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1
Wan, Yangtao, Han Han, Yao Mao, and Bao-Jie He. "Responses of Climatic Drought to Vegetation Cover Dynamics: A Case Study in Yunnan, China." Forests 15, no. 10 (2024): 1689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15101689.
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Vegetation cover can regulate regional climate and associated dry–wet variations. However, the effects of the quantitative structure and landscape pattern of vegetation cover on climatic drought remain unclear. Yunnan Province in China, with its abundant vegetation resources, provides a good setting for addressing this research gap. Our objective is to provide guiding recommendations for climate-warming mitigation through the study of the topic. This study adopted four periods of vegetation cover data, from 1992 to 2020, and explored their dynamics. Monthly average precipitation and temperature data from 125 meteorological stations in Yunnan were used to calculate standardized precipitation–evapotranspiration index (SPEI) for 1992–2020 to understand the responses of climatic drought to vegetation cover dynamics. The correlations between quantitative structure, landscape pattern, and climatic drought were investigated by Pearson’s correlation coefficient in 10 km, 20 km, 30 km, and 40 km grid cells, respectively. The results indicate that changes in the quantitative structure of vegetation could influence regional climates, with the contributions to climatic drought mitigation ranked in the following order: broad-leaved forest > shrubland > needle-leaved forest > cropland > grassland. Landscape patterns significantly affected local climates, where broad-leaved and needle-leaved forests had the strongest and most stable correlations with climatic drought, whereas shrubland and grassland showed weaker correlations. The correlations between landscape patterns and climatic drought were stronger during the dry season than the rainy season. Factors such as the landscape dominance index, fragmentation index, and aggregation index had a significant impact on climatic drought. The dominant and aggregated-distribution broad-leaved forests were conducive to climatic drought mitigation, while needle-leaved forests, croplands, and grasslands might exacerbate climatic drought.
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Danladi, Tukura Ejati, E. D. Oruonye, Y. M. Ahmed, and Zemba A. Ambrose. "Analysis of Climate Variability in the Central District of Taraba State, North-East, Nigeria." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 4 (2023): 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i41713.
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Climatic maps have been very difficult to generate in Nigeria, not because of lack of knowledge or expertise, but due to dearth of climatic data. Most of the existing climatic maps are either not reliable or too generalized since Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) climatic data which is the only reliable climatic data are available only in the state capitals and which were often used to generate climatic maps. In this study, DivaGIS, WorldClim, NASA Power Project and globalweather climatic data of rainfall, temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation were used to generate the spatial patterns, trends and seasonal pattern of each of the aforementioned climatic elements in Taraba State Central District; comprising Bali, Gassol, Gashaka, Gembu, Kurmi and Sardauna LGAs. The results were presented in charts and using the bar chart and the kringing tools of Microsoft Excel package and ArcGIS 10.5 software respectively. Spatial pattern of rainfall of the area revealed that the rainfall pattern are influenced by relief and latitudes as Sardauna which is on the plateau in the South has more rains than Gassol in the North. Mountainous and highland areas were also found to have higher rainfall than the immediate environment. Trends in rainfall was decreasing in Bali, Gashaka and Sardauna LGAs. Rainfall is high from June to September when minimum of 200 mm monthly rainfall are received in all the five LGAs. The spatial pattern of temperature is inversely related to that of rainfall, while trends in temperature is increasing in all the LGAs. Relative humidity has similar spatial/seasonal patterns with that of rainfall, but showing decreasing trends in all the LGAs except Kurmi LGA. The spatial pattern of solar radiation was found to be affected by the aspects of the area as Kurmi LGA at the western side recorded highest amount of solar radiation. The pattern of solar radiation in the study area is seasonal because solar radiation is low (less than 20 mj/m2) in all the LGAs except Kurmi during the rainy season (June – October). It was recommended that ground station climatic data which covers larger areas than in-situ climatic data that are only available in State capitals should be encouraged among the climate analysts to alleviate the problems associated with dearth in in-situ climatic data.
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Liang, Hongzhu, Tonggang Fu, Hui Gao, Min Li, and Jintong Liu. "Climatic and Non-Climatic Drivers of Plant Diversity along an Altitudinal Gradient in the Taihang Mountains of Northern China." Diversity 15, no. 1 (2023): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15010066.
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Climate is critical for plant altitudinal distribution patterns. Non-climatic factors also have important effects on vegetation altitudinal distribution in mountain regions. The purpose of this study was to explore the current distribution of plant diversity along the altitudinal gradient in the Taihang Mountain range of northern China and to estimate the effects of climatic and non-climatic factors on the elevational pattern. Through a field survey, a total of 480 sampling plots were established in the central Taihang Mountain range. Alpha diversities (the Shannon–Weiner index and Simpson index) and beta diversities (the Jaccard index and Cody index) were measured based on the survey data. Plant community structure change based on the altitudinal gradient was explored by measuring the diversity indices. Canonical correspondence analysis was carried out to determine the factors influencing plant altitudinal distribution. The contributions of climatic and non-climatic factors on plant distribution were determined by partial methods. The results showed that the plant diversity of the elevational gradient complied with a “hump-shaped” pattern, in which communities in the medium altitude area with higher plant diversity had a higher species turnover rate, and non-climatic factors, particularly the anthropogenic factors, had an important influence on the plant altitudinal pattern. In conclusion, climatic and non-climatic factors both had important effects on the plant altitudinal pattern. It is strongly recommended to reduce human interference in mountain vegetation protection and management.
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Pizzigalli, Cristian, Federico Banfi, Gentile Francesco Ficetola, et al. "Eco-geographical determinants of the evolution of ornamentation in vipers." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 130, no. 2 (2020): 345–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa037.
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Abstract Multiple hypotheses have been proposed to explain the variation of dorsal patterns observed in snakes, but no studies yet have tested them over broad taxonomic and geographical scales. The Viperidae offer a powerful model group to test eco-evolutionary processes that lead to disruptive and cryptic ornaments. We developed a database reporting dorsal ornamentation, ecological habitus, habitat features and climatic parameters for 257 out of 341 recognized species. Three patterns of dorsal ornamentation were considered: “zig-zag”, “blotchy” and “uniform” patterns. Phylogenetic comparative analyses were based on 11 mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Forty-eight species presented a zig-zag pattern type, 224 a blotchy pattern type and 32 a uniform pattern type. All the patterns showed a strong phylogenetic signal. Character phylogenetic reconstruction analyses suggested an ancestral state for blotchy ornamentation, with multiple independent evolutions of the other patterns. The blotchy pattern was more frequent in terrestrial species living in warm climates and sandy habitats, supporting the hypothesis of a disruptive function. The zig-zag pattern evolved independently in several isolated taxa, particularly in species living in cold climates and in dense vegetation or water-related habitats, supporting the hypothesis of disruptive and aposematic functions. Uniform coloration was particularly frequent in arboreal species, supporting the hypothesis of a cryptic function.
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Peterson, David W., David L. Peterson, and Gregory J. Ettl. "Growth responses of subalpine fir to climatic variability in the Pacific Northwest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 9 (2002): 1503–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-072.
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We studied regional variation in growth-limiting factors and responses to climatic variability in subalpine forests by analyzing growth patterns for 28 tree-ring growth chronologies from subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) stands in the Cascade and Olympic Mountains (Washington and Oregon, U.S.A.). Factor analysis identified four distinct time series of common growth patterns; the dominant growth pattern at any site varied with annual precipitation and temperature (elevation). Throughout much of the region, growth is negatively correlated with winter precipitation and spring snowpack depth, indicating that growth is limited primarily by short growing seasons. On the driest and warmest sites, growth is negatively correlated with previous summer temperature, suggesting that low summer soil moisture limits growth. Growth patterns in two regions were sensitive to climatic variability associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, apparently responding to low-frequency variation in spring snowpack and summer soil moisture (one negatively, one positively). This regional-scale analysis shows that subalpine fir growth in the Cascades and Olympics is limited by different climatic factors in different subregional climates. Climategrowth relationships are similar to those for a co-occurring species, mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carrière), suggesting broad biogeographic patterns of response to climatic variability and change by subalpine forest ecosystems in the Pacific Northwest.
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Pandey, Bikram, Nirdesh Nepal, Salina Tripathi, et al. "Distribution Pattern of Gymnosperms’ Richness in Nepal: Effect of Environmental Constrains along Elevational Gradients." Plants 9, no. 5 (2020): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9050625.
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Understanding the pattern of species distribution and the underlying mechanism is essential for conservation planning. Several climatic variables determine the species diversity, and the dependency of species on climate motivates ecologists and bio-geographers to explain the richness patterns along with elevation and environmental correlates. We used interpolated elevational distribution data to examine the relative importance of climatic variables in determining the species richness pattern of 26 species of gymnosperms in the longest elevation gradients in the world. Thirteen environmental variables were divided into three predictors set representing each hypothesis model (energy-water, physical-tolerance, and climatic-seasonality); to explain the species richness pattern of gymnosperms along the elevational gradient. We performed generalized linear models and variation partitioning to evaluate the relevant role of environmental variables on species richness patterns. Our findings showed that the gymnosperms’ richness formed a hump-shaped distribution pattern. The individual effect of energy-water predictor set was identified as the primary determinant of species richness. While, the joint effects of energy-water and physical-tolerance predictors have explained highest variations in gymnosperm distribution. The multiple environmental indicators are essential drivers of species distribution and have direct implications in understanding the effect of climate change on the species richness pattern.
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McCORMICK, B. J. J., W. J. ALONSO, and M. A. MILLER. "An exploration of spatial patterns of seasonal diarrhoeal morbidity in Thailand." Epidemiology and Infection 140, no. 7 (2011): 1236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268811001919.
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SUMMARYStudies of temporal and spatial patterns of diarrhoeal disease can suggest putative aetiological agents and environmental or socioeconomic drivers. Here, the seasonal patterns of monthly acute diarrhoeal morbidity in Thailand, where diarrhoeal morbidity is increasing, are explored. Climatic data (2003–2006) and Thai Ministry of Health annual reports (2003–2009) were used to construct a spatially weighted panel regression model. Seasonal patterns of diarrhoeal disease were generally bimodal with aetiological agents peaking at different times of the year. There is a strong association between daily mean temperature and precipitation and the incidence of hospitalization due to acute diarrhoea in Thailand leading to a distinct spatial pattern in the seasonal pattern of diarrhoea. Model performance varied across the country in relation toper capitaGDP and population density. While climatic factors are likely to drive the general pattern of diarrhoeal disease in Thailand, the seasonality of diarrhoeal disease is dampened in affluent urban populations.
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Mao, Xin, Hong-Li Ren, and Ge Liu. "Primary Interannual Variability Patterns of the Growing-Season NDVI over the Tibetan Plateau and Main Climatic Factors." Remote Sensing 14, no. 20 (2022): 5183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14205183.
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The Tibetan Plateau (TP) vegetation plays an important role in the local ecosystem, which responds significantly to climate change and can affect local and large-scale weather and climate anomalies. However, little attention has been paid to its year-to-year variation. In this paper, using two NDVI datasets (GIMMS and MODIS) originated from satellite remote sensing, the variability characteristics of NDVI over the TP on the interannual time scale and associated local climatic factors were investigated. The results show that two primary patterns of NDVI governed TP during the main growing season (June–September, JJAS) for the period 1982–2020. The first one is a uniform pattern, with a consistent spatial variation over the entire TP, and the second is a dipole pattern, with an out-of-phase spatial variation of NDVI between the northern and southern TP. Interannual variations of the different climatic factors regulate the NDVI variability over the different regions of the TP. The interannual variability of the uniform NDVI pattern is mainly affected by the two local climatic factors, the preceding May–August precipitation and simultaneous JJAS sunshine duration. Specifically, NDVIs over the southern and eastern TP have a more significant response to the preceding precipitation and simultaneous sunshine duration, respectively. The variability of the dipole NDVI pattern is primarily modulated by the preceding May–August precipitation and simultaneous surface air temperature, ground surface temperature, and sunshine duration. However, NDVIs over the northern and southern TP have different degrees of response to the four climatic factors, with the most significant response being to preceding precipitation. The combined effect of these factors contributes to the formation of the interannual variability in the uniform and dipole patterns. This paper may shed light on deeply understanding the reasons for the inconsistency in variations of vegetation over the different regions of the TP under climate change. In addition to the effect of local climatic factors that this study focuses on, the influence of external climatic factors on the variability of the TP NDVI deserves further research in the future.
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Plunkett, Bradley, Andrew Duff, Ross Kingwell, and David Feldman. "Australian agricultural scale and corporate agroholdings: environmental and climatic impacts." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 20, no. 2 (2017): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2016.0027.
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The average size of Australian farms in scale and revenue are the globe’s largest. This scale is a result, in part, of low average rural population densities; development patterns in broadacre production; low levels of effective public policy transfers; a stable and suitable institutional setting suitable for corporate and other large scale investment; and low yields. It is also a factor of the natural variability of the country’s climatic systems which have contributed to the scale of extensive northern cattle production; this variability has implications for the pattern of ownership of broadacre and extensive production. Corporate ownership, tends to concentrate production aggregations at sufficient scale to offset its additional overheads in areas of relative climatic stability and to replicate these agroholding aggregations spatially to protect the stability of revenue flows. Family structures are more dominant in areas of greater climatic variability. Of interest is the impact that any increasing climatic variability (versus rapid changes in technology) may have upon this pattern.
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Bueh, Cholaw, and Hisashi Nakamura. "Scandinavian pattern and its climatic impact." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 133, no. 629 (2007): 2117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.173.
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Corro, Erick J., Fabricio Villalobos, Andrés Lira-Noriega, Roger Guevara, Paulo R. Guimarães, and Wesley Dáttilo. "Annual precipitation predicts the phylogenetic signal in bat–fruit interaction networks across the Neotropics." Biology Letters 17, no. 12 (2021): 20210478. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14820410.
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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Closely related species tend to be more similar than randomly selected species from the same phylogenetic tree. This pattern, known as a phylogenetic signal, has been extensively studied for intrinsic (e.g. morphology), as well as extrinsic (e.g. climatic preferences), properties but less so for ecological interactions. Phylogenetic signals of species interactions (i.e. resource use) can vary across time and space, but the causes behind such variations across broader spatial extents remain elusive. Here, we evaluated how current and historical climates influence phylogenetic signals of bat–fruit interaction networks across the Neotropics. We performed a model selection relating the phylogenetic signals of each trophic level (bats and plants) with a set of current and historical climatic factors deemed ecologically important in shaping biotic interactions. Bat and plant phylogenetic signals in bat–fruit interaction networks varied little with climatic factors, although bat phylogenetic signals positively covaried with annual precipitation. These findings indicated that water availability could increase resource availability, favouring higher niche partitioning of trophic resources among bat species and hence bat phylogenetic signals across bat–fruit interaction networks. Overall, our study advances our understanding of the spatial dynamics of bat–fruit interactions by highlighting the association of current climatic factors with phylogenetic patterns of biotic interactions.
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Ponciano, Juan A., William Polanco, and Marlon Barrios. "Dengue outbreaks pattern in southern Guatemala." Ciencia, Tecnología y Salud 6, no. 2 (2019): 158–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36829/63cts.v6i2.631.
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This study analyses time series of dengue occurrence in the southern region of Guatemala. Temporal patterns of epidemic outbreaks in the department of Escuintla were investigated using the official reports from 2001 to 2013. In order to identify underlying associations with climate behavior, the epidemiological data were compared with historical reports available for temperature, rainfall and humidity. Preliminary results reveal that waves of dengue outbreaks exhibit a periodic pattern modulated by climatic conditions. A hierarchical cluster analysis allowed to indirectly estimate the degree of association of each climatic variable with dengue occurrences, showing the dominance of rainfall in dengue outbreaks patterns in three different localities. A further prospective analysis was performed to check whether epidemic trends driven by rainfall are hold in the subsequent years. Results presented here give support to predictive models for dengue incidence driven by climate.
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Esparza-Estrada, Citlalli Edith, Levi Carina Terribile, Octavio Rojas-Soto, Carlos Yáñez-Arenas, and Fabricio Villalobos. "Evolutionary dynamics of climatic niche influenced the current geographical distribution of Viperidae (Reptilia: Squamata) worldwide." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 135, no. 4 (2022): 665–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blac012.
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Abstract An understanding of patterns of climatic niche evolution has important implications for ecological and evolutionary theory and conservation planning. However, despite considerable testing, niche evolution studies continue to focus on clade-wide, homogeneous patterns, without considering the potentially complex dynamics (i.e. phylogenetic non-stationarity) along the evolutionary history of a clade. Here, we examine the dynamics of climatic niche evolution in vipers and discuss its implication for their current patterns of diversity and distribution. We use comparative phylogenetic methods and global-scale datasets, including 210 viper species with phylogenetic and climatic data. We find that climatic niche evolution in Viperidae shows an overall pattern of phylogenetic conservatism, but with different dynamics depending on the niche feature (niche breadth or niche position) and the evolutionary history of particular lineages within the family, thus resulting in phylogenetic non-stationarity. Indeed, we find several shifts in niche breadth evolution that were probably influenced by the main geological and environmental changes experienced during the evolutionary history of the family. These results highlight the importance of considering complex patterns of climatic niche evolution and their role in shaping patterns of diversity and distribution.
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Ullah, Rehmat, Shehzada Munawar Mehdi, Khalid Saif Ullah Khan, Aftab Ahmed Sheikh, Sigit Mujiharjo, and Muhammad Saud. "Soil Water Release Curves : Indicator to Suit Sustainable Cropping Scheme under Sloppy Rain-Fed Climatic Conditions of Pothowar Plateau of Punjab-Pakistan." AGRITROPICA : Journal of Agricultural Sciences 1, no. 1 (2018): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/agritropica.1.1.9-24.
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In arid environment, limitations of crop productivity could be improved by soil management practices like soil conservation measures, tillage and reducing slopes through terracing on different cropping patterns. These patterns include area as Wheat-Maize (WMCP) and Wheat-Fodder (WFCP) in Kahuta (high rainfall climatic area), Wheat-Millet-Fallow (WMFCP) and Wheat- Millet-Lentil (WMLCP) in Khairimurat (medium rainfall climatic area) and Wheat-Fallow (WFCP) and Fallow-Groundnut (FGCP) in Pindi Gheb (low rainfall climatic area). In areas that have more crop water requirements the yield of these crops has been affected when the drought prevails. Our results evidenced that more average soil water content (ASWC) was available in high to medium height terraces in WMCP and low to medium in WFCP of Kahuta area. ASWC remained more in high to medium height terraces under all cropping pattern of Khairimurat during September. ASWC remained more in low to medium height terraces under all cropping pattern of Pindi Gheb during September and December. Equidistantly, soil water release curve also indicated that medium rainfall sites had more plant water availability as compared to high and low rainfall sites. Yield relationship to plant water availability revealed significance for intrusion of modified cropping patterns rather than existing cropping patterns on sustained basis. Finally, our study suggests that cropping patterns of high and low rainfall areas should adjusted by growing low water requirement crops in summer seasons to cope the drought period for the sustainability of agriculture under rainfed climatic conditions. Keywords : cropping patterns, Pothowar Plateau, soil water contents, soil water release curve, sloppy lands
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Ullah, Rehmat, Shehzada Munawar Mehdi, Khalid Saif Ullah Khan, Aftab Ahmed Sheikh, Sigit Mujiharjo, and Muhammad Saud. "Soil Water Release Curves : Indicator to Suit Sustainable Cropping Scheme under Sloppy Rain-Fed Climatic Conditions of Pothowar Plateau of Punjab-Pakistan." AGRITROPICA : Journal of Agricultural Sciences 1, no. 1 (2018): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/agt.1.1.9-24.
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In arid environment, limitations of crop productivity could be improved by soil management practices like soil conservation measures, tillage and reducing slopes through terracing on different cropping patterns. These patterns include area as Wheat-Maize (WMCP) and Wheat-Fodder (WFCP) in Kahuta (high rainfall climatic area), Wheat-Millet-Fallow (WMFCP) and Wheat- Millet-Lentil (WMLCP) in Khairimurat (medium rainfall climatic area) and Wheat-Fallow (WFCP) and Fallow-Groundnut (FGCP) in Pindi Gheb (low rainfall climatic area). In areas that have more crop water requirements the yield of these crops has been affected when the drought prevails. Our results evidenced that more average soil water content (ASWC) was available in high to medium height terraces in WMCP and low to medium in WFCP of Kahuta area. ASWC remained more in high to medium height terraces under all cropping pattern of Khairimurat during September. ASWC remained more in low to medium height terraces under all cropping pattern of Pindi Gheb during September and December. Equidistantly, soil water release curve also indicated that medium rainfall sites had more plant water availability as compared to high and low rainfall sites. Yield relationship to plant water availability revealed significance for intrusion of modified cropping patterns rather than existing cropping patterns on sustained basis. Finally, our study suggests that cropping patterns of high and low rainfall areas should adjusted by growing low water requirement crops in summer seasons to cope the drought period for the sustainability of agriculture under rainfed climatic conditions. Keywords : cropping patterns, Pothowar Plateau, soil water contents, soil water release curve, sloppy lands
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Ullah, Rehmat, Shehzada Munawar Mehdi, Khalid Saif Ullah Khan, Aftab Ahmed Sheikh, Sigit Mujiharjo, and Muhammad Saud. "Soil Water Release Curves : Indicator to Suit Sustainable Cropping Scheme under Sloppy Rain-Fed Climatic Conditions of Pothowar Plateau of Punjab-Pakistan." AGRITROPICA : Journal of Agricultural Sciences 1, no. 1 (2018): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/j.agritropica.1.1.9-24.
Full textAbstract:
In arid environment, limitations of crop productivity could be improved by soil management practices like soil conservation measures, tillage and reducing slopes through terracing on different cropping patterns. These patterns include area as Wheat-Maize (WMCP) and Wheat-Fodder (WFCP) in Kahuta (high rainfall climatic area), Wheat-Millet-Fallow (WMFCP) and Wheat- Millet-Lentil (WMLCP) in Khairimurat (medium rainfall climatic area) and Wheat-Fallow (WFCP) and Fallow-Groundnut (FGCP) in Pindi Gheb (low rainfall climatic area). In areas that have more crop water requirements the yield of these crops has been affected when the drought prevails. Our results evidenced that more average soil water content (ASWC) was available in high to medium height terraces in WMCP and low to medium in WFCP of Kahuta area. ASWC remained more in high to medium height terraces under all cropping pattern of Khairimurat during September. ASWC remained more in low to medium height terraces under all cropping pattern of Pindi Gheb during September and December. Equidistantly, soil water release curve also indicated that medium rainfall sites had more plant water availability as compared to high and low rainfall sites. Yield relationship to plant water availability revealed significance for intrusion of modified cropping patterns rather than existing cropping patterns on sustained basis. Finally, our study suggests that cropping patterns of high and low rainfall areas should adjusted by growing low water requirement crops in summer seasons to cope the drought period for the sustainability of agriculture under rainfed climatic conditions. Keywords : cropping patterns, Pothowar Plateau, soil water contents, soil water release curve, sloppy lands
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Foti, R., and J. A. Ramírez. "A mechanistic description of the formation and evolution of vegetation patterns." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 1 (2013): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-63-2013.
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Abstract. Vegetation patterns are a common and well-defined characteristic of many landscapes. In this paper we explore some of the physical mechanisms responsible for the establishment of self-organized, non-random vegetation patterns that arise at the hillslope scale in many areas of the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In doing so, we provide a fundamental mechanistic understanding of the dynamics of vegetation pattern formation and development. Reciprocal effects of vegetation on the hillslope thermodynamics, runoff production and run-on infiltration, root density, surface albedo and soil moisture content are analyzed. In particular, we: (1) present a physically based mechanistic description of processes leading to vegetation pattern formation; (2) quantify the relative impact of each process on pattern formation; and (3) describe the relationships between vegetation patterns and the climatic, hydraulic and topographic characteristics of the system. We validate the model by comparing simulations with observed natural patterns in the areas of Niger near Niamey and Somalia near Garoowe. Our analyses suggest that the phenomenon of pattern formation is primarily driven by run-on infiltration and mechanisms of facilitation/inhibition among adjacent vegetation groups, mediated by vegetation effects on soil properties and controls on soil moisture and albedo. Nonetheless, even in presence of those mechanisms, patterns arise only when the climatic conditions, particularly annual precipitation and net radiation, are favorable.
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Foti, R., and J. A. Ramírez. "A mechanistic description of the formation and evolution of vegetation patterns." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 7 (2012): 8737–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-8737-2012.
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Abstract. Vegetation patterns are a common and well-defined characteristic of many landscapes. In this paper we explore some of the physical mechanisms responsible for the establishment of self-organized, non-random vegetation patterns that arise at the hillslope scale in many areas of the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In doing so, we provide a fundamental mechanistic understanding of the dynamics of vegetation pattern formation and development. Reciprocal effects of vegetation on the hillslope thermodynamics, runoff production and run-on infiltration, root density, surface albedo and soil moisture content are analyzed. In particular, we: (1) present a physically based mechanistic description of processes leading to vegetation pattern formation; (2) quantify the relative impact of each process on pattern formation; and (3) describe the relationships between vegetation patterns and the climatic, hydraulic and topographic characteristics of the system. We validate the model by comparing simulations with observed natural patterns in the areas of Niger near Niamey and Somalia near Garoowe. Our analyses suggest that the phenomenon of pattern formation is primarily driven by run-on infiltration and mechanisms of facilitation/inhibition among adjacent vegetation groups mediated by vegetation effects on soil properties and controls on soil moisture and albedo. Nonetheless, even in presence of those mechanisms, patterns arise only when the climatic conditions, particularly annual precipitation and net radiation, are favorable.
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Awe, O. F., S. T. Ogunjo, A. B. Rabiu, O. J. Ajanaku, and I. D. Ijila. "Impact of selected teleconnection pattern on solar energy potential in different climatic zones of Nigeria." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1216, no. 1 (2022): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1216/1/012002.
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Abstract Meeting the energy demands and sustainable development goals in Nigeria requires investigation of potentials of alternative energy sources and possible challenges to their reliability. In this study, we investigated the impact of four (4) teleconnection patterns on the solar energy potential within different climatic zones of Nigeria. Our results indicate that there are weak and insignificant correlation between the studied teleconnection patterns and solar energy potential on the long run. However, monthly analysis suggests significant correlation values between all the teleconnection patterns studied and solar energy production within all the climatic regions of the country. Therefore, it is important to consider the role of teleconnection pattern in energy planning and forecasting within the region.
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Kumar, Pramod, Kuldeep Dutta, Rakesh Kumar Ranjan, Nishchal Wanjari, and Anil Kumar Misra. "Microclimatic Zonation and Climatic Variability of Sikkim Himalaya." Journal of Atmospheric Science Research 7, no. 3 (2024): 80–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jasr.v7i3.6684.
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The Köppen classification of climate integrates precipitation and temperature information with natural vegetation patterns to create a precise representation of any particular region's climate. This integration depends on the empirical relationship of climate and vegetation, which indicates that distinct locations in the same class have similar vegetation attributes. Köppen climatic classification factors are explained and Sikkim's climate characteristics are regionalized based on it. The method for making representations of air temperatures and precipitation has been described, and an illustration of Sikkim's climatic zones with variability is generated as a result of these changes. The geographic pattern of climatic types and subtypes in Sikkim has been briefly addressed using an available high-resolution gridded dataset (ERA5-Land). This is described that the constraints of microclimatic zonation emanate from the empirical prerequisite of climate classifications, as well as the nature of data selection and the methodologies employed for climate variability analysis and classification. Based on the Köppen classification for the long term (1980–2021), the Sikkim Himalaya contains three primary climatic classes, particularly ETc (cold, tundra, and cool summer), Cfc (moderately warm, humid, and cool summer), and Cfb (moderately warm, humid, and warm summer). Climate variability on the basis of temperature and precipitation change with respect to 1980–2021 over the entire Sikkim Himalaya concludes that the climatic pattern of the Sikkim has been changed from cold-dry to warm-wet. The alteration in the corresponding climatic pattern is further supported by changes in LULC and NDVI. The results suggest that the precipitation change in the past two decades (1980–2000) is negative, while a significant positive change has been noticed in the recent two decades (2001–2021). Subsequently, the number of extremely wet days decreases in the entire ETc and Cfc climate zones. Regardless, the southern part of the Cfb climatic zone has experienced an increase in extremely wet days. This study's findings will significantly contribute to the development of future policies and initiatives by providing insights crucial for achieving sustainable development, environmental protection, and climate change adaptation.
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DeSoto, Lucía, Marcelino De la Cruz, and Patrick Fonti. "Intra-annual patterns of tracheid size in the Mediterranean tree Juniperus thurifera as an indicator of seasonal water stress." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 6 (2011): 1280–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-045.
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Because climate can affect xylem cell anatomy, series of intra-annual cell anatomical features have the potential to retrospectively supply seasonal climatic information. In this study, we explored the ability to extract information about water stress conditions from tracheid features of the Mediterranean conifer Juniperus thurifera L. Tracheidograms of four climatic years from two drought-sensitive sites in Spain were compared to evaluate whether it is possible to link intra-annual cell size patterns to seasonal climatic conditions. Results indicated site-specific anatomical adjustment such as smaller and thicker tracheids at the dryer site but also showed a strong climatic imprint on the intra-annual pattern of tracheid size. Site differences in cell size reflected expected structural adjustments against cavitation failures. Differences between intra-annual patterns, however, indicated a response to seasonal changes in water availability whereby cells formed under drought conditions were smaller and thicker, and vice versa. This relationship was more manifest and stable at the dryer site.
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Zuber, Mohd, Charu Khosla, and Nargis Begum Javed. "Monkeypox Outbreak: Geographical Pattern and Climatic Factors." Indian Journal of Public Health 67, no. 4 (2023): 682–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijph.ijph_1451_22.
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Liang, Liang. "Beyond the Bioclimatic Law." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 40, no. 6 (2016): 811–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133316656558.
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Almost a century ago, observed geographic patterns of plant phenology (such as leaf-out and flowering) were summarized in Hopkins’ Bioclimatic Law. This law describes phenology as varying along climatic gradients by latitude, longitude, and altitude. Yet phenological patterns are not only affected by contemporary climatic differences across space, but also by underlying geographic variations in plant genetics that arise from long-term climatic adaptation. The latter influence on geographic patterns in phenology has been undervalued to this day, mainly due to the difficulty of quantifying it. This study outlines a methodology for bridging this knowledge gap through delineating geographic adaption patterns using common garden and cloned plant phenology. Through synthesizing existing literature, typical geographic adaptation patterns in both spring and autumn phenology of many temperate tree species are identified. Under uniform environment, spring leaf-out of colder climate-adapted populations of a certain species is either earlier than warmer climate-adapted ones due to lower thermal requirements, or later because of higher chilling (for dormancy release) demands. The former leads to a countergradient pattern as it is opposite to an in situ observation, while the latter leads to a cogradient pattern. Autumn leaf senescence, on the other hand, expresses a consistent cogradient pattern that is related to latitude and constrained by the populations’ varied photoperiod requirements. These geographic adaptation patterns allow a clearer understanding of geographical variations in phenological responses to climate change, and provide a theoretical basis for spatially explicit phenological models. In addition, given that these adaptive patterns reveal genotype-based variabilities, they are potentially useful for more accurately tracking phenology-dependent ecosystem processes (e.g. species distribution) and non-weather-related vegetation changes. As a unique subfield of physical geography with broad environmental implications, this line of research needs to be further developed by furnishing a stronger and more explicit spatial structure into current phenological studies.
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Arif, Hania, Bushra Talib, Muhammad Shahzad, et al. "Spatiotemporal Analysis of Land Use / Land Cover in Swat, Pakistan Using Supervised Classification in Remote Sensing: 2000 to 2015." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 11, no. 2 (2020): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol11.iss2.2020.450.
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Changes in land use and land cover affect the social, economic and natural aspects of any area. Mostly land use and land cover (LULC) changes are the result of population growth and human activities in the form of urban agglomerations and industrialization etc. Physical factors like soil structure and type, slope condition, topography are main aspects. Land use change defines the historical pattern that how people used that specific land which depends on the availability of resources and economic conditions. LULC changes may trigger the detrimental effects like increase in natural hazard events and changes in climatic patterns. Climatic pattern directly affects the precipitation, groundwater recharge, the amount of evapotranspiration and runoff generation. On regional and local scale, LULC change is a far-reaching issue because environment and climate condition depend on it
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Piqué-Fandiño, Laura, Sandrine Gallois, Samuel Pavard, and Fernando V. Ramirez Rozzi. "Reproductive seasonality in the Baka Pygmies, environmental factors and climatic changes." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (2022): e0264761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264761.
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Reproductive seasonality is a phenomenon common to human and animal populations and driven by, among others, climatic variables. Given the currently changing climate and its impacts on both the environment and human lives, the question arises of its potential effects on reproductive seasonality. Few studies have specifically explored the seasonality of reproduction among hunter-gatherers and anyone investigated how current climate change might affect this phenomenon. In this study we addressed reproductive seasonality in the Baka Pygmy living in African rain forests. Since reproductive seasonality can be linked to weather patterns, we explore this possibility. However, climatic variables driving weather patterns have changed over the years, so we assessed whether this has influenced the Baka reproductive pattern. Based on 34 years of written birth records and oral questionnaires from 13 years of systematic fieldwork, we observed a bimodal birth pattern with two birth peaks at 6-month intervals. Our results demonstrate that precipitation at conception or at birth potentially has effects, respectively negative and positive on the monthly number of births; and temperature has a role in controlling other variables that do affect the reproductive pattern. Changing weather patterns appear to be affecting the reproductive seasonality in the Baka, suggesting that attention needs to be given to the influence of global climate change on forager societies.
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Salam, M. Abdul, and Suad Al Mazrooei. "Changing Patterns of Climate in Kuwait." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 4, no. 1 (2007): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw-2007-4_1_12.
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Climatic changes are recognized as a major threat to the survival of species and integrity of ecosystems world over. Little research has been focused to assess the climatic changes in the state of Kuwait. In this context, a study was conducted at the department of biological sciences, Kuwait University to assess the changing climatic patterns of Kuwait. The variations in the average weather parameters between two periods (1962–1998 and 1999–2004) were studied. Distinct variations in the climatic patterns were noticed between these periods. Compared to 1962–1998 period, during 1999–2004 period, there was an increase in period mean maximum temperature by 1.29°C, period mean minimum temperature by 0.73°C and period mean temperature by 1.14°C. The period average rainfall increased by 18.67 mm while the period average pan evaporation increased by 0.97 mm d $^{-1}$ . The period average wind speed increased by 0.21 m s $^{-1}$ during the second period. The only weather parameter that showed a decreasing trend was relative humidity (period mean relative humidity by 1.14 percent). The change in the climatic patterns of Kuwait environment in terms of increasing temperature, wind speed and pan evaporation may be viewed with serious concerns. The increasing trend in the rainfall pattern is a happy signal from environmental and agricultural point of view. In the context of changing climatic patterns, it is necessary to assess the exact causes of the same and to take possible remedial measures.
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García-Rodríguez, Oxala, Emilie A. Hardouin, Debbi Pedreschi, et al. "Contrasting Patterns of Genetic Diversity in European Mammals in the Context of Glacial Refugia." Diversity 16, no. 10 (2024): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d16100611.
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Phylogeographic studies have been conducted on many different mammal species in order to track their recent demographic histories. The climatic fluctuations associated with the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) appear to have had a profound influence on the geographic patterning of genetic diversity in mammals. However, most phylogenetic studies have focused on single species. Few have used a holistic approach covering multiple taxa to explore common patterns. Here, we conducted meta-analyses of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences, identifying haplotype diversity and private allelic richness patterns in a geographic context. Four general patterns emerged among European mammals: an east–west decline in variation, a Western-Central belt of the highest diversity, southern richness, and homogeneity with no geographic pattern. These patterns likely reflect the refugial origins of modern populations. The east–west variation decline suggests species with eastern LGM refugia; the Western-Central belt of the highest diversity may harbor taxa with cryptic northern refugia, while southern richness may correspond to traditional southern refugia. Species with homogeneity and no geographic pattern may have been panmictic without a specific refugium or may reflect the occurrence of both southern and cryptic northern refugia. Surprisingly, the “no pattern” phenomenon is seldom discussed and may frequently have been discounted. Our study emphasizes the importance of considering multiple taxa, providing valuable insights into the responses of European mammals to past climatic changes.
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Mohan, Chander. "Changing Climatic Patterns and its Impact on Apple Production and Productivity in Himachal Pradesh." Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 9, no. 2 (2017): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2017/16043.
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Himachal Pradesh (H.P) is next only to Jammu and Kashmir in the production of apple in India. Horticulture in general and apple in particular has emerged as the backbone of Himachal Economy. Apple, being a temperate fruit is grown in the high altitude regions and in Himachal Pradesh almost all the districts, except Una, apple production takes place in various magnitudes. As Hills are early indicators of climate change, any significant change in climatic pattern would definitely have cascading effect on the hill economies like Himachal Pradesh. Since, a considerable part of Gross state domestic product (GSDP) and employment comes from that subsector of the hill economy, it is important to study how it is affected by changing climatic patterns. This paper is an attempt to quantify the impact of changing climatic patterns on the production and productivity of apple in H.P using the empirical methods.
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Park, Myoung, Ki Park, and Gyung Bahk. "Interrelationships between Multiple Climatic Factors and Incidence of Foodborne Diseases." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (2018): 2482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112482.
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Climatic factors can affect the incidence of foodborne diseases (FBDs). Moreover, microbial network inference is useful for predicting the interrelationships between the incidence of FBDs and climatic factors. However, the interrelationships between FBD pathogens and most climatic factors are unknown. Using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial correlation coefficient matrices (PCCMs), we determined the intra-ecosystem interrelationship network of the multiple combined effects of 5 climatic factors (temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, insolation, and cloudiness) and the monthly incidences of 12 bacterial FBDs. Many FBD pathogens are interrelated with multiple combined factors. Salmonellosis has strong positive interrelationships with Vibrio parahaemolyticus and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, and the interrelationships between Staphylococcus aureus/enteropathogenic E. coli/enterotoxigenic E. coli exhibits a typical triangular pattern with the combined effects of all 5 climatic factors. Meanwhile, campylobacteriosis and Clostridium perfringens infections are negatively interrelated with insolation and cloudiness. Enteroinvasive E. coli, Bacillus cereus, Listeria spp., and Yersinia enterocolitica are significantly interrelated with any climatic factor combination. The interrelationships or higher-order interrelationships among these climatic factors play an important role in the incidence of FBDs, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Our results will serve as a foundation for more sophisticated models of future FBD patterns with regard to climate change.
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Parra-Gómez, Antonio, and Leonardo D. Fernández. "Filling gaps in the diversity and biogeography of Chilean millipedes (Myriapoda: Diplopoda)." Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 80 (October 14, 2022): 561–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.80.e86810.
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Research on the diversity and biogeography of Chilean millipedes represents a significant gap in knowledge. To reduce this gap we conducted a study: (1) to investigate the current state of knowledge of millipede diversity, and (2) to assess the pattern and causes underlying the latitudinal diversity gradient in Chilean millipedes. In Chile, 95 native millipede species have been recorded. However, rarefaction and extrapolation curves showed that increased sampling effort will reveal more species. An asymptotic estimate of diversity predicted that millipede diversity fluctuates between 125 and 197 species. The estimate, though, was based on a limited data set. Therefore, millipede diversity is probably higher than predicted. Chilean millipedes were categorized as micro-range endemics because they all have latitudinal ranges of less than 1,000 km (with 78% of species exhibiting latitudinal ranges of only ~222 km). Millipede species richness also exhibited a bell-shaped latitudinal diversity gradient, i.e. diversity peaks in the temperate climate of central Chile and decreases towards the arid and polar climates of northern and southern Chile. A multiple regression analysis revealed that this biogeographic pattern is shaped by environmental variables related to water availability, ambient energy inputs and climatic stability. These environmental variables are proxies for two of the five biogeographic hypotheses we tested in this study, i.e. the water-energy balance hypothesis and climatic stability hypothesis. Both hypotheses suggest that millipedes need stable, humid and warm climates to grow, survive and reproduce (niche conservatism). These climatic conditions are only found in central Chile, which is consistent with the diversity peak observed in that region.
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Parra-Gómez, Antonio, and Leonardo D. Fernández. "Filling gaps in the diversity and biogeography of Chilean millipedes (Myriapoda: Diplopoda)." Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 80 (October 14, 2022): 561–73. https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.80.e86810.
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Research on the diversity and biogeography of Chilean millipedes represents a significant gap in knowledge. To reduce this gap we conducted a study: (1) to investigate the current state of knowledge of millipede diversity, and (2) to assess the pattern and causes underlying the latitudinal diversity gradient in Chilean millipedes. In Chile, 95 native millipede species have been recorded. However, rarefaction and extrapolation curves showed that increased sampling effort will reveal more species. An asymptotic estimate of diversity predicted that millipede diversity fluctuates between 125 and 197 species. The estimate, though, was based on a limited data set. Therefore, millipede diversity is probably higher than predicted. Chilean millipedes were categorized as micro-range endemics because they all have latitudinal ranges of less than 1,000 km (with 78% of species exhibiting latitudinal ranges of only ~222 km). Millipede species richness also exhibited a bell-shaped latitudinal diversity gradient, i.e. diversity peaks in the temperate climate of central Chile and decreases towards the arid and polar climates of northern and southern Chile. A multiple regression analysis revealed that this biogeographic pattern is shaped by environmental variables related to water availability, ambient energy inputs and climatic stability. These environmental variables are proxies for two of the five biogeographic hypotheses we tested in this study, i.e. the water-energy balance hypothesis and climatic stability hypothesis. Both hypotheses suggest that millipedes need stable, humid and warm climates to grow, survive and reproduce (niche conservatism). These climatic conditions are only found in central Chile, which is consistent with the diversity peak observed in that region.
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Binda, Varun, and Santosh Chharang. "Study of Settlement Pattern of Dungarpur District of Rajasthan." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 11 (2021): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.811.11145.
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The settlement indicates the spatial pattern of the human's functional activities at the local level, including residence, street structure, community areas, etc. Settlements represent one of the most dominant features made by men on the earth in the process of habitation. In the genetic term, settlements are the almost permanent abode of an organism. They represent "An organized colony of human beings together with the buildings, paths, and streets over which they travel." The settlement pattern is also an essential aspect of settlement geography for research. Within a particular region, different types of settlement patterns were found. The settlement pattern is controlled by various socio-economic, climatic, and different factors. In this research, the authors attempt to highlight the various settlements' patterns, sizes, and responsible factors.
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Mercado Gómez, Jorge D., David A. Prieto-Torres, Maylin Adriana Gonzalez, María Eugenia Morales Puentes, Tania Escalante, and Octavio Rojas-Soto. "Climatic affinities of Neotropical species of Capparaceae: an approach from ecological niche modelling and numerical ecology." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 193, no. 2 (2020): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boz092.
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Abstract In the Neotropics, the distribution of Capparaceae has been historically associated with seasonally dry forest (NSDF), but recent taxonomic studies have questioned this assumption. Given the environmental co-occurrence of species and the need to understand their relationships with the ecosystem, we use ecological niche modelling and numerical ecology methods to better describe the distribution patterns of Capparaceae and their climatic affinities with NSDF. We used the Maxent algorithm to model the ecological niches of 104 species of Capparaceae, which gave maximum values of the response curves for climatic suitability. These values were used to carry out multivariate statistical analyses [principal components analysis (PCA), non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and discriminant analysis (DA)] to identify ecological associations based on climatic similitude among species. Both PCA and NMDS showed that annual precipitation, precipitation of the wettest quarter and precipitation of the driest quarter were the most important climatic variables shaping distributions of species and their associations with NSDF, moist tropical forest (MTF) and wet tropical forest (WTF). Although we found 72 species associated with NSDF as previously reported, DA revealed an overlapping pattern among the three ecological/climatic assemblages (NSDF, MTF and WTF). This confirms the existence of transition zones and species with wider niches. Our results provide an important biogeographical framework of ecological patterns for species associated with NSDF, opening new lines of research on the reconstruction of distribution in future climatic scenarios or palaeo-distributions.
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Barry, R. G. "The nature and origin of climatic fluctuations in Northeastern North America." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 35, no. 1 (2011): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1000376ar.
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Features of the atmospheric circulation and climate of northeastern Canada are reviewed. In particular, the role of the upper level trough and its variability are discussed. It is shown that longitudinal displacements of the mean summer trough create anomalies of both air temperature and sea ice conditions in the region of Baffin Island. Climatic anomaly patterns in Labrador-Ungava and Keewatin associated with trough displacements are also summarized. Two examples of the application of such information to paleoclimat-ological questions are discussed. One concerns the influx of "exotic" tree pollen into Baffin Island and its previously postulated relationship to southerly airflow. It is concluded that pollen peaks cannot yet be reliably used as a paleowind index. The pattern of glacial inception and ice sheet extension during the Last Glacial Maximum is also briefly considered in the light of the available climatic information. Finally, the role of orbital variations affecting the seasonal pattern of solar radiation is discussed with reference to the last glacial cycle.
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Das, M., and S. K. Ghosh. "SPATIO-TEMPORAL PATTERN ANALYSIS FOR REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE USING MATHEMATICAL MORPHOLOGY." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-4/W2 (July 14, 2015): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-4-w2-185-2015.
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Of late, significant changes in climate with their grave consequences have posed great challenges on humankind. Thus, the detection and assessment of climatic changes on a regional scale is gaining importance, since it helps to adopt adequate mitigation and adaptation measures. In this paper, we have presented a novel approach for detecting spatio-temporal pattern of regional climate change by exploiting the theory of <i>mathematical morphology</i>. At first, the various climatic zones in the region have been identified by using <i>multifractal cross-correlation analysis</i> (MF-DXA) of different climate variables of interest. Then, the <i>directional granulometry</i> with four different structuring elements has been studied to detect the temporal changes in spatial distribution of the identified climatic zones in the region and further insights have been drawn with respect to <i>morphological uncertainty index</i> and <i>Hurst exponent</i>. The approach has been evaluated with the daily time series data of <i>land surface temperature</i> (LST) and <i>precipitation rate</i>, collected from <i>Microsoft Research - Fetch Climate Explorer</i>, to analyze the spatio-temporal climatic pattern-change in the <i>Eastern</i> and <i>North-Eastern</i> regions of <i>India</i> throughout four quarters of the 20th century.
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Papaqui-Bello, Sonia Itzel, Andrés Lira-Noriega, and Roger Guevara. "Ant Species Distribution Models Reveal Mixed Elevational Diversity Patterns in Complete Elevation Gradients: Past and Present Climatic Effects?" Sociobiology 71, no. 2 (2024): e10503. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v71i2.10503.
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The juxtaposition of climatic zones in tropical mountains is considered one of the leading causes of the high diversity of tropical mountains; high peaks block oceanic winds, causing mid-elevation peaks of precipitation and diversity. Also, historically wind-protected valleys may harbor high species richness because of climate stability. Despite this knowledge, the elevational patterns of many taxa and their drivers remain unsolved. We aimed to describe the spatial patterns of ants’ diversity in the Jamapa River watershed in Mexico based on species distribution models of 253 ant species. Moreover, we intend to understand the relationship between ant diversity with the current climatic conditions and historical climatic stability. The watershed includes maximum elevations of 5636, 4282, and 2500 m from south to north and is exposed to the oceanic northeastern winds. Elevational patterns of species richness were consistent with theoretical predictions but changed south (mid-elevation peaks) to north (monotonic decrease) in the watershed. Species richness was positively associated with mean annual temperature and precipitation seasonality. Climatically stable sites harbored high species richness below 2100 m of elevation but low species richness above 2400 m, while the beta diversity showed the opposite pattern. We observed that present climatic conditions and historical climatic stability were essential drivers of ant diversity in the Jamapa River watershed. Elevational patterns of species richness were concordant with theoretical expectations. They changed from a monotonic decrease of diversity to marked mid-elevation peaks of species richness, presumably associated with the maximum height of the mountains.
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Zhao, Yingming, Brian J. Shuter, and Donald A. Jackson. "Life history variation parallels phylogeographical patterns in North American walleye (Sander vitreus) populations." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65, no. 2 (2008): 198–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f07-162.
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Walleye (Sander vitreus) is a native fish species in North America, and its zoogeographic range covers several climatic zones. Using multivariate statistical approaches and published growth data, we explored the association between climatic conditions (frost frequency, precipitation, air temperature, solar radiation, and cloud cover) and growth of walleye from 89 populations in North America. We found significant concordance between climatic conditions and walleye growth; however, the pattern of concordance differed among populations that originated from geographical regions that were colonized from different glacial refugia. This suggests that contemporary differences in walleye growth patterns related to local climatic conditions may have been shaped by evolutionary divergence that occurred among refugia during the last glaciation. We suggest that caution should be taken when assessing possible effects of climate variation and climate change on the life history traits of different walleye and other fish populations, especially when such assessments potentially include several genetically distinct groups. Procrustes analysis was shown to be an effective tool for characterizing how a multivariate set of response variables change in response to generalized changes in a multivariate set of independent variables.
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Dahri, Ghulam Nabi, Basit Ali Talpur, Ghulam Mustafa Nangraj, et al. "Impact of Climate Change on Banana Based Cropping Pattern in District Thatta, Sindh Province of Pakistan." Journal of Economic Impact 2, no. 3 (2020): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.52223/jei0301215.
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Pakistan is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world due to changing climatic conditions. While a head facing the risk of food and nutrition insecurity. It is a land of variety both in terms of resources and people. The study focused on the district Thatta and its coastal district of Sindh province, to determine the complex problem-related climate change and effects; the district has received due to various climatic factors. Banana is known to be the most important fruit crop of Pakistan. It is cultivated over 34,800 hectares with the production of 154,800 tons. It is primarily grown in Sindh province because the soil and climatic conditions favour cultivating fruits and vegetables, further, this province shares 87 percent in the cultivation of the banana crop. The study aims to carry out the impact of climate change effect on banana cropping patterns. The present study aimed to observe the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers, review the present status of banana production in Sindh province, explore the status of cropping pattern in the study area, and examine climate change effect on banana cropping pattern, by using primary as well as secondary data. In Sindh province, Banana is cultivated in three main districts among them, Thatta shares 17.6 percent in the area and 17.1 percent production in the overall province. Furthermore, farmer’s perception regarding climate change, the majority proportion of farmers agreed temperature has raised and cropping pattern practices also effected and changed, while water-related issues are rising day by day in the study area.
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Ilyés, Csaba, Péter Szűcs, and Endre Turai. "Appearance of climatic cycles and oscillations in Carpathian Basin precipitation data." Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 71, no. 1 (2022): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15201/hungeobull.71.1.2.
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A number of climatic cycles and teleconnections are known on the Earth. By definition, the cycles can have a periodic effect on the global climate, while teleconnections can influence the weather at large distances. At the same time, it is overwhelmingly assumed that the hydrological cycle is permanently intensifying all over the world. In this study, we determine and quantify some connections among these climatic cycles and precipitation data from across Hungary. By using cross-correlation and cross-spectral analysis, the connections of the climatic patterns and oscillations with the precipitation of different Hungarian areas have been defined. We used the 1950–2010 timeframe in order to be able to detect effects of several climatic patterns, such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Arctic Oscillation (AO), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Pacific/North American teleconnection pattern (PNA) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) on the rainfall events of the Carpathian Basin. Data from four different precipitation measurement sites and oscillation indexes from several databases were used. The results help to understand the patterns and regularities of the precipitation, which is the major source of natural groundwater recharge, and a handy tool for future groundwater management measures. Because of the defined connections, any changes in these teleconnections will probably influence the future utilization of the Hungarian groundwater resources.
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Wang, Man, Kelly Chen, Dongge Guo, et al. "Ambient temperature correlates with geographic variation in body size of least horseshoe bats." Current Zoology 66, no. 5 (2020): 459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoaa004.
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Abstract Geographic variation in body size is common within many animal species. The causes of this pattern, however, remain largely unexplored in most vertebrate groups. Bats are widely distributed globally owing to their ability of powered flight. Most bat species encounter a variety of climatic conditions across their distribution range, making them an ideal taxon for the study of ecogeographic patterns in body size. Here, we used adult least horseshoe bats, Rhinolophus pusillus, to test whether geographic variation in body size was determined by heat conservation, heat dissipation, climatic seasonality, or primary productivity. We measured body mass and head-body length for 246 adult bats from 12 allopatric colonies in China. We quantified the ecological conditions inhabited by each colony, including mean maximum temperature of the warmest month, mean minimum temperature of the coldest month, temperature seasonality, precipitation seasonality, and annual net primary productivity (ANPP). Body mass and head-body length, 2 of the most reliable indicators of body size, exhibited marked differences between colonies. After controlling for spatial autocorrelation, the mean minimum temperature of the coldest month explained most of the variation in body size among colonies, regardless of sex. The mean maximum temperature, climatic seasonality, and ANPP had limited power in predicting body size of males or females in comparison with mean minimum temperature. These results support the heat conservation hypothesis and suggest adaptive responses of body size to cold climates in cave-dwelling bats.
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Krovnin, A. S. "Connectivity of climatic variations in the North Atlantic and North Pacific." Trudy VNIRO 180 (October 27, 2020): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.36038/2307-3497-2020-180-23-43.
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Based on the analysis of changes in the spatial structure of climatic variations in the Northern Hemisphere before and after the climatic regime shift in the 1980s, the modes of interaction between climatic processes in the North Atlantic and North Pacific have been identified. The first (“western”) mode prevailed until the late 1980s, reflected the impact of the North Pacific climatic processes on the North Atlantic climate as a result of interaction of two mutually independent Pacific teleconnection patterns (Pacific/North American and Tropical/Northern Hemisphere patterns) with the West Atlantic pattern. The pronounced eastward shift of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) centers from the late 1970s resulted in establishment of the “eastern” mode of interaction between the aquatories under consideration. The climatic changes originated in the North Atlantic basin propagated in the western half of the North Pacific via the system of atmospheric teleconnection patterns over Eurasia (“atmospheric bridge”). The establishment of the “eastern” mode became obviously one of the reasons of sharp warming of surface waters in the western and central areas of the North Pacific from the end of the 1980s, which favored the beginning of a new “salmon epoch” in its northwestern part. Along with the synchronous relationships between the Eurasian atmospheric modes and North Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies, an asynchronous response in the ocean to longitudinal shifts in position of the NAO centers, was found. The atmospheric signal associated with its southern center propagated eastward along the equatorial zone and appeared in the southwestern sector of the North Pacific 5–6 years later.
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Moretti, Caroline Julio, Claudineia Pereira Costa, and Tiago Maurício Francoy. "Wing morphometrics reveals the migration patterns of Africanized honey bees in Northeast Brazil." Sociobiology 65, no. 4 (2018): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v65i4.3403.
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Climatic differences can directly affect the population structure of organisms. The Northeastern Brazilian covers an area of about 1.5 million square kilometres, in which the semi-arid part corresponds to approximately 60%. It is probably the most vulnerable region to climatic variations in Brazil. Here, we investigated the variability of Africanized honey bees in different localities from Northeast Brazil during the dry season and the influence of drought periods in morphological variation among populations. Analyses were carried out with data collected by traditional and geometric morphometrics of bees sampled during the dry season and showed a subtle morphological variation in agreement to the climatic pattern. Furthermore, once we added samples collected during the rainy season, we observed a change in its pattern, with a very different result from the same population sampled during drought periods. The geometric morphometrics results emphasized that samples collected during the rainy season in Mossoró would be more similar to bees from humid coastal areas. These results probably reflect the probable dispersion pattern of these bees between humid coastal and semi-arid areas.
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Thapa, Jamuna, Narayan Prasad Gautam, and Khadga Bahadur Thapa. "Study of Climatic Pattern and Water Resources from Citizen Science’s Perspective in Namobuddha Municipality, Kavre, Nepal." Contemporary Research: An Interdisciplinary Academic Journal 6, no. 2 (2023): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/craiaj.v6i2.60249.
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This study has been initiated to carry out the research on climatic patterns along with water resources from local communities’ perspectives in Namobuddha Municipality, Kavre, Nepal. The study area is located in the eastern part of Kathmandu which is about 35 km away from it. This study has focused on investigating climatic patterns and water resources available in the study area. It was especially carried out utilizing citizens’ perspectives. Mixed qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this study. Total 66 questionnaire surveys and two key informant interviews were conducted in the Simalchaur Sympati area of Namobuddha Municipality which has about 600 households. Required Meteorological data were taken from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Nepal. Results from this study showed that the average, minimum and maximum temperatures were in the increasing trend. However, the average annual along with the monsoon rainfalls were in the decreasing trend. The inhabitants have experienced warmer summer and winter, scarcity of water for domestic as well as for agriculture purposes. Local communities also deplored less ground water flow in their springs. This study has clearly signified the drying up of surface and ground water resources. In overall context, this study output was similar to the global pattern as temperatures are in increasing trend whereas precipitation is in decreasing trend. It signified the need for effective adaptation strategies to combat against the adverse impacts of changing climatic patterns especially for the management of water resources in the study area.
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Nair, Rahul Raveendran, Alicia N. Sérsic, Pablo H. Demaio, Solana B. Perotti, and Diego E. Gurvich. "‘More tight-less tight’ Patterns in the Climatic Niche Evolution of Gymnocalycium (Cactaceae): Were Pleistocene Glaciations a Prelude?" PLOS One 20, no. 5 (2025): e0323758. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323758.
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Cacti have undergone some of the fastest diversification events in the plant kingdom despite their slow growth rates and extended generation times. This rapid evolution may be driven by intense ecological interactions. Here we tested, for the first time, the evolutionary dynamics of the ecological niches of Gymnocalycium species focusing on two key environmental factors: temperature and precipitation. To explore patterns of niche conservatism and/or evolution and identify major contributing factors, we reconstructed ancestral niches associated with these climatic dimensions using the binned ancestral range coding method. Our findings reveal that (1) the climatic-niches of narrow-ranged Gymnocalycium species are not highly conserved across the phylogeny (i.e., niches are evolving), (2) the evolutionary dynamics of thermal and precipitation niches across the Gymnocalycium phylogeny do not follow similar patterns, (3) a bioregion-specific pattern of niche evolution exists, and (4) the Early–Middle Pleistocene glaciations (i.e., GPG and three Post-GPG phases) potentially drove the patterns of lineage divergence in Gymnocalycium species, triggering the evolution of climatic niches. These results suggest that (i) Gymnocalycium species with fascicular roots may require special attention for conservation, (ii) in a warming climate, the species distributed in the South American transition zone, South Brazilian dominion, and Chacoan dominion may face serious risks, and (iii) the relatively ‘more tight-less tight’ pattern in conserving the precipitation and temperature niches could be a strategy for conserving the critical variable at the expense of the other. This study has not only provided valid insights into the evolutionary history of Gymnocalycium species but also highlights the importance of conservation efforts, essential to protect these species.
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ODUFALE, OLADAPO, OLANREWAJU, KOLOCHE MUSA IBRAHIM, AHANON MONDAY JOSEPH, and NWITE AVIEBAMEN PEACE. "EVALUATING THE VARIABILITY OF GERMINATION PATTERN OF COCONUT TYPES." Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 14, no. 2 (2024): 123–27. https://doi.org/10.15580/gjas.2024.2.051224060.
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Background: This study is meant to evaluate the variability in the germination pattern of the coconut types and the effect of climatic factors on their germination. Methods: Matured seed nuts from 124 genotypes of the Green Dwarf (GD), Orange Dwarf (OD), Yellow Dwarf (YD) and Tall (T) ecotypes were sown in the nursery over a period of two years. Results: Among the coconut types evaluated, YD had fastest emergence in 54.5 days while OD had the shortest duration of 32.5 days between the commencement and completion of emergence. Days to emergence was affected by the viability of the embryo and the climatic factors except rainfall. Humidity was the most important climatic factor required for the growth, and emergence of coconut embryo. It positively affected Days to Emergence (DE), Emergence Interval (EI), Twenty-five percent emergence (TFE) and Fifty percent emergence (FE) with high positive significant correlation unlike sunshine hours and temperature which had negative disposition to coconut emergence. With high sunshine hours, EI, TFE and FE increased which indicated that at high sunshine dominated periods, number of days to emergence increased as a result of high evapo-transpiration. Temperature had negative disposition on DE, EI, TFE and FE. At high temperature, emergence and germination depreciated and this translated to prolonged number of days to achieve TFE and consequently FE. Conclusion: The YD and OD could be utilized to produce early germinating hybrid varieties. The seed nuts meant for sowing should be allowed to mature before harvesting. Seed nuts should preferably be under shade to maintain humid environment and irrigation should be provided to maintain humidity during off rain periods of planting.
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LAL, BHUKAN, and B. LAKSHMANASWAMY. "Does precipitation pattern foretell climatic shift over Punjab state ?" MAUSAM 46, no. 3 (2022): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v46i3.3292.
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ABSTRACT. Statistical analysis of 82-years (1901-1982) record of precipitation from 27 rain-recording stations in Punjab state of lndia has been carried out to assess the climate shift if any in the state. The central part of the study is the trend and spectrum analysis of annual. monsoon and winter rainfall of different stations in the region. It is seen that frequency distribution of 19 rainfall series out of 81 series is normally distributed. Maikov linear type of persistence is observed in some of the rainfall series. Marin-Kendall test indicates the decreasing trend in winter rainfall of all the stations and is found to be significant in case of Amritsar, Taran Taran, Tanda, Ludhiana and Ranike. Low-pass filter reveals that trend is not linear but oscillatory consisting of periods of 10 years or more. It is seen that winter rainfall of most of the stations exhibits the decreasing trend from 1935-40 to 1965-70. It is also revealed by the low-pass filter curves that winter rainfall of all t1le sla1ions remained below average from 1960 till the end of the study period.
 The spectral analysis indicates a significant cycle of 4.1 to 27 years in some of the stations and Quasi-Biennial Oscillations (QBO) over many stations.
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Buck, Laura T., Isabelle De Groote, Yuzuru Hamada, and Jay T. Stock. "Humans preserve non-human primate pattern of climatic adaptation." Quaternary Science Reviews 192 (July 2018): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.05.032.
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Szabó, Szilárd, Balázs Deák, Zoltán Kovács, Ádám Kertész, and Boglárka Bertalan-Balázs. "Dataset for landscape pattern analysis from a climatic perspective." Data in Brief 25 (August 2019): 104187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.104187.
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Fattorini, Simone. "Global Patterns of Earwig Species Richness." Diversity 14, no. 10 (2022): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14100890.
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One of the most investigated patterns in species diversity is the so-called latitudinal gradient, that is, a decrease in species richness from the equator to the poles. However, few studies investigated this pattern in insects at a global scale because of insufficient taxonomic and biogeographical information. Using estimates of earwig species richness at country level, their latitudinal diversity gradient was modelled globally and for the two hemispheres separately after correcting for differences in country areas. Separate analyses were also conducted for mainland and island countries. All analyses clearly indicated the existence of latitudinal gradients. The most plausible explanation for the observed pattern is the so-called tropical conservatism hypothesis, which postulates (1) a tropical origin of many extant clades, (2) a longer time for cladogenesis in tropical environments thanks to their environmental stability, and (3) a limited ability of historically tropical lineages to adapt to temperate climates. Earwigs probably evolved on Gondwana and secondarily colonized the Northern Hemisphere. This colonization was hampered by both geographical and climatic factors. The Himalayan orogenesis obstructed earwig dispersal into the Palearctic region. Additionally, earwig preferences for warm/hot and humid climates hampered the colonization of temperate regions. Pleistocene glaciation further contributed to reducing diversity at northern latitudes.
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McNeil, V. H., and M. E. Cox. "Defining the climatic signal in stream salinity trends using the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation and its rate of change." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 4 (2007): 1295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1295-2007.
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Abstract. The impact of landuse on stream salinity is currently difficult to separate from the effect of climate, as the decadal scale climatic cycles in groundwater and stream hydrology have similar wavelengths to the landuse pattern. These hydrological cycles determine the stream salinity through accumulation or release of salt in the landscape. Widespread patterns apparent in stream salinity are discussed, and a link is demonstrated between stream salinity, groundwater levels and global climatic indicators. The Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) has previously been investigated as a contributory climatic indicator for hydrological and related time series in the Southern Hemisphere. This study presents an approach which explores the rate of change in the IPO, in addition to its value, to define an indicator for the climate component of ambient shallow groundwater levels and corresponding stream salinity. Composite time series of groundwater level and stream salinity are compiled using an extensive but irregular database covering a wide geographical area. These are modelled with respect to the IPO and its rate of change to derive control time series. A example is given of how a stream salinity trend changes when the decadal climatic influence is removed.