change and Forced Migration : How Climate Refugees fit into EU Asylum Law." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412272.
Full textAbstract:
Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing humankind and its effects will hit the most vulnerable persons disproportionately hard. Several millions of people risk displacement due to environmental hazards, natural disasters and climate mediated conflicts, influencing migration patterns across the world. Without a strategy for protecting specifically climate refugees, States risk violating several human rights, which makes the issue highly relevant to the international community. Nevertheless, an intergovernmental strategy for addressing the challenges does not yet exist. This thesis focuses specifically on the European Union’s role in protecting climate refugees. It offers an analysis of the mechanical and attitudinal dimensions of refugee protection in the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) and uses post-colonial theory as a tool for interpreting its implementation. This thesis is written with the purpose of contributing to the discourse on how climate refugees can and should fit in under current EU legislative mechanisms.
4
Galfi, Björkman Amanda. "Who is a climate refugee? A critical discursive analysis on what the factors are for the EU not reaching a common definition for the term climate refugee." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22684.
Full textAbstract:
There is a global concern for climate induced migration and a concern on how to tackle climate refugees. Climate refugees is a term that is not yet defined both internationally and at a European Union level. This thesis is researching the relation between climate refugees and the European Union. By using a critical discourse analysis this thesis analyses the internal factors for the European Union not reaching a common definition for the term climate refugee. By using material from the EU official website this thesis focuses on the textual, discursive and social practices based in Fairclough’s three dimensional model. This thesis found five factors for the European Union not reaching a common definition: the view on security, the lack of responsibility, financial and national interests and a view on that climate refugees are not a European problem.
5
Ahmed, Lamia, and Mariia Smoliakova. "Beyond survival: Building resilient communities through co-creation for the Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh." Thesis, KTH, Stadsbyggnad, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297395.
Full textAbstract:
With our project, we are focusing on the Rohingya refugee issue. In 2017 thousands of people had to cross the borders of Myanmar due to mass genocide triggered by ethnic cleansing and around 800,000 of them flee to Bangladesh as refugees. Whereas, Bangladesh has 2 million informal settlers of its own known as internally displaced people (IDPs) who have been displaced due to extreme climatic conditions. So, we are dealing with the issue of how refugees can coexist in a country where there are already thousands homeless. Currently, the government has built a settlement for 100,000 people on a newly emerged island, Bhashan Char in the Bay of Bengal. Thousands of Rohingya refugees are already being relocated there. However, with the predicted sea-level rise not only the island but the majority of the coastal area of Bangladesh might go underwater. Our project is an attempt to imagine a resilient community, where both refugees and Bangladeshi people will be able to coexist in Bhashan Char, build empathy for each other, and be connected with the surroundings. Simultaneously, be able to co-develop preparedness for future changes connected to sea-level rise using local potential. Hence, the aim of our project is to establish conditions of co-existence for the refugees and IDPs of Bangladesh where they can co-create resilient communities in connection with the local context and the changing environment.
6
Sim, Kenna Lorraine. "Beyond Climate Victims and Climate Saviours : Shifting the Debate on Migration-As-Adaptation Narratives." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för migration, etnicitet och samhälle (REMESO), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177000.
Full textAbstract:
The nexus between migration and climate change is a topic that has received growing attention in both policymaking and mainstream media. While it has long been acknowledged that gender shapes the migratory process and the impacts of climate change are gendered, most discussions concerning migration and climate change have failed to incorporate a gender perspective into their analysis. At the same time, the international community, through the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and other initiatives, has committed itself to eradicating gender inequality. This has resulted in more institutions incorporating gender into their analyses of migration and climate change. While these commitments to developing a more nuanced understanding of migration in the context of climate change have been welcomed, it has been questioned how these institutions incorporate gender in their analyses and how this in turn impacts climate change adaptation efforts and migration policy. The aim of this study is to investigate how the relationship between gender, migration, and climate change is articulated in discourses at the level of international institutions, analyzing these discourses through a decolonial perspective. Using critical discourse analysis, the empirical material analyzed includes reports from international institutions that discuss migration and climate change. The findings suggest that the selected institutions tend to treat gender as a variable and focus on measurable, material impacts. While there is a possible discursive shift towards a more intersectional understanding of gender and social inequality, women are often perceived as an inherently vulnerable group. This feeds into a wider ‘feminization of vulnerability’ discourse that is present in climate change studies. An additional finding is migration is optimistically framed as a means of empowerment for women. This empowering discourse tends to promote individual agency over structural changes when it comes to climate change, aligning itself with neoliberal discourses and potentially obscuring larger questions pertaining to climate and mobility justice.
7
Kaufmann, Wanja. "Vulnerabilities in a Wetter World : A study on migration as an adaptation strategy to climate change, with under-five mortality as an intermediating variable." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-376870.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis strives to examine firstly if migration is a significant adaptation strategy to the experience of abundant precipitation, and secondly whether under-five mortality works attenuating or enhancing when being an intermediating factor. With cross-country panel data for precipitation and migration percentage for 169 countries over the world for the time period 1950-2005, a fixed effect model has been created for both parts of the analysis — in the first one to estimate the effects of abundant precipitation on migration flows, and in the second one to examine if and how the mortality rates of children under the age of five works as driver on the effect between abundant precipitation and migration. The results illustrated a positive and significant effect of precipitation on migration when same-year data was used. For the five-year lag data and the ten-year lag data, the null hypothesis which indicates that there is no relationship between the variables could not be rejected, but there were still results that indicated that the migration goes up in a five-year perspective and decreases in a ten-year perspective. The results from the first part of the analysis do not illustrate enormous effects. For the second part of the analysis, results show that the effect of precipitation on under-five mortality does, in contrary to the stated hypothesis, implicate an attenuation as opposed to an enhancement of the effect of precipitation on migration. Due to low precision and non-significant results, it is not possible to determine how exactly the effects are directly affecting each other. This thesis has however helped to prove that one can reject that the effects are strongly enhancing each other.
8
Svantesson, Hanna. "Where to Live When My State is Submerged Under Water? : A Study of the International Legal Protection for Climate Refugees." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-76483.
Full text
9
Herrault, Joel. "Refuge from Climate Change? : The Principle of Non-Refoulement under the ICCPR and the ECHR in the Context of Climate Change." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-438698.
Full textAbstract:
In the early 1990s the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicted that the gravest effects of climate change could be on human migration, as millions would be displaced by coastal erosion, flooding, and drought. Today, this is considered a reality that is coming ever closer. Yet, there are currently no binding international frameworks dedicated to the issue of climate induced migration. In addition, the current regime of international refugee law is woefully inadequate at responding to the issue. Individuals that do not fall under the refugee definition are thus commonly left with the general scope of international human rights law standards, so-called complementary protection. On these premises, this thesis sets out to examine the circumstances under which the non-refoulement principle in international human rights law could be applied in the context of climate change effects and especially slow onset processes, and how the principle could potentially be developed. Principally through examining jurisprudence concerning the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights, this thesis finds that while there is a possibility for non-refoulement obligations to arise due to the effects of climate change, the precise scope of such protection is unclear. Although case law has emerged and continues to do so, the complex nature of climate induced migration and the undeveloped jurisprudence on this issue leaves important questions unanswered. This thesis finds that there seems to be no obvious response to the question whether climate change is a relevant factor in the legal analysis of non-refoulement claims, and whether it should be. Furthermore, there are great challenges in discerning the required intensity of harm for the threshold to be met and protection to be granted. In addition, this thesis finds that applying the non-refoulement principle in the context of slow onset processes entails several difficulties, particularly concerning the timing and prediction of the harm. It is therefore concluded that, as long as there is no framework dedicated to the issue of climate induced migration, clarity will be much needed in case law as to the scope of non-refoulement obligations in the context of, especially, slow onset processes due to climate change.
10
Berglund, Moa. "Refugees, Migrants or Displaced People? : A framing analysis of EU and UN problem definitions and advocated solutions in the debate on climate change induced displacement." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-373948.
Full text
11
Nordenberg, Michael. "Klimatflyktingar, en fråga om samarbete? : En studie om internationellt samarbete i kontexten klimatflyktingar." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-21966.
Full textAbstract:
I takt med att de globala klimatförändringarna fortsätter kommer konsekvenserna bli allt mer ödesdigra. Vissa av dessa konsekvenser förbises ofta i den globala debatten och i världspolitikens inflytelserika kretsar. Uppskattningar gör gällande att så många som 200 miljoner människor blivit förskjutna som en konsekvens av klimatförändringarna. Detta aktualiserar frågan om klimatflyktingar. Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera varför det internationella samarbetet gällande klimatflyktingar kan betraktas som begränsat. För att närmre studera denna fråga har jag gjort en case study, en tolkande kvalitativ textanalys. Liberalism och realism används som teoretiskt ramverk, som redskap för analysen. De centrala slutsatserna är främst att det för närvarande existerar ett definitionsproblem vad gäller klimatflyktingar, det finns ekonomiska hinder för samarbete och frågan betraktas som ett problem begränsat till låginkomstländer känsliga för klimatförändringar.As the global climate changes continue the consequences will increase. Some of these consequences are often overlooked in the global debate and influential circles of world politics. Estimations speak of as many as 200 million displaced persons as a consequence of climate change. This brings to the fore the question of climate refugees. The aim of this paper is to study why the international cooperation regarding climate refugees can be seen as limited. To closer look upon this issue I am doing a case study, an interpretative qualitative text analysis. Liberalism and realism are used as theoretical frame, as tools in the analysis. The central conclusions are that it currently exists a problem of definition regarding climate refugees, there are economic obstacles for cooperation and the question is perceived as a problem limited to low income countries fragile for climate change.
12
Ginyard, Johannes. "Den försvinnande staten Tuvalu : En fallstudie om klimatflyktingars rättigheter och staters ansvar." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-26189.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis aimed to, with the help of a case study, investigate and discuss state responsibility towards climate refugees. The state of Tuvalu was selected because of their vulnerability as a low-lying island state. This was fulfilled by on-site study how the state Tuvalu acted to climate threats, determine if the future migrants from Tuvalu can be counted as climate refugees and find out if they are by that definition included by the UN Refugee Convention. The result indicated that the state of Tuvalu is adapting to climate threats, that in the future the population can be seen as climate refugees, if they are forced from their homes due to climate change, and that they, despite that definition, can not be included by the UN Refugee Convention. The study also indicates a need for greater international protection of climate refugees by, for example, an expansion of the UN Refugee Convention so that these vulnerable people do not fall into oblivion due to a question of definition.
13
Fernandes, Elizabeth Alves. "Movimentos desiguais: reflexões sobre a proteção internacional das pessoas forçadas a se deslocar por causas ambientais agravadas pelas mudanças climáticas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2140/tde-06092016-151724/.
Full textAbstract:
Os deslocamentos forçados de pessoas em que presente causa ambiental são resultado de uma função complexa que envolve diversos fatores caracterizantes da vulnerabilidade. Em razão do potencial de agravamento da degradação ambiental e da exacerbação de eventos climáticos extremos, as mudanças climáticas apresentam-se como fator multiplicador de ameaças para o movimento de pessoas. O princípio da responsabilidade primária do Estado para a proteção de direitos humanos parece afastar a responsabilidade dos demais Estados para o enfrentamento do problema, mas o fato é que, muitas vezes, o próprio Estado de origem não é capaz de garantir proteção efetiva às comunidades vulneráveis mais impactadas, além de fluxos externos de deslocamentos por causas ambientais já serem observados. Por outro lado, os sistemas internacionais de proteção da pessoa humana, por meio do direito humanitário, do direito dos refugiados e dos direitos humanos, não enfrentam adequadamente a totalidade do problema. O tema aponta um novo momento de reconstrução dos direitos humanos, de natureza global, que deve enfrentar violações de direitos humanos por agentes indefinidos, conectados, cumulativos e globais. A interdependência das causas requer a interdependência para a solução. O enfrentamento adequado do problema necessita de uma mudança de foco, da responsabilização por dano transfronteiriço para a responsabilidade em cooperar.The forced displacement of people with environmental causes result of a complex function that involves several factors characterizing vulnerability. Because of the potential for worsening environmental degradation and the exacerbation of extreme weather events, climate change presents itself as threat multiplier factor for the movement of people. The principle of primary responsibility of the State for the protection of human rights seems to exclude the responsibility of other States to deal with the problem, but the fact is that, often, the State of origin is not able to guarantee effective protection to vulnerable communities, which are the most impacted, as well as external flows of people with environmental causes are already be observed. Moreover, the international systems of protection of the human being, through humanitarian law, refugee law and human rights, do not properly face the problem. The theme indicates a new moment for human rights, global in nature, that must face human rights violations by undefined, connected, cumulative and global agents. Interdependence of causes requires the interdependence for the solution. The adequate confrontation of the problem requires a change of focus, from the accountability for transboundary damage to the responsibility to cooperate.
14
Costa, Claudia Silvana da. "Refugiados no contexto das mudanças ambientais." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/6671.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:38:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
3618.pdf: 3675621 bytes, checksum: c80eab61aef75285d92e67dd1f57e718 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2011-03-21This thesis aims to focus on the construction of a subject called environmental refugee, new social group s formation that came from an adverse context, caused by the damaging effects of climate changes at its land which became inhabitable and inhospitable. Like that, unlike other refugees who leaved their countries for political, ethnic-religious, economical or social reasons, environmental refugees unwittingly has to leave their countries once in their lands has no way of survival because of the deleterious effects caused by climate change that are in the process, making certain territorial bases in social production and identity of peoples. Accordingly to the United Nations (UN) data, the number of environmental refugees on the planet will increase significantly over the next few years, mostly will come from Africa and from its other small Islands, which are those with greater vulnerability to the impacts of climate changes because of their geographical location, becoming like that, the potential environmental refugees. This way, trying to contribute to build a larger problematic for this matter inside a context that shows how necessary is to designate a definition that fits ruight this kind of refugees and to build a new legal framework guaranteeing to this group human being conditions, taking by example the case of São Tomé e Príncipe, small African s Island considered as States, with the clipping sample of Ilha de São Tomé, which is already under the risks of climate effects on its territory and with potential environmental refugees, providing like that, a reflection about the challenges of the environmental refugees, placing them on the spot of the legal Constitution.
Esta tese tem como objetivo focalizar a construção de um sujeito denominado refugiado ambiental, novo grupo social em formação, constituído a partir de um contexto adverso, ocasionado pelos efeitos deletérios das mudanças climáticas no território de origem que o tornaram inabitável e inviável para sobrevivência. Assim, diferentemente dos demais refugiados que deixam seus países por motivos de perseguição política, étnicoreligiosas, econômicas ou sociais, os refugiados ambientais involuntariamente deixam seu espaço de pertencimento por estarem desterritorializados em razão dos efeitos deletérios provocados pelas mudanças climáticas que estão em processo, inviabilizando determinadas bases territoriais na produção social e identitária dos povos internos. De acordo com os dados da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), haverá nos próximos anos um aumento significativo do número de refugiados ambientais no planeta, provindos, principalmente, da África e dos pequenos Estados insulares, que, em decorrência da localização geográfica, serão os que apresentam maior vulnerabilidade aos impactos das mudanças climáticas, sendo, assim, potenciais refugiados ambientais. Deste modo, visando contribuir com a construção de uma problemática maior desse sujeito num contexto em que se mostre necessária a readequação do conceito de refugiado e da constituição de um novo arcabouço jurídico legal que garanta a este grupo condições de um ser humano, tomaremos como exemplo o caso de São Tomé e Príncipe, pequeno Estado insular africano, com o recorte amostral da Ilha de São Tomé, que já se encontra diante dos riscos dos efeitos do clima em seu território e com potenciais refugiados ambientais, proporcionando, com isso, a reflexão para os novos desafios postos à questão dos refugiados ambientais como sujeitos em constituição.
15
Más, Heyd Fernandes. "Ecomigrantes, refugiados ou deslocados ambientais: populações vulneráveis e mudança climática." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2011. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1030.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:33:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Heyd Fernandes Mas.pdf: 1079752 bytes, checksum: 82eab0a040cdf6cd44d66e0397301819 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2011-08-29Droughts, floods, severe storms, melting ice caps and consequent rise in sea level are some of the consequences of climate change. Concerning the human side of the climate change, some experts estimate that 200 million to 250 million people will be forced off their land by mid-century and the European Union itself has already established that migration pressure will increase substantially due to this issue. Considering this scenario, it becomes urgent that the rights of thousands of individuals and groups of people displaced by the climate change be recognized. Nowadays, there is no framework convention able to provide protection and assistance for those affected populations. In fact, this new category of climate or environmental misallocated persons, refugees or migrants seems to be problematic and controversial. Two different options are presented as a viable legal solution for this impasse: the first one would be to consider them as a type of refugee in this sense the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees should be reviewed; the second one points to the direction of a negotiation of a new convention, and therefore a terminological definition based on the human rights law or specifically on the climate change by enhancing the international legal mechanisms for the construction of guiding principles to deal with this new category of misallocated people. This discussion, which is blended with the need of deepening knowledge on the matter of climate and international environmental law, is intrinsically related to the issues of human rights and citizenship, expressed, in a wider range global one where it could be named the matter of global citizenship, as consequence of solidarity among all peoples. Even though there are still possible contradictions between the affirmation of human rights and the classical concept of citizenship, the existence of global matters as the climate change must lead to the affirmation of solidarity among all people.
Secas, inundações, tempestades, derretimento das calotas polares e consequente elevação do nível do mar são alguns dos efeitos das alterações climáticas. Em relação à face humana da mudança climática, especialistas da União Europeia estimam que de 200 a 250 milhões de pessoas serão forçadas a deixar suas terras em meados do século e que a pressão migratória irá aumentar substancialmente em função dessa problemática. Diante desta realidade, torna-se urgente que os direitos de milhares de indivíduos e grupos de pessoas que fazem parte dessas populações afetadas sejam reconhecidos. Atualmente, não existe convenção-quadro que possa oferecer proteção e assistência a tais grupos ou indivíduos. Inclusive, o fato é que esta nova categoria de deslocados, ecomigrantes, refugiados ambientais ou refugiados do clima apresenta-se como problemática e controversa. Duas possibilidades bastante distintas se apresentam como solução jurídica a esse impasse: a primeira seria considerá-los como uma espécie de refugiados - neste sentido, a Convenção de 1951, relativa ao Estatuto dos Refugiados, deveria ser revista; a segunda solução aponta para negociação de uma nova convenção e, portanto, uma adequação terminológica a partir do prisma dos direitos humanos ou especificamente da mudança climática por meio do aprimoramento dos mecanismos jurídicos internacionais existentes para construção de princípios de orientação para lidar com esta nova categoria de pessoas deslocadas. Essa discussão, permeada pela necessidade de aprofundamento de conhecimento sobre a questão do clima e do direito ambiental internacional, relaciona-se intrinsicamente com a problemática dos direitos humanos e cidadania, expressados em um alcance mais amplo que o usual âmbito global onde se destaca o tema da cidadania global, decorrente da solidariedade entre os povos. Ainda que possam existir contradições entre a afirmação dos direitos humanos e o clássico conceito de cidadania, a existência de problemas globais, tal como a mudança do clima, deve conduzir a afirmação da solidariedade entre povos.
16
Vikingsson, Amanda. "Vem kallar du för ´klimatflykting´? : En studie över hur svenska dagstidningar gestaltar klimatflyktingar." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för miljö- och livsvetenskaper (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-71907.
Full textAbstract:
Medeltemperaturen på jorden har höjts med 1 grad sedan förindustriell tid. Effekterna av denna temperaturhöjning visar sig i form av förhöjda havsnivåer, smältande havsis i Arktis och extrema väderförhållanden. Inom internationell politik är det numera erkänt att migration är och förblir den i särklass största effekten av klimatförändringarna. Termen ’klimatflyktingar’ används som gemensam benämning för människor som tvingas fly sina hem på grund av klimatförändringar. Studien ämnar undersöka hur klimatflyktingar gestaltas i svenska dagstidningar efter klimatmötet i Paris 2015. Studien syftar vidare till att belysa vilka maktförhållanden som existerar i kontexten kring denna term. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys används för att analysera artiklar från ett antal utvalda svenska dagstidningar. Ett teoretiskt ramverk bestående av gestaltningsteori och politisk ekologi hjälper till att tolka de sju teman som analysen resulterat i. Resultatet visar att klimatflyktingar avhumaniseras och förstås som en negativ effekt av klimatförändringarna. De som rymmer under termen vill dock inte associeras med den. I Sverige finns en tydlig tendens till förnekelse inför de problem som världen idag står inför till följd av den globala uppvärmningen. Samtidigt råder en stark tilltro till ekologisk modernisering. Röster inom internationell politik vill erkänna klimatflyktingar i internationell lag. Inget större agerande görs dock för att hjälpa människor som dagligen förlorar sina hem till kusterosion, förstörda jordbruksmarker eller översvämningar.The mean global temperatures have been rising with one degree since pre-industrial time. Effects is shown in the world today in terms of sea level rising, loss of sea ice in Artic and extreme weather conditions. International politics now states that migration is the single biggest effect caused by climate change. The term ‘climate refugees’ is used as a definition of humans forced to flee their homes due to climate change. The purpose of the thesis is to show how the Swedish daily newspapers frame climate refugees after the climate conference in Paris in 2015. The purpose is more over to highlight existing power relations in this context. A qualitative content analysis is used on articles chosen from a number of Swedish daily papers. Political ecology and framing theory construct a theoretical framework, which helps to understand the themes which occurred in the analysis. The result shows a dehumanization of climate refugees. Climate refugees is highlighted as a negative effect of climate change. However, the term is rejected by people associated with it. In Sweden, there is a sense of denial to the problems caused around the world due to climate change. Faith is placed into ecological modernization. Voices in international politics states the urge to acknowledge the definition of ‘climate refugees’ in to international law. Not much help is offered to people who have lost their home to coastal erosion, flooding or destroyed lands.
17
Collins, Dominic Noel. "Forced Migration and Resettlement in the Pacific - Development of a Model addressing the Resettlement of Forced Migrants in the Pacific Islands Region from Analysis of the Banaban and Bikinian Cases." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Social and Political Sciences, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3234.
Full textAbstract:
There are currently several potential threats to the long-term habitability of many atolls and islands in the Pacific Islands region, with environmental change appearing the most serious. Minimal attention has been given to the possibility that migrants forced from uninhabitable islands will require resettlement en masse, and assessing past resettlements is crucial to planning for what the future my hold.
Population resettlement is not a new phenomenon in the Pacific Islands region, yet recently it has been neglected by academics. This study builds on past work by Bedford and assesses the current literature in the fields of population resettlement and forced migration, finding that the situation threatening the Pacific Islands is not adequately addressed by any of the planning or analytical tools available. A model based predominantly on the work of Cernea and Muggah was developed by the author to account for this theoretical shortcoming.
The model is used to assess the past cases of resettlement from Banaba and Bikini Atoll, identifying variables which influence the success of resettlement. Conclusions are drawn from the case studies and recommendations for how to avoid negative outcomes in future resettlements are made. This study advances the current literature, provides an in-depth analysis of pressing yet hitherto avoided issues, and can inform both foreign and domestic policy planning in not just Pacific Island states, but receiver states and other potentially effected islands or atolls regardless of region.
18
Morrissey, James. "Mobility in context : exploring the impact of environmental stress on mobility decisions in northern Ethiopia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a18572b7-1ff1-49b5-8188-07a95e85f4bb.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the relationship between environmental stress and human mobility with a view to understanding the impacts of climate change on human migration. Using a conjuncture of political ecology and migration theory, it firstly explores the literature on 'environmental refugees' identifying a distinction between general agreement on the existence of a relationship between environmental stress and migration, and debate over the appropriateness of the 'environmental refugee' as a suitable means for representing that relationship. Secondly this conjuncture is used to examine accounts from farmers and migrants in northern Ethiopia, with a focus on understanding how environmental and non-environmental factors interact to shape mobility decisions in a context of environmental stresses, thought analogous to those predicted to accompany future climate change. The principal finding of the study is that although environmental stress matters in mobility decisions, it does so due to the context of non-environmental factors in which it occurs, not in spite of them. With this in mind the work provides a framework of additive, vulnerability, enabling and barrier effects as a means for elaborating our understanding of how environmental and non-environmental factors interact to determine mobility strategies in a context of environmental stress. Focussing on the role of non-environmental factors, the work reveals that while biophysical features operate at a macro-scale to shape mobility decisions, these decisions are determined by non-environmental features operating at a micro-scale. The research then traces differences in the existence of these micro-scale, non-environmental, factors across two field sites, finding that their origins lie in both historical and contemporary forces of regional and global political economy. As such, the work concludes that understanding the relationship between climate change and human migration will require a contextualisation of that relationship within this broader framework.
19
Ramos, Érika Pires. "Refugiados ambientais: em busca de reconhecimento pelo direito internacional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-10082012-162021/.
Full textAbstract:
A presente tese tem como pano de fundo a crescente preocupação com os impactos das alterações no meio ambiente global e objetiva a análise da dimensão humana dessas mudanças, que emergem do cenário de insegurança, riscos e incertezas acentuado com o recente debate internacional sobre mudanças climáticas. A ocorrência cada vez mais frequente de desastres ambientais e a progressiva degradação de recursos ambientais essenciais, comprometendo gravemente a vida e a segurança de indivíduos, grupos e comunidades inteiras em todo o mundo, a ponto de inviabilizar a sobrevivência em seus locais de origem, ensejam novas situações jurídicas que precisam ser reguladas pelo Direito Internacional. Nesse contexto, dois pontos centrais conduzem o presente estudo: a emergência de uma nova categoria de pessoas na ordem internacional e a ausência de proteção jurídica pelos instrumentos internacionais vigentes. As dificuldades em torno do consenso sobre uma definição jurídica e a natureza do regime de proteção, tomando-se como base as normas vigentes de Direito Internacional dos Refugiados, de Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos e do Direito Internacional do Meio Ambiente, deixam à mostra as limitações do Direito Internacional Público atual para conferir um tratamento adequado à complexidade do problema em questão. Nesse sentido, uma resposta internacional adequada exige, de um lado, o reconhecimento do status jurídico próprio para a nova categoria; de outro, a construção de estratégias de prevenção e combate das múltiplas causas que forçam os deslocamentos. Para suprir a lacuna normativa existente propõe-se uma abordagem integrada, identificando elementos importantes nos regimes internacionais que possam contribuir para a construção de um compromisso global inovador e compatível com a nova dinâmica internacional.This thesis has as its background the growing concern about the impacts of global environmental changes and aims the analysis of the human dimension of these changes, which emerge from the scenario of insecurity, risks and uncertainties highlighted with the recent international debate on climate change. The increasingly frequent occurrence of environmental disasters and a gradual deterioration of essential environmental resources, severely compromising the lives and safety of individuals, groups and entire communities around the world as to render them unfit for survival in their homes, create new legal situations which need to be regulated by International Law. In this context, two central points lead this study: the emergence of a new category of people in the international order and the absence of legal protection by the international instruments in force. The difficulties surrounding the consensus on a legal definition and nature of the regime of protection, taking as basis the standards of International Refugee Law, International Law of Human Rights and International Law on the Environment show the limitations of current Public International Law to give a proper treatment of the complexity of the problem. Accordingly, an appropriate international response requires on the one hand, recognition of a special legal status to the new category, and second, the construction of strategies to prevent and combat the multiple causes that force displacements. To fill the existing normative gap, we propose an integrated approach, identifying important elements in the international regimes that can contribute to building an innovative global compromise, compatible with the new international dynamics.
20
Koïbé, Madjilem Roméo. "La protection juridique des réfugiés et déplacés climatiques à assurer par les organisations régionales : rôle de l'Union Africaine." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100098/document.
Full textAbstract:
Depuis quelques années, le réchauffement climatique est un thème qui fait l’objet de plusieurs débats houleux. Mais à l’heure actuelle, il est difficile d’affirmer avec certitude que le réchauffement climatique et les catastrophes qui se multiplient, ces derniers temps, en sont les conséquences évidentes. Toutefois, il ne fait l’ombre d’aucun doute que ces catastrophes naturelles ou celles d’origine anthropique ont des incidences avérées sur l’environnement et le milieu de vie humain. C’est le cas dans le Pacifique avec les îles du Tuvalu exposées à la montée du niveau de la mer, à l’érosion et même à la disparition. C’est aussi le cas dans le Sahel avec le lac Tchad qui, en raison d’une baisse de la pluviométrie, de la sécheresse et d’une mauvaise gestion de ses eaux, connait un rétrécissement inquiétant, obligeant ainsi, des milliers de personnes à migrer dans l’espace du bassin conventionnel du lac Tchad partagé entre le Nigéria, le Niger, le Cameroun et le Tchad. Ces mouvements internes et transfrontaliers mal encadrés sont sources de tensions et d’insécurité. Cette situation semble peu préoccuper les pays touchés, moins encore les pays riches et la communauté internationale, qui en l’absence de tout cadre juridico-humanitaire et d’un statut protecteur international, montrent peu de signe d’empressement pour trouver des solutions afin d’assister les réfugiés et déplacés climatiques et environnementaux qui risquent d’être lésés dans leur droit à la vie et à une vie décente. En raison du vide juridique au niveau international, il serait souhaitable de faire un état des lieux des possibilités actuelles de protection juridique universelle et régionale avant de revenir vers des pistes de solutions adaptées aux besoins spécifiques de l’Afrique par le biais de l’Union Africaine. Une option audacieuse mais qui vaut la peine en raison du contexte actuel qui impose une recherche de solutions scientifiques et juridiques pouvant aider à l’action des décideurs politiquesIn recent years, global warming has been the subject of several heated debates. But, it is currently difficult to affirm with certainty that global warming and the increase in natural disasters in recent times are the obvious consequences. However, there is no doubt that these natural disasters or those caused by human activities have a proven impact on the environment and the living environment. This is the case in the Pacific with the Tuvalu islands which have been exposed to rising sea levels, erosion and even extinction. This is also the case in the Sahel region where due to a decline in rainfall, drought and poor management of its waters, the Lake Chad is experiencing a disturbing contraction, forcing thousands of people whose life depends on it to migrate in the space of the conventional basin of Lake Chad shared between Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon and Chad. These poorly managed internal and cross-border movements are sources of tension and insecurity. This situation does not appear to be of sufficient concern to the countries affected by these changes, and even less to the developed countries and the international community, which in the absence of any legal and humanitarian framework and international protective status, show no signs of eagerness to find temporary or permanent solutions to assist climate and environmental refugees and environmentally displaced persons whomay be harmed in their right to life and decent life. Due to the current legal vacuum at the international level, it would be desirable to take stock of the current possibilities of universal and regional legal protection before returning to possible solutions adapted to the specific needs of Africa, through the African Union. This is a bold but worthwhile option because of the current context that requires a search for scientific and legal solutions that can help policy makers
21
Abel, Guy, Michael Brottrager, Cuaresma Jesus Crespo, and Raya Muttarak. "Climate, Conflict and Forced Migration." Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.12.003.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the lack of robust empirical evidence, a growing number of media reports attempt to link climate change
to the ongoing violent conflicts in Syria and other parts of the world, as well as to the migration crisis in Europe.
Exploiting bilateral data on asylum seeking applications for 157 countries over the period 2006-2015, we assess
the determinants of refugee flows using a gravity model which accounts for endogenous selection in order to
examine the causal link between climate, conflict and forced migration. Our results indicate that climatic
conditions, by affecting drought severity and the likelihood of armed conflict, played a significant role as an
explanatory factor for asylum seeking in the period 2011-2015. The effect of climate on conflict occurrence is
particularly relevant for countries in Western Asia in the period 2010-2012 during when many countries were
undergoing political transformation. This finding suggests that the impact of climate on conflict and asylum
seeking flows is limited to specific time period and contexts.
22
Wroe, Lauren. "A study of asylum seeker/refugee advocacy : paradoxes of helping in a climate of hostility." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-study-of-asylum-seekerrefugee-advocacy-paradoxes-of-helping-in-a-climate-of-hostility(8d6cdde4-1729-42b8-a6c0-be6e5e05a925).html.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is concerned with the extent to which hostility towards asylum seekers/refugees frames advocacy talk. Using a dialogical approach, I analyse how the identities of asylum claimants are dealt with by refugee advocates, in order to counter this hostility. My analysis is based on the collection of publicity materials from four refugee organisations, and from Narrative Biographical Interviews conducted with their staff, volunteers and asylum-seeking clients. Using the notion of dialogical network, I demonstrate how hostility enters advocacy talk, how it frames contemporary advocacy representations of refugees, and how it is challenged. In particular, I use Membership Categorisation Analysis to analyse how members of these organisations, the staff, volunteers and campaigners, maintain or challenge the frames provided by the organizations in their publicity materials. I demonstrate how asylum seekers/refugees themselves deal with the hostility and to what extent they are complicit in maintaining or challenging both hostile and advocacy representations of themselves. Hostility routinely enters the publicity materials and is countered through formulations of refugee identities along the lines of biographical contrasts that work to make the hostility irrelevant. These contrasts are socially resourced, and are organised along a set of 'sympathy themes', whereby asylum seekers are represented as having little choice, as naïve, as victims of violence and as having poor mental health. However, advocates, in their interview talk, push the boundaries of these frames of representation. They present new challenges to established practices of refugee representation, and demonstrate that the moments of antagonism called for in the literature already exist within mainstream advocacy organisations. Similarly, the narratives shared by asylum seeker/refugee informants challenge established representations of refugee-hood, in both mainstream and advocacy practices, providing rich and diverse images of themselves which go beyond representations of 'mute victims'. These cracks, these moments of ethical antagonism, suggest new ways forward for refugee advocacy. Importantly, even within mainstream services, these are live issues for their members. The challenge is to make them visible.
23
Tütüncü, Deniz. "Solidarity and Security : International and Swedish Preparedness for Climate Induced Migration in a Warming World." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-138798.
Full textAbstract:
Migration due to climate change has been going on for millennia, and societies´ resilience will be put to pressure even more with an accelerating global warming.22, 5 million people have left their homes due to climate change since 2008, according to the United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR, 2017). All of these people are not recognized as refugees, but some of them will most likely seek refuge abroad. The aim of this Master´s thesis is to explore how the UN, the EU, and Sweden understand and analyse the phenomenon of climate induced migration from a geopolitical aspect. It is furthermore to explore the institution´s preparedness through analysing the suggested measurements they utilise today and recognize a need for the future. Applying a human security perspective, this thesis aims at exploring the following two questions; what views and perspectives of climate induced migration exist in the UN, the EU and among Swedish authorities, and what legal, technical, economic or other measures do they respond with to meet climate induced migration? The results confirm that there is a consensus among the institutions that climate change will lead to cross-border migration to some extent but the preparedness for it is inadequate in terms of available measurements.
24
Eliasson, David. "Sverige 2112 : Ett narrativ om hur arkitekturen kan utvecklas om världen går igenom stora förändringar på grund av klimatförändringarna. En linjär och vertikal stad." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-95904.
Full textAbstract:
Om världen till följd av klimatförändringarna blir mycket varmare kommer förutsättningarna för hur vi planerar städer, infrastruktur och jordbruk helt att vändas upp och ner. De delar av världen som idag står för världens livsmedelsproduktion kommer vid bara några graders förändring bli obrukbara som betes och odlingsmark. Dessa förändringar kan komma att starta konflikter, och stora flyktingströmmar som tillsammans med förändrade klimatzoner helt kommer att rita om världskartan. i Skandinavien är det då troligt att vi behöver bygga samhällen och städer för miljontals nya immigranter, och detta samtidigt som vi befinner oss mitt i den mest fruktbara jordbruksmarken i världen. Om hundra år måste vi dessutom, oavsett detta, dubbla livsmedelsproduktionen globalt sett. Vårt samhälle blir allt mer rörligt och infrastrukturen utvecklas i allt snabbare takt. Tåget, bilen och flyget har alla förändrat världen och staden, och i framtiden kommer vi kanske förflytta oss med nya typer av till exempel supersnabbtåg. De kommer ge avstånd en allt mindre betydelse. Om vi använder oss av de förutsättningar en sådan ny infrastruktur ger, och bygger både horisontellt och vertikalt uppstår en ny typologi för staden. Stannar man vid detta inser man snart att det är en hissnande tanke, och det är just det som detta examensarbete undersöker. Ett narrativt projekt som spekulerar i frågan om det här händer, kan då också det här hända?If the world as a result of the climate changes will be much warmer, the conditions for how we plan cities, infrastructure and agriculture will be completely turned upside down. Parts of the world which today account for the world's food production will at just a few degrees of temperature change become unusable for cultivation. These changes may result in conflicts, and massive refugee flows. Changes of the climate zones will completely redraw the map of the world. In Scandinavia, is it likely that we will need to build societies and cities for millions of new immigrants. At the same moment Scandinavian countries are in the midst of the most fertile farmland in the world. And also, in one hundred years we must, notwithstanding this, double our food production globally. Our society gets more and more mobile and the infrastructure is developing more and more. The train, the car and the airplane as concepts have all changed the world and the cities when they where introduced. The future, might move us towards new types of super-fast speed trains that will give an even smaller importance to distances. And if we use the textures of these new infrastructures, it might lead us to build both horizontally and vertically. Then it appears a new type of typology of cities. If you stay at this thought, you realize that it is completely staggering, and that is exactly what the thesis project investigates. It is a narrative project that speculates on the question; "If this happens, might then also this happen?"
25
Poumo, leumbe Jean-Jacques parfait. "Les déplacés environnementaux : problématique de la recherche d’un statut juridique en droit international." Thesis, Limoges, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIMO0066/document.
Full textAbstract:
Les personnes déplacées à la suite de la destruction de l’environnement sont de plus en plus nombreux. Leur protection au plan juridique pose plusieurs problèmes au niveau international. La notion de souveraineté fait face à celle de l’obligation de protéger ; l’assistance de la communauté internationale après une catastrophe s’impose comme la règle d’or. Un diagnostic du droit international actuel notamment en matière de protection des réfugiés ou de l’environnement montre clairement le vide juridique existant. La création d’un instrument juridique nouveau au plan international visant la protection de ces déplacés environnementaux pourrait être la solution si les obstacles sociaux, politiques, économiques et même idéologiques n’existaient pas. Cette thèse analyse la notion de déplacé environnemental à travers la problématique que pose la recherche de leur statut juridique au plan international, elle nous permet d’analyser à l’aide de la prospective juridique les propositions de solutions présentées par certains universitaires et ouvre des pistes sérieuses de réflexions pour l’adoption d’un instrument de protection efficaceToday, environmentally displaced persons are becoming more numerous. Their legal status poses several problems at international level. The notion of sovereignty faces to that of obligation to protect; assistance by international community after environmental disasters is becoming the standard. A diagnosis of current international situation, especially in the protection of refugees and in environment law, clearly shows the existing of legal vacuum. The creation of a new legal international instrument for protection of these environmentally displaced persons could be the solution if the social, economic, political and even ideological barriers did not exist. This thesis analyzes the concept of environmentally displaced persons through the problem posed by the research of their legal status in international law. We analyze with legal prospective method, proposed solutions presented by some academics which opens serious reflections for an effective instrument of protection
26
Aburamadan, R. F. "Developing user-informed specifications for refugees shelter in hot-dry climates : a study of the Al Za'atari Camp in Jordan." Thesis, University of Salford, 2017. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/42606/.
Full textAbstract:
The increase in refugee numbers is an important concern globally. Since the mid-twentieth century, many countries in different regions have been accommodating refugees by providing shelters. Recently, this response has been evident particularly in Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq, and Jordan, where these countries have faced political and economic obstacles whilst accommodating such large increases in refugees caused by the unstable political situation in the region. Despite the abundance of examples of temporary shelters that various countries offer, previous studies have not shown adequate solutions for social and cultural diversity, as well as building and dismantling an appropriate shelter that is suitable for several environment conditions and particularly in hot-dry climates. There is an absence of studies that discuss refugees’ settlements as a global interest. Furthermore, there are very few examples in the literature that discuss shelters suited to hot-dry conditions, whether provided by government or other international institutions. Existing shelters that the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and other institutions and donors provide do not satisfy refugees’ needs; specifically, suitable design factors and urban organization aspects. The main aim of this study is to develop the specifications for refugee shelters that meet user requirements in hot-dry climates. The design science method provides a theoretical framework to develop a specification that incorporates the design, structural aspects, layout, and to address the particular social and cultural challenges that are presented in refugee camps in hot-dry climates. The research develops specifications, in terms of shelter performance, and contemplates environment challenges and local context conditions besides adding value through a specifications list which incorporates differences of social and cultural aspects, which are not currently provided in humanitarian organizations’ specifications and guidelines. The result of the specification list gives an opportunity to illustrate infinite alternatives of shelter design which consider not only the users’ needs, but also the local context conditions of being located in the hot-dry climate of Jordan. These designs may also be applicable in other environments with similar climatic conditions. In so doing, the findings presented in the research help form a provisional view of peoples’ needs that can be acted on by humanitarian organizations, which could lead to better standardized shelter solutions.
27
Stumpf, Bianca. "Representations of Environmentally Displaced People In Canadian Print Media." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39641.
Full textAbstract:
Context: This thesis analyzes media coverage in Canada of environmentally displaced people (EDP) due to their recent prominence in political discussions on a national and international level as well as in the literature.
Objectives: This thesis has three goals, notably (1) to raise awareness of EDP as a social phenomenon; (2) to understand how EDP are currently constructed in the public sphere; and (3) to analyze whether Canadian media characterizes EDP within discourses of victimization and/or devictimization. Ultimately, this thesis investigates: How does Canadian print media represent environmentally displaced people?
Methodology: A total of 149 (132 English and 17 French) Canadian news articles, appearing from 2000 to 2017, were selected for analysis through a search strategy that included specific key words. The articles selected appeared in the Toronto Star, Globe & Mail, Montreal Gazette, Ottawa Citizen, Vancouver Sun, Le Journal de Québec, La Presse, and Canada Newswire.
Results: The results were analyzed by using a frame analysis. Based on this analysis, a few key points were commonly used to represent EDP, including the uncertainty over which terms to use, their quantification, as well as a scare tactic to entice action towards climate change. Overall, the media tended to portray EDP using themes of devictimization.
Conclusion: Future research should be conducted to continue to analyze media representations of those displaced. It is also imperative to collect more data on EDP in order to resolve the debate around their definition and officially recognize one term to help facilitate research and increase the legitimacy of those displaced - whether they are recognized as migrants or refugees.
28
Bedoya, Nadramia Melissa. "Soray pampa hotel y refugios de montaña." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/273344.
Full textAbstract:
El presente proyecto de tesis trata sobre la construcción del hotel “Soray Pampa” en Cusco, un hotel de montaña 5 estrellas que será el punto de partida hacia una cadena de refugios de categoría internacional a través de las rutas Soray PampaMachu Picchu y Soray Pampa-Choquequirau. Los capítulos de la tesis abarcan diversos temas, tales como: los aspectos turísticos en el Perú, la relación entre la arquitectura y el turismo, la importancia turística de la zona del Cusco, el análisis del usuario, el estudio del terreno, la arquitectura bioclimática, el manejo del paisaje, los materiales utilizados, el programa del hotel, el proceso de diseño, etc. Con la construcción de este hotel se pretende crear un nuevo tipo de turismo en el Perú, que combine el confort con la naturaleza y la aventura outdoor. Este proyecto permitirá dar a conocer al mundo parte de los maravillosos lugares con los que cuenta el país, pero que debido a la falta de infraestructura y de planes de desarrollo turístico no son visitados aún. Además, constituye un claro ejemplo de cómo las poblaciones más necesitadas de las zonas alejadas se pueden beneficiar del turismo y aprovecharlo como una herramienta para el desarrollo.Tesis
29
Ouayjan, Adib. "Dendroécologie et génétique d'une population de hêtre (Fagus sylvatica) en marge chaude de l'aire de répartition de l'espèce." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0798/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le changement climatique devrait causer un déclin des populations d'arbres forestiers résidant à des faibles latitudes, en marges chaudes de la distribution de l’espèce. En effet, le réchauffement et le stress dû au changement de l'équilibre hydrique devraient entraîner une réduction de la croissance et de la reproduction des arbres, et une augmentation de la mortalité. Cette thèse de doctorat étudie la structure démographique et génétique d'une population naturelle de hêtre (Fagus sylvatica) située dans un refuge climatique, en marge chaude de la distribution de l’espèce dans le sud-est de la France. Cette population persiste sur les pentes des gorges karstiques le long d’une rivière, le Ciron (Gironde), un lieu qui hébergeait déjà des hêtres pendant la dernière période glaciaire. L'objectif général de la présente thèse est de mieux comprendre comment cette population de refuge climatique a réussi à persister à travers les changements climatiques passés et comment elle pourrait répondre au réchauffement climatique. Le premier chapitre de thèse évalue la structure et la diversité génétique de l'ensemble de la population d'arbres adultes (n = 932) afin d’inférer son histoire postglaciaire. L'étude révèle que la population se compose de deux clusters génétiques avec différents niveaux de diversité. Cela peut refléter une population locale ancienne qui a été successivement colonisée par des génotypes d'immigrés. Le deuxième chapitre de la thèse étudie le système d'accouplement et les modèles de mouvement du pollen au sein de la population. Cela était possible en analysant les progénitures de graines provenant d'arbres mères sélectionnés (n = 30) tout le long de la population. L’étude montre que l'accouplement prédominant entre voisins génétiquement apparentés a entraîné une structure génétique spatiale très forte. Ce phénomène aide à expliquer le brassage lent des deux clusters génétiques présents dans la population. Le troisième chapitre de la thèse consiste en une analyse dendroécologique basée sur un tiers de la population adulte de hêtres (n = 317), plus 79 chênes pédonculés (Quercus robur) échantillonnés pour la comparaison. Les études sur les cernes annuels et la modélisation basée sur les projections climatiques révèlent que la croissance du hêtre a été relativement peu affectée par des conditions climatiques de plus en plus sèches. Une forte augmentation de la croissance radiale a été démontrée pour le hêtre entre 1860 et 1920 qui a atteint un plateau plus tard. Ensuite, la croissance a légèrement diminué depuis les années 1980, et cela ne sera probablement pas accentué à l’avenir d'après les scénarios climatiques futurs de la région. En outre, les analyses à des échelles fines, y compris les isotopes, montrent une grande hétérogénéité de performance entre les arbres en terme de croissance et d'efficience d'utilisation d’eau. Cela est en partie expliqué par la topographie locale de la vallée refuge, et pourrait également être influencé, dans une faible mesure, par le génotype des arbres.La combinaison des deux approches de recherche, la dendroécologie et l’écologie moléculaire, a permis à cette étude d'atteindre des meilleures connaissances sur cette population particulière de hêtres dans la vallée du Ciron et sur sa performance dans un environnement abiotique contraignant. Ces idées représentent des informations de base précieuses pour la conservation et la gestion de cette population et d'autres populations d'arbres forestiers dans un climat en évolution rapideModern climate change is expected to cause a decline of forest tree populations that reside at the current low-latitude margin of species' ranges. Warming and a changing water balance stress are expected to result in reduced tree growth and reproduction and increasing mortality. This doctorate thesis investigates the demographic and genetic structure of a natural beech (Fagus sylvatica) population located in a climate refugium at the species' xeric range margin in SW France. This population persists on the slopes of a karstic canyon along the Ciron River (Gironde), a place that already harboured beech during the past glacial period. The overall goal of the present thesis is to better understand how this refugial population has managed to persist through past climate changes and how it responds to recent global warming.The first thesis chapter assesses the genetic structure and diversity of the entire adult tree population (n = 932) to infer its postglacial history. The study reveals that the stand consists of two genetic clusters with different levels of diversity, which are likely to reflect an ancient local population that is successively being colonized by immigrant genotypes. The second thesis chapter investigates the mating system and patterns of pollen movement within the population by analysing seed progenies from selected mother trees (n = 30). It shows that predominant mating between genetically related neighbours has resulted in a very strong spatial genetic structure, a phenomenon that helps explain the observed slow admixture of the two genetic clusters present in the population. The third thesis chapter performs an extensive dendroecological analysis based on a third of the adult beech population (n = 317), plus 79 Pedunculate oaks (Quercus robur) sampled for comparison. Tree-ring studies and modeling based on climate projections reveal that beech growth has been so far relatively slightly affected in an increasingly xeric climate conditions. A strong increase in radial growth has been shown for beech between 1860 and 1920 that ceased later on. Then growth has declined imperceptibly since the 1980s without showing any accentuated decreasing according to the future climate scenarios data of the region. Fine-scale analyses including carbon stable isotopes show great among-tree heterogeneity in performance (in terms of growth and water use efficiency) that is partly driven by the fine-scale topography of the refugial habitat and might also be influenced to a small extent by the tree genotype.Its combination of dendroecological and molecular ecological research approaches has enabled the thesis to attain important insights into the special character of the Ciron beech population and its performance within a constraining abiotic environment. Such insights represent valuable background information for the conservation and management of this and other refugial forest tree populations in a rapidly changing climate
30
Lachal, Doriane. "La protection internationale des personnes vulnérables déplacées." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA111011.
Full textAbstract:
La communauté internationale considère certaines personnes déplacées comme étant des migrants irréguliers. Cette étude démontre le caractère contraint du départ pour trois catégories de personnes, à savoir les personnes fuyant les conséquences aveugles d’un conflit armé international ou non international, les personnes fuyant les catastrophes environnementales de causes anthropiques ou naturelles et les personnes fuyant une situation économique ou sociale désastreuse. L’approche catégorielle classique du droit international public ne permet pas de garantir une protection à ces personnes. Aucun statut particulier ne leur étant attribué, ces personnes se trouvent dans une situation de vulnérabilité. De quelle manière est-il alors possible d’assurer une protection effective à ces personnes vulnérables déplacées ? Actuellement, la plupart des Etats s’inscrivent dans une démarche sécuritaire, contrôlant strictement la gestion des flux migratoires et appliquant peu ou prou les instruments juridiques internationaux protecteurs. Une complémentarité des différents régimes juridiques (droit international des réfugiés, droit international humanitaire, droit international des droits de l’homme) est par conséquent nécessaire et une interprétation extensive des textes existants est recommandée. Pour pallier les insuffisances du droit positif, le recours à la notion de vulnérabilité, transversale à ces diverses situations, est invoqué, permettant ainsi de dépasser l’approche catégorielle classique. Pas encore reconnue comme une source du droit international, la notion est devenue, depuis quelques années, incontournable sur la scène internationale. Elle apparaît ponctuellement dans les textes conventionnels et est fréquemment utilisée dans les instruments de droit mou. Prise en compte progressivement par les jurisprudences internationales et régionales, mais aussi par la doctrine, elle figure allègrement dans le discours des organisations humanitaires et des médias. Le développement de la notion de vulnérabilité en droit mou, précisément en des lignes directrices garantirait une meilleure protection des personnes déplacées vulnérables permettant de prévenir le déplacement, d’octroyer un statut temporaire ou définitif ou encore de fournir des conditions d’accueil dignes dans les Etats ou les régions hôtes. Ces lignes directrices servant de guide aux Etats laissent envisager par la suite l’adoption de règles contraignantes protectrices de ces personnes déplacées. La distinction entre personnes vulnérables déplacées et personnes particulièrement vulnérables doit également être prise en compte à ce stade. De surcroît, il convient d’engager la responsabilité des auteurs ayant contribué au déplacement contraint ou ayant commis des exactions sur ces personnes déplacées devant des instances judiciaires internationales, régionales ou encore nationales pour lutter contre l’impunité. En conséquence, une réparation juste pour le préjudice subi doit être garantie à ces personnesThe international community considers some displaced persons as irregular migrants. This study demonstrates that the departure is undeniably forced concerning three groups of people : the persons fleeing blind violence and the collateral effects of an international or non international armed conflict, the persons fleeing man-made or natural environmental disasters, and the persons fleeing difficult economical or social situations. The classical approach of public international law based on distinct categories does not guarantee effective protection to these persons. As no particular international status is given to these persons, they are in a situation of vulnerability. In which way an effective protection could be a guarantee to these vulnerable displaced persons? Currently, most of the States defend a safe approach, strictly controlling the management of migration flows and applying more or less protective international legal instruments. Complementarity of different legal systems (international refugee law, international humanitarian law, international law of human rights) is therefore necessary and a broad interpretation of existing texts is recommended. To overcome the shortcomings of positive law, the use of the concept of vulnerability, crossing different situations, is invoked, in order to exceed the traditional categorical approach. Not yet recognised as a source of international law, the term “vulnerability” has become an essential notion on the international scene in recent years. It appears occasionally in conventional instruments and is frequently used in soft law. It has been gradually developed through the international and regional jurisprudence and also by the doctrine. The discourse of humanitarian organizations and the media often refers to the notion. The development of the concept of vulnerability in soft law, specifically in the shape of guidelines would ensure a better protection of vulnerable displaced persons. In this regard, guidelines could prevent people fleeing, grant a temporary or a permanent status and provide dignified reception conditions in the host States or regions. This instrument of soft law would be used as a guide for States subsequent to the adoption of protective binding rules. The distinction between vulnerable displaced persons and particularly vulnerable persons has to be taken into account at this stage. Furthermore, the responsibility of the authors who have contributed to the forced displacement or who have committed atrocities against the displaced persons should be brought before the international, regional or national judicial authorities, in order to fight against impunity. Consequently, a fair compensation for the damage suffered must be guaranteed to these persons
31
Noren, Hunter KG. "Can Twilight Reefs Usher In A New Dawn For Depauperate Shallow Coral Reefs?" Thesis, NSUWorks, 2016. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/421.
Full textAbstract:
As shallow reefs continue to decline, scientists are searching for the key to their persistence; as it turns out, they may just need to look deeper. Below many shallow tropical reefs, there exist healthy and more stable mesophotic coral reef communities. The ability of these reefs to act as a refuge for declining shallow populations has garnered significant interest among the scientific community; however, the reproductive and larval aspects necessary for this to occur are unknown. This study assesses the ability of deep reefs to act as a reproductive refuge for shallow counterparts by examining gametic compatibility, viability and larval settlement preferences. Gametes from Orbicella franksi inhabiting the shallow (14-20m) and the upper mesophotic (27-32m) were introduced in a series of inter- and intra-depth crosses and found to be compatible. Larval settlement experiments found no natal depth preference, with deep larvae significantly preferring to settle on shallow conditioned substrate. Our findings support the plausibility of healthy mesophotic reefs acting as a refuge for depauperate shallow populations by (1) providing gametes to mix with limited shallow gametes resulting in increased fertilization and (2) providing larvae that recruit and repopulate shallow reefs. This is the first study to comprehensively evaluate the Deep Reef Refugia Hypothesis from a reproductive and larval settlement standpoint. Our results suggest a close coupling between shallow and mesophotic reefs through gamete and larval export and illustrate the current and future importance of these mesophotic reefs.
32
Claro, Carolina de Abreu Batista. "A proteção dos \"Refugiados Ambientais\" no Direito Internacional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-08042016-155605/.
Full textAbstract:
Refugiados ambientais são refugiados não convencionais e são migrantes forçados, interna ou internacionalmente, temporária ou permanentemente, em situação de vulnerabilidade e que se veem obrigados a deixar sua morada habitual por motivos ambientais de início lento ou de início rápido, causados por motivos naturais, antropogênicos ou pela combinação de ambos. Embora não existam reconhecimento e proteção específica para esses migrantes no direito internacional em escala global, alguns instrumentos jurídicos regionais e leis nacionais assim o fazem. Argumenta-se, nesta tese de doutorado, que os refugiados ambientais possuem modos de proteção geral em certas áreas do direito internacional e que as possibilidades atuais e futuras de proteção específica podem ser encontradas nas fontes primárias do direito internacional, indicadas no artigo 38(1) do Estatuto da Corte Internacional de Justiça. Foram identificadas sete vias de proteção dos refugiados ambientais no direito internacional e no direito interno estatal: (i) a via da ação humanitária, (ii) a via da proteção complementar, (iii) a via da legislação nacional, (iv) a via da justiça climática, (v) a via da responsabilidade compartilhada, (vi) a via da judicialização do refúgio ambiental e (vii) a via do tratado internacional. Sugere-se, ainda, o estabelecimento de uma governança migratória-ambiental global baseada nos regimes internacionais e na ação dos atores nos níveis local, nacional, regional e internacional para a execução das formas de proteção e para o atendimento das necessidades dos refugiados ambientais no mundo.\"Environmental refugees\" are non-conventional refugees and forced migrants, internally or internationally, temporarily or permanently, in a situation of vulnerability, and that are forced to leave their homes for environmental reasons, of slow or rapid onset, caused by natural or anthropogenic reasons, or a combination of both. Although there is no specific recognition and protection to these migrants under international law on a global scale, some regional legal instruments and national laws recognize and protect them. The main argument of this doctoral thesis is that \"environmental refugees\" are under general protection in certain areas of international law and that the current and future possibilities for specific protection can be found in the primary sources of international law, referred to in Article 38(1) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. Seven protective pathways for \"environmental refugees\" were identified in international law and in domestic law: by means of (i) humanitarian action, (ii) complementary protection, (iii) national law, (iv) climate justice, (v) shared responsibility, (vi) judicialization of environmental asylum, and (vii) the international treaty. It is also suggested that a comprehensive global environmental migration governance be established, based on international regimes and by action of actors at local, national, regional and international levels, for the implementation of the forms of protection and to meet the needs of \"environmental refugees\" worldwide.
33
Kukat, James Pkemoi. "Development and Validation of a Remote Sensing Model to Identify Anthropogenic Boreholes that Provide Dry Season, Refuge Habitat for Anopheles Vector Mosquitoes in Sub-Saharan Africa." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6287.
Full textAbstract:
A lack of surveillance systems is an impediment to public health intervention for perennial vector-borne disease transmission in northern tropical savanna region of Kenya. The population in this area are mostly poor nomadic pastoralists with little acquired functional immunity to Plasmodium falciparum, due to infrequent challenges with the parasite. A common characteristic in tropical savanna climatic zone is the availability of riverbeds that have anthropogenic boreholes that provide malaria vector mosquitoes, such as Anopheles gambiae s.l and Anopheles funestus, with aquatic refuge habitats for proliferation and endemic transmission to proximity human households during the dry-season. Unfortunately, currently there have been no entomological investigations employing field or remotely sensed data that can characterize and model anthropogenic borehole habitats focusing on the dry-land ecology of immature Anopheles mosquitoes in sub-Sahara Africa. The goal of this investigation was three-fold: (I) to employ WorldView-3 (0.31 meter spatial resolution) visible and near infra-red waveband sensor data to image sub-Saharan land cover associated with vector-borne disease transmission; (II) to remotely identify anthropogenic boreholes in three riverbeds that were surveyed to determine whether they provide malaria vectors with refuge habitat and maintain their population during the dry season in Chemolingot, Kenya, and (III) to obtain a radiometric/spectral signature model representing boreholes from the remotely-sensed data. The signature model was then interpolated to predict unknown locations of boreholes with the same spectral signature in Nginyang Riverbed, Kenya. Ground validation studies were subsequently conducted to assess model’s precision based on sensitivity and specificity tests.
34
Seidel, Melissa E. "Changes in a pollinator food web in the face of climate change: effects of physiological limitations and species interactions." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu156352945016303.
Full text
35
Pentland, Craig. "Behavioural ecology of the black-flanked rock-wallaby (Petrogale lateralis lateralis): Refuge importance in a variable environment." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2014. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1280.
Full textAbstract:
The black-flanked rock-wallaby (Petrogale lateralis lateralis) has suffered a significant decline in its distribution in Western Australia. This has been attributed to introduced predators (predominantly the red fox) and herbivores, fire, and habitat destruction due to clearing. Although since 2001 the Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) had begun to reintroduce this species back into its former range, little was known of the behavioural ecology of this species. Fox control in the 1980s and 1990s resulted in population increases of rock-wallabies on several reserves in the central wheatbelt of WA. However, recently these populations have rapidly declined despite continuing fox control. All too often, management and conservation programs are based on little understanding on the natural history and ecology of animals, which can ultimately result in poor management. One of the major problems with our understanding of the ecology of P. l. lateralis was that there was little information on their behavioural, foraging and feeding patterns, and how these affect the population dynamics of the species. Although this species appears to be substrate bound, requiring complex rock structures that are believed to protect them from both predators and adverse climatic conditions, there was still little understanding of how these animals utilise this important resource, particularly in highly variable environments. There is a long-standing premise in behavioural ecology that highly variable environments can significantly affect the behaviour and demography of animal populations. Although this has been well documented in birds, and primates, behavioural elements are rarely incorporated into marsupial studies. For the success of any current and future reintroductions of rock- wallaby populations into new areas, we needed to understand the relationships between the landscape and climatic elements and the behavioural patterns and population dynamics of the species’.
This study describes the behavioural ecology of the rock-wallaby subspecies P. l. lateralis in the central wheatbelt region of Western Australia. It focuses on environmental variables that have rarely been studied simultaneously, those of climate, fear of predation and conspecifics, and habitat structure. The Nangeen Hill Reserve population was chosen because it is one of seven small fragmented reserves, within a landscape, with strong seasonal climatic patterns. A methodological approach was developed that enabled identification of the key ecological determinants of the foraging and feeding behaviours of P. l. lateralis in this highly variable environment. The study included a comprehensive examination of all the behavioural characteristics and abilities of P. l. lateralis, compiling a detailed behavioural repertoire (ethogram), a first for this species, and included both nocturnal and diurnal observations.
P. l. lateralis uses a complex arrangement of non-agonistic and agonistic behavioural acts that determines its social organisation, and indicates a linear dominance hierarchy. There is little vocal communication, and instead the rock-wallabies appear to rely on both ritualised behaviour acts and chemical cues to exchange information about the physiological or behavioural state of the individual, thus evolving very diverse and complex social behaviours. Nangeen Hill rock-wallabies occupy a permanent central rock refuge, with strong signs of site fidelity. Their foraging patterns reflect those of a central place forager, but distances travelled are restricted in open habitats, with stronger preferences for areas of rock structural complexity. Their foraging behaviour is not strictly nocturnal nor can it be considered crepuscular, exhibiting significantly different seasonal patterns. Time allocation for foraging is strongly affected by fear of predators and to a lesser extent conspecifics, and certain climatic conditions.
Although rock-wallabies use multiple behavioural strategies to reduce predation risk, energy costs, and intraspecific agonistic interactions, they can only can survive in their present environment if they have access to complex rock refuge. This rock resource not only enables them to avoid extreme ambient temperatures, but also gives them protection against predators particularly when environmental conditions are unfavourable. In addition, their cave refuge also gives them protection from precipitation, reducing heat loss, and provides a safe environment for both rearing young and for courtship without the cost of predation. Rock refuge is the most important resource that defines this species and is central to all aspects of its life history.
Although this reserve has been under a fox-baiting program since 1982, and subsequently resulted in a rock-wallaby population increase and habitat expansion, within the rocky outcrop (Kinnear et al., 1998), it was clear from my research that the ecological situation was more complex. There is a strong predation influence on the behaviour indicating that the population is now predominantly fear-driven. It is the fear of predators and dominant conspecifics that restricts both the foraging range and time spent feeding. This results in animals being tightly restricted to their rock refuge, resulting in overgrazing and habitat degradation. These concerns led me to believe that if the current situation was not alleviated, then a population crash was imminent.A population crash subsequently happened in 2010, and the cause of this decline is a result of a complex ecological relationship, that includes direct and indirect predatory effects, weed invasion, and drought. The results of this research and the subsequent recent population decline, show the importance of including behaviour into an ecological study to have a better understanding. It provides a better understanding of a species as well as providing important insights into its evolutionary past, and how this has shaped their social and demographic patterns. This research also demonstrates how the use of a permanent central rock refuge both contributes to the animal’s continued survival, and restricts its future distribution, particularly in ecologically altered landscapes. Although this study was not designed primarily to resolve conservation and management problems, its findings are already being used to design an active management plan for the central wheatbelt rock-wallaby populations. The complex relationships between how an animal obtains and uses its resources, the availability of different vegetation patches, and population demographics creates significant problems for the management of a species. This emphasises the need for future research on all animal groups, to understand the relationships between the habitat and landscape elements, and that of behaviour and population dynamics. Understanding how animals perceive their environment and how they adjust to its changes will be paramount for the future management and survival of many species.
36
Behrooz, Roozbeh. "Phylogéographie de deux reptiles iraniens (le complexe Montivipera raddei et Ophisops elegans) et implication pour la conservation." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEP001.
Full textAbstract:
Les espèces de haute altitude (Sky-Islands) sont parmi les taxons les plus sensibles aux changements environnementaux et une meilleure connaissance de ces espèces (répartition, groupes génétiques, histoire d’évolution, etc.) est indispensable afin de définir les unités adaptées pour la conservation. Cette thèse a porté sur l’analyse moléculaire de deux gènes mitochondriaux (Cyt b et ND4) chez le groupe d’espèces Montivipera raddei et un gène mitochondrial (COI) chez l’Ophisops elegans dans les montagnes d’Iran qui sont des centres d’endémisme importants pour les reptiles. En me basant sur les données génétiques, je propose de considérer toutes les montivipère d’Iran comme une seule espèce ; Montivipera raddei comprenant trois sous-espèces ; Montivipera raddei albicornuta (nord du Zagros, Zanjan et nord-ouest de l’Iran jusqu’en Turquie), Montivipera raddei latifii (Alborz), et Montivipera raddei kuhrangica (centre du Zagros). Les temps de divergences obtenus entre les clades de montivipères semblent montrer des changements de la connectivité des populations pendant le Pléistocène qui résulte de l’effet fort des oscillations climatiques durant cette époque, notamment pendant les interglaciaires. Ce travail a aussi révélé une grande diversité génétique au sein des clades iraniens d’ophisops élégant ce qui pose la question de l’existence d’espèces/sous-espèces cryptiques en Iran. Finalement, ce travail a permis de définir des ESU pour les montivipères et l’ophisops élégant et notamment je propose que toutes les populations isolées du groupe d’espèces M. raddei et d’O. elegans montrant des haplotypes propres soient considérées comme des ESU pour la conservationHigh-altitude species (Sky-Islands) are among the most sensitive taxa to environmental changes and a better knowledge of these species (distribution, genetic groups, evolutionary history, etc.) is essential in order to define the adapted units for the conversation. This thesis focused on the molecular analysis of two mitochondrial genes (Cyt b and ND4) in the Montivipera raddei (Radde's Rock Viper) species group and a mitochondrial gene (COI) in Ophisops elegans (Snake-Eyed Lizard) in the mountains of Iran, which are important centers of endemism for reptiles. Based on the genetic data, I propose to consider all the Iranian montivipers as one species; Montivipera raddei comprising three subspecies; Montivipera raddei albicornuta (north of Zagros, Zanjan and northwestern Iran to Turkey), Montivipera raddei latifii (Alborz), and Montivipera raddei kuhrangica (central Zagros). The times of divergence between the clades of montivipers seem to show changes in the connectivity of populations during the Pleistocene, which results from the strong, effect of climatic oscillations during this period, especially during interglacial periods. This work also revealed a great genetic diversity within the Iranian clades of snake-eyed lizard, which raises the question of the existence of cryptic species / subspecies in Iran. Finally, this work made it possible to define ESUs for montivipers and snake-eyed lizards. In particular, I propose that all isolated populations of the M. raddei species group and O. elegans showing specific haplotypes to be considered as ESUs for conservation
37
de, Figueiredo Coelho Maciel Natália. "Klimatičtí uprchlíci v mezinárodním právu." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-398843.
Full textAbstract:
Displacements caused by climate-related events have been on the rise throughout the last decades. The effects of climate change in displacement of people is still a field in construction. The people displaced due to the environment were first denominated as "climate refugees" or "environmental refugees". This thesis aims to examine the protection of the so-called "climate refugee" under international law. The main issue of the thesis relies on the fact that there is no general agreement on the refugee status of the "climate refugees". The refugee regime has the 1951 Convention as its cornerstone, and as such, the analysis of the Convention is crucial to comprehend who can be a refugee. The 1951 Convention is not the only legal instrument in the refugee regime. There are other legal documents capable of guaranteeing protection for refugees. This thesis discusses two other relevant legal instruments dealing with refugee protection: the OAU Convention and the Cartagena Declaration. It analyzes the refugee definitions and the main features of these specific documents. The three documents will be used to establish what sort of protection the "climate refugees" are entitled to under international law. The thesis will use two judicial decisions to evaluate the hypothesis of "climate refugee" being...
38
Lin, Yan-Ting, and 林彥廷. "Domestic Climate Refugees in an International Human Rights Perspective: The Case Study of Songhe Community Relocation." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4xypp4.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
科際整合法律學研究所
104
It defines a climate refugee as an individual who is forced to flee his or her home as the result of sudden or gradual environmental disruption that is consistent with climate change. Substantial amount of rainfalls associated with Typhoon Mindulle on 2 July and Typhoon Aere on 25 August in 2004, struck Songhe Community with serious landslide. This article establishes a bill of rights which based on Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, 1989, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, Protecting Persons Affected by Natural Disasters: IASC Operational Guidelines on Human Rights and Natural Disasters, and United Nations Principles on Housing and Property Restitution for Refugees and Displaced Persons to examine the case of Songhe Community relocation. Finally, this article provides suggestions regarding climate refugees willingness and ability to organize rebuilding or relocation process to government and NGOs.
39
"Like Water for Justice: A Critical Analysis of the United Nations and the Inadequate Recognition of Environmental Refugees." Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.8807.
Full textAbstract:
abstract: As global warming increases, sea levels continue to rise and world populations continue to grow; the Earth is nearing its tipping point. Human action, such as deforestation, mining, and industrialization, has had a profound effect on environments destroying wetlands, and the natural infrastructure needed to absorb rainfall and maintain vegetation. Due to extreme changes in climate and temperature, people all over the world are increasingly affected by natural disaster. Unable to sustain their livelihoods, these individuals, become environmental refugees and are forced to flee their land and homes to obtain security in another region or country. Currently, there are approximately 25 million environmental refugees worldwide. Despite the soaring numbers, environmental refugees are not legally recognized or protected by the United Nations, and thus do not receive the same rights or assistance as a traditional refugee. This thesis analyzes definitions and interpretations of Environmental Refugees (ERs) through the frameworks of environmental justice and human rights law and identifies possible avenues of discourse available. Furthermore, this thesis examines the current United Nations definition of refugee and identifies the pros and cons to expanding the current definition to include those affected by natural disaster. Through the case study of New Orleans, Louisiana (NOLA), it is demonstrated how ERs are not only an issue facing developing countries, but also exist within developed nations. Hurricane Katrina in NOLA is an ethnographic example that demonstrates how during a time of natural disaster, a variety of past and present structural factors may contribute to the violation of human rights. This thesis then concludes with a discussion of possible categorizations of ERs and the concrete benefits of each category, and how lessons from NOLA can and should be applied to other ER situations in order to avoid human rights violations.Dissertation/Thesis
M.A. Social Justice and Human Rights 2010
40
Cartaxo, Manuel de Sousa Falcão Crespo. "Refugiados climáticos : a urgência de um reconhecimento legal." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/33683.
Full textAbstract:
O tema do presente trabalho visa endereçar a situação legal inexistente dos refugiados climáticos no regime jurídico internacional, bem como no contexto da União Europeia. Neste sentido, tencionamos refletir acerca dos motivos que originam este facto, bem como da necessidade de um reconhecimento legal dos mesmos, explorando o Direito Internacional dos Refugiados, assim como o panorama internacional e europeu a nível jurídico e político, de forma a abordar as possibilidades deste mesmo reconhecimento e da consequente proteção. Iniciamos o estudo com uma abordagem do panorama social, político e jurídico dos refugiados, a nível internacional e europeu, explorando a própria definição de refugiado e o cenário legal que lhes diz respeito. Segue-se a análise do conceito de refugiado climático, assim como da situação da inexistência legal que lhe concerne no Direito Internacional e no Direito Comunitário. Seguidamente, procedemos à investigação de certas abordagens alternativas de proteção dos refugiados climáticos. Por último, analisamos um caso recente relevante do Comité das Nações Unidas para os Direitos Humanos, versando sobre a questão. O estudo conclui com a ponderação do peso das abordagens de proteção, da decisão no caso apreciado, bem como das vontades políticas e institucionais, na equação que é o alcance deste reconhecimento legal tão desejado.The theme of this work aims to address the non-existent legal situation of climate refugees in the international legal regime, as well as in the context of the European Union. In this sense, we intend to address the reasons that originate this fact, likewise the need for a legal recognition of them, exploring International Refugee Law, in addition to the international and European panorama at the legal and political level, in order to address the possibilities of recognition and the resulting protection. We initiate the study with an approach to the social, political and legal landscape of refugees, at international and European level, exploring the very definition of refugee and the legal scenario that concerns it. This is followed by an analysis of the concept of climate refugee, in addition to the situation of its legal nonexistence in international law and community law. Formerly, we proceed to investigate certain alternative approaches to protecting climate refugees. Lastly, we analyse a recent relevant case of the United Nations Human Rights Committee, dealing with the issue. The study concludes with a consideration of the weight of the protection opportunities, of the decision in the considered case, as well as of the political and institutional wills, in the equation that is the grasp of this much desired legal recognition.
41
Thornton, Fanny. "Climate change, human displacement, international law and justice." Phd thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/156308.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis investigates how a justice framework is relevant to analysis of the role of international law in relation to climate change-induced human displacement. In particular, through the application of a justice framework, questions of responsibility will be explored. It will be argued that such a lens alters conceptualisations of the role international law may play, or should play, in relation to the phenomenon. Specific justice theories selected are corrective and distributive justice, which will be explored in a substantial theoretical chapter forming the analytical backbone of the thesis. The theories then inform the more contextualised analysis about the role of international law in relation to climate change-induced displacement. Corrective justice permits analysis of whether climate change-induced displacement, or the livelihood impacts that precede it, could be conceived as (wrongful) damage or harm which is compensable under international law, either through fault-based regimes or no-fault regimes (i.e. insurance). Distributive justice permits analysis of whether climate change-induced displacement could potentially be framed as an undeserved and disproportionate burden which stipulates international action to rebalance it, through distributing either costs or burdens. The thesis hopes to contribute to the growing scholarship concerning international law and climate change-induced displacement by investigating the bounds of the law where the phenomenon is viewed as one of responsibility and of justice.
42
Maas, Catherina Aletta. "An analysis of the normative framework providing for human environmentally induced migration in SADC / Catherina Aletta Maas." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/15378.
Full textAbstract:
Environmentally induced migration has been a contentious topic over the last two decades. Estimates show that over 30 million people worldwide are annually forced to migrate due to serious environmental degradation, natural disasters and depletion of natural resources. Thus the environment is irrefutably changing, and clear linkages can be drawn between environmental change and human mobility. Africa‘s developing status and its vulnerability in the context of environmental shocks compels research on prospective impacts and outcomes in order to develop proper mitigation and adaptation strategies, especially in Southern African Development Community (SADC) where the likelihood of protection measures being successfully implemented is relatively low. This dissertation is aimed at providing the reader with a detailed analysis of the regional normative framework regulating the issue of environmentally induced migration in SADC. Because environmental migrants are not considered to be ―refugees‖ in international law and on account of the fact that many policy makers and practitioners have their reservations as regards even acknowledging the existence of environmental migrants, protection and regulation in this regard is understandably lacking. A comprehensive framework is nonetheless required to regulate this phenomenon as it prompts serious security and sovereignty concerns. Until quite recently, most African countries had not even put in place national migration policies. Although many states have policies in place now, most have not yet been fully and effectively implemented. The normative framework governing specifically environmentally induced migration in SADC similarly renders rather disappointing results. Most of the applicable instruments do not directly raise the issue and the provisions indirectly touching upon the subject matter are subject to interpretation. A binding protocol must therefore be adopted by SADC Member States embracing elements contained in the instruments comprising the current framework. Such a protocol will however have to be liberal enough to acknowledge and provide for environmentally induced migration in its entirety whilst conservative enough so as not to undermine protection regimes for refugees in the true sense of the word. Conflicting interests and sovereignty considerations will, however, undoubtedly continue to hinder progress in this regard. The way forward is therefore away from ultimate sovereignty preservation and toward a regionalised approach where human rights no longer take a backseat.LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
43
Lelong, Corentin. "Réfugiés climatiques : statut et traitement." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5505.
Full textAbstract:
L’état actuel des travaux ne rend pas compte de l’ampleur des questions philosophiques et des enjeux moraux suscités par l’apparition sur la scène internationale des réfugiés climatiques. Il est pourtant urgent de leur accorder une protection à travers des accords internationaux. Les philosophes qui se sont penchés sur le sujet ont été induits en erreur tant par la multiplicité des termes employés que leur absence de définitions. Ce travail critique la tendance actuelle des militants écologistes à vouloir englober des populations aux problèmes divers sous le terme de réfugié. Banaliser l’emploi du terme de réfugié n’est pas seulement fallacieux mais également dangereux. A terme, les militants se tourneront vers la Convention de Genève pour revendiquer que les populations déplacées soient considérées comme des réfugiés. Or la Convention de Genève n’est pas un outil adéquat pour remédier au sort de ces populations. De plus, on ne peut élargir le statut de réfugié pour inclure ces populations sans risquer de perdre sa crédibilité et son efficience. Suivre la pente qu’emprunte les militants nous mènerait à accorder le même traitement aux réfugiés climatiques et aux réfugiés politiques, ce qui est une erreur. Notre hypothèse est que les habitants des petits pays insulaires à l’inverse des autres populations ont besoin d’un élargissement de la Convention de Genève. Nous arguerons que nous avons des devoirs et des responsabilités envers eux que nous n’avons pas envers les réfugiés politiques.
Pour défendre ce point de vue, il faut définir clairement ce qu’est un réfugié climatique et justifier cette appellation. Nous devrons donc confronter la notion de réfugié climatique à d’autres notions concurrentes. Une fois les termes définis, nous envisagerons les enjeux éthiques à travers le prisme des questions de justice globale. Nous verrons que pour déterminer qui devrait remédier au sort des réfugiés climatique, il ne suffit pas de se référer à la responsabilité causale. Cela nous mènera à arguer que bien que séduisant, le principe pollueur-payeur n’est pas un outil adéquat pour guider la réflexion. Nous serons également amenés à nous interroger sur la pertinence d’une institution environnementale globale.Current works on the forced migration area does not reveal the magnitude of the philosophical and moral issues raised by the appearance of climate refugees on the international scene . Yet it is urgent to provide protection to them through international agreements. Philosophers who have studied the subject have been misled by both the multiplicity of terms and the lack of definitions. This work criticizes the current trend set by environmental activists who want to include people with various issues under the term of refugee. Trivializing the term of refugee is not only misleading but also dangerous. Eventually, the activists will turn to the Geneva Convention to demand that displaced populations be treated as refugees. But the Geneva Convention is not an appropriate tool to address the plight of these people. Moreover, we can not extend the status of refugees to include those people without losing the credibility and efficiency. Following the path taken by activists would lead us to give equal treatment to climate refugees and political refugees, which is a mistake. Our hypothesis is that the inhabitants of small island countries, in contrast to other populations require a broadening of the Geneva Convention. We shall argue that we have duties and responsibilities to them that we do not have to political refugees. To defend this view, we must clearly define what a climate refugee is and justify this term. We must therefore confront the notion of climate refugee to other competing concepts. Once the terms are defined, we will consider the ethical issues through the prism of global justice issues. We will see that it is not enough to refer to causal responsibility to determine the members who should address the plight of climate refugees. This will lead us to argue that although attractive, the polluter pays principle is not an appropriate tool to guide our reflection. We will also be led to question the relevance of a global environmental institution.
44
Matos, Patrícia Filipa Frederico Ramalho de. "Os refugiados climáticos sob a jurisdição do Direito Internacional." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/36746.
Full textAbstract:
A presente dissertação versa sobre o fenómeno das alterações climáticas e sua relação com os deslocamentos populacionais, os quais originam os denominados refugiados climáticos. Terminologia esta que não encontra aceitação na comunidade jurídica internacional e cuja proteção jurídica não existe. Assim, procurou-se colmatar tal lacuna jurídica no âmbito internacional ao apresentar possíveis soluções.The present dissertation concerns with the phenomenon of climate change and its relationship with population displacement, which originate the so-called climate refugees. Terminology that is not accepted in the international legal community and whose legal protection does not exist. Thus, an attempt was made to close this legal gap at the international level by presenting possible solutions.
45
Henriques, Américo Baptista Miranda. "Alterações climáticas, migrações forçadas, instabilidade política: o cenário na África Subsariana e no Médio Oriente." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/20125.
Full textAbstract:
Neste nosso trabalho final de Mestrado (TFM-Dissertação) iremos analisar as migrações
de África e Médio Oriente rumo aos Países da União Europeia, cuja origem se deve às
alterações climáticas, de modo direto ou indireto.
A crise internacional, conflitos armados em países africanos e do Médio Oriente (Líbia,
Síria, Somália, Ruanda, para citar alguns) num contexto de alterações climáticas, levaram
a que um cada vez maior número de refugiados, rume em condições precárias aos Países
da União Europeia por via terrestre ou através do Mediterrâneo.
A gravidade dos fenómenos tem consequências que podem ser desastrosas, havendo uma
tendência para este fenómeno se tornar problemático, sobretudo em África e na Ásia,
sendo que este tipo de alterações pode ser gradual e incluir casos como a subida do nível
das águas do mar, a desflorestação e a desertificação, noutros casos, podem tratar-se de
fenómenos climáticos que surgem de maneira súbita, de forma mais ou menos inesperada
e que incluem catástrofes como cheias violentas, secas prolongadas, tempestades
tropicais, deslizamentos de terras, sismos, etc. O fenómeno torna-se difícil de ser
compreendido uma vez que, muitas vezes, as causas que direta ou indiretamente levam à
migração resultam de um conjunto de fenómenos económicos, ambientais, sociais,
políticos ou demográficos, sem que se saiba qual destes foi o mais determinante. As
migrações do Burundi para a Tanzânia, assim como a migração dos Sírios para a Europa
serão os nossos casos de estudo.
Cheias de caudais violentos, secas prolongadas com a consequente erosão dos solos,
contaminação dos lençóis freáticos, desmatamentos desordenados, aridez dos solos,
escassez de alimentos, encontram-se entre os que mais facilmente são identificados como
potenciadores deste fenómeno, e perante este cenário as perguntas para as quais
procuramos resposta neste trabalho são:
- Qual a relação entre as Alterações Climáticas e o atual cenário politico em
África e no Médio Oriente?
- Qual o impacto das migrações forçadas nas políticas dos países da União
Europeia?In this final work for Master Degree (TFM-Master), we will analyze climate changedriven African and Middle Eastern migration to European Union countries, in a direct or indirect way. Exacerbated by climate change, an increasing number of refugees, fleeing precarious conditions created by international crisis and armed conflict, are heading into the European countries, arriving by either land or across the Mediterranean. This severe phenomena has disastrous consequences. It tends to be further problematic in Africa and Asia, where this type of climate change can be gradual. The consequence of this change includes rising sea levels, deforestation, and desertification. In other cases, these may be sudden weather events and unexpected disasters, e.g., violent floods, prolonged drought, tropical storms, landslides, and earthquakes. It can be difficult to understand, as causation, both direct and indirect, results from a number of different environmental, economic, social, political and demographic factors, varied in their degree of relevance. The focus of our case study will be the migrations from Burundi to Tanzania, as well as the migration of Syrians to Europe. Violent floods, groundwater contamination, deforestation, soil drought, food shortages, and prolonged droughts with consequent soil erosion are some factors easily identified as enhancing this phenomenon. Faced with this scenario, the questions we try to address are: -- What is the relationship between climate change and the current political scene in Africa and the Middle East? --What is the impact of forced migration in the policies of the European Union countries?
46
Alves, Pereira Marisa. "Environmental Refugees, the XXI Century Imperative Challenge." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-329597.
Full textAbstract:
There are new challenges, facing the 21st century and one of them is the discussion around climate change and global warming. This phenomenon brings with it a deeper problem, which is the fact that millions of people have their lives strongly damaged as a consequence of the climate changes. There is no international instrument that protects these climate victims, which in this thesis are referred to as environmental refuges. This thesis focused on trying to evaluate solutions to the problem of environmental refugees. To achieve this we first had a look at the different types of forced migration since it would define which type of solution would suit this type of refugees the best. We had a look at the "Oustees" which are the people who are forced to move due to development projects in the different countries. Then we had a look at Bangladesh as one of the case studies since it is one of the countries at higher risk of suffering the adverse consequences of climate change, which forces many people to move internally or to cross the border to India. We were able to conclude that cross border migration increases tensions between countries and between social groups of the receiving communities. Since these people need protection and since these types of tensions threaten peace and security in some...
47
"On the Horizon: Creating a Contextual Refuge on the Shifting Louisiana Coast." Tulane University, 2014.
Find full textAbstract:
Climate change and sea level rise are making it more dangerous to live in coastal towns and cities. Communities in these areas must learn how to become more disaster resilient and adaptive by creating more connected and educated populations. In places devastated by natural disasters, the most vulnerable populations are the ones who are left behind. Climate refuges will become more and more common as people are forced to move from the places they call home due to inhabitable conditions. It would be beneficial for these populations to move before a large scale disaster forces them to leave. As the Louisiana coast subsides and is flooded by rising sea levels, the area is becoming more vulnerable to intense floods and storms. While there is a levee surrounding the New Orleans metropolitan area, the communities outside of the leveeÕs protection are exposed to the elements. In these neighborhoods, the frequent damage by storms and rising flood insurance rates are making it too expensive to stay. St. Bernard and Plaquemines parishes are the areas that will lose the most land and where the land is vital to the local and national economy. An environmentally and contextually sensitive infrastructure will initiate the relocation of these populations, allowing them to remain in their communities while preserving their lifestyle and quality of life. To combat the dispersion of a strong community, I propose a system that allows the communities outside the levee walls to form new town centers within the flood protection. Specifically in St. Bernard Parish, a central hub would be built on the edge of the levee protection to attract people to move to a safer area. The town center is near the most southeastern part if the levee along Louisiana 46. The center will provide support for the intended increase in population as the area fills in with relocating residents. The center will increase the disaster resilience by providing spaces that can educate the public about climate change, facilitating movement to outside the levee with a boat and automobile transit hub, provide economic support through agriculture and fishing, and help the elderly population stay connected with their community. With the creation of this new town center, the residents that are threatened with sea level rise and flooding will be able to remain connected to their land, their communities, and their livelihoods while reducing their risk.Yes
48
ŠONKOVÁ, Eva. "Fenomén uprchlictví a možnosti jeho využití v interaktivní výuce." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-363626.
Full textAbstract:
The submitted diploma thesis is focused on the refugee phenomenon and its classification among international migration issues as such, while the interest is focused mainly on immigration from third-world countries into European Union, accenting the Czech Republic. In this context, causes of growing tendency in international protection applicant and economic migrant numbers, but also responses caused by this fact, are being discussed. To enable a closer look at the multi-ethnic co-habitation character, there is secondary empirical data outlining the current situation of the majority´s relationship towards the ethnic and national plurality with regard to migration crisis given on the one hand, and determinants influencing the creation of different citizen attitudes on the other hand. Last but not least, there is some space left for chosen interactive education methods and didactic material based on them, which is useful when teaching about the controversial refugee issue in lessons of Civics.
49
Düring, Daniël Nicolas. "The legal protection of cross-border climate-induced displaced persons in Southern Africa / Daniël Nicolas Düring." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11543.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which existing law could provide a legal basis for the protection of cross-border, climate change displaced persons, with a particular focus on Southern Africa. Before such an analysis can be made, however, it is important first to determine what climate change displacement exactly implies. By means of integrating and refining existing legal terminology and ideas the study attempts to disentangle the international contention on the subject and proposes that individuals who are forced from their countries of habitual residence as a reaction primarily to climatic push factors which pose an existential threat to their right to life are most in need of protection and may be referred to as cross-border climate change displaced persons.
As climate change displacement is expected to occur primarily on the sub-regional geopolitical level of governance, the inclusion of regional, AU, and sub-regional, SADC, elements is important for the practical feasibility of this study. Southern Africa's particular vulnerability to the effects of climate change, making the advent of large numbers of climate change displaced persons in the area a reasonable prediction for the future, further justifies this study's chosen scope.
After analysing the different legal branches of refugee law, human rights law and environmental law for each geopolitical level of governance referred to, this study concludes that: While there are several potential provisions in law that could provide protection to persons displaced by climate change, a sufficient protection framework can be derived only from the composite characteristics of different branches of law. Therefore, it is recommended that a matrix approach is followed when providing legal protection to climate change displaced persons. Because different fields of law provide more prominent protection in different spheres of governance, it is also recommended that the configuration of a legal protection matrix be adjustable to particular circumstances. It is therefore suggested that a legal protection mechanism is developed for each geopolitical sphere, and that different mechanisms are coordinated internationally.LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014
50
Turton, Anthony Richard. "The hydropolitics of Southern Africa: the case of the Zambezi river basin as an area of potential co-operation based on Allan's concept of virtual water." Diss., 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16231.
Full textAbstract:
Southern Africa generally has an arid climate and many hydrologists are predicting an increase in water scarcity over time. This research seeks to understand the implications of this in socio-political terms. The study is cross-disciplinary, examining how policy interventions can be used to solve the problem caused by the interaction between hydrology and demography. The conclusion is that water scarcity is not the actual problem, but is perceived as the problem by policy-makers. Instead,
water scarcity is the manifestation of the problem, with root causes being a combination of climate change, population growth and misallocation of water within the economy due to a desire for national self-sufficiency in agriculture. The solution lies in the trade of products with a high water content, also known as 'virtual water'. Research on this specific issue is called for by the White Paper on Water Policy for South Africa.Political Sciences
M.A. (International Politics)