Journal articles on the topic 'Climograma'


 El presente trabajo ofrece un estudio que se desarrolló en el municipio de Ciro Redondo de la provincia Ciego de Ávila, Cuba, con el objetivo de estimar los impactos del cambio climático sobre las precipitaciones. Se analizó una serie de 40 años, en el periodo comprendido de 1978 hasta el 2017, obtenidos de forma sistemática en el pluviómetro CA 808. Se realizó la estadística descriptiva para analizar los estadígrafos fundamentales de la serie de lluvias para escala de tiempo mensual y anual. Se determinó el índice de concentración de las precipitaciones, el climograma y el criterio para evaluación de cambio climático en las precipitaciones las anomalías climáticas y el cambio del patrón de lluvias. Los días con lluvia varían entre 9 y 12 días en el mes, con tendencia a la disminución en un 20% de la serie, definiendo el periodo lluvioso y seco en un 81,64% y 18,36% de las precipitaciones del año respectivamente. El climograma identificó que los meses de junio, julio y agosto superan los 30ºC de temperatura lo que califica a la localidad como una zona de altas temperaturas. Se valoró que existe una elevada anomalía climática negativa que ocurre en el 47,5% de los 40 años estudiados; mientras que en el patrón de desplazamiento de las precipitaciones en los últimos 5 años existen tendencias a disminuir las precipitaciones.
 
 Palabras clave: precipitaciones, clima, climograma, húmedo, seco.
 
 Abstract
 The present work offers a study that was developed in the Ciro Redondo Municipality of the province of Ciego de Ávila, Cuba, with the objective of determining the estimation of the impacts of climate change on rainfall. A series of 40 years was analyzed, in the period from 1978 to 2017, systematically obtained in the CA 808 rain gauge. The descriptive statistics was used to analyze the fundamental statistics of the rainfall series for time scale. monthly and annual. The index of concentration of precipitations, the climogram and the criterion for evaluation of climate change in rainfall were determined by the climatic anomalies and the change of rainfall pattern. The days vary between 9 and 12 days in the month, with a tendency to decrease in 20% of the series, therefore the rainy and dry period is defined in 81.64% and 18.36% of the rainfall of the year respectively. The climogram determined that the months of June, July and August exceed the 30ºC of temperature which allow to describe the location like at high temperatures zone. It was assessed that there is a high negative climatic anomaly occurring in 47.5% out of the 40 years studied was valued; while in the pattern of rainfall displacement in the last 5 years, there is a tendency to decrease rainfall monthly.
 
 Key words: rainfall, climate, climogram, wet, dry.

El objetivo principal de este trabajo es presentar una estadística descriptiva de las variables climatológicas en la ciudad de San José de Cúcuta, buscando conocer cuál es su interrelación y cómo ésta se ha mantenido en el tiempo, determinando así posibles aplicaciones de estas variables en diferentes áreas. Para el desarrollo de este análisis se calculó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson entre las variables de humedad relativa, radiación solar, brillo solar, temperatura ambiente y velocidad del viento. Se graficaron climogramas y las relaciones de las variables junto con su respectiva regresión lineal, además de la variación de éstas a través de los años y los meses. Se logró evidenciar que las variables climáticas analizadas se encuentran correlacionadas inversa y directamente entre ellas, como la temperatura y la humedad relativa con un coeficiente de -0.9056, y la temperatura y la radiación solar con un coeficiente de 0.7.PALABRAS CLAVE: Climograma, coeficiente de correlación de Pearson, variables climatológicas.The main objective of this work is to present descriptive statistics of the climatological variables in the city of San José de Cucuta. In this study, we sought for the interrelation among the variables and how they behave over time, thus we determined possible applications of these variables in different areas. To develop this analysis, we calculated the correlation coefficient among relative humidity, solar radiation, sunshine duration, temperature and wind speed. We generated climographs and determined linear regressions to establish the relationship among the variables under consideration and their variability along months and years. We evidenced that the analyzed climatological variables are inversely and directly correlated among them; for example, temperature and relative humidity have a correlation coefficient of -0.9056, while temperature and solar radiation have a correlation coefficient of 0.7.KEYWORDS: Climogram, climatological variables, Pearson correlation coefficient.

<strong>RESUMEN</strong> El presente trabajo ofrece un estudio que se desarroll&oacute; en el municipio de Ciro Redondo de la provincia Ciego de &Aacute;vila, Cuba, con el objetivo de estimar los impactos del cambio clim&aacute;tico sobre las precipitaciones.Se analiz&oacute; una serie de 40 a&ntilde;os, en el periodo comprendido de 1978 hasta el 2017, obtenidos de forma sistem&aacute;tica en el pluvi&oacute;metro CA 808. Se realiz&oacute; la estad&iacute;stica descriptiva para analizar los estad&iacute;grafos fundamentales de la serie de lluvias para escala de tiempo mensual y anual. Se determin&oacute; el &iacute;ndice de concentraci&oacute;n de las precipitaciones, el climograma y el criterio para evaluaci&oacute;n de cambio clim&aacute;tico en las precipitaciones las anomal&iacute;as clim&aacute;ticas y el cambio del patr&oacute;n de lluvias. Los d&iacute;as con lluvia var&iacute;an entre 9 y 12 d&iacute;as en el mes, contendencia a la disminuci&oacute;n en un 20% de la serie, definiendoel periodo lluvioso y seco en un 81,64% y 18,36% de las precipitaciones del a&ntilde;o respectivamente.El climograma identific&oacute;que los meses de junio, julio y agosto superan los 30&ordm;C de temperatura lo que calificaala localidad como una zona de altas temperaturas. Se valor&oacute; que existe una elevada anomal&iacute;a clim&aacute;tica negativa que ocurre en el 47,5% de los 40 a&ntilde;os estudiados; mientras que en el patr&oacute;n de desplazamiento de las precipitaciones en los &uacute;ltimos 5 a&ntilde;os existen tendencias a disminuir las precipitaciones. <strong>ABSTRACT</strong> The present work offers a study that was developed in the CiroRedondo Municipality of the province of Ciego de &Aacute;vila, Cuba, with the objective of determining the estimation of the impacts of climate change on rainfall. A series of 40 years was analyzed, in the period from 1978 to 2017, systematically obtained in theCA 808 rain gauge. The descriptive statistics was used to analyze the fundamental statistics of the rainfall series for time scale. monthly and annual. The index of concentration of precipitations, the climogram and the criterion for evaluation of climate&nbsp;change in rainfall were determined by the climatic anomalies and the change of rainfall pattern. Thedays varybetween 9 and 12 days in the month, with a tendency to decrease in 20% of the series, thereforethe rainy and dry period is defined in 81.64% and 18.36% of the rainfall of the year respectively. The climogram determinedthat the months of June, July and August exceed the 30&ordm;C of temperature whichallow to describe the location like at high temperatures zone. It was assessed that there is ahigh negative climatic anomaly occurring in 47.5% out of the 40 years studied was valued; while in the pattern of rainfall displacement in the last 5 years, there is a tendency to decrease rainfall monthly. &nbsp; &nbsp;

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a relação existente entre o caracol gigante africano com a temperatura média compensada, umidade relativa do ar média e a precipitação média. Confrontaram-se também os dados do caracol com os fenômenos El Niño e La Niña. Os procedimentos metodológicos pautaram-se na aprovação da pesquisa pelos conselhos de ética da Universidade Estadual de Maringá e da Secretária Municipal de Saúde. Na sequência, foram obtidos os dados climáticos e tratados para confecção dos climogramas. Os softwares utilizados foram o Microsoft Excel 2010®, Quantum GIS 2.18.1® e o ArcGis 10.4®. Após a confecção dos climogramas, realizou-se a análise da relação das variáveis climáticas com o caracol gigante africano. Conseguiu-se obter como resultado a identificação dos períodos que são mais favoráveis para obtenção de êxito no controle da espécie, que são nos anos que apresentam verões mais quentes e mais úmidos, eventualmente associados ao fenômeno El Niño, uma vez que se observou que esses anos são mais propícios para a reprodução e a disseminação da espécie exótica. Concluiu-se que o controle do molusco deve ser diário. Salienta-se ainda que o processo de catação manual não deve ser somente do molusco e ovos sobre o solo, mas também dos ovos que estão enterrados, para evitar a eclosão e de fato ocorrer o controle da espécie exótica.

Este estudio fue realizado para hallar la influencia estacional sobre la incidencia de la mastitis a lo largo del año, en vacas indígenas, vacas cruzadas y búfalas Murrah. Se analizaron los registros de lactación correspondientes a un periodo de 12 años, la incidencia de mastitis fue comparada con los climogramas de la zona de Karnal, Haryana, India. El clima cálido y húmedo afectó negativamente a la incidencia de mastitis en todas las razas bovinas y los búfalos. La incidencia fue afectada significativamente por la estación (p

A proposta deste trabalho é realizar uma leitura a respeito da distribuição de variáveis&#x0D; climáticas (temperatura e precipitação) sobre o estado de São Paulo. Foram utilizados&#x0D; dados de precipitação (totais mensais e anuais) e temperatura (médias mensais e anuais), cobrindo um período de 30 anos (1970-2000), de várias localidades no Estado de São Paulo levando em conta também a distribuição espaço-temporal de forma a bem representar a variabilidade temporo-espacial no estado. A partir desses dados, foram elaborados climogramas e uma série de mapas (Kriging Method), que&#x0D; demonstrou que o estado de São Paulo apresenta tipos climáticos distintos.

The technological levels of greenhouse influence significantly the yields of the crop production and increase the investment cost. The balance between the development of the technological level and the achieving of the increased crop production in the controlled environment is always the primary concern. In this study, the climograph was obtained by plotting the mean minimum monthly temperature versus mean maximum monthly temperature. This climagraph was combined at the optimum temperature ranges of three fruit vegetables and a simple microclimate model was introduced to evaluate the controlling performance of internal air temperature in greenhouses. In subtropical areas, seven locations were selected in order to demonstrate the application of the climograph for the cultivation of species. The rotation of temperate and thermophile plant in Yulin, Taiwan was proposed. Melon, as the thermophile crop, was the only crop that could be cultivated in greenhouses in the two locations of low land areas. The results in three locations of high land areas indicated that all temperate vegetables were suited well to be cultivated in these areas. Thus, the significant highlight of this method was that it could also be successfully used for other species at different locations for the greenhouse production to reduce the energy consumption.

AbstractFive Neotoma spp. (packrat) middens are analyzed from Sand Canyon Alcove, Dinosaur National Monument, Colorado. Plant remains in middens dated at approximately 9870, 9050, 8460, 3000, and 0 14C yr B.P. are used to estimate Holocene seasonal temperature and precipitation values based on modern plant tolerances published by Thompson et al. (1999a, 1999b). Early Holocene vegetation at the alcove shows a transition from a cool/mesic to a warmer, more xeric community between 9050 and 8460 14C yr B.P. Picea pungens, Pinus flexilis, and Juniperus communis exhibit an average minimum elevational displacement of 215 m. Picea pungens and Pinus flexilis are no longer found in the monument.Estimates based on modern plant parameters (Thompson et al., 1999a) suggest that average temperatures at 9870 14C yr B.P. may have been at least 1° to 3°C colder in January and no greater than 3° to 10°C colder in July than modern at this site. Precipitation during this time may have been at least 2 times modern in January and 2 to 3 times modern in July. Discrepancies in estimated temperature and precipitation tolerances between last occurrence and first occurrence taxa in the midden record suggest that midden assemblages may include persisting relict vegetation.

En base a los registros meteorológicos y modelos digitales de terreno obtenidos de la Quebrada de San Ramón, se realizó una caracterización hidroclimatológica y morfométrica de la zona, con aportes de climogramas para análisis de cantidad de precipitaciones y temperaturas en ciertos periodos de tiempo. En la metodología se realizaron los cálculos de redes de drenaje y cálculos de parámetros morfométricos, estimación del tiempo de concentración (aproximadamente de 36.87 minutos) y velocidad media del flujo (aproximadamente de 15.1 km/h). Las respuestas hidrológicas de la quebrada estudiada están determinadas principalmente por la topografía de la zona, pendientes, relieves, tipo de suelo, cantidades de agua caída y direcciones del flujo de agua. El acotado tiempo de concentración y la velocidad de flujo de agua lenta, en conjunto al curso de agua, pendiente y magnitudes extremas de precipitación se traducen en una zona de peligrosidad debido a la susceptibilidad de flujos rápidos capaces de transportar altas cargas de sedimento detrítico. Palabras claves: Geomorfologia, Hidrologia, Hidroclimatología, Aguas de Ramón, Jerarquía de drenaje

&lt;p&gt;En base a los registros meteorológicos y modelos digitales de terreno obtenidos de la Quebrada de San Ramón, se realizó una caracterización hidroclimatológica y morfométrica de la zona, con aportes de climogramas para análisis de cantidad de precipitaciones y temperaturas en ciertos periodos de tiempo. En la metodología se realizaron los cálculos de redes de drenaje y cálculos de parámetros morfométricos, estimación del tiempo de concentración (aproximadamente de 36.87 minutos) y velocidad media del flujo (aproximadamente de 15.1 km/h). Las respuestas hidrológicas de la quebrada estudiada están determinadas principalmente por la topografía de la zona, pendientes, relieves, tipo de suelo, cantidades de agua caída y direcciones del flujo de agua. El acotado tiempo de concentración y la velocidad de flujo de agua lenta, en conjunto al curso de agua, pendiente y magnitudes extremas de precipitación se traducen en una zona de peligrosidad debido a la susceptibilidad de flujos rápidos capaces de transportar altas cargas de sedimento detrítico.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Palabras claves: Geomorfologia, Hidrologia, Hidroclimatología, Aguas de Ramón, Jerarquía de drenaje&lt;/p&gt;

As hantaviroses apresentam distribuição mundial e constituem importante problema de saúde pública. A epidemiologia da hantavirose no Brasil mostra que vem aumentando a cada ano o número de casos que são notificados e de variantes que têm sido descobertas em diversos estados e no Distrito Federal. Neste contexto, este estudo tem como objetivo principal de analisar a influência do clima na dispersão da hantavirose no Distrito Federal, no período de 2003 a 2008. Para a realização desta pesquisa, foram utilizados dados epidemiológicos e climáticos provenientes do Ministério da Saúde, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisas Agropecuárias (EMBRAPA) e Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET) com fins de elaborar tabelas, climogramas e gráficos. Os resultados mostram que 80% dos casos de hantavirose que ocorreram no período de estudo (2003-2008) aconteceram em épocas de estiagem (abril-outubro) no Distrito Federal. Sendo assim, mostra-se a importância das campanhas de conscientização à população das áreas rurais e periurbanas a respeito dos riscos da hantavirose principalmente na época de estiagem quando aumentam os casos de hantavirose, semelhante as campanhas de combate a Dengue que ocorrem antes da época das chuvas.

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma contextualização histórica e discussões conceituais sobre o processo de desertificação. Para seu desenvolvimento, foram necessárias quatro etapas distintas e complementares: revisão bibliográfica; elaboração de mapas temáticos; aquisição de dados meteorológicos e obtenção, análise e construção de climogramas. A realização desta pesquisa permitiu compreender que a desertificação constitui um processo que combina alterações ambientais provocadas por fatores naturais e antrópicos. As causas antrópicas estão associadas ao desmatamento e ao uso e manejo inadequado das terras, ocasionados por atividades agrícolas, mineração e pecuária. O estado da arte aponta que condições climáticas como a semiaridez, secas prolongadas, os reduzidos volumes pluviométricos e a escassez hídrica são indicadores adequados para avaliar a suscetibilidade à desertificação. No Brasil, as áreas nas quais o processo é mais evidente estão localizadas em clima semiárido e subúmido seco, na região Nordeste e norte dos estados de Minas Gerais e Espírito Santo. Os núcleos de desertificação (Gilbués-PI, Irauçuba-CE, Cabrobó-PE e Seridó-RN) apresentam variações na quantidade e distribuição pluviométrica, mostrando períodos semelhantes e diferenças marcantes no regime e ritmo pluvial. O artigo revela trajetórias históricas e conceituais pertinentes, sobretudo, porque reflete a conexão entre clima e desertificação, destacando a complexidade e dimensão do processo em diferentes escalas geográficas.

El análisis de datos hidrometeorológicos de series de tiempo es una herramienta apta para analizar la evolu­ción del clima pasado y presente. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el comportamiento de las series de tiempo de los datos de precipitación, temperatura y escurrimiento de las estaciones hidrometeorológicas ubicadas en las subcuencas (y algunas en sus cercanías) de Cointzio, Queréndaro y San Marcos, localizadas dentro de la cuenca del lago de Cuitzeo, Michoacán. En primera instancia se presenta una descripción de los datos de temperatura utilizando climogramas; como se esperaba, los mismos registraron, para casi todas las estaciones, las mayores temperaturas durante los meses de abril, mayo y junio. El análisis de tendencia de precipitación, temperatura y escurrimiento se realizó con la prueba no paramétrica de Mann-Kendall. Esta técnica ha sido ampliamente utilizada para probar aleatoriedad contra tendencias en los datos climáticos de las series de tiempo. El análisis de tendencia indica que la temperatura media en la estación de Morelia tiende a aumentar de manera significativa tanto sus valores mensuales como en el valor medio anual; mientras que Cuitzeo y Huingo tienden a reducir sus temperaturas en forma significativa. Para las precipitaciones anuales indica que las estalaciones de Huingo y Jesús del Monte han presentado un aumento estadísticamente significativo.

Las evidencias que confirman las repercusiones negativas que provocan las variaciones del clima sobre la producción agrícola, son cada vez más recurrentes. Para explicar, desde una perspectiva ambiental, la reducción en las superficies cosechadas, asociada a los cambios fisiológicos, además de la mayor incidencia de plagas y enfermedades en las plantaciones de cafetos; se han formulado diversas hipótesis, las cuales se enfocan principalmente en: retrasos y adelantos del período húmedo; en prolongados períodos de lluvias torrenciales o de sequía; o bien, en las alteraciones en la insolación efectiva. Dichos cambios, que en forma particular afectan a la cafeticultura nacional, son motivo de preocupación, debido a que ponen en riesgo los mercados y, por ende, a la economía local, regional e internacional. Con base en lo anterior, en este trabajo se identifican y analizan los efectos del cambio climático sobre la producción cafetalera, en la vertiente del Golfo de México, en el estado de Veracruz; se extrajeron las anomalías en las variables temperatura y precipitación de los modelos de circulación general conocidos como Hadley, Echam y GFDL; mismos que fueron analizados mediante los climogramas de Thornthwaite. Los resultados obtenidos permiten constatar que existirán cambios; los climas según Thornthwaite migraran de semicálidos a cálidos en 2080, debido a que los modelos escenificaron aumento de +4.6 °C y disminución de precipitación de -5.5%; fluctuaciones que tendrán repercusiones en el desarrollo fenológico, presencia de enfermedades y plagas y, por ende en la producción.

In the present study, an approach for a climate characterization based on a statistical analysis of monthly precipitation and temperature data is presented. First, the original database (1916–2010) was homogenized and a geostatistical analysis was carried out to characterize the monthly mean distribution of the two variables in the study area. Then, temporal change of precipitation and temperature were evaluated through the Mann–Kendall test. Finally, to better assess the climate patterns in Calabria, a climatic characterization was carried out by means of the Péguy climograph. Results have shown a decreasing trend for autumn–winter rainfall and an increasing trend in summer. With respect to the average temperature, the analyses revealed a positive trend in late spring and summer, mainly due to the increase in the minimum values, and a negative trend in the autumn–winter period, mainly due to a decrease in the maximum values. The analysis of the Péguy climographs allowed the dataset to be divided into three groups, depending on the different elevation of the gauges. Moreover, different temporal behaviours were detected by analysing the climographs in three sub-periods.

Os estudos do clima e de seus elementos são importantes, pois além da pesquisa e da previsão do tempo, outros setores da comunidade necessitam das informações sobre o tempo e o clima, como as áreas de agricultura, aviação, defesa civil, gerenciamento de recursos hídricos, navegação e setor energético. Neste sentido, o presente estudo teve o objetivo de analisar a variabilidade de alguns elementos do clima dos municípios baianos de Andaraí, Lençóis, Mucugê e Palmeiras, área de proposição para criação do Geoparque Serra do Sincorá, na Chapada Diamantina, tendo como base a temperatura do ar, a pluviometria e a evapotranspiração na perspectiva de compreender o comportamento do clima local e seus possíveis efeitos na região. Para essa análise, foram selecionados intervalos de tempo específicos para cada município, disponíveis no Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET) e do Climatempo. Os dados foram tabulados para análise estatística do comportamento dos elementos do clima aos longos dos meses e dos anos, tendo como parâmetro a soma, mínima, máxima, média e a correlação entre as variáveis meteorológicos, com geração de climogramas e gráficos comparativos. A relevância do estudo está em compreender as variações climáticas dos municípios da área de proposição do Geoparque Serra do Sincorá em relação a sua dimensão climática, haja vista que os resultados poderão oferecer subsídios no que tange ao planejamento ambiental, além de uma contribuição para a população local, uma vez que são poucos os estudos no campo da climatologia na região. Com as análises dos dados meteorológicos comprova-se que os municípios de Andaraí, Lençóis, Mucugê e Palmeiras, devido aos fatores do clima, como a altitude, a latitude e a longitude, em escala regional, influenciam no comportamento dos elementos do clima.

<strong>Introduction</strong> Okra (<em>Abelmoschus esculentus</em> L. Moench) is a perennial vegetable of African origin, with production areas expanding throughout the tropical, sub-tropical and warm temperate regions of the world (Benchasri, 2012). Okra is a versatile crop produced forits pods, leaves, seedoil and protein, gums, and fiber in different parts of the world (Lamont,1999). It is produced in Vilanculos primarily for the immature pods, though leaves are consumed to a limited extent in rural communities. Important attributes of okra pods are shape and color, earliness, and totalmarketable yield. Since okra is handharvested, plant height and architecture,as well as the absence of spines are important tofacilitate harvesting (Simonne, et al, 2012).Okra is not only reach in nutrients (fats, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins), but it is also believed to have medicinal properties. The climate in much of Mozambique presents favorable conditions for the production of Okra (INE, 2011) and because of the growing preference for Okra among consumers in Mozambique, its area of production had rapidly expanded to every part of the country, mainly in the provinces of Tete, Manica, Sofala and Inhambane. Okra provides a good alternative or supplemental income for smallholder farmers (COSTA <em>et al</em>., 1981) and its production in the district of Vilanculos requires the application of considerable amount of irrigation water to improve productivity. Small farmers-led irrigation in Mozambique takes place in diverse forms, including bucket irrigation, sprinkler and drip systems, furrow and small pumped irrigation systems. However, Mozambique has limited access to raw water supplies and the country as a whole is extremely vulnerable (ranks 3^rd amongst African countries) to extreme weather patterns (i.e. recurring droughts and flood events), which contribute to crop instability, food insecurity and malnutrition (USAID, 2010). However, information on watering (irrigation) frequencies for optimal growth and development of this valuable crop under the edaphic-climatic conditions in the district of Vilanculos is lacking. Climate-smart strategies to increase irrigation efficiency at small-farm level are essential in helping rural smallholders optimize production of okra and other vegetable crops under climate change. <strong>Materials and Methods</strong> <strong>1. Geographical location</strong> The field experiment was carried out between October and December 2016 on the campus of the Universidade Eduardo Mondlane-Escola Superior de Desenvolvimento Rural (UEM-ESUDER) located in the coastal town of Vilanculo within the district of Vilanculos, Province of Inhambane in Mozambique at coordinates 21&ordm;59&rsquo;30.6&rdquo; S, 035&ordm;16&rsquo;14.8&rdquo; E. and an average altitude of 49m. The district of Vilanculosoccupies the northern part of the province of Inhambane, bordering the district of Inhassoro to the north, the district of Massinga to the south, the districts of Mabote and Funhalouro to the west and the Indian Ocean to the east (MAE, 2005). <strong>2. Climatic condition</strong> The climate of the study area is Aw according to the K&ouml;eppen e Geiger, which corresponds to a dry tropical climate with two distinct seasons. A wet season spans from October to March, with an average annual precipitation of 1300 mm; and a dry season from April to September, with an average annual precipitation of 700 to 900 mm (MICOA, 2009 and MAE, 2005).Figure-1 illustrates the average temperature and precipitation patterns in Vilanculos. The driest month is July, which averages 17 mm of rainfall, and the month of February is the wettest with an average precipitation of 166 mm. On average, the temperatures are always high, with an annual average of 24^oC. <strong>3</strong>. <strong>Soils of the study area</strong> The soils in the district of Vilanculos are sandy and permeable in the coastal areas, and sandy-loam to loamy-clay in the interior. The study site was approximatively 10 km from the coastal line and its soils are predominantly sandy and permeable with low organic content (8.55%) and low water holding capacity (less than 5cm/m) (MAE, 2005; Maite, 2014). The growing season averages 120 to 149 days, and because of low precipitation and recurring drought periods during the growing seasons, the area&rsquo;s potential for rain-fed agriculture is marginal (Mafalacusser, 2013.) <em>Figure 1. Monthly temperature and precipitation patterns in the district of Vilanculo, Mozambique.</em> <em>Adapted from Climograma Vilanculos: </em><em>https://pt.climate-data.org/location/52395/</em> &nbsp; <strong>4. Experimental design</strong> The experiment was laid out on an area of 83.375m² within which 3 blocks of equal sizes were setup, each block divided into 4 parcels of 4 m² (2 m x 2 m) for a total of 12 parcels. &nbsp;The blocks were setup at 1m apart and the parcels within each block were spaced at 50cm. Treatments were then randomly assigned to each parcel, resulting in each parcel representing a unique treatment within each block. Table-1 describes the different treatments (irrigation frequencies) used in the experiment. <em>Table 1. Treatments details: Four (4) treatments randomly assigned to the experimental blocks.</em> IF1 <em>Irrigate twice a day in the mornings (5-6 AM), and afternoons (4-5 PM)</em> IF2 <em>Irrigate once a day in the afternoons (4-6PM)</em> IF3 <em>Irrigate once a day in the mornings (5-6 AM)</em> IF4 <em>Irrigate twice a day in the mornings (5-6 AM), and afternoons (4-5 PM) at 1- day intervals.</em> <strong>5. Soil preparation and planting</strong> Soil preparation consisted of removing natural vegetation from the experimental site with a manual hoe without revolving the top soil, and the soil surface was raked and leveled prior to subdivision of the experimental area into parcels, blocks and replications for the study.Seeds of okra (<em>Abelmoschus esculentus</em> L. Moench) variety Clemson Spineless, were soaked in water for 24 hours to stimulate germination, and then sown by placing two (2) seeds in each planting hole at an approximate depth of 5cm in each parcel. Fifteen (15) days following the emergence, the seedlings were thinned by removing the least developed plant in each planting hole, leaving only one (1) okra seedling per hole in each treatment. The seedling selection criteria was based on height, and the number of developed leaves. <strong>6. Soil fertilization</strong> Organic fertilizer in the form of bovine manure was applied seven (7) days prior to sowing and 15 days after seedling emergence, at the rate of 15 tons/ha each. All plants received the same fertilizer application. <strong>7. Irrigation</strong> A hand-held irrigation bucket was used for applying water to the experimental plots, a watering scheme consistent with the most popular irrigation system among smallholders in the study area. All parcels were uniformly irrigated with 13 liters of water, starting from one (1) day prior to seeding until fifteen (15) days after seeding when the okra plants developed up to three (3) fully expanded leaves. Starting from day-15 through the end of the experiment, plants in each parcel were irrigated according to the established watering schedule (Table-1.) <strong>8.</strong> <strong>Pests/Weed Control</strong> Weed control was manual and continuous throughout the study, by hand plucking at the onset of their appearance to avoid perturbation of soil and plants. The most common weeds were <em>amaranthus</em>, <em>commelina benghalensis</em> and cyperus<em> esculentus</em> species, with <em>amaranthus</em>and<em>cyperus esculentus</em> being the most dominants.Observed pests were acarids and caterpillars, and these were treated with pesticides Cipermetrina 25% E.C. and Fords. The occurrence of fungi during the experiment was sparse, but fungi was treated with the fungicide Bravo. <strong>Data Collection</strong> <strong>1. Pre-harvest Data&nbsp;&nbsp; </strong> Pre-harvest plant parameters consisted of plant height and stem diameter. Plant height was determined by measuring the height of the primary stem of random sample of plants in each treatment from the base at soil surface to the apex, using a metric ruler. At the same time, stem diameter was measured with a digital Caliper, within 300mm at 5 cm above the soil surface. Growth Rate of okra plants was determined from height measurements and expressed as <em>Absolute Growth Rate</em> (AGR), based upon increments of measured plant heights between sampling dates (<em>i.e. Height at day2- Height at day1</em>) over the time-period (<em>number of days</em>) between measurement dates. <strong>2. Post-harvest Data</strong> Post-harvest data included Fruit Length, Fruit Diameter, and Fruit Weight. Okra fruits were harvested twice; the first harvest took place 90 days after seeding, and the second harvest 8 days later, or 98 days after seeding. Harvest data were from random fruit samples under each treatment for both harvests. A graduated metric rulerwas used to measure fruit length, while fruit diameter was measured with a digital Caliper within at 5 cm from thebase of each fruit, and fruit weight was determined by weighing sample fruits per treatment from each harvest, with a digital scale equipped with a high precision strain gauge sensor system. <strong>Data Analyses&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </strong> All data collected from the experiment were analyzed with the statistical software SPSS(v.20, IBM SPSS Chicago). Analyses of Variance (ANOVA) were performed to determine differences between treatments, followed by mean comparisons based on Tukey HSD (&alpha; = 0.05). Homogeneity of the variances was verified through the test of Levene (&alpha; = 0.05), and graphical illustrations were produced with the Microsoft Excel program. <strong>Result and Discussion</strong> <strong>1. Plant Height</strong> The different irrigation treatments had no significant effect on plant height at each sampling dates. Okra plants grown in this experiment averaged 4.73cm at 7 days after sowing (DAS), and increased through the study to an average of 49.39 cm at 63 DAS (Fig.2.)&nbsp; In contrast with other studies, okra plant height at the end of this experiment was relatively shorter than heights observed elsewhere. For example, Saifullah and Rabbani (2009) reported from evaluation of different genotypes that okra plant height at final harvest ranged from 81.80cm to 196.17cm. It is probable that the conditions under which the present study was carried out did not favor greater shoot elongation of the okra plants. However, significant differences in plant heights were observed between sampling dates according to the growth progression of plants through the study period, and between treatments across sampling dates. As illustrated in Figure 2, plant heights during the first three (3) sampling dates (7-21 DAS) were significantly lower than plant heights at other sampling dates. <em>Figure 2. Average plant height per treatment per sampling date</em> &nbsp; Furthermore, plant heights at 28-35 DAS was significantly lower than heights at 63 DAS. Overall, plant heights continuously increased during the study period, except under IF2 (<em>watering once a day in the afternoons</em>), where plant height leveled off between 28 and 35 DAS, before increasing again through the end of the study period (Fig.2.) Starting from 35 DAS to 63 DAS, okra plants height under IF2 increased rapidly to match heights of plants under IF1 and surpass heights of plants under IF3 and IF4 at 63 DAS. Figure-3 further shows okra plant height averaged across treatments at each sampling date.&nbsp; Okra plant height followed a rather exponential pattern from 7 DAS until 35 DAS, and then the growth pattern became linear thereafter. Significant differences in plant heights were observed during the first phases of plant growth between 7 DAS and 21 DAS, and between the set of 7 DAS - 21 DAS and the remainder DAS. However, no significant differences in plant height were observed between sampling dates from 28 DAS through 63 DAS (Fig.3.) &nbsp; &nbsp; <em>Figure 3.Average plant height per sampling date across the treatments</em> &nbsp; Figure 4 illustrates the average plant height per treatment across sampling dates. Plants grown under IF3 (<em>watering once a day in the mornings</em>) were significantly taller (P&lt;0.05) than those under IF2 and IF4. Although watering plants twice a day (IF1) resulted in plant heights similar to those under IF3, these results suggest that in terms of okra plant growth, watering once a day in the mornings (IF3) was more efficient in promoting plant growth with less use of irrigation water, compared with IF1 (<em>watering twice a day</em>.) <em>Figure 4.Average plant height per treatment across sampling dates</em> &nbsp; Moreover, plants grown under IF4 which received irrigation water twice a day but at one-day intervals, significantly outperformed those under IF2 (<em>watering once a day in the afternoons</em>) in terms of plant height. Given equal amounts of irrigation water applied but at different intervals in or IF2 and IF4, the treatment IF4 appeared to be more efficient in promoting okra plant growth as compared with IF2 (Fig.4.) <strong>2. Plant Growth Rate&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </strong> Growth Rate of okra plants was determined from height measurements and expressed as <em>Absolute Growth Rate</em> (AGR), based upon increments of measured plant heights between sampling dates (<em>i.e. Height at day2- Height at day1</em>) over the time-period (<em>number of days</em>) between measurement dates.&nbsp; Figure 5 illustrates the AGR pattern of okra plants under each treatment at each sampling date, with dates expressed in number of days after sowing (DAS). <em>Figure 5. Average Plant Growth Rate (cm/day) per sampling date across the treatments</em> &nbsp; As illustrated in Fig.5, okra plants grown under IF1 and IF3 exhibited relatively similar AGR pattern during much of the study period, while those under IF2 and IF4 constitute the other pair of similar AGR. Averaged across treatments, the AGR of okra plants under this study was 0.568 cm/day at 14 DAS and then increased significantly (P&lt;0.05) to a maximum rate of 2.346 cm/day at 28 DAS. After 28 days or so of growth have passed, the AGR dropped to a low of 0.309 cm/day at 35 DAS, before leveling off to an average rate 0.536 cm/day for the remainder of the growth period (Fig.6.)&nbsp; <em>Figure 6. Average Growth Rate per sampling date across treatments</em> &nbsp; Not many studies appear to have been carried out on okra growth rate, but the AGR pattern exhibited under this study was similar to those observed in previous experiments (Hunt, 1978; Tarassoum and Lovane, 2019.) Similar to previous studies, the reduction in AGR after 28 DAS have passed was attributable to Phenology and/or resource allocation to functions other than plant height.Comparisons of AGR between treatments across sampling dates showed that the average AGR was significantly faster (P&lt;0.05) under IF2 and IF4 when compared with IF1 and IF3 (Fig.7), with no significant differences observed between the respective pairs of treatments.Strikingly, the two treatments (IF1 &amp; IF3) which produced taller plants (Fig.4) resulted in relatively lower overall AGR during the study period, compared with the pair of IF2 and IF4, which resulted in shorter plants. While plant height under IF2 and IF4 were lower during the first 21 days and after 35 DAS have passed (Fig. 3), the significantly rapid increase in their heights between 21 and 28 DAS resulted in an overall greater AGR compared with the other treatments. <em>Figure 7. Average Growth Rate per treatment across sampling date</em> &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>3. Plant Diameter</strong> Table 5 presents the average plant diameter under each treatment. The different irrigation frequencies had no significant effects on okra plant diameter, which averaged from 7.83 cm to 7.86 cm across the treatments. <em>Table 5. Average plant diameter per treatment across sampling dates</em> Treatments (Irrigation Frequency) Average Plant Diameter (cm) IF1 7.83&ordf; IF2 7.83&ordf; IF3 7.86&ordf; IF4 7.83&ordf; <strong>Average Treatments</strong> <strong>7.85</strong> <em>Means followed by the same letters are not significantly different (P&gt;=0.05)</em> The average stem diameter of okra plants under IF3 was slightly above the diameter under other treatments, but the difference was not significant (P&gt;0.05.) However, like plant height, plant diameter also increased exponentially from an average of 2.5cm on the first sampling date (7 DAS), to about 10.0cm on the fourth sampling date (28 DAS) and remained constant for the remainder of the study period (Fig.8.)&nbsp; <em>Figure 8: Average plant diameter per sampling date across treatments</em> <strong>4. Fruit Characteristics</strong> Summarized in Table-6 are the okra fruit characteristics under the different irrigation frequencies. Fruit diameter, length and weight under this experiment averaged 0.1852 cm, 11.83 cm and 0.04625 kg per pod across the treatments. Mateus (2011) reported that fruit characteristics of Okra (<em>Abelmoschus Esculentus</em>) Clemson variety, averaged 1.7 cm in diameter, 7.5 cm in length and 10g in weight. Other studies reported fruit diameter from 1.26 to 2.86cm, fruit length from 5.46 to 17.25 cm, and individual fruit weights from 0.01528 to 0.02615kg (Owolarafe and Shotonde, 2004; Saifullah and Rabbani, 2009.) Considering data from these previous studies, it appeared that okra plants under the present experiment were shorter but produced heavier and taller fruits compared with the above referenced study results. The variability in okra fruit characteristics is attributable to genotypes, experimental designs or climate variances amongst study areas. <em>Table 6. Average fruit length, diameter and weight under different irrigation frequencies.</em> IRRIGATION FREQUENCIES VARIABLES Fruit Length (cm) Fruit Diameter (cm) Fruit Weight (kg) IF1 13.0208a 0.2000a 0.060a IF2 11.3542b 0.1913ab 0.041ab IF3 11.2417b 0.1704b 0.046ab IF4 11.7083 b 0. 1813b 0.038b <strong>AVERAGE</strong> <strong>11.83125b</strong> <strong>0.1852ab</strong> <strong>0.04625ab</strong> <em>Means followed by the same letters in a column are not significantly different (P&gt;=0.05)</em> As shown on the Table-6, irrigating plants twice a day (IF1) resulted in significantly longer pods (P&lt; 0.05) compared with all the other treatments. IF4 resulted in a slightly longer fruits when compared with plants grown under IF2 and IF3, but the differences were not statistically significant. Fruit diameter was similar under IF1 and IF2, with no significant differences observed between IF2, IF3 and IF4, although IF4 resulted in a slightly larger fruit diameter than IF3. As for fruit weight, plants grown under IF1, IF2 &amp; IF3 produced fruits of similar weights. The only statistical difference observed was between IF1 and IF4, with the later treatment resulting in significantly lower fruit weight. The results from this study suggest that even though IF1 resulted in longer fruits, the non-significant differences between IF1 &amp; IF2 in terms of fruit diameterand between IF1, IF2 &amp; IF3 in terms of fruit weight, irrigating okra plants once a day (IF2 or IF3) could yield marketable fruits while at the same time reduce the amount of irrigation water. <strong>Conclusions</strong> Okra is produced in the district of Vilanculos primarily for its immature pods, which are either sold in local market or consumed by the producing households. Smallholders comprise the vast majority of okra producers in the study area, growing small plots of various sizes under bucket or furrow irrigation systems to improve growth and yield. Differences in Okra plant characteristics (height and growth rate) under this study appeared to show variation between pairs of treatments, with IF1 &amp; IF3 constituting one pair, and IF2 &amp; IF4 constituting the other pair. Interestingly, the taller plants exhibited lower average growth rate when compared with the shorter plants (Fig.3 &amp; 6.) Differences in fruit characteristics were also observed between plants grown under different watering frequencies. While IF1 resulted in longer okra pods compared with the other treatments, fruit diameter was similar under IF1 and IF2, and fruit weight similar under IF1, IF2 &amp;IF3. These results seemed to suggest that watering okra plants once a day in the mornings (IF3) offer better alternatives for irrigation water-saving strategy for optimal plant height and fruit weight. Additional studies will further assess the once-a-day irrigation schedules at different day-intervals to determine optimal water-saving irrigation schedule for okra production in the district of Vilanculos.

Segunda parte del vídeo polimedia "Climogramas (1). En este video se analiza un climograma de un observatorio utilizando el ejemplo del situado en el aeropuerto de Sevilla. En el video se explica cómo abordar la interpretación de un climograma en el que debe empezarse explicando el entorno geográfico del observatorio, el tipo y subtipo climático al que pertenece para tener marco de referencia para comentar el climograma, y luego se deben interpretar el régimen de precipitaciones y temperatura. El vídeo forma parte de la colección de "píldoras formativas geográficas".

O objetivo da Geografia escolar é contribuir para a formação do cidadão. Para tanto, se faz necessário considerar o aluno como sujeito do processo de ensino-aprendizagem, o saber cientí­fico precisa estar acessí­vel ao educando por meio de uma linguagem que ele entenda. Porém, a falta de conhecimento e insegurança dos professores em relação aos novos métodos de ensino, faz com que na atualidade ainda se encontre ações pedagógicas fundamentadas na Geografia tradicional, onde o professor proporciona um ensino baseado na mera transmissão de conteúdo. No ensino do clima é possí­vel identificar grandes dificuldades em tratá-lo de uma forma integrada ao cotidiano do estudante, bem como uma superficialidade em sua abordagem nos livros didáticos. Diante desta realidade, procurou-se por meio de revisão bibliográfica e observação do dia a dia de sala de aula em uma escola Estadual da cidade de Colider-MT, por intermédio do Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência (PIBID), apresentar o climograma lúdico como recurso didático para as aulas de geografia, por entender que este proporciona ao aluno transformar-se em protagonista do processo de ensino-aprendizagem.

En la actualidad se plantean nuevos retos y formas de acceder al conocimiento y comunicarse a través de una de las disciplinas más antiguas como es la Geografía. El estudio de la didáctica de la Geografía a través de Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos (ABP) está resultando muy efectivo en el ámbito educativo. Este estudio presenta los resultados de un ABP diseñado para introducir Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) en el aprendizaje de competencias geográficas, en este caso la elaboración y comprensión de mapas, así como el estudio del clima y la elaboración de climogramas. Se ha trabajado con una muestra de 226 alumnos de un Grado de Educación Primaria, sobre la que se ha aplicado la intervención didáctica del ABP, utilizando los SIG para el desarrollo de las competencias citadas. Posteriormente, se ha aplicado un cuestionario diseñado ad hoc, con preguntas de tipo cuantitativo y cualitativo, para medir los efectos de la intervención en el aprendizaje del uso de mapas y el estudio del clima. La metodología de análisis ha sido mixta. Los resultados muestran que más del 70% del alumnado ha adquirido conocimiento de uso de SIG para interpretación de mapas y de comprensión del clima a través de climogramas. Se concluye que la experiencia a través de SIG mejora la generación de aprendizajes y la comprensión del territorio.

Environmental stressors such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, photoperiod, etc. under tropical conditions are some of the important limiting factors for optimum expression of production and reproduction in dairy cows. The present study evaluated changes in cardinal physiological responses, heat tolerance indices, and milk yield in Jersey crossbred cows due to abiotic stress. Climograph was developed using daily maximum and minimum temperatures, humidity, and rainfall at livestock farm over a period of 15 years. Seasons significantly (P &lt; 0.01) influenced cardinal physiological responses and thermal adaptability of Jersey crossbred cows. Diurnal environmental variations between morning and afternoon of the shed caused increase in body temperature, pulse, and respiration rate by 0.59&ndash;0.91%, 4.95&ndash;7.18%, and 9.73&ndash;32.37%, respectively. Thermal adaptability of cows showed significant (P &lt; 0.01) higher deviations from perfect state of adaptability during summer, monsoon, and post-monsoon as compared to winter and spring seasons. The responsiveness and ranking of cows were dissimilar among 3 heat tolerance indices, viz., Iberia heat tolerance index, Benezara&rsquo;s coefficient of adaptability, and Dairy Search Index (DSI). Enhanced respiration rate was the most important observable bio-indicator to poor thermal adaptability. Good thermo-tolerant cows had 8.86% higher (P &lt; 0.05) monthly milk yield per cow than poorly adapted ones. Findings of this study suggest that deviations in cardinal physiological responses across the seasons are very reliable and simple estimates for evaluating levels of thermo-tolerance in crossbred cows.

Abstract Background The Indigenous Kichwa Saraguro people of southern Ecuador have long relied on traditional burning to manage their environment. However, their traditional use of fire in one of the most important ecosystems in southern Ecuador, the herbaceous paramo, is not well known. This lack of knowledge does not allow for the improvement of local regulations related to integrated fire management, which is a shortcoming compared to other regulations applied in South America. In this context, and to understand the impacts of the Indigenous use of fire, a climatic analysis of the area was carried out, generating a historical climograph (period: years 1981–2021) and four annual climographs that were contrasted with a remote sensing study of fire severity over 4 years (years 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021). In addition, traditional fire use was determined through the application of semi-structured interview questionnaires applied to 61 women and 89 men, whose data were analyzed with the level of information fidelity (LIF), informant consensus factor (ICF), and principal component analysis (PCA). Therefore, in this study, we argue that it is important to incorporate the concepts of (i) wildfire severity and (ii) cultural burning in wildfire policies and regulations in southern Ecuador. Results The results indicate that low-severity fires occur within the Saraguro territory and that fire use knowledge is transmitted to new generations incorporating both how and where to perform traditional burning. They also know when to burn using the burning calendar that is generally applied during the climatic phenomenon known as “Veranillo del Niño” (VdN). Conclusions These results can help decision-makers design policies, regulations, and proposals for the correct use of fire as a tool for the management of ecosystems in southern Ecuador affected by wildfires. In addition, the results can be used to improve the National Strategy for Integrated Fire Management 2021–2025 promoted by the Ministry of Environment, Water and Ecological Transition of Ecuador.