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1
Field, Michael. The renal system: [basic science and clinical conditions]. Edinburgh: Harcourt Publishers, 2001.
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2
Fish, Jessica, Shai Betteridge, and Barbara A. Wilson. Rare Conditions, Diagnostic Challenges, and Controversies in Clinical Neuropsychology. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003228226.
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Weinstock, Michael B. The resident's guide to ambulatory care: Frequently encountered and commonly confused clinical conditions. 2nd ed. Columbus, OH: Anadem, 1996.
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4
Samoylova, Yuliya, Oksana Oleynik, Mariya Matveeva, Irina Vorozhcova, Margarita Kovarenko, Elena Gorlbatenko, Tat'yana Sivolobova, Dar'ya Podchinenova, and Marina Koshmeleva. Clinical endocrinology of children and adolescents: in 2 parts Part 2. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1077797.
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The textbook highlights the main pathological conditions in pediatric endocrinology, as well as their diagnosis and treatment. The materials for self-control and situational tasks are given.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For students, students of the postgraduate professional education system, pediatric endocrinologists, pediatricians, endocrinologists, internists and general practitioners.
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Kjetil, Søreide, and Søiland Håvard, eds. Clinical, genetic, and molecular precursor features in colorectal neoplasia. New York: Nova Science, 2008.
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6
Frazier, Margaret Schell. Essentials of human diseases and conditions. 4th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Saunders/Elsevier, 2009.
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7
Frazier, Margaret Schell. Essentials of human diseases and conditions. 4th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Saunders/Elsevier, 2009.
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8
COMADEM 90 (Conference) (Brunel University). Condition monitoring and diagnostic engineering management. Edited by Rao, Raj B. K. N., Au Joe, and Griffiths Brian. Chapman and Hall, 1990.
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9
Markman, John D. Diagnostic and Clinical Scales for Peripheral Neuropathy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0120.
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Due to the absence of a definitive pathological finding, objective biomarker, or imaging correlate, neuropathic pain syndromes may be graded as possible or probable depending on the results of neurological assessment. It is important to acknowledge the diagnostic uncertainty inherent in such a grading system based on probability in a condition for which there is no “gold standard” upon which to base validation studies. Neuropathic pain is a multidimensional entity, and specific syndromes may have distinct sensory profiles (i.e. different combinations of sensory signs and symptoms). Clinical suspicion for an underlying neuropathic mechanism increases when pain is characterized by features such as numbness, paresthesias, and allodynia and when the symptoms are generally resistant to standard over-the-counter and prescribed analgesics. In this chapter a variety pain scales are reviewed.
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Adebajo, Ade, and Lisa Dunkley. Polyarticular disease. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0009.
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Polyarticular disease is a commonly encountered musculoskeletal problem which regularly confronts clinicians as a diagnostic dilemma. Polyarticular disease is a musculoskeletal presentation in which more than four joints are affected by the disease. The classical rheumatological condition which presents as polyarticular disease is rheumatoid arthritis, although even this condition can very occasionally present with a mono- or oligoarticular onset. Polyarticular disease includes a wide range of musculoskeletal conditions including such disorders as polyarticular gout, the seronegative spondyloarthropathies, rheumatic fever, and systemic lupus erythematosus. This chapter emphasizes how through a careful history, thorough clinical examination and appropriate investigations, a definitive diagnosis can be made in a patient presenting clinically with polyarticular disease. General management principles for patients with polyarticular disease are also provided.
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Adebajo, Ade, and Lisa Dunkley. Polyarticular disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0009_update_001.
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Polyarticular disease is a commonly encountered musculoskeletal problem which regularly confronts clinicians as a diagnostic dilemma. Polyarticular disease is a musculoskeletal presentation in which more than four joints are affected by the disease. The classical rheumatological condition which presents as polyarticular disease is rheumatoid arthritis, although even this condition can very occasionally present with a mono- or oligoarticular onset. Polyarticular disease includes a wide range of musculoskeletal conditions including such disorders as polyarticular gout, the seronegative spondyloarthropathies, rheumatic fever, and systemic lupus erythematosus. This chapter emphasizes how through a careful history, thorough clinical examination and appropriate investigations, a definitive diagnosis can be made in a patient presenting clinically with polyarticular disease. General management principles for patients with polyarticular disease are also provided.
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Braley, Tiffany J., and Alon Y. Avidan. Sleep Disorders in Multiple Sclerosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199341016.003.0021.
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This chapter summarizes information about sleep disorders commonly experienced by patients with multiple sclerosis. Detailed reviews of insomnia, motor disorders of sleep (including restless legs syndrome or Willis-Ekbom disease), sleep-disordered breathing, REM sleep behavior disorder, and narcolepsy are presented. The epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentations of each sleep disorder are discussed, with emphasis placed on clinical features of multiple sclerosis that may exacerbate or mimic these conditions. Each section also includes a comprehensive review of the diagnostic approaches and treatments for each condition, within the context of symptoms related to multiple sclerosis that may influence diagnosis or treatment. An approach is suggested to distinguish symptoms of fatigue from those of hypersomnolence.
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O’Brien, John T., and Louise Grayson. Mild Cognitive Impairment and predementia syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0032.
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Mild cognitive impairment is a term used to describe a condition or conditions where subjects have recognisable degrees of objective cognitive impairment which fall short of current standardised definitions for either a dementia syndrome in general, or for particular disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies or frontotemporal dementia. This chapter summarises some of the key issues surrounding the historical development of pre-dementia syndromes, considers the conceptual issues related to the use of the term mild cognitive impairment as a diagnosis, summarises what is known regarding epidemiology, clinical features, pathophysiology, prognosis, therapeutics and outlines current clinical practice in the area. The chapter concludes with a review of recent research developments and looks at the new diagnostic criteria, in particular the potential use of biomarkers to allow diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) at an early, or mild cognitive impairment, stage.
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Kannan, Meena, Harrison Taylor, and William Tyor. HIV Infection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0148.
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This chapter focuses on four common opportunistic infections of the nervous system associated with HIV infection, namely cryptococcal infection, cytomegalovirus infection, progressive multifocal leukoencephalitis, and toxoplasmosis. Essential features of neurobiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, diagnostic workup, clinical management, and outcome are discussed for each condition. Although combined antiretroviral therapy for HIV has generally reduced the incidence of these complications of HIV infection, they remain important considerations, especially in areas in which antiretrovirals are unavailable or have limited availability.
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Dave, Ankur P. Thoracic Disc Disease. Edited by Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0009.
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This chapter discusses thoracic disc disease (TDD), an overlooked condition affecting many chronic pain patients. TDD is rare and often misdiagnosed as cervical or lumbar disc disease. Given the various causes for mid-back pain, a thorough understanding of TDD is vital for the appropriate management of this patient population. This section will discuss the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation (including imaging techniques), and treatment options for this condition. The chapter emphasizes the importance of considering TDD in the differential diagnosis for patients suffering from chronic mid-back pain.
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Jurkovic, Davor, Lil Valentin, and Sanjay Vyas. Gynaecological Ultrasound in Clinical Practice: Ultrasound Imaging in the Management of Gynaecological Conditions. Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists Press, 2014.
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17
Waldemar, Gunhild. Diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease in clinical practice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779803.003.0006.
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The diagnostic evaluation in a patient with cognitive impairment suspected of having Alzheimer’s disease (AD) should include investigations aimed at 1) confirming and characterizing the cognitive impairment using cognitive tests with particular attention to typical (episodic memory impairment) and atypical presentations of AD; 2) checking the diagnostic criteria for AD and considering biomarkers to document AD pathology; and 3) differential diagnosis: ruling out other conditions which could cause cognitive impairment. With the advent of CSF and imaging biomarkers for AD, it may be possible to establish an early specific diagnosis, or to confirm an increased risk of progressing to AD dementia, in patients with mild cognitive symptoms. In such cases pre-biomarker counselling and patient consent is essential.
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Bawa, Sandeep, and Paul Wordsworth. Rheumatoid arthritis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.010002.
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♦ Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common disabling chronic diseases of the Western world.♦ New biologic treatments have provided great benefit in the management of this condition, reducing morbidity and mortality.♦ RA diagnosis requires careful clinical, biochemical, and radiological assessment♦ Rheumatoid factor is not a reliable diagnostic test for rheumatoid arthritis (RA)♦ The core of its management requires careful input from all members of the multidisciplinary team.
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Cohen, Jeffrey A., Justin J. Mowchun, Victoria H. Lawson, and Nathaniel M. Robbins. A 48-Year-Old with Progressive Weakness and Pain. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190491901.003.0005.
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Guillain-Barré syndrome may present in several ways, although predominant proximal weakness is a common feature of the disease to recognize. The differential diagnosis may be extensive and can include infection, vasculitis, toxin exposure, and malignancy. A lumbar puncture must be done with minimal delay to evaluate for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) albuminocytological dissociation, however results may be normal early in the course of the disease. EMG/NCS are helpful to support the diagnosis, and early treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is essential. This chapter discusses the clinical features and diagnostic considerations of this important condition.
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Bishop, Michael A., and J. D. Trout. Diagnostic Prediction and Prognosis. Edited by K. W. M. Fulford, Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, George Graham, John Z. Sadler, Giovanni Stanghellini, and Tim Thornton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0060.
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Psychiatric diagnosis and prognosis is fraught with important philosophical and conceptual problems. This chapter focuses on some epistemological issues (What evidence justifies the belief that a course of treatment is effective?) and moral issues (What is a just distribution of scarce psychiatric resources given the many people with psychiatric conditions whose suffering could be alleviated with treatment?) that arise in contemporary psychiatric practice. It examines various clinical and actuarial techniques for psychiatric diagnosis, ordered very loosely in terms of how "structured" or "automated" they are (or, put another way, ordered according to how much freedom the individual clinician has in carrying out the diagnostic method). The chapter makes the case for assessing psychiatric treatments with controlled experiments, raises several epistemological dangers that arise from relying on uncontrolled investigations, and considers some of the unique methodological and ethical issues that arise when trying to assess talk therapy.
21
Rare Conditions, Diagnostic Challenges, and Controversies in Clinical Neuropsychology: Out of the Ordinary. Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Incorporated, 2023.
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22
Rare Conditions, Diagnostic Challenges, and Controversies in Clinical Neuropsychology: Out of the Ordinary. Routledge, Chapman & Hall, Incorporated, 2023.
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23
Barakat, Amin Y., and Russell W. Chesney, eds. Pediatric Nephrology for Primary Care. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581104356.
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This clinical resource is purpose-built to help primary caregivers take a lead role in diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of diverse pediatric kidney diseases. Diagnose and manage renal diseases with confidence. The resource book has clear, concise overviews of the full range of renal conditions you're likely to encounter; evidence-based discussion of each condition's clinical course, pathogenesis, and etiology; expert management recommendations and valuable clinical pearls, tables, algorithms, and clinical calculators to help with differential diagnosis and patient workups; advice on when to treat vs when to refer; practical implications of recent research findings; and how-to diagnostic solutions. Contents include evaluating patient presentation; history and physical examination; examination of the urine; use of the clinical laboratory; imaging of the kidney and urinary tract; prenatal and perinatal diagnosis; guidelines for patient referral; proven approaches to common conditions; congenital abnormalities; urinary tract infection; hematuria and proteinuria; glomerular disease; renal tubular disease; water and electrolyte disorders; acute kidney injury; chronic renal failure; hypertension; genetic diseases; and kidney in systemic disease.
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Dhandapani, Ramya, and Sobhan Vinjamuri. Radioisotopes in diagnostic imaging in nephrology. Edited by Christopher G. Winearls. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0016.
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Radioisotopes play a key role in diagnostic imaging of the renal tract. Various functions of the kidneys can be assessed by different radiopharmaceuticals and the choice of a particular test depends on the clinical question. This chapter describes the routine functions of the kidneys that can be assessed by isotope renography and a clinical decision table is provided. The use of isotopes in imaging specific conditions such as infection, trauma, hypertension, and after renal transplant are included. Positron emission tomography and single-positron emission computed tomography of the kidneys offer the advantage of combining assessment of anatomy and physiological function.
25
Young, Kimberly. Assessment and Treatment of Problem Internet Use. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.029_update_001.
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Research over the last decade has identified Internet addiction as a new and often unrecognized clinical disorder that impacts a user’s ability to control online use to the extent that it can cause relational, occupational, and social problems. Symptoms of problem Internet use are compared to criteria used to diagnose other addictions. In particular, pathological gambling is compared to problematic Internet use because of overlapping criteria. This chapter describes the diagnostic and treatment implications of the disorder. As technology is used with great frequency, detection and diagnosis of Internet addiction is often difficult. Symptoms may be masked by legitimate use of the Internet, and clinicians may overlook asking questions about technology use because problem Internet use is still a new and often unrecognized condition. This chapter outlines diagnostic conceptualizations of problem Internet use along with assessment and treatment considerations and the newest inclusion in the DSM-5 for Internet Gaming Disorder.
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Michael Y., M.D. Hwang (Editor) and Paul C., M.D. Bermanzohn (Editor), eds. Schizophrenia and Comorbid Conditions: Diagnosis & Treatment (Clinical Practice (Unnumbered).). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2001.
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Young, Kimberly. Assessment and Treatment of Problem Internet Use. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0113.
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Research over the last decade has identified Internet addiction as a new and often unrecognized clinical disorder that impacts a user’s ability to control online use to the extent that it can cause relational, occupational, and social problems. Symptoms of problem Internet use are compared to the criteria used to diagnose other addictions. In particular, pathological gambling is compared to problematic Internet use because of overlapping criteria. As new cases of problem Internet use are being documented, this chapter describes the diagnostic and treatment implications of the disorder. As computers are used with great frequency, detection and diagnosis of Internet addiction are often difficult. Symptoms of a possible problem may be masked by legitimate use of the Internet, and clinicians may not ask questions about computer use because problem Internet use is still a new and often unrecognized condition. This chapter outlines diagnostic conceptualizations of problem Internet use including the DSM-V proposed criteria for Pathological Computer Use, assessment techniques, and treatment considerations.
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Hvas, Anne-Mette, Erik L. Grove, and Steen Dalby Kristensen. Biomarkers of coagulation and thrombosis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0038.
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Coagulation is evaluated by conventional coagulation analyses, often supplemented by point-of-care tests. Recently, a number of point-of-care tests for evaluation of platelet function and the efficacy of antiplatelet therapy has been investigated. Thrombophilia contributes to the risk of thrombosis, and a battery of complex assays is required to identify all thrombophilias. Disseminated intravascular coagulation is characterized by microthrombosis and clinical bleeding. A scoring system for overt disseminated intravascular coagulation provides a five-step diagnostic algorithm. The cornerstone of the management of disseminated intravascular coagulation is treatment of the underlying triggering condition. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is an adverse immunological effect of heparin therapy. Besides thrombocytopenia, the major clinical consequence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is an increased risk of thrombosis. The diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms and detection of platelet-activating heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies. When heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is strongly suspected, it is recommended to stop heparin treatment, investigate for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies, and initiate non-heparin anticoagulant treatment.
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Hvas, Anne-Mette, Erik L. Grove, and Steen Dalby Kristensen. Biomarkers of coagulation and thrombosis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0038_update_001.
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Coagulation is evaluated by conventional coagulation analyses, often supplemented by point-of-care tests. Recently, a number of point-of-care tests for evaluation of platelet function and the efficacy of antiplatelet therapy has been investigated. Thrombophilia contributes to the risk of thrombosis, and a battery of complex assays is required to identify all thrombophilias. Disseminated intravascular coagulation is characterized by microthrombosis and clinical bleeding. A scoring system for overt disseminated intravascular coagulation provides a five-step diagnostic algorithm. The cornerstone of the management of disseminated intravascular coagulation is treatment of the underlying triggering condition. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is an adverse immunological effect of heparin therapy. Besides thrombocytopenia, the major clinical consequence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is an increased risk of thrombosis. The diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms and detection of platelet-activating heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies. When heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is strongly suspected, it is recommended to stop heparin treatment, investigate for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies, and initiate non-heparin anticoagulant treatment.
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Alikhan, Raza. Prothrombotic conditions. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0285.
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The term thrombophilia is used to describe an individual who has a tendency to develop thrombosis. Arterial thrombosis is usually linked with classical risk factors such as age, smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, or diabetes; a thrombophilia assessment and workup is not usually considered in cases of arterial thrombosis. A clinically useful approach to the diagnosis and management of a patient with a venous thrombotic process is to categorize the disorder as either a primary (inherited) or secondary (acquired) hypercoagulable state. This topic addresses the diagnosis and management of prothrombotic conditions.
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Riley, Bobbie, and Navil Sethna. Pediatric Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0054.
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Complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS-1) is a condition that affects adolescents and children under the age of 7. It usually follows minor injury and rarely occurs spontaneously. The pain is usually out of proportion to the inciting injury. Pain, allodynia, and/or hyperalgesia are severe enough to inhibit use of the affected limb. Delay in diagnosis and self and/or iatrogenic immobilization of the affected limb may lead to worsening pain, skin hypersensitivity and discoloration, swelling, and vasomotor and dystrophic abnormalities. The diagnosis of CRPS-1 and 2 is based on symptoms. There are no diagnostic tests that can confirm the presence or absence of CRPS-1. CRPS-2 diagnosis is established by nerve conduction test and electromyography. Clinical practice neuropathic guidelines are most effective for CRPS-2 treatment. Pharmacological and interventional treatment options for CRPS-1 are limited and usually ineffective because the underlying mechanism(s) are yet to be determined.
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Charney, Meredith E., Sarah Wieman, Nicole Leblanc, and Naomi Simon. Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder. Edited by Frederick J. Stoddard, David M. Benedek, Mohammed R. Milad, and Robert J. Ursano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457136.003.0006.
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Grief is an intensely painful, but natural and normal psychological response following the death of a loved one. Although there is no uniform pattern for adapting to loss, for the majority of people, acute grief naturally evolves over time into a more integrated, less painful form of grief in a way that is healthy and adaptive; this enables return to a satisfying life without the deceased. However, a growing literature has shown that complications can arise such that the natural recovery from acute grief stalls and grief becomes persistently intense and debilitating. This chapter describes the etiology, diagnostic and clinical features, differential diagnosis, epidemiology, pathophysiology, assessment, and treatment of this condition, termed “complicated grief,” “traumatic grief,” “prolonged grief,” or “persistent complex bereavement disorder.”
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Batra, Akshay. Coeliac disease. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759928.003.0038.
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The prevalence of coeliac disease is over 1% in the general population and higher in high-risk groups. The chapter discusses the clinical features, associated conditions, different investigations available for diagnosis, diagnostic criteria, and the long-term monitoring of children with coeliac disease.
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Wilmink, J. T. Lumbar Spinal Imaging in Radicular Pain and Related Conditions: Understanding Diagnostic Images in a Clinical Context. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 2014.
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Lumbar spinal imaging in radicular pain and related conditions: Understanding diagnostic images in a clinical context. Berlin: Springer, 2010.
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Legido, Agustin, and Joseph H. Piatt. Clinical Pediatric Neurosciences for Primary Care. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581104325.
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This all-new clinical resource equips primary caregivers to take a lead role in the diagnosis, evaluation, and management of diverse pediatric neurologic and neurosurgical conditions. For practice-focused guidance with a coordinated dual perspective you won't find anywhere else. The developers/editors are a pediatric neurologist and a pediatric neurosurgeon at the forefront of their fields. Key topics are considered from neurologic and neurosurgical viewpoints. Purpose-built for efficient clinical problem solving; clear, concise overviews of a broad range of common conditions; evidence-based discussion of each condition's course, pathogenesis, and etiology; expert management recommendations; advice on when to treat vs when to refer; and the practical implications of recent research. Contents include neonatal disorders, encephalopathies, traumatic brain injury, cerebrovascular disorders, febrile seizures, epilepsy, headaches, brain tumors, spina bifida and neurogenic bladder dysfunction, movement disorders, neuromuscular disorders, and neurocutaneous disorders.
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Huda, Ahmed Samei. The Medical Model in Mental Health. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198807254.001.0001.
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The medical model is a biopsychosocial model assessing a patient’s problems and matching them to the diagnostic construct using pattern recognition of clinical features. Diagnostic constructs allow for researching, communicating, teaching, and learning useful clinical information to influence clinical decision-making. They also have social and administrative functions such as access to benefits. They may also help explain why problems occur. Diagnostic constructs are used to describe diseases/syndromes and also other types of conditions such as spectrums of conditions. Treatments in medicine and psychiatry have several treatment objectives including cure or reducing distress and a variety of mechanisms of action apart from reversing disease/cure. Causation of conditions in medicine and psychiatry are often complex. The medical model allows doctors to assess and offer effective treatments to large numbers of patients and provide emergency cover. Diagnostic constructs in psychiatry and general medicine overlap for attributes such as clinical utility (e.g. predicting likely outcomes) and validity (e.g. lack of boundaries between different diagnostic constructs) and importance of social factors. There is an overlap in effectiveness between psychiatric and general medicine treatments and many general medicine medications do not reverse disease processes. Different mental health classifications have particular strengths and weaknesses for clinical, research, and social functions. Mental health research into understanding causes and mechanisms may need other classifications than diagnosis. As doctors in all specialties encounter mental health problems, there will always be psychiatric diagnostic constructs compatible with their training. Mental health research and service provision will always need to address psychosocial issues.
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Goyal, Sushma. Electroclinical features of paediatric conditions. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0034.
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Paediatric epilepsy is one of the most challenging aspects of clinical neurophysiology, as it is a dynamic entity in continuous evolution. A sound clinical understanding based on clinical history and examination combined with the ability to interpret paediatric electroencephalogram (EEG) is imperative prior to considering a diagnosis of epilepsy in children. A multidisciplinary approach involving regular communication between the referring physician, paediatric neurophysiologist, neuroradiologist, and geneticist is helpful as the child grows and the epilepsy becomes apparent. In a clinical setting, the primary aim is to diagnose seizure type(s) and distinguish it from the multitude of conditions that mimic epilepsy. The secondary aim is to define the electroclinical syndrome and aetiology, where possible, to guide treatment and prognosis. . In this chapter, the major paediatric epilepsies will be described according to the age of presentation from neonatal period, infancy, childhood, and adolescence as this approach mirrors clinical practice.
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Perry, Mike, ed. Head, Neck and Dental Emergencies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779094.001.0001.
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This book is for the non-specialist who may see problems in the head and neck. The aim is to help the reader develop a targeted approach in assessment and management. Such patients may be seen in the emergency department, in general practice, or on the ward. Because true ‘emergencies’ in the head and neck (i.e. a life- or sight-threatening condition) are few in number, a more broadly defined remit has been used, to cover urgent and potentially worrying problems which may present acutely. Generally speaking, patients do not present with a ready-made diagnosis, but rather with either a symptom located to an anatomical region (e.g. toothache, lump, or headache), or an obvious problem (e.g. nose bleed or injury). This is the starting point in each of the anatomically based chapters (‘Common presentations’ and ‘Common problems and their causes’). For each symptom there are a number of possible causes and these are listed. The next section in each chapter (‘Useful questions and what to look for’) lists the important diagnostic elements in relation to each symptom. The aim is to equip the reader with the necessary knowledge to enable them to quickly and accurately triage and diagnose a symptom or clinical problem. The remainder of each chapter details how to examine each site, useful investigations, and some notes on the conditions. Management and referral is also covered. This book is particularly helpful for those unfamiliar with ‘acute conditions’ of the head and neck and for those preparing for clinical examinations.
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Smith, Cary Stacy, and Li-Ching Hung. Malignant Narcissism. Praeger, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400681820.
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In this book, a psychologist and a professor detail the history, psychology, and effects of this little-studied condition that has altered individuals and societies worldwide, arguing that the disorder deserves its own classification. Psychoanalyst Erich Fromm in 1964 developed the term “malignant narcissism,” believing it to be the worst form of psychopathology, a disorder that essentially epitomized evil. Malignant narcissism, however, has never been identified as a clinical condition in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; instead, it is seen as a conglomeration of several other disorders. Yet researchers since Fromm have described malignant narcissists as unique in their callous nature and proclivity to extreme violence, with a component of sadism bringing them pleasure when inflicting pain. The largest concern about malignant narcissists is that “some have the ability and wherewithal to rise to great positions of power and influence” and to affect large numbers of people. Authors Smith and Hung explain the differences between malignant narcissists, “everyday” narcissists, and psychopaths, illustrating these conditions with vignettes of historic public figures and people in popular culture, among others.
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Cuevas-Trisan, Ramon, ed. Painful Conditions of the Upper Limb. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190066376.001.0001.
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This volume is part of the “What Do I Do Now” Pain Management series, presenting clinical scenarios related to painful syndromes affecting the upper limb. The emphasis is on common presenting symptoms and associated conditions but the chapters expand to more complex syndromes requiring extensive diagnostic evaluation, more comprehensive approaches, and complex management strategies. Upper limb pain can be complex to evaluate and manage given the multiple potential etiologies, complex anatomical structures, and pain referral patterns. The multitude of cumulative trauma disorders and their resulting functional and vocational effects are discussed with special attention to rehabilitative management and functional restoration. The interplay of neuromusculoskeletal structures and functions in the upper limb are front and center pieces of the cases. Emphasis on proper diagnosis and management options for these syndromes using specific restorative approaches has never been greater in light of the current nationwide opioid epidemic. This volume focuses on non-opioid and mostly non-pharmacological management methods for painful syndromes affecting the shoulder girdle, arm, and hand. The discussions will be highly relevant and useful for providers in primary care settings as well as specialty care providers.
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Jood, Katarina, and Turgut Tatlisumak. Special aetiologies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.003.0006.
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The chapter ‘Special aetiologies of ischaemic stroke in young adults’ provides an overview of the broad spectrum of non-conventional causes of ischaemic stroke. It reviews the more common of these unusual conditions categorized as non-atherosclerotic non-inflammatory arteriopathies, non-atherosclerotic inflammatory arteriopathies, vasospastic syndromes, haematological disorders, genetic disorders, and miscellaneous disorders. It discusses strategies for aetiological diagnosis in young ischaemic stroke, provides a detailed overview of useful clinical clues obtained from patient history and physical examinations, and describes a patient-tailored step-wise diagnostic strategy based on clinical clues and findings from a group of basic diagnostic tests.
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Stavropoulos, Katherine K. M., and James C. McPartland, eds. Differential Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780197516881.001.0001.
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Abstract Differential Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder describes clinical considerations and best practices related to diagnosing children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) versus commonly co-occurring conditions. Each chapter focuses on the similarities and differences between ASD and a second diagnosis. For example, one chapter outlines clinical considerations for how to differentiate between ASD and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, another focuses on ASD versus anxiety disorders, and a third relates to ASD versus intellectual disability. All chapters include clinical case studies to provide real-world examples of how clinicians make diagnostic decisions. Chapters also include tables, figures, or flow chart “decision trees” as a visual representation of clinical decision-making. This book is written for students, trainees, and practitioners.
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Donaghy, Michael. The clinical approach. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0030.
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This chapter describes the appropriate clinical approach to take when presented with a patient reporting a neurological symptom. Just under 10 per cent of the population consult their general practitioner about a neurological symptom each year in the United Kingdom. About 10 per cent of these are referred for a specialist opinion, usually to a neurologist. Nine conditions account for roughly 75 per cent of general neurological referrals and are diagnosed initially on purely clinical grounds, with the other 25 per cent representing the full range of other, potentially very rare, neurological disorders.This chapter underlines the importance of a thorough and informative history to achieve successful diagnosis. Crucial facets for a good history include information on the time course of symptom development, whether symptoms are negative or positive, previous neurological history (both personal and familial), as well as other potentially contributory general medical disorders. The general neurological examination is also described, as are specific examination manoeuvres that may be added to the general neurological examination in specific clinical circumstances.Reflexes play an important role in diagnostic neurology because they reflect the integrity of, or alterations in, the neural structures responsible for their arc. Loss of a reflex may be due to interruption of the afferent path by a lesion involving the first sensory neurone in the peripheral nerves, plexuses, spinal nerves, or dorsal roots, by damage to the central paths of the arc in the brainstem or spinal cord, by lesions of the lower motor neurone at any point between the anterior horn cells and the muscles, of the muscles themselves, or by the neural depression produced by neural shock. In clinical practice, the most useful and oft-elicited reflexes are the tendon reflexes of the limbs, the jaw jerk, the plantar response, the superficial abdominal reflexes, the pupil-light response, and in infants, the Moro reflex. The place of these particular reflexes in the routine neurological examination is outlined, and the elicitation and significance of these reflexes and of a wide variety of others which are used occasionally are described.Examinations that allow localization lesions that are responsible for muscle weaknesses and the assessment of somatosensory abnormalities are described, as are neurological disorders that result in identifiable gait disorders. The clinical signs and examinations relevant to autonomic disorders are also discussed.Intensive care may be required for patients critically ill either as a result of primary neurological disease, or in those in whom a neurological disorder is a component of, or secondary to, a general medical disorder. Indications for admission to neurological intensive care have been defined (Howard et al. 2003): impaired consciousness, bulbar muscle failure, severe ventilatory respiratory failure, uncontrolled seizures, severely raised intracranial pressure, some monitoring and interventional treatments, and unforeseen general medical complications. Naturally specific treatments indicated for the particular diagnosis should be instituted along with general intensive care measures.Finally, the discussion of diagnoses of chronic or terminal conditions with patients is discussed, with particular focus on the best way to present the diagnosis to the patient.
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Waldemar, Gunhild. Diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease in clinical practice. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199569854.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
• In the current clinical criteria, the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a clinical diagnosis based on characteristic symptoms and signs, and the exclusion of other causes.• AD must be differentiated from cognitive impairment due to depression, metabolic conditions, substance abuse, and other neurodegenerative or vascular brain diseases...
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Spranger, Jurgen W., Paula Brill, Andrea Superti-Furga, Sheila Unger, and Gen Nishimura. Bone Dysplasias. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195396089.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This comprehensive resource in the study and investigation of bone dysplasias is a must-have resource for radiologists, medical geneticists, orthopedic surgeons, pediatricians, and genetic counselors caring for patients who present with a great number of skeletal disorders, many of which are new conditions that have only been recently identified. Bone Dysplasias contains more than 100 chapters on newer entities to assist the practitioner in narrowing a group of diagnostic possibilities to a specific disorder; over 2,500 diagnostic radiographs with concise clinical and biological information on a total of 275 rare constitutional skeletal diseases, and concise data on the etiopathogenesis, natural course, complications, and differential diagnosis of rare conditions.
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Orenstein, Robert. Clinical Syndromes in Infectious Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0411.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter approaches the field of infectious diseases from 3 perspectives. This second part covers clinical syndromes associated with various infections, such as infective endocarditis, meningitis, sexually transmitted infections, urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal infections, and soft-tissue infections. Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions are reviewed.
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Joseph, Lisa, Sarah Spence, and Audrey Thurm. Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorders: Clinical Overview. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199744312.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
Autism spectrum disorders (otherwise known as pervasive developmental disorders) are neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by impairments in reciprocal social interaction and communication, and the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviors. In order to provide a framework for appreciating the advances that basic science and model systems have made to the field, this chapter will outline the behaviorally defining features of the disorder and describe the phenotype of autism. We will present the current diagnostic conceptualization and criteria for autism spectrum disorders, discuss the diagnostic assessment process, explore frequently co-occurring problems in individuals with autism, and introduce various types of treatments that are frequently employed in this population.
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Appelbaum, Kenneth L., and Kevin R. Murphy. Attention deficit disorders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0037.
Full textAbstract:
The diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in correctional settings is in itself problematic and quite contentious; treating the disorder more so. Community prevalence studies estimate that 2.5% to 4% of adults in the United States and worldwide meet diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Some research findings suggest that ADHD occurs at far greater prevalence rates among criminal justice populations than in the population at large. The nature of the condition, its assessment, and its management combine to create a perfect storm of potentially vexing challenges for the prison psychiatrist. This chapter reviews those diagnostic and treatment challenges, including the risk of diversion and misuse of controlled substances among inmates. An assessment and treatment model is presented that takes into account and minimizes risk while helping ensure access to care in appropriately selected cases. Some inmates have a compelling need for treatment, potentially including stimulant medications. Neither unbridled use nor complete elimination of stimulants makes good clinical or administrative sense for correctional systems. An approach that relies on current impairment in significant functional areas, meaningful involvement in treatment, and absence of active misuse of substances will allow access to medication for those with verifiable need while lessening the risks associated with prescription of controlled substances in jails and prisons. The issues of differential diagnosis in a population with epidemic substance abuse, the challenges of appropriate management, and an evidence-based treatment model are discussed in this chapter.