Academic literature on the topic 'Clines latitudinals'

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Journal articles on the topic "Clines latitudinals"

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Günter, Franziska, Michaël Beaulieu, Massimo Brunetti, Lena Lange, Angela Schmitz Ornés, and Klaus Fischer. "Latitudinal and altitudinal variation in ecologically important traits in a widespread butterfly." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 128, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 742–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz133.

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Abstract Understanding how organisms adapt to complex environments lies at the very heart of evolutionary biology and ecology, and is of particular concern in the current era of anthropogenic global change. Variation in ecologically important traits associated with environmental gradients is considered to be strong evidence for adaptive responses. Here, we study phenotypic variation along a latitudinal and an altitudinal cline in 968 field-collected males of the widespread European butterfly Pieris napi. In contrast to our expectations, body size decreased with increasing latitude and altitude, suggesting that warmer rather than cooler conditions may be more beneficial for individual development in this species. Higher altitudes but not latitudes seemed to be associated with increased flight performance, suggesting stronger challenges for flight activity in high-altitude environments (e.g. due to strong wind). Moreover, wing melanization increased while yellow reflectance decreased towards colder environments in both clines. Thus, increased melanization under thermally challenging conditions seems to compromise investment into a sexually selected trait, resulting in a trade-off. Our study, although exclusively based on field-collected males, revealed indications of adaptive patterns along geographical clines. It documents the usefulness of field-collected specimens, and the strength of comparing latitudinal and altitudinal clines to identify traits being potentially under thermal selection.
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Stillwell, R. Craig. "Are latitudinal clines in body size adaptive?" Oikos 119, no. 9 (August 23, 2010): 1387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18670.x.

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Shepherd, Philippa C. F., David B. Lank, Barry D. Smith, Nils Warnock, Gary W. Kaiser, and Tony D. Williams. "Sex Ratios of Dunlin Wintering at Two Latitudes on the Pacific Coast." Condor 103, no. 2 (May 1, 2001): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/103.2.352.

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Abstract Latitudinal clines in sex ratio during the nonbreeding season occur in some shorebirds of the Scolopacidae. We compared populations of nonbreeding Dunlin (Calidris alpina pacifica) from two latitudes along the Pacific flyway: the Fraser River Delta, British Columbia, and Bolinas Lagoon, California, to determine whether, and to what degree, they exhibited sex ratios consistent with a latitudinal cline. Dunlin are plumage monomorphic, so we used a maximum likelihood model to estimate overall and monthly sex ratios for each population based on culmen length distributions. Sex ratios in the Fraser River Delta were corrected for sex differences in habitat use. Monthly sex ratios were similar at the two sites but varied throughout the winter, likely reflecting differences in seasonal movement patterns between the sexes. Both populations showed an overall bias toward males (Fraser = 61% males, Bolinas = 65% males). Since there is no evidence to support the possibility of a skew toward males in C. a. pacifica as a whole, our data are consistent with some form of latitudinal cline in the sex ratio of C. a. pacifica. However, additional data from the Oregon coast, southern California, and Mexico are required to resolve this question. We also tested the hypothesis that mean body size within each sex is larger at the higher-latitude site (Fraser River Delta), but this did not appear to be the case.
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Hut, Roelof A., Silvia Paolucci, Roi Dor, Charalambos P. Kyriacou, and Serge Daan. "Latitudinal clines: an evolutionary view on biological rhythms ,." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1765 (August 22, 2013): 20130433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.0433.

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Properties of the circadian and annual timing systems are expected to vary systematically with latitude on the basis of different annual light and temperature patterns at higher latitudes, creating specific selection pressures. We review literature with respect to latitudinal clines in circadian phenotypes as well as in polymorphisms of circadian clock genes and their possible association with annual timing. The use of latitudinal (and altitudinal) clines in identifying selective forces acting on biological rhythms is discussed, and we evaluate how these studies can reveal novel molecular and physiological components of these rhythms.
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Pratt, Jessica D., Andrew Datu, Thi Tran, Daniel C. Sheng, and Kailen A. Mooney. "Genetically based latitudinal clines in Artemisia californica drive parallel clines in arthropod communities." Ecology 98, no. 1 (December 9, 2016): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1620.

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McAllister, Bryant F. "Chromosomal and allelic variation in Drosophila americana: selective maintenance of a chromosomal cline." Genome 45, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g01-112.

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Geographically structured genetic variation, as represented by clines and hybrid zones, offers unique opportunities to study adaptation and speciation in natural populations. A hybrid zone has been reported between Drosophila americana americana and Drosophila americana texana, two taxa that are distinguished solely by the arrangement of their X and 4th chromosomes. In this study, samples of D. americana were collected along a latitudinal transect across the inferred hybrid zone, and the frequency of the alternative chromosomal arrangements is reported. These data illustrate that the alternative chromosomal arrangements are distributed along a shallow cline over a broad geographic region, and that the frequency of the arrangements is tightly correlated with latitude. Allelic variants at 13 RFLP loci in three genes on chromosome 4 exhibit no evidence of association with the cline. Presence of a cline for the chromosomal arrangements, as well as a general absence of geographic structure for variation at these genes, is interpreted as evidence that natural selection is responsible for the maintenance of this chromosomal cline. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that taxonomic subdivision of D. americana is unwarranted, because it exists as a cohesive species that is segregating a chromosomal fusion.Key words: chromosomal evolution, Robertsonian fusion, hybrid zone, cline, geographic variation, natural selection.
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Pittendrigh, Colin S., and Tsuguhiko Takamura. "Latitudinal Clines in the Properties of a Circadian Pacemaker." Journal of Biological Rhythms 4, no. 2 (June 1989): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074873048900400209.

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Leong, Wai, Patrick Y. Sun, and Suzanne Edmands. "Latitudinal Clines in Temperature and Salinity Tolerance in Tidepool Copepods." Journal of Heredity 109, no. 1 (July 18, 2017): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esx061.

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Välimäki, P., S. M. Kivelä, M. I. Mäenpää, and T. Tammaru. "Latitudinal clines in alternative life histories in a geometrid moth." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 26, no. 1 (November 29, 2012): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12033.

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Chown, Steven L., and C. Jaco Klok. "Altitudinal body size clines: latitudinal effects associated with changing seasonality." Ecography 26, no. 4 (August 2003): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0587.2003.03479.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Clines latitudinals"

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Calabria, Garcia Gemma. "Inversions cromosòmiques, clines i adaptació a "Drosophila suboscura": aproximació mitjançant marcadors moleculars." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/97297.

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Drosophila subobscura és una espècie amb un polimorfisme cromosòmic molt ric, adaptatiu i que actualment està responent al canvi climàtic. Malgrat això, encara es desconeixen els mecanismes selectius que mantenen les inversions a les poblacions i fan que aquestes siguin adaptatives. Existeixen tres hipòtesis descrites per tal d’explicar el manteniment de les inversions a les poblacions: la hipòtesi de la Coadaptació de Dobszhansky, la hipòtesi de la selecció supergènica de Wassermann i la hipòtesi de l’Adaptació local de Kirkpatrick i Barton. L’objectiu del present treball ha estat estudiar a D. subobscura el paper de les inversions cromosòmiques en l’adaptació a l’ambient i com es mantenen a les poblacions naturals. D’aquesta manera, es va analitzar el contingut genètic de les 4 inversions més freqüents del cromosoma O en set poblacions europees, localitzades al llarg d’un gradient latitudinal. S’han utilitzat marcadors moleculars com ara loci microsatèl•lits i gens candidats a l’adaptació tèrmica. Els resultats han mostrat una alta uniformitat genètica de les inversions cromosòmiques al llarg de la clina latitudinal, suggerint que el contingut genètic d’un determinat ordenament cromosòmic és constant a totes les poblacions. A més, en comparar diferents inversions, s’ha trobat una gran diferenciació genètica, essent l’OST el mes diferent. El gran desequilibri de lligament trobat entre dos dels gens, localitzats a més de 14Mb de distància i dins i fóra, respectivament de la inversió O7, podria estar suggerint l’existència d’interaccions epistàtiques entre ells. El conjunt dels nostres resultats indiquen que la hipòtesi de l’adaptació local és la que millor explicaria el manteniment de les inversions del cromosoma O de D. subobscura. Per altra banda també, s’ha analitzat la relació de diferents ordenaments cromosòmics amb la termotolerància i la resposta al xoc tèrmic. Els nivells basals d’HSP70 en els individus homocariotips O3+4 són molt elevats i equivalents als nivells de proteïna mesurats després d’un xoc tèrmic en tots els homocariotips independentment del seu ordenament. Això, sumat a que presenten una major termotolerància i termopreferència en relació als individus portadors de l’ordenament OST, podria estar relacionat amb la clina latitudinal de freqüència que presenta d’aquest ordenament.
Drosophila subobscura is a species with a highly rich inversion polymorphism, which has been shown to be adaptive and responding to global warming. However, the selective pressures acting on inversion how are they maintained in the populations are still unclear. Three main hypotheses have been proposed to explain the adaptive value of inversions: the Coadaptation hypothesis by Dobszhansky, the supergene selection postulated by Wassermann and the Local adaptation hypothesis of Kirkpatrick and Barton. In the present work we aimed to study in D. subobscura the role of chromosomal inversions in the adaptation to the environment and how are they maintained in the populations. To discriminate between the different hypotheses, the genetic content of the four more frequent arrangements of the O chromosome was analyzed in seven different populations located along a latitudinal cline. Different molecular markers such as microsatellite loci and candidate genes for thermal adaptation were used. The results showed a high genetic uniformity of inversions along the latitudinal cline, suggesting that the genetic content of each arrangement it is constant in all populations. Moreover, when comparing different arrangements, a high differentiation was found, being the OST the most different. The strong linkage disequilibrium found between two of the genes, despite being located 14Mb apart and inside and outside O7 inversion respectively could suggest the existence of epistatic interactions between them. Thus, the Local Adaptation hypothesis is the one that fits better our data and would explain the maintenance of the arrangements of the O chromosome of D. subobscura. Moreover, we have studied the relationship of the different chromosomal arrangements with the thermotolerance and the heat shock response. The results showed that O3+4 outbred individuals presented very high basal values of Hsp70 levels, equivalent to those measured after a heat shock in all the homokaryotypes independently of the arrangement. This, together with higher thermotolerance and thermopreference when comparing with the individuals carrying the OST arrangement, could be related whit the latitudinal cline of frequency that the O3+4 arrangement presents.
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Silva, Laura Helena Hafner da. "Variação morfologica em populações brasileiras de Drosophila melanogaster : variação latitudinal e temporal, herdabilidade e associação com inversões cromossomicas." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316970.

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Orientador: Louis Bernard Klaczko
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T02:56:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_LauraHelenaHafnerda_M.pdf: 2141945 bytes, checksum: 17c00d0d744de62b04cc274305caedb5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar a variação do tamanho e forma das asas de populações de Drosophila melanogaster em três pontos ao longo de uma grande amplitude latitudinal na costa brasileira. O trabalho foi feito a partir de coletas realizadas no Recife, Rio de Janeiro e Porto Alegre, e os seguintes aspectos foram abordados: 1) variação geográfica; 2) variação temporal; 3) herdabilidade; e 4) a influência de inversões cromossômicas. Para este fim, o método da elipse foi aplicado a imagens digitalizadas das asas, e foram analisados: o tamanho das asas, sua forma e as posições dos pontos de junção e das extremidades das veias (caracterizadas por suas coordenadas angulares é radiais, essas padronizadas pelo tamanho da asa). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a variação de tamanho em D. melanogaster no Brasil segue a tendência mundial de formação de clines latitudinais, com indiv.íduos maiores sendo encontrados a latitudes também maiores. No entanto, a herdabilidade e a variação temporal entre múltiplas coletas realizadas no Recife e no Rio de Janeiro não apresentou um padrão regular nítido. O único efeito consistente e significativo de inversões cromossômicas que pudemos observar foi o de In(3R)Payne sobre o tamanho corporal, sendo também consistente com achados prévios descritos na literatura. Entretanto, não detectamos efeito significativo de interação genótipo-ambiente, quer entre coletas, quer entre localidades
Abstract: The present work aims to characterize the variation of wing size and shape in Drosophila melanogaster populations from three localities distributed along a wide latitudinal range of the Brazilian coast. The work was performed based on collections made in the cities of Recife, Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre. The aspects studied were: 1) geographic variation; 2) temporal variation; 3) heritability; and 4) the influence of chromosomal inversions. To this end, the ellipse method was applied to digitized images of the wings. We analyzed wing size, wing shape and the position of vein junctions and extremities (characterized by their angular and radial coordinates, the latter being standardized by wing size). The results obtained showed that size variatiorn in Brazilian D. melanogaster follows the worldwide tendency toward the formation of latitudinal clines, with larger individuaJs being found at higher latitudes. However, the heritability and temporal variation among multiple collections performed in Recife and Rio de Janeiro did not show a clear regular pattern. The only consistent and significant effect of chromosomal inversions that we could observe was that of In(3R)Payne on body size, which is also consistent with previous findings reported in the literature. However, we did not detect a significant effect of genotype-environment interactions, neither among collections, nor among localities
Mestrado
Genetica Animal e Evolução
Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular
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Bawa, Rajesh K. "Signatures of natural selection and local adaptation in Populus trichocarpa and Populus deltoides along latitudinal clines." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36356.

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Trees, like many other organisms, decrease their rate of metabolic activities to cope up with harsh environments. This stage of â dormancyâ is marked by shedding of leaves and bud-set in deciduous trees. Recent studies have revealed the role of the circadian clock in synchronizing the timing of dormancy and physiology for conferring fitness in trees. To better understand the possible role of natural selection on circadian clock-related genes in climatic adaptation, I took a candidate gene approach, selecting circadian clock genes, some of which had been functionally validated, and others hypothesized, to identify signatures of natural selection in Populus trichocarpa and P. deltoides. Using both frequency spectrum based tests and tests of heterogeneity, I identified genetic variants deviating from selective neutrality. Results reveal that photoreceptors and dormancy regulator genes may have been the targets of natural selection. Nearly the same levels of selective constraints were found in different functional groups of genes irrespective of pleiotropy. Further, upstream regions of all genes showed high selective constraint, with some of them (FT-2, PIF-4, FRIGIDA) showing significantly higher variation than the other genes, hinting at the role of non-coding regulatory regions in local adaption. In some cases, the same genes in both species appeared as outliers, including PIF-6, FRI, FT-2, SRR1, TIC, and CO, which might reflect their common role in adaptation across species boundaries. All of these results indicate a complex nature of phenology regulation and local adaptation in Populus species with photoreceptors and dormancy regulator genes playing key roles.
Master of Science
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Olsson, Katarina. "Population differentiation in Lythrum salicaria along a latitudinal gradient." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-364.

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Lindgren, Beatrice. "Adaptation Along Environmental Gradients: an Evaluation of Physiological Mechanisms and Ecological Constraints." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Ecology and Evolution, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8310.

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For ectotherms living in seasonal environments, time available for development and growth is often constrained by the length of the growth season. Declining season length towards higher latitudes often select for latitudinal clines in development and growth rates, exhibiting increasing growth and developmental rates towards the north. However, the physiological and ecological factors enabling these clines are poorly understood.

Our study system included eight populations of Rana temporaria along a 1500 km latitudinal gradient. We found increased growth rates in populations at higher latitudes to be the result of higher growth efficiency, partly due to increased relative gut length. Populations with higher growth rates also exhibited lower standard metabolic rates, implying that fast-growing individuals are able to achieve high growth rates by spending less energy on maintenance metabolism under low activity conditions.

Predator densities, and antipredatory defenses in prey, are assumed to decrease towards higher latitudes. While all study populations responded to predator presence by decreasing activity and foraging, high latitude populations maintained higher activity levels in the presence of the predator. In trials with a free-ranging predator, high latitude tadpoles experienced higher mortality than those from the low latitudes. The higher activity level in the northern populations increases mortality under predation risk, but is probably needed to maintain high growth and development rates.

When competing over resources, tadpoles from the low latitude population were inferior competitors, as indicated by their longer development time when raised together with high latitude tadpoles. We found no effect of latitude on size-corrected burst speed. The general effect of predator presence on burst speed depended on food availability, with well fed tadpoles being faster in the absence, and food restricted being faster in the presence of a predator.

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Bos, Antoine. "Natural variation in cold adaptation and freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1947.

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Oellermann, Michael [Verfasser], Hans-Otto [Akademischer Betreuer] Pörtner, and Bernhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Lieb. "Blue Blood on Ice : Cephalopod haemocyanin function and evolution in a latitudinal cline / Michael Oellermann. Gutachter: Hans Otto Pörtner ; Bernhard Lieb. Betreuer: Hans Otto Pörtner." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1072303892/34.

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Zittier, Zora Verfasser], Hans-Otto [Akademischer Betreuer] [Pörtner, Hans-Otto [Gutachter] Pörtner, and Bela [Gutachter] Buck. "Synergistic impacts of ocean acidification and temperature rise on the physiology of marine invertebrates in a latitudinal cline / Zora Zittier ; Gutachter: Hans-Otto Pörtner, Bela Buck ; Betreuer: Hans-Otto Pörtner." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1172879362/34.

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JANDA, Václav. "Vliv zeměpisné šířky, resp. klimatických podmínek na chladovou odolnost ruměnice Pyrrhocoris apterus." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-263195.

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This thesis deals with the relationship between the place of origin and the extend of cold hardiness of fire bug Pyrrhocoris apterus (Linnaeus, 1758). Thirteen populations from twelve European localities were used in the experiment. Linear regressions were used to relate the values of SCP (10th percentile, first quartile, mean and median) of the individual populations to minimum and average winter temperatures of given localities. The relationship between air temperatures and SCP values were significant provided that the data of all populations were used. After the removal of three southern non-diapausing populations this relationship lost its significance.
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Bárbaro, Ana Margarida dos Santos 1988. "Are reproductive barriers involved in the maintenance of a latitudinal cline?: insights from a set of populations of Drosophila subobscura adapting to a common environment." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/4544.

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Tese de mestrado. Biologia (Biologia Evolutiva e do Desenvolvimento). Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2011
Speciation results from the evolution of reproductive isolation between populations. Reproductive barriers can evolve as a direct product of local adaptation, in which individuals discriminate to avoid less fit progeny, or as a by-product of such adaptation. Drosophila subobscura possesses fascinating latitudinal clines for several quantitative traits. However the neutral genetic differentiation among populations is low. Therefore, the maintenance of such clines suggests that reproductive barriers exist between populations. The main goal of the present work was to test whether reproductive barriers between populations from two extremes of the cline exist and, if so, if they decrease or increase over time when these populations invade a new common environment. For that we founded two populations of Drosophila subobscura from Adraga (Portugal) and Groningen (Netherlands). First, the initial differentiation and early adaptation in life-history traits of both populations were characterized. We found that during the first 11 generations the populations showed differences in several life-history traits. However, in general, the populations of both foundations did not exhibit temporal changes across generations. As for the reproductive barriers we found that at an early (fifth) generation, both populations demonstrated a (marginally significant) preference for assortative mating. However, hybrid breakdown was not detected among populations. Five generations later, assortative mating faded away, indicating a relaxation of the selective pressures in the new environment. This study was important as it suggests that, while pre-zygotic barriers may play a role in the maintenance of a latitudinal cline, they fade away quickly during adaptation in a novel, common environment. The study also revealed the need to add a temporal component to studies of reproductive isolation.
A especiação resulta da evolução de mecanismos de isolamento reprodutor entre populações. Estes mecanismos podem ser classificados como pré-zigóticos ou pós-zigóticos. Os mecanismos pré-zigóticos têm como função impedir cruzamentos interespecíficos, prevenindo o fluxo génico. Uma das barreiras pré-zigóticas mais importantes é o acasalamento preferencial, em que os indivíduos acasalam preferencialmente com indivíduos semelhantes. Por outro lado, os mecanismos pós-zigóticos reduzem o sucesso dos cruzamentos interespecíficos. Como resultado de cruzamentos interespecíficos pode ocorrer ´hybrid breakdown´, um fenómeno que consiste numa menor fitness por parte da progenitura de populações diferenciadas em relação às populações parentaisdiferenciadas em relação às populações parentais. As barreiras reprodutivas podem evoluir através de diferentes processos. Um deles ocorre quando as barreiras reprodutivas evoluem como resultado da adaptação ao ambiente como, por exemplo, quando populações isoladas desenvolvem diferentes rituais de acasalamento. Portanto, se indivíduos destas populações se encontrarem, a acumulação dessas diferenças impediria o acasalamento. Em populações alopátricas, os indivíduos também se podem adaptar a diferentes ambientes, o que pode levar a barreiras pós-zigóticas. Outro mecanismo é quando a selecção actua directamente sobre os rituais de acasalamento, pois quando as populações estão localmente adaptadas, estas irão beneficiar se não acasalarem com imigrantes. No entanto, é de esperar que a evolução de barreiras pre-zigóticas seja acelerada na segunda situação. Ao longo de um cline latitudinal, como há uma sugestão de adaptação local devido a uma mudança gradual nas diversas características, barreiras reprodutivas podem surgir, mesmo na presença de fluxo génico. A existência de barreiras reprodutivas é frequentemente estudada num momento no tempo. Além disso, existem poucos estudos que utilizam populações com diferentes backgrounds genéticos para inferir se estas estão reprodutivamente isoladas quando se encontram no mesmo ambiente. Seria interessante estudar se há barreiras reprodutivas entre populações com diferentes backgrounds genéticos e como evoluem ao longo do tempo, quando introduzidas num novo ambiente comum. Ainda há dúvidas sobre os principais tipos e causas de especiação; especificamente, como barreiras reprodutivas evoluem e são mantidas ao longo do tempo, bem como de que modo as barreiras reprodutivas evoluem entre populações expostas às mesmas condições ambientais. A Drosophila subobscura é uma boa espécie para estudar esta temática, pois possui populações parcialmente diferenciadas em extremos de um cline latitudinal. Originalmente uma espécie paleárctica, a D. subobscura colonizou a América do Sul e mais tarde a América do Norte. Esta espécie possui um cline latitudinal para várias características, nomeadamente as frequências de inversões cromossómicas e tamanho do corpo. A manutenção desse cline ao longo dos anos e o seu aparecimento independente nos continentes americanos sugerem que existe selecção a operar latitudinalmente ao nível dessas características. Além disso, a diferenciação genética neutral entre as populações ao longo do cline é baixa. Como as populações diferem nas características adaptativas latitudinalmente, algum tipo de barreiras reprodutivas deve existir para manter o cline, ou seja, a diferenciação das populações, ao longo do tempo. Matos e colaboradores estudam a adaptação ao laboratório da Drosophila subobscura há cerca de 20 anos. Os vários estudos têm em comum o facto de as populações, que se estão a adaptar ao laboratório, aumentarem o seu desempenho em relação às características relevantes para a fitness ao longo do tempo. No entanto, tanto o desempenho inicial das populações como a sua taxa de adaptação variou entre fundações, sendo mais contrastantes entre populações provenientes de diferentes localidades e com diferentes anos de fundação, particularmente para as características menos relevantes para a fitness. Além disso, algumas características não demonstraram padrões consistentes de melhoria ao longo do tempo, nomeadamente resistência à inanição, tempo de desenvolvimento e viabilidade juvenil. Os principais objectivos deste estudo foram determinar a possível existência de barreiras reprodutivas entre populações de dois extremos do cline latitudinal e, caso existissem, seguir a sua evolução ao longo da adaptação das populações a um novo ambiente comum, o laboratório. Para tal, foram fundadas duas populações originárias de dois locais com diferentes latitudes, Adraga (Portugal; 38o 47’N, 9o 28’W). Antes de determinar se existiam barreiras reprodutivas entre estas populações, testou-se a diferenciação entre as duas populações no novo ambiente; determinou-se se as populações se estavam a adaptar ao ambiente do laboratório e, se tal se verificasse, se o padrão adaptativo indicava convergência ou contingências evolutivas associadas a um diferente fundo genético inicial. Análise da dinâmica evolutiva de populações oriundas de latitudes contrastantes também em si interesse, de forma a testar a reversão de um cline latitudinal quando as populações se adaptam a um novo ambiente comum. As populações da Adraga (Portugal) e de Groningen (Holanda), sendo originárias de latitudes extremas do cline europeu, apresentam diferenças nas frequências de polimorfismos cromossómicos que podem indicar adaptação a diferentes condições climáticas. Seria, portanto, espectável que as populações apresentassem diferenças em diversas características relacionadas com a fitness, devido à sua adaptação ao ambiente específico. As diferenças genéticas destas populações poderão traduzir-se em diferenças de desempenho num novo ambiente comum. De facto, as populações apresentaram diferenças em várias características da história da vida nas primeiras 11 gerações estudadas. Contudo, as populações de ambas as fundações não exibiram, em geral, mudanças temporais ao longo das gerações. Possivelmente, com futuros ensaios será detectada uma tendência evolutiva. Após se verificar que havia alguma diferenciação inicial entre populações, testou-se se haviam ou não barreiras reprodutivas entre as populações da Adraga e de Groningen. Para tal, realizaram-se quer ensaios de comportamento de acasalamento quer cruzamentos entre as duas populações, feitos para determinar se havia uma preferência na escolha de parceiros sexuais por fêmeas, e se os híbridos tinham ou não um menor desempenho do que as populações parentais. Verificou-se que, na geração 5, as fêmeas das populações Adraga e Groningen demonstraram uma preferência de acasalamento com machos da sua própria população. Nos ensaios nos quais a fêmea não tinha a hipótese de escolha, houve diferenças entre os dois tipos de machos, tanto na latência da corte como na duração do acasalamento. Os machos de Groningen demoraram menos tempo em média a iniciar a corte do que os machos Adraga. Para além disso, as fêmeas da Adraga acasalaram durante mais tempo com os machos da sua própria população do que com machos de Groningen. Nos ensaios nos quais a fêmea podia escolher o macho com quem acasalar, houve um maior número de acasalamentos homogâmicos que heterogâmicos. Verificou-se ainda que os machos de Groningen acasalaram um maior número de vezes do que os machos da Adraga. No entanto, não foi detectado ‘hybrid breakdown’ entre as populações. Isto pode dever-se ao facto de estas populações fazerem parte de uma população contínua que atravessa a Europa e que, nestes casos, uma barreira de comportamento de acasalamento evolui primeiro do que a esterilidade e/ou inviabilidade de híbridos. Um segundo conjunto de ensaios de comportamento de acasalamento foi feito após várias gerações de adaptação ao laboratório, para determinar se esta adaptação levaria a mudanças na barreira reprodutiva etológica como, por exemplo, redução devido ao relaxamento das forças selectivas ou aumento devido a contingências evolutivas. Entre os ensaios realizados nas gerações 5 e 10, o acasalamento preferencial desapareceu, indicando um relaxamento das pressões selectivas no novo ambiente comum. Em resumo, este estudo revelou-se pertinente na medida em que estabeleceu que as populações do extremo do cline estão diferenciadas e que existem barreiras reprodutivas pre-zigóticas entre as mesmas. Isto indicia que barreiras reprodutivas comportamentais estarão provavelmente envolvidas na manutenção desse mesmo cline ao longo do tempo. Estas mostraram-se, no entanto, bastante incipientes, sendo que desapareceram ao fim de apenas cinco gerações de selecção. Sendo assim, se neste estudo não estivessem envolvidos ensaios em duas gerações diferentes, não se teria qualquer conhecimento do desaparecimento das barreiras reprodutivas. Isso implica que todos os estudos de isolamento reprodutor têm, à partida, necessidade de ter uma componente temporal, de modo a determinar a presença ou não de barreiras reprodutivas se mantém ao longo do tempo.
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Book chapters on the topic "Clines latitudinals"

1

van Delden, Wilke, and Albert Kamping. "Worldwide latitudinal clines for the alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster: What is the unit of selection?" In Experientia Supplementum, 97–115. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8882-0_6.

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2

Carmona, Diego, Xoaquín Moreira, and Luis Abdala-Roberts. "Latitudinal and Elevational Gradients in Plant Defences and Herbivory in Temperate Trees: Recent Findings, Underlying Drivers, and the Use of Genomic Tools for Uncovering Clinal Evolution." In Evolutionary Ecology of Plant-Herbivore Interaction, 343–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46012-9_18.

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3

"The Ecology of Juvenile Salmon in the Northeast Pacific Ocean: Regional Comparisons." In The Ecology of Juvenile Salmon in the Northeast Pacific Ocean: Regional Comparisons, edited by Marc Trudel, Mary E. Thiess, Cynthia Bucher, Edward V. Farley, R. Bruce MacFarlane, Edmundo Casillas, Joseph Fisher, John F. T. Morris, James M. Murphy, and David W. Welch. American Fisheries Society, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569957.ch8.

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Abstract:
Abstract.—Size-selective mortality combined with longer winters at high-latitudes is expected to exert strong directional selection on size, growth, and energy use and storage capacity in northern fish populations. Here, we tested the hypotheses that juvenile Pacific salmon <em>Oncorhynchus </em>spp. grow faster, reach larger size, and accumulate higher energy reserves in the marine environment at northern latitudes using juvenile Chinook salmon <em>O. tshawystcha </em>and coho salmon <em>O. kisutch </em>collected on the continental shelf from the California coast to the Bering Sea. Size reached at the end of the growing season, the quantity of energy stored prior to the onset of winter, and summer growth of juvenile Chinook and coho salmon during their first year at sea varied significantly among regions of the continental shelf. Latitudinal trends were detected for the fall size of subyearling and yearling Chinook salmon and storage energy in yearling Chinook salmon. However, they were opposite to expectations, with values decreasing from southern to northern areas. Latitudinal trends were also apparent for summer growth in juvenile yearling Chinook salmon. However, in contrast to fall size and storage energy, higher growth rates were generally observed in northern rather than in southern regions. Similarly, summer growth generally decreased from northern to southern regions in juvenile coho salmon. Storage energy did not exhibit a consistent trend with latitude in juvenile subyearling Chinook salmon and coho salmon. The different response of juvenile Chinook salmon and coho salmon to a latitudinal cline in temperature and the length of the growing season suggest that both species utilize the marine environment differently. We suggest that regional variations in juvenile salmon growth and energy accumulation may result from differences in prey quality (i.e., lipids), diet, and interspecific competition for prey resources.
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