Journal articles: 'Clinic of livestock species'

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Woolhouse, Mark, Melissa Ward, Bram van Bunnik, and Jeremy Farrar. "Antimicrobial resistance in humans, livestock and the wider environment." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1670 (June 5, 2015): 20140083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0083.

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans is inter-linked with AMR in other populations, especially farm animals, and in the wider environment. The relatively few bacterial species that cause disease in humans, and are the targets of antibiotic treatment, constitute a tiny subset of the overall diversity of bacteria that includes the gut microbiota and vast numbers in the soil. However, resistance can pass between these different populations; and homologous resistance genes have been found in pathogens, normal flora and soil bacteria. Farm animals are an important component of this complex system: they are exposed to enormous quantities of antibiotics (despite attempts at reduction) and act as another reservoir of resistance genes. Whole genome sequencing is revealing and beginning to quantify the two-way traffic of AMR bacteria between the farm and the clinic. Surveillance of bacterial disease, drug usage and resistance in livestock is still relatively poor, though improving, but achieving better antimicrobial stewardship on the farm is challenging: antibiotics are an integral part of industrial agriculture and there are very few alternatives. Human production and use of antibiotics either on the farm or in the clinic is but a recent addition to the natural and ancient process of antibiotic production and resistance evolution that occurs on a global scale in the soil. Viewed in this way, AMR is somewhat analogous to climate change, and that suggests that an intergovernmental panel, akin to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, could be an appropriate vehicle to actively address the problem.

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Silvestre, Miguel A., Jesús L. Yániz, Fernando J. Peña, Pilar Santolaria, and María Castelló-Ruiz. "Role of Antioxidants in Cooled Liquid Storage of Mammal Spermatozoa." Antioxidants 10, no. 7 (July 8, 2021): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10071096.

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Cooled preservation of semen is usually associated with artificial insemination and genetic improvement programs in livestock species. Several studies have reported an increase in reactive oxidative species and a decrease in antioxidant substances and sperm quality parameters during long-term semen storage at refrigerated temperatures. The supplementation of antioxidants in extenders before refrigeration could reduce this detrimental effect. Various antioxidants have been tested, both enzymatic, such as superoxide dismutase and catalase, and non-enzymatic, such as reduced glutathione, vitamins E and C and melatonin. However, the problem of oxidative stress in semen storage has not been fully resolved. The effects of antioxidants for semen-cooled storage have not been reviewed in depth. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to review the efficiency of the supplementation of antioxidants in the extender during cooled storage of semen in livestock species.

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Díaz-San Segundo, Fayna, Francisco J. Salguero, Ana de Ávila, Juan C. Espinosa, Juan M. Torres, and Alejandro Brun. "Distribution of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in brains of livestock and domesticated species." Acta Neuropathologica 112, no. 5 (September 7, 2006): 587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00401-006-0133-1.

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Manuelian, Carmen L., Rosario Pitino, Marica Simoni, Alexandros Mavrommatis, Massimo De Marchi, Federico Righi, and Eleni Tsiplakou. "Plant Feed Additives as Natural Alternatives to the Use of Synthetic Antioxidant Vitamins on Livestock Mammals’ Performances, Health, and Oxidative Status: A Review of the Literature in the Last 20 Years." Antioxidants 10, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 1461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10091461.

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In the last two decades, the interest in natural plant feed additives (PFA) as alternatives to synthetic vitamins in livestock nutrition has increased. After a systematic review, a total of 19 peer-reviewed papers published between 2000 and 2020 were retained to evaluate the antioxidant effects of PFA compared to synthetic antioxidant vitamins (mainly vitamin E; VitE) in livestock nutrition. These studies demonstrated that PFAs could be as efficient as VitE in counteracting oxidative stress in pigs, rabbits, and ruminants. However, PFAs only positively affected animals’ growth performance and feed efficiency in some monogastric studies. The PFA can affect antioxidant enzyme activity in a dose- and method of administration-dependent manner. The antioxidant capacity of both PFA and VitE were depressed in cows fed with diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Variability among studies could be related to species differences. Despite the interest of the feed industry sector in PFA, there are still very few studies evaluating their antioxidant effect in species other than poultry.

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Hue-Beauvais, Cathy, Yannick Faulconnier, Madia Charlier, and Christine Leroux. "Nutritional Regulation of Mammary Gland Development and Milk Synthesis in Animal Models and Dairy Species." Genes 12, no. 4 (April 3, 2021): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12040523.

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In mammals, milk is essential for the growth, development, and health. Milk quantity and quality are dependent on mammary development, strongly influenced by nutrition. This review provides an overview of the data on nutritional regulations of mammary development and gene expression involved in milk component synthesis. Mammary development is described related to rodents, rabbits, and pigs, common models in mammary biology. Molecular mechanisms of the nutritional regulation of milk synthesis are reported in ruminants regarding the importance of ruminant milk in human health. The effects of dietary quantitative and qualitative alterations are described considering the dietary composition and in regard to the periods of nutritional susceptibly. During lactation, the effects of lipid supplementation and feed restriction or deprivation are discussed regarding gene expression involved in milk biosynthesis, in ruminants. Moreover, nutrigenomic studies underline the role of the mammary structure and the potential influence of microRNAs. Knowledge from three lactating and three dairy livestock species contribute to understanding the variety of phenotypes reported in this review and highlight (1) the importance of critical physiological stages, such as puberty gestation and early lactation and (2) the relative importance of the various nutrients besides the total energetic value and their interaction.

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Doekes, Harmen P., Piter Bijma, and Jack J. Windig. "How Depressing Is Inbreeding? A Meta-Analysis of 30 Years of Research on the Effects of Inbreeding in Livestock." Genes 12, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12060926.

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Inbreeding depression has been widely documented for livestock and other animal and plant populations. Inbreeding is generally expected to have a stronger unfavorable effect on fitness traits than on other traits. Traditionally, the degree of inbreeding depression in livestock has been estimated as the slope of the linear regression of phenotypic values on pedigree-based inbreeding coefficients. With the increasing availability of SNP-data, pedigree inbreeding can now be replaced by SNP-based measures. We performed a meta-analysis of 154 studies, published from 1990 to 2020 on seven livestock species, and compared the degree of inbreeding depression (1) across different trait groups, and (2) across different pedigree-based and SNP-based measures of inbreeding. Across all studies and traits, a 1% increase in pedigree inbreeding was associated with a median decrease in phenotypic value of 0.13% of a trait’s mean, or 0.59% of a trait’s standard deviation. Inbreeding had an unfavorable effect on all sorts of traits and there was no evidence for a stronger effect on primary fitness traits (e.g., reproduction/survival traits) than on other traits (e.g., production traits or morphological traits). p-values of inbreeding depression estimates were smaller for SNP-based inbreeding measures than for pedigree inbreeding, suggesting more power for SNP-based measures. There were no consistent differences in p-values for percentage of homozygous SNPs, inbreeding based on runs of homozygosity (ROH) or inbreeding based on a genomic relationship matrix. The number of studies that directly compares these different measures, however, is limited and comparisons are furthermore complicated by differences in scale and arbitrary definitions of particularly ROH-based inbreeding. To facilitate comparisons across studies in future, we provide the dataset with inbreeding depression estimates of 154 studies and stress the importance of always reporting detailed information (on traits, inbreeding coefficients, and models used) along with inbreeding depression estimates.

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Mgode, Georgies F., Ginethon G. Mhamphi, Apia W. Massawe, and Robert S. Machang’u. "Leptospira Seropositivity in Humans, Livestock and Wild Animals in a Semi-Arid Area of Tanzania." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060696.

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Background: Leptospirosis is among the major neglected zoonoses in developing countries. The prevalence of leptospirosis remains underestimated in many African countries because of limited diagnostic facilities. We studied Leptospira seropositivity prevalence in humans, sheep, goats and rodents in a semi-arid region of central Tanzania and compared findings with reports from humid tropical areas. The aims were to establish the disease burden in different settings; understand circulating Leptospira serovars and potential major reservoirs for establishing appropriate control measures. Methods: Humans, sheep, goats, rodents and shrews (insectivores) were sampled from Bahi district, a semi-arid area in central Tanzania. Samples were tested for leptospiral antibodies using microscopic agglutination test (MAT) consisting of Leptospira serovars mainly reported in Tanzania and reference strains. Findings were compared with previous data to determine the disease epidemiological patterns. Results and conclusion: Semi-arid area showed high Leptospira seropositivity prevalence in humans and domestic animals due to intensive human–animal interactions at scarce water points and by flash flooding which occur in the area. Rodent population in the semi-arid areas was relatively low due to flooding. Leptospira seropositivity in rodents was also slightly lower, and the rodents appeared to be prolific breeders, probably as a means to compensate for the lost population during extreme drought as well as during short spells of floods. Intensive human–animal interaction in the semi-arid areas especially, in water sources in valleys where human and animals often meet, likely increased the risk of leptospirosis transmission to rice farmers in the area. Goats and sheep which are kept around homesteads had higher leptospiral antibodies prevalence (62%), nearly double of the 38% reported in same species in humid tropical regions of Tanzania. Livestock, especially goats and sheep, could be the major source of leptospirosis transmission to humans. Vaccination of livestock with vaccines against local Leptospira strains should be encouraged, and rodent control emphasized, as part of a management strategy against leptospirosis. Public awareness of leptospirosis must also be raised and supported by availability of rapid test kits in clinics for preliminary testing of leptospirosis in people with fevers of unknown origin.

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Ros-Santaella, José Luis, and Eliana Pintus. "Plant Extracts as Alternative Additives for Sperm Preservation." Antioxidants 10, no. 5 (May 13, 2021): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050772.

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Sperm preservation is a crucial factor for the success of assisted reproductive technology (ART) in humans, livestock, and wildlife. Irrespective of the extender and the storage conditions used, semen handling and preservation negatively affect sperm quality. Moreover, oxidative stress, which often arises during semen storage, significantly reduces sperm function and compromises the sperm fertilizing ability by inducing oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Plant extracts have recently emerged as a cheap and natural source of additives to preserve and enhance sperm function during semen storage. The present work provides an update on the use of these natural compounds as alternative additives for sperm preservation in 13 animal species, including humans. A detailed description of the effects of 45 plant species, belonging to 28 families, on sperm function during semen storage is presented. The plant material and extraction method employed, dosage, possible toxic effects, and antimicrobial properties are provided.

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Fernández-Soto, Pedro, Catalina Avendaño, Anna Sala-Vizcaíno, Beatriz Crego-Vicente, Begoña Febrer-Sendra, Juan García-Bernalt Diego, Ana Oleaga, et al. "Molecular Markers for Detecting Schistosoma Species by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification." Disease Markers 2020 (July 24, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8042705.

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Schistosomiasis is considered a neglected parasitic disease. Around 280,000 people die from it annually, and more than 779 million people are at risk of getting infected. The schistosome species which infect human beings are Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma intercalatum, Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma guineensis, and Schistosoma mekongi. This disease is also of veterinary significance; the most important species being Schistosoma bovis since it causes the disease in around 160 million livestock in Africa and Asia. This work was aimed at designing and developing a genus-specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for detecting the most important schistosome species affecting humans and for the species-specific detection of S. bovis. Bioinformatics tools were used for primer design, and the LAMP method was standardised for detecting the ITS-1 region from S. intercalatum, S. haematobium, S. mansoni, S. japonicum, and S. bovis DNA (generic test) and the NADH 1 gene for specifically detecting S. bovis (at different DNA concentrations). Detection limits achieved were 1 pg DNA for S. mansoni, 0.1 pg for S. haematobium, 1 pg for S. intercalatum, and 10 pg for S. bovis. No amplification for S. japonicum DNA was obtained. The LAMP designed for the amplification of S. bovis NADH-1 worked specifically for this species, and no other DNA from other schistosome species included in the study was amplified. Two highly sensitive LAMP methods for detecting different Schistosoma species important for human and veterinary health were standardised. These methods could be very useful for the diagnosis and surveillance of schistosome infections.

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Wardhana, April Hari, I. Abadi, M. M. Cameron, P. D. Ready, and M. J. R. Hall. "Epidemiology of traumatic myiasis due to Chrysomya bezziana in Indonesia." Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 23, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v23i1.1617.

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<p>Epidemiology of traumatic myiasis in Indonesia was studied by the widespread collection of fly larvae from infested livestock in passive case detection surveys involving veterinary clinics. In addition, monthly data from Kediri regency in Eastern Java were analysed from 2006-2009 to explore the seasonality of myiasis. Larvae from a total of 260 cases from the nationwide survey and 341 cases from Kediri were identified. Except for 5 cases of chicken infestation due to Musca species in the nationwide survey, all other cases were exclusively caused by the Old World screwworm (OWS) fly, Chrysomya bezziana (Diptera: Calliphoridae). The monthly numbers of cases at Kediri were very variable, with cases in all months, but there was statistical evidence for an increase in cases in January and December, during the rainy season. The greatest numbers of infestations recorded were from cattle and goats. The most frequently infested sites nationwide and in Kediri were the vulva and umbilicus, associated with calving, which is a major risk period for traumatic myiasis. Mitochondrial DNA typing of 176 specimens was useful for detecting multiple infestations, but no association was found between genetic lineage and host. The equatorial climate of Indonesia, combined with poor husbandry systems are factors that help to support OWS fly development year round. Even if not considered a disease of strategic importance, screwworm myiasis remains a threat to livestock production in Indonesia and a major welfare issue that requires constant interventions by farmers. The new and collated epidemiological data presented represent the most extensive survey of traumatic myiasis in Indonesia to date and provide a valuable baseline to support integrated pest management programs.</p>

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Hryhorowicz, Magdalena, Daniel Lipiński, Szymon Hryhorowicz, Agnieszka Nowak-Terpiłowska, Natalia Ryczek, and Joanna Zeyland. "Application of Genetically Engineered Pigs in Biomedical Research." Genes 11, no. 6 (June 19, 2020): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11060670.

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Progress in genetic engineering over the past few decades has made it possible to develop methods that have led to the production of transgenic animals. The development of transgenesis has created new directions in research and possibilities for its practical application. Generating transgenic animal species is not only aimed towards accelerating traditional breeding programs and improving animal health and the quality of animal products for consumption but can also be used in biomedicine. Animal studies are conducted to develop models used in gene function and regulation research and the genetic determinants of certain human diseases. Another direction of research, described in this review, focuses on the use of transgenic animals as a source of high-quality biopharmaceuticals, such as recombinant proteins. The further aspect discussed is the use of genetically modified animals as a source of cells, tissues, and organs for transplantation into human recipients, i.e., xenotransplantation. Numerous studies have shown that the pig (Sus scrofa domestica) is the most suitable species both as a research model for human diseases and as an optimal organ donor for xenotransplantation. Short pregnancy, short generation interval, and high litter size make the production of transgenic pigs less time-consuming in comparison with other livestock species This review describes genetically modified pigs used for biomedical research and the future challenges and perspectives for the use of the swine animal models.

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Giannattasio-Ferraz, Silvia, Adriana Ene, Laura Maskeri, André Penido Oliveira, Edel F. Barbosa-Stancioli, and Catherine Putonti. "Vagococcus fluvialis isolation and sequencing from urine of healthy cattle." G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkaa034.

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Abstract While the gram-positive bacterium Vagococcus fluvialis has been isolated from the environment as well as fish, birds, and mammals, very little is known about the species. V. fluvialis is believed to be a probiotic in fishes. However, within mammals, it is more frequently isolated from infectious tissue, including on rare occasions human and livestock lesions. Prior to the study described here, V. fluvialis had never been found in healthy bovine animals. Here, we present the complete genomes of V. fluvialis UFMG-H6, UFMG-H6B, and UFMG-H7, novel strains isolated from urine samples from healthy bovine females. These are the first genomes of mammalian isolates and the first description of V. fluvialis from urine. The genomes did not encode for any known virulence genes, suggesting that they may be commensal members of the urine microbiota.

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Mavrommatis, Alexandros, Elisavet Giamouri, Savvina Tavrizelou, Maria Zacharioudaki, George Danezis, Panagiotis E. Simitzis, Evangelos Zoidis, et al. "Impact of Mycotoxins on Animals’ Oxidative Status." Antioxidants 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020214.

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Mycotoxins appear to be the “Achilles’ heel” of the agriculture sector inducing enormous economic losses and representing a severe risk to the health of humans and animals. Although novel determination protocols have been developed and legislation has been implemented within Europe, the side effects of mycotoxins on the homeostatic mechanisms of the animals have not been extensively considered. Feed mycotoxin contamination and the effects on the antioxidant status of livestock (poultry, swine, and ruminants) are presented. The findings support the idea that the antioxidant systems in both monogastrics and ruminants are challenged under the detrimental effect of mycotoxins by increasing the toxic lipid peroxidation by-product malondialdehyde (MDA) and inhibiting the activity of antioxidant defense mechanisms. The degree of oxidative stress is related to the duration of contamination, co-contamination, the synergetic effects, toxin levels, animal age, species, and productive stage. Since the damaging effects of MDA and other by-products derived by lipid peroxidation as well as reactive oxygen species have been extensively studied on human health, a more integrated monitoring mechanism (which will take into account the oxidative stability) is urgently required to be implemented in animal products.

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Pintus, Eliana, and José Luis Ros-Santaella. "Impact of Oxidative Stress on Male Reproduction in Domestic and Wild Animals." Antioxidants 10, no. 7 (July 20, 2021): 1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10071154.

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Oxidative stress occurs when the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) overcome the antioxidant defenses of the organism, jeopardizing several biological functions, including reproduction. In the male reproductive system, oxidative stress not only impairs sperm fertility but also compromises offspring health and survival, inducing oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Although a clear link between oxidative stress and male fertility disorders has been demonstrated in humans and laboratory rodents, little information is available about the implications of impaired redox homeostasis in the male fertility of domestic and wild animals. Therefore, this review aims to provide an update regarding the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that are associated with oxidative stress in the male reproductive system and their impact on the reproductive performance of domestic and wild animals. The most recent strategies for palliating the detrimental effects of oxidative stress on male fertility are reviewed together with their potential economic and ecological implications in the livestock industry and biodiversity conservation.

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Donner, Linsey M., Xu Li, Daniel D. Snow, Jodi L. Sangster, Zachery R. Staley, Loralee J. Amandus, Wayne A. Mathews, and Shannon Bartelt-Hunt. "1420. A One Health Approach Examining the Potential Linkage between Agricultural Livestock and Human Antibiotic Resistance at the Watershed Level." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S716—S717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1602.

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Abstract Background Antibiotic resistance is a significant public health threat and widespread use of antibiotics in agriculture is increasing the concern about agricultural contributions to the dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Of concern is the level of exposure to antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the watershed. Consequently, adopting a One Health approach to measure antibiotic levels and identify antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) transfer at the human, animal and environmental interfaces is essential to better understand how antibiotic resistance is spread. Methods In this project, antibiotic levels were measured using passive organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) for 30-day periods from August – November 2018 from Elkhorn River and Shell Creek watersheds in Nebraska (Figure 1). In addition, whole genome sequences of bacterial isolates cultured from the watersheds were assessed to identify ARGs present on mobile genetic elements (MGE) that had >95% similarity to mobile ARG present in isolates recorded in the NCBI GenBank database was identified using ResFinder. Figure 1. Sampling locations within the two watersheds. Results The study demonstrated significant antibiotic levels present throughout the watershed, with five of them associated with human usage (Table 1). In addition, seasonally based drug-resistant bacterial species was associated with specific antibiotic levels in the watershed (Figure 2). Mobile ARGs were detected in 87.5% of isolates collected from the Elkhorn River and 80.0% within Shell Creek (Figure 3). Table 1. Pharmaceutical levels in the watershed Figure 2. Antibiotic levels and drug-resistant bacteria in the watershed Figure 3. Antibiotic resistance observed from each isolate at every sampling date and site. A colored bar denotes that resistance to that antibiotic was observed. Conclusion These results present evidence of transfer of highly mobile ARGs between environment, clinical, and animal-associated bacteria and highlight the need for a One Health perspective in assessing the spread of antibiotic resistance. The presence of significant levels of antibiotics persisting in this agricultural watershed points out the need for ongoing monitoring of compliance with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommendation of veterinarian oversight of the use of antibiotics in the use of veterinary feed directive applications. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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Heinrich, Felix, Martin Wutke, Pronaya Prosun Das, Miriam Kamp, Mehmet Gültas, Wolfgang Link, and Armin Otto Schmitt. "Identification of Regulatory SNPs Associated with Vicine and Convicine Content of Vicia faba Based on Genotyping by Sequencing Data Using Deep Learning." Genes 11, no. 6 (June 5, 2020): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11060614.

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Faba bean (Vicia faba) is a grain legume, which is globally grown for both human consumption as well as feed for livestock. Despite its agro-ecological importance the usage of Vicia faba is severely hampered by its anti-nutritive seed-compounds vicine and convicine (V+C). The genes responsible for a low V+C content have not yet been identified. In this study, we aim to computationally identify regulatory SNPs (rSNPs), i.e., SNPs in promoter regions of genes that are deemed to govern the V+C content of Vicia faba. For this purpose we first trained a deep learning model with the gene annotations of seven related species of the Leguminosae family. Applying our model, we predicted putative promoters in a partial genome of Vicia faba that we assembled from genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) data. Exploiting the synteny between Medicago truncatula and Vicia faba, we identified two rSNPs which are statistically significantly associated with V+C content. In particular, the allele substitutions regarding these rSNPs result in dramatic changes of the binding sites of the transcription factors (TFs) MYB4, MYB61, and SQUA. The knowledge about TFs and their rSNPs may enhance our understanding of the regulatory programs controlling V+C content of Vicia faba and could provide new hypotheses for future breeding programs.

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Alexandre, Pâmela A., Antonio Reverter, Roberta B. Berezin, Laercio R. Porto-Neto, Gabriela Ribeiro, Miguel H. A. Santana, José Bento S. Ferraz, and Heidge Fukumasu. "Exploring the Regulatory Potential of Long Non-Coding RNA in Feed Efficiency of Indicine Cattle." Genes 11, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11090997.

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Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) can regulate several aspects of gene expression, being associated with complex phenotypes in humans and livestock species. In taurine beef cattle, recent evidence points to the involvement of lncRNA in feed efficiency (FE), a proxy for increased productivity and sustainability. Here, we hypothesized specific regulatory roles of lncRNA in FE of indicine cattle. Using RNA-Seq data from the liver, muscle, hypothalamus, pituitary gland and adrenal gland from Nellore bulls with divergent FE, we submitted new transcripts to a series of filters to confidently predict lncRNA. Then, we identified lncRNA that were differentially expressed (DE) and/or key regulators of FE. Finally, we explored lncRNA genomic location and interactions with miRNA and mRNA to infer potential function. We were able to identify 126 relevant lncRNA for FE in Bos indicus, some with high homology to previously identified lncRNA in Bos taurus and some possible specific regulators of FE in indicine cattle. Moreover, lncRNA identified here were linked to previously described mechanisms related to FE in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and are expected to help elucidate this complex phenotype. This study contributes to expanding the catalogue of lncRNA, particularly in indicine cattle, and identifies candidates for further studies in animal selection and management.

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Pauletto, Marianna, Mery Giantin, Roberta Tolosi, Irene Bassan, Andrea Barbarossa, Anna Zaghini, and Mauro Dacasto. "Curcumin Mitigates AFB1-Induced Hepatic Toxicity by Triggering Cattle Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Pathways: A Whole Transcriptomic In Vitro Study." Antioxidants 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9111059.

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Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) toxicity in livestock and human beings is a major economic and health concern. Natural polyphenolic substances with antioxidant properties have proven to be effective in ameliorating AFB1-induced toxicity. Here we assessed the potential anti-AFB1 activity of curcumin (pure curcumin, C, and curcumin from Curcuma longa, CL) in a bovine fetal hepatocyte-derived cell line (BFH12). First, we measured viability of cells exposed to AFB1 in presence or absence of curcumin treatment. Then, we explored all the transcriptional changes occurring in AFB1-exposed cells cotreated with curcumin. Results demonstrated that curcumin is effective in reducing AFB1-induced toxicity, decreasing cells mortality by approximately 30%. C and CL induced similar transcriptional changes in BFH12 exposed to AFB1, yet C treatment resulted in a larger number of significant genes compared to CL. The mitigating effects of curcuminoids towards AFB1 toxicity were mainly related to molecular pathways associated with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response, cancer, and drug metabolism. Investigating mRNA changes induced by curcumin in cattle BFH12 cells exposed to AFB1 will help us to better characterize possible tools to reduce its consequences in this susceptible and economically important food-producing species.

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Das, Manoja Kumar, Ashoka Mahapatra, Basanti Pathi, Rajashree Panigrahy, Swetalona Pattnaik, Sudhansu Shekhar Mishra, Samarendra Mahapatro, et al. "Harmonized One Health Trans-Species and Community Surveillance for Tackling Antibacterial Resistance in India: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study." JMIR Research Protocols 9, no. 10 (October 30, 2020): e23241. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/23241.

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Background India has the largest burden of drug‑resistant organisms compared with other countries around the world, including multiresistant and extremely drug‑resistant tuberculosis and resistant Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacteria. Antibiotic resistant bacteria are found in all living hosts and in the environment and move between hosts and ecosystems. An intricate interplay of infections, exposure to antibiotics, and disinfectants at individual and community levels among humans, animals, birds, and fishes triggers evolution and spread of resistance. The One Health framework proposes addressing antibiotic resistance as a complex multidisciplinary problem. However, the evidence base in the Indian context is limited. Objective This multisectoral, trans-species surveillance project aims to document the infection and resistance patterns of 7 resistant-priority bacteria and the risk factors for resistance following the One Health framework and geospatial epidemiology. Methods This hospital- and community-based surveillance adopts a cross-sectional design with mixed methodology (quantitative, qualitative, and spatial) data collection. This study is being conducted at 6 microbiology laboratories and communities in Khurda district, Odisha, India. The laboratory surveillance collects data on bacteria isolates from different hosts and their resistance patterns. The hosts for infection surveillance include humans, animals (livestock, food chain, and pet animals), birds (poultry), and freshwater fishes (not crustaceans). For eligible patients, animals, birds and fishes, detailed data from their households or farms on health care seeking (for animals, birds and fishes, the illness, and care seeking of the caretakers), antibiotic use, disinfection practices, and neighborhood exposure to infection risks will be collected. Antibiotic prescription and use patterns at hospitals and clinics, and therapeutic and nontherapeutic antibiotic and disinfectant use in farms will also be collected. Interviews with key informants from animal breeding, agriculture, and food processing will explore the perceptions, attitudes, and practices related to antibiotic use. The data analysis will follow quantitative (descriptive and analytical), qualitative, and geospatial epidemiology principles. Results The study was funded in May 2019 and approved by Institute Ethics Committees in March 2019. The data collection started in September 2019 and shall continue till March 2021. As of June 2020, data for 56 humans, 30 animals and birds, and fishes from 10 ponds have been collected. Data analysis is yet to be done. Conclusions This study will inform about the bacterial infection and resistance epidemiology among different hosts, the risk factors for infection, and resistance transmission. In addition, it will identify the potential triggers and levers for further exploration and action. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/23241

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Kacskovics, Imre. "Fc receptors in livestock species." Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 102, no. 4 (December 2004): 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.06.008.

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Milanesi, Marco, Matilde Maria Passamonti, Katia Cappelli, Andrea Minuti, Valentino Palombo, Sandy Sgorlon, Stefano Capomaccio, et al. "Genetic Regulation of Biomarkers as Stress Proxies in Dairy Cows." Genes 12, no. 4 (April 6, 2021): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12040534.

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Stress in livestock reduces productivity and is a welfare concern. At a physiological level, stress is associated with the activation of inflammatory responses and increased levels of harmful reactive oxygen species. Biomarkers that are indicative of stress could facilitate the identification of more stress-resilient animals. We examined twenty-one metabolic, immune response, and liver function biomarkers that have been associated with stress in 416 Italian Simmental and 436 Italian Holstein cows which were genotyped for 150K SNPs. Single-SNP and haplotype-based genome-wide association studies were carried out to assess whether the variation in the levels in these biomarkers is under genetic control and to identify the genomic loci involved. Significant associations were found for the plasma levels of ceruloplasmin (Bos taurus chromosome 1—BTA1), paraoxonase (BTA4) and γ-glutamyl transferase (BTA17) in the individual breed analysis that coincided with the position of the genes coding for these proteins, suggesting that their expression is under cis-regulation. A meta-analysis of both breeds identified additional significant associations with paraoxonase on BTA 16 and 26. Finding genetic associations with variations in the levels of these biomarkers suggests that the selection for high or low levels of expression could be achieved rapidly. Whether the level of expression of the biomarkers correlates with the response to stressful situations has yet to be determined.

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Semret, Makeda, Douwe Bakker, Nonie Smart, Ingrid Olsen, Kaare Haslov, and Marcel A. Behr. "Genetic Analysis of Mycobacterium avium Complex Strains Used for Producing Purified Protein Derivatives." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 13, no. 9 (September 2006): 991–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00217-06.

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ABSTRACT For over a century, purified protein derivatives (PPD) have been used to detect mycobacterial infections in humans and livestock. Among these, reagents to detect infections by Mycobacterium avium complex organisms have been produced, but the utility of these reagents has not been clearly established due in part to limited biologic and immunologic standardization. Because there is little information about the strains used to produce these reagents (avian PPD, intracellulare PPD, scrofulaceum PPD, and Johnin), we have performed genetic characterizations of strains used to produce these products. Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA and the hsp65 gene provided results concordant with species designations provided for M. avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum organisms. For M. avium strains, comparative genomic hybridization was performed on a whole-genome DNA microarray, revealing one novel 7.9-kilobase genomic deletion in certain Johnin-producing strains, in addition to genomic variability inherent to the particular M. avium subspecies. Our findings indicate that considerable genomic differences exist between organisms used for reagents and the infecting organism being studied. These results serve as a baseline for potency studies of different preparations and should aid in comparative studies of newly discovered antigens for the diagnosis of infection and disease by M. avium complex organisms.

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Keller, Magdalena, Elisa Manzocchi, Deborah Rentsch, Rosamaria Lugarà, and Katrin Giller. "Antioxidant and Inflammatory Gene Expression Profiles of Bovine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Response to Arthrospira platensis before and after LPS Challenge." Antioxidants 10, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050814.

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Oxidative stress and inflammatory diseases are closely related processes that need to be controlled to ensure the desirable high performance of livestock. The microalga spirulina has shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in monogastric species. To investigate potential beneficial effects in ruminants, we replaced soybean meal (SOY) in the diets of dairy cows and fattening bulls by spirulina (SPI) and analyzed plasma concentrations of antioxidants (β-carotene, α-tocopherol, polyphenols) and serum total antioxidant capacity. Following in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated for expression analysis of inflammation- and antioxidant-defense-related genes. Plasma β-carotene concentration was higher in SPI, compared to SOY cows, but did not differ in bulls. Plasma total phenol concentration was significantly higher in SPI, compared to SOY bulls, but not in cows. Stimulation of bovine PBMCs with LPS increased the expression of most cytokines and some antioxidant enzymes. Gene expression of PBMCs derived from SPI animals, compared to SOY animals, hardly differed. Our results indicate that in ruminants, spirulina might not have potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Future studies should evaluate the microbial degradation of spirulina and its bioactive compounds in the rumen to provide further data on potential beneficial health effects in ruminants.

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Laoun, Abbas, Sahraoui Harkat, Mohamed Lafri, Semir Bechir Suheil Gaouar, Ibrahim Belabdi, Elena Ciani, Maarten De Groot, et al. "Inference of Breed Structure in Farm Animals: Empirical Comparison between SNP and Microsatellite Performance." Genes 11, no. 1 (January 4, 2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11010057.

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Knowledge of population structure is essential to improve the management and conservation of farm animal genetic resources. Microsatellites, which have long been popular for this type of analysis, are more and more neglected in favor of whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chips that are now available for the main farmed animal species. In this study, we compared genetic patterns derived from microsatellites to that inferred by SNPs, considering three pairs of datasets of sheep and cattle. Population genetic differentiation analyses (Fixation index, FST), as well as STRUCTURE analyses showed a very strong consistency between the two types of markers. Microsatellites gave pictures that were largely concordant with SNPs, although less accurate. The best concordance was found in the most complex dataset, which included 17 French sheep breeds (with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.95 considering the 136 values of pairwise FST, obtained with both types of markers). The use of microsatellites reduces the cost and the related analyses do not require specific computer equipment (i.e., information technology (IT) infrastructure able to provide adequate computing and storage capacity). Therefore, this tool may still be a very appropriate solution to evaluate, in a first stage, the general state of livestock at national scales. At a time when local breeds are disappearing at an alarming rate, it is urgent to improve our knowledge of them, in particular by promoting tools accessible to the greatest number.

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Patch, Jared R., Lasse E. Pedersen, Felix N. Toka, Mauro Moraes, Marvin J. Grubman, Morten Nielsen, Gregers Jungersen, Soren Buus, and William T. Golde. "Induction of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-Specific Cytotoxic T Cell Killing by Vaccination." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, no. 2 (December 22, 2010): 280–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00417-10.

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ABSTRACTFoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) continues to be a significant threat to the health and economic value of livestock species. This acute infection is caused by the highly contagious FMD virus (FMDV), which infects cloven-hoofed animals, including large and small ruminants and swine. Current vaccine strategies are all directed toward the induction of neutralizing antibody responses. However, the role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) has not received a great deal of attention, in part because of the technical difficulties associated with establishing a reliable assay of cell killing for this highly cytopathic virus. Here, we have used recombinant human adenovirus vectors as a means of delivering FMDV antigens in a T cell-directed vaccine in pigs. We tested the hypothesis that impaired processing of the FMDV capsid would enhance cytolytic activity, presumably by targeting all proteins for degradation and effectively increasing the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/FMDV peptide concentration for stimulation of a CTL response. We compared such a T cell-targeting vaccine with the parental vaccine, previously shown to effectively induce a neutralizing antibody response. Our results show induction of FMDV-specific CD8+CTL killing of MHC-matched target cells in an antigen-specific manner. Further, we confirm these results by MHC tetramer staining. This work presents the first demonstration of FMDV-specific CTL killing and confirmation by MHC tetramer staining in response to vaccination against FMDV.

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Hocquette, Jean-Fran�ois, and Hiroyuki Abe. "Facilitative glucose transporters in livestock species." Reproduction Nutrition Development 40, no. 6 (November 2000): 517–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rnd:2000134.

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Kühholzer, B., and G. Brem. "Somatic nuclear transfer in livestock species." Archives Animal Breeding 44, no. 4 (October 10, 2001): 351–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-44-351-2001.

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Abstract. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT) in sheep, cattle, goats, swine and rabbits. Numerous advances have been reported as this technique has developed over the last five years. In the first part of this review, we describe the reported data pertaining to each of the species mentioned above. Theories are offered to explain the different results seen between different species and cell types. One of the main aspects of somatic cell NT, the production of transgenic animals will also be reviewed. Future applications of this powerful technique are discussed. This review concludes with a discussion of some of the problems observed in animals produced using NT as well as possible Solutions for these challenges.

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Gouveia, João José de Simoni, Marcos Vinicius Gualberto Barbosa da Silva, Samuel Rezende Paiva, and Sônia Maria Pinheiro de Oliveira. "Identification of selection signatures in livestock species." Genetics and Molecular Biology 37, no. 2 (June 2014): 330–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572014000300004.

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Miller, Myrna M., Kristine E. Bennett, Barbara S. Drolet, Robbin Lindsay, James O. Mecham, Will K. Reeves, Hana M. Weingartl, and William C. Wilson. "Evaluation of the Efficacy, Potential for Vector Transmission, and Duration of Immunity of MP-12, an Attenuated Rift Valley Fever Virus Vaccine Candidate, in Sheep." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 22, no. 8 (June 3, 2015): 930–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00114-15.

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ABSTRACTRift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes serious disease in ruminants and humans in Africa. In North America, there are susceptible ruminant hosts and competent mosquito vectors, yet there are no fully licensed animal vaccines for this arthropod-borne virus, should it be introduced. Studies in sheep and cattle have found the attenuated strain of RVFV, MP-12, to be both safe and efficacious based on early testing, and a 2-year conditional license for use in U.S. livestock has been issued. The purpose of this study was to further determine the vaccine's potential to infect mosquitoes, the duration of humoral immunity to 24 months postvaccination, and the ability to prevent disease and viremia from a virulent challenge. Vaccination experiments conducted in sheep found no evidence of a potential for vector transmission to 4 North American mosquito species. Neutralizing antibodies were elicited, with titers of >1:40 still present at 24 months postvaccination. Vaccinates were protected from clinical signs and detectable viremia after challenge with virulent virus, while control sheep had fever and high-titered viremia extending for 5 days. Antibodies to three viral proteins (nucleocapsid N, the N-terminal half of glycoprotein GN, and the nonstructural protein from the short segment NSs) were also detected to 24 months using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. This study demonstrates that the MP-12 vaccine given as a single dose in sheep generates protective immunity to a virulent challenge with antibody duration of at least 2 years, with no evidence of a risk for vector transmission.

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Ammar, Hajer, Sourour Abidi, Mediha Ayed, Nizar Moujahed, Mario E. deHaro Martí, Mireille Chahine, Rachid Bouraoui, Secundino López, Hatem Cheikh M’hamed, and Haikel Hechlef. "Estimation of Tunisian Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Different Livestock Species." Agriculture 10, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110562.

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This study aimed to determine the emissions of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from seven Tunisian livestock species and their evolution over eleven consecutive years (2008–2018). The species of animals used were cattle (dairy and others), sheep, goats, camelids, horses, donkeys and mules, and poultry. The estimations of CH4 and N2O emissions were based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines for national inventories, using Tier 1 and Tier 2 approaches, with its default emission factors (EFs). The Tier 2 approach was applied only for the calculation of EF to estimate CH4 emissions related to livestock manure management. CH4 emission represented more than 92% of the total greenhouse gas (GHG) from livestock emissions. Moreover, 53% of the total CH4 emissions from livestock were derived from cattle, followed by sheep, goats, other mammals (camelids, horses, mules, and donkeys), and poultry. During the period covered by the study (2008–2018), a slight and continuous decrease of both livestock population and total GHG emissions was observed, mainly in terms of CH4. In mammals, CH4 emissions were greater than N2O emissions, whereas in poultry, N2O emissions were up to 2.6 times greater than CH4 emissions. The aggressive drive of the government to increase cattle and sheep production might affect CH4 emissions in the future. Therefore, periodic estimations of GHG emissions from livestock are required to follow the time trends for more rational decision-making regarding livestock and GHG emissions policies.

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Medina, Gisselle N., Nestor Montiel, Fayna Diaz-San Segundo, Diego Sturza, Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina, Marvin J. Grubman, and Teresa de los Santos. "Evaluation of a Fiber-Modified Adenovirus Vector Vaccine against Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Cattle." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 23, no. 2 (November 25, 2015): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00426-15.

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ABSTRACTNovel vaccination approaches against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) include the use of replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vectors that contain the capsid-encoding regions of FMD virus (FMDV). Ad5 containing serotype A24 capsid sequences (Ad5.A24) has proved to be effective as a vaccine against FMD in livestock species. However, Ad5-vectored FMDV serotype O1 Campos vaccine (Ad5.O1C.2B) provides only partial protection of cattle against homologous challenge. It has been reported that a fiber-modified Ad5 vector expressing Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) enhances transduction of antigen-presenting cells (APC) in mice. In the current study, we assessed the efficacy of a fiber-modified Ad5 (Adt.O1C.2B.RGD) in cattle. Expression of FMDV capsid proteins was superior in cultured cells infected with the RGD-modified vector. Furthermore, transgene expression of Adt.O1C.2B.RGD was enhanced in cell lines that constitutively express integrin αvβ6, a known receptor for FMDV. In contrast, capsid expression in cattle-derived enriched APC populations was not enhanced by infection with this vector. Our data showed that vaccination with the two vectors yielded similar levels of protection against FMD in cattle. Although none of the vaccinated animals had detectable viremia, FMDV RNA was detected in serum samples from animals with clinical signs. Interestingly, CD4+and CD8+gamma interferon (IFN-γ)+cell responses were detected at significantly higher levels in animals vaccinated with Adt.O1C.2B.RGD than in animals vaccinated with Ad5.O1C.2B. Our results suggest that inclusion of an RGD motif in the fiber of Ad5-vectored FMD vaccine improves transgene delivery and cell-mediated immunity but does not significantly enhance vaccine performance in cattle.

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Dorg, Serjmyadag, Alimaa Tsagaan, and Mitsu Sekikawa. "Quality of dried meats from different livestock species." Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 15, no. 2 (September 30, 2015): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v15i2.537.

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Questions were asked about preference for eating dried meats produced from raw meats of cattle, sheep, goat and camel. Evaluation of consumption liking by colour, flavor, overall desirability and percentage of consumer choice was carried out from 145 panelists who live in Ulaanbaatar. In results, low score in colour, flavor and overall desirability was shown in order for dried meats from cattle, goat, sheep and camel. According this result, consumer choice was high (90%) in dried meat from cattle, while theconcentrate (50%) was low in dried meat from camel and sheep. Dried meat from cattle and goat had the lowest TBARS value, followed by mutton and camel meat in that order. In conclusion, dried meat from cattle had the highest scores for the three characteristics and low value in lipid oxidation products.Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.15(2) 2015; 3-9

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Stella, A., A. Montironi, F. Panzitta, G. Gandini, and P. J. Boettcher. "In silico candidate gene mining in livestock species." Italian Journal of Animal Science 6, sup1 (January 2007): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2007.1s.217.

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Davenport, K. M., and B. M. Murdoch. "0351 Meiotic recombination differences in ruminant livestock species." Journal of Animal Science 94, suppl_5 (October 1, 2016): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jam2016-0351.

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Kabeya, Hidenori, Soichi Maruyama, Yukio Morita, Masatoshi Kubo, Kazuaki Yamamoto, Sachiko Arai, Taiki Izumi, Yoko Kobayashi, Yasuji Katsube, and Takeshi Mikami. "Distribution of Arcobacter species among livestock in Japan." Veterinary Microbiology 93, no. 2 (May 2003): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00312-7.

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Habermann, F. A., A. Wuensch, F. Sinowatz, and E. Wolf. "Reporter genes for embryogenesis research in livestock species." Theriogenology 68 (September 2007): S116—S124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.05.055.

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Seo, S. Niggol, and Bruce McCarl. "Managing Livestock Species under Climate Change in Australia." Animals 1, no. 4 (October 19, 2011): 343–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani1040343.

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García-Roselló, E., E. García-Mengual, P. Coy, J. Alfonso, and MA Silvestre. "Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection in Livestock Species: An Update." Reproduction in Domestic Animals 44, no. 1 (February 2009): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.01018.x.

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39

Gurgul, Artur, Anna Miksza-Cybulska, Tomasz Szmatoła, Igor Jasielczuk, Agata Piestrzyńska-Kajtoch, Agnieszka Fornal, Ewelina Semik-Gurgul, and Monika Bugno-Poniewierska. "Genotyping-by-sequencing performance in selected livestock species." Genomics 111, no. 2 (March 2019): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.02.002.

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40

Randal, Judith. "Cross-species Transplants May Pose Risk to Livestock." JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 90, no. 5 (March 4, 1998): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/90.5.349.

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41

Shrivastava, Kush. "Breeding for Reduced Methane Emissions in Livestock Species." Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research 3, no. 2 (2018): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000159.

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42

Berney, Peter J., G. Glenn Wilson, Darren S. Ryder, R. D. B. Whalley, John Duggin, and Robert O. McCosker. "Divergent responses to long-term grazing exclusion among three plant communities in a flood pulsing wetland in eastern Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 20, no. 3 (2014): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc140237.

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We examined the effects of grazing exclusion over a period of 14 years on the species richness and community composition of three plant communities with different dominant species and water regimes in the Gwydir Wetlands in eastern Australia. Responses to grazing exclusion varied among the three plant communities, and were most likely to be evident during dry periods rather than during periods of inundation. In frequently flooded plant communities, there was an increase in phytomass following exclusion of domestic livestock, but changes in plant community composition and species richness due to livestock exclusion varied depending on the morphological attributes of the dominant plant species. In a plant community where tall sedge species were dominant, livestock exclusion further increased their dominance and overall species richness declined. In contrast, where a prostrate grass species such as Paspalum distichum was dominant, species richness increased following livestock exclusion, due to an increase in the abundance of taller dicotyledon species. However, livestock exclusion in a community where flooding was less frequent and native grass species have been largely replaced with the introduced species Phyla canescens, resulted in no significant changes to phytomass, species richness or community composition among the grazing exclusion treatments over time. Our results indicate responses to exclusion of domestic livestock are dependent upon the dominant species within the plant community and will likely vary over time with the extent of wetland inundation. Grazing exclusion alone, without increased flooding, is unlikely to restore floristically degraded floodplain plant communities.

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Rimbing, S. C. "KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS SERANGGA HAMA PASCA PANEN PADA BEBERAPA MAKANAN TERNAK DI KABUPATEN BOLAANG MONGONDOW." ZOOTEC 35, no. 1 (March 5, 2015): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.35.1.2015.7225.

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INSECT PEST SPECIES DIVERSITY POST CROP AT SOME LIVESTOCK FOODS IN SUB-PROVINCE BOLAANG MONGONDOW. The purpose of research aim to be to know species diversity and abudance of population of pest post at livestock food. To get data about pest type post crop at livestock food is done by livestock food sampling counted 1 kg, then is looked after during 10 days in laboratorium, and activity hereinafter is done abservatiion about pest type post crop at each livestock food. Insect pest type found at livestock food is identified based on insect morphology. Livestock food type taken at palce of storages, that is corn, paddy bran, konsentrate, and fish meal. Then is calculated pest species diversity post crop at livestock food. Number of pest types post crop found at livestock food in Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow 12 types. In district of poigar number of pest types post found 12, whike lolak 9 type, pest type pascapanen which is highest found at corn and paddy bran. Pest type post crop found at livestock food between of Sitophilus sp, Tribolium sp, Carpophilus sp, Dermestes sp, Ceriptoplestes sp, C. cephalonica and ahasverus sp. Abundance of highest population at bijian corn there is in poigar 90 tails, and Kecamatan Lolak it’s the population only reachs 45.5 tails. For highest paddy bran livestock food there is at type Tribolium sp, population Tribolium sp at highest paddy bran there is in Kecamatan poigar 27 tails and low at kecamatan lolak 23.5 tails. Level of pest species diversity post crop bijian highestcorn is found in Kecamatan Poigar H’ = 1.62, while Lolak only reach H’ = 1.35, Value level of trhis varicety pertained low, because value level of pest species diversity livestock food at cron under H’ = 3.5 Keywords: Diversity, insect post crop, feed

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Martin, Guillaume, Kerstin Barth, Marc Benoit, Christopher Brock, Marie Destruel, Bertrand Dumont, Myriam Grillot, et al. "Potential of multi-species livestock farming to improve the sustainability of livestock farms: A review." Agricultural Systems 181 (May 2020): 102821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102821.

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Nicholas, F. W. "Integrated and comparative maps in livestock genomics." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 8 (2005): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05065.

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The creation of a single integrated map incorporating all available mapping information for an unsequenced species provides the best possible resource for meta analyses of quantitative trait loci, for a backbone on which to assemble sequence and for comparative mapping. Using a strategy encapsulated in the Location DataBase, integrated maps for cattle, sheep and pigs have been produced from all publicly-available mapping information for these livestock species. A very useful tool for comparative mapping is the Oxford grid. Of particular interest are grids comparing an integrated map from an unsequenced species with the annotated sequence map from a sequenced species. By an additional iteration of the Location DataBase approach or a variant of the Oxford-grid software, it is possible to create a virtual genome of the unsequenced species, which is a map comprising predicted locations for all loci identified in the sequenced species.

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Petters, RM. "Transgenic livestock as genetic models of human disease." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, no. 5 (1994): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9940643.

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Genetic models of human disease can lead to new insights concerning disease aetiology or suggest novel therapeutic interventions. Livestock species, especially pigs, cows, sheep and horses, are often good animal models of human disease. However, genetic models in livestock species have included only the study of spontaneous mutations. Production of transgenic livestock is now possible but owing to a low efficiency of production, it is very expensive and its application limited. Anticipated application of improved technologies such as embryonic stem cells and homologous recombination will allow for increased sophistication of experimental design and wider use of genetically modified livestock. In all cases, the appropriate species for a genetic model of human disease should be the species which best models the physiology of the organ or system under consideration. In the future, livestock will play an increasingly more important role in biomedical research through the application of genetic engineering methodologies.

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Dorrough, J., S. McIntyre, and M. P. Scroggie. "Individual plant species responses to phosphorus and livestock grazing." Australian Journal of Botany 59, no. 7 (2011): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt11149.

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Livestock grazing and fertilisation are primary management activities that determine variation in plant species composition within grazed temperate grassy ecosystems of Australia. The present paper provides an extensive catalogue of the responses of individual species to grazing and fertilisation that can be used to guide management and restoration in differing situations. A hierarchical model that links plant species identities, simple plant traits and two continuous predictive variables (livestock density and available phosphorus) was used to estimate probability of occurrence of plant species across grazing and phosphorus gradients. Certain species and groups of species, particularly native perennial geophytes, ferns and shrubs, were especially sensitive to increases in each of these management gradients, whereas a small group of exotic plants were most tolerant. In the moderately intensive livestock production landscapes sampled, most native plant species preferred ungrazed areas with low available phosphorus. Many non-native plant species also tolerated or preferred such habitats. Less than 1% of all observed species are predicted to occur at high levels of available phosphorus (75 mg kg–1) and heavy stocking (9 dry sheep equivalents ha–1). There is, however, a suite of native species that persist at moderate livestock densities, but only if soils are not phosphorus-enriched. These data can be used to guide options for restoration including ranking of potential sites or selection of species for reintroduction. In most cases, livestock grazing intensity is thought to be the primary factor influencing plant species composition in grazed woodlands. These data, however, highlight the great importance of fertilisation history in limiting ground-layer plant diversity and determining options for management.

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Zhao, Zishun, Thomas I. Wahl, and Thomas L. Marsh. "Invasive Species Management: Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the U.S. Beef Industry." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 35, no. 1 (April 2006): 98–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106828050001008x.

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A conceptual bioeconomic framework that integrates dynamic epidemiological-economic processes was designed to analyze the effects of invasive species introduction on decision making in a livestock sector (e.g., production and feeding). The framework integrates an epidemiological model, a dynamic livestock production model, domestic consumption, and international trade. The integrated approach captures producer and consumer responses and welfare outcomes of livestock disease outbreaks, as well as alternative invasive species management policies. Scenarios of foot-and-mouth disease are simulated to demonstrate the usefulness of the framework in facilitating invasive species policy design.

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Tadey, Mariana. "Livestock indirectly decrease nest abundance of two shrub-nesting species in Patagonian Monte Desert." Rangeland Journal 42, no. 6 (2020): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj19061.

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Domestic livestock may indirectly affect bird species through changes in vegetation structure (e.g. cover), reducing the availability of food, nesting sites, refugia and, therefore, reproduction in many ecosystems worldwide. However, it remains unclear how the effect of livestock on vegetation structure can influence insectivorous birds that use shrubs for nest construction and placement rather than for feeding. Several species from the Furnariidae family inhabit Monte Desert, Argentina, exhibiting an extraordinary diversity in nest placement and structure that allows them to survive habitat aridity. Nest abundance and size of two common furnariid species, Pseudoseisura gutturalis and Leptasthenura aegithaloides, were studied across a cumulative livestock impact gradient (livestock impact by years grazed). These bird species use large, closed-nests (~40cm and ~100cm length, respectively) built with thorny branches placed on thorny shrubs. The study encompassed nine independent rangelands within the same habitat, but with increasing livestock density, establishing a gradient in grazing intensity. In each rangeland, nest abundance, nest and supporting plant characteristics, vegetation structure and the percentage of browsing were assessed. Plant cover was lower in rangelands with higher livestock impact, and this was associated with lower nest abundance and nest size. Nest abundance of L. aegithaloides was halved, whereas P. gutturalis was decreased 10-fold comparing the extremes of the livestock impact gradient (0.06 vs 1.63 cattle ha−1×years). Nests tended to be smaller and more spherical with increasing livestock impact. The significant and positive association between nest abundance and vegetation structure together with the importance of mating and reproduction for bird lifecycles suggests that the nest abundance of these species could be used as an indicator of habitat degradation. Therefore, furnariid nest abundance could be used as a first step for diagnosing ecosystem health and designing ecologically sustainable management practices in Monte Desert. Changes in vegetation structure (e.g. cover) such as those imposed by livestock may unpredictably affect plant-associated species affecting their reproduction, demography and ecosystem biodiversity.

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Lammers, Peter J., Sarah L. Carlson, Gretchen A. Zdorkowski, and Mark S. Honeyman. "Reducing food insecurity in developing countries through meat production: the potential of the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 24, no. 2 (May 27, 2009): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170509002543.

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AbstractGlobal poverty and food insecurity continue to remain critical issues, especially in rural areas. Developing and fostering agricultural systems that not only require low to moderate amounts of economic capital and few external inputs but also maintain and enhance the resource base of production are key features of sustainable agricultural development. Sustainable agricultural development, including diversifying smallholder production to include livestock, is a pragmatic approach to address both rural poverty and food insecurity. Livestock play important roles in the lives of humans as converters, recyclers and banks of nutrients. Smallholders raise a diversity of livestock species and often raise multiple species simultaneously. High fecundity, diet flexibility and adaptability to a wide range of housing and management approaches are critical traits of livestock species well suited for producing meat for home consumption and marketing in the context of rural smallholders. Swine (Sus scrofa) and chicken (Gallus domesticus) meet many of these criteria and are well known livestock species. This paper examines the potential for a less common species of livestock, guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) to enhance food security and increase household income of rural smallholders. Although cultural acceptance of guinea pig as a source of nutrition and income is less ubiquitous than that of swine, chicken and other species, the biological, ecological and economic advantages of guinea pig deserve further examination by those working to alleviate global poverty and food insecurity.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Clinic of livestock species'

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