Relevant bibliographies by topics / Clinical pharmacy

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Clinical pharmacy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Clinical pharmacy"

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Einarson, Thomas R. "Clinical Pharmacy Administration." Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy 22, no. 11 (November 1988): 903–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002808802201117.

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Clinical pharmacy administration has emerged as a separate discipline, but this new field has not been functionally defined. This article defines clinical pharmacy administration from an academic point of view and provides a framework within which it may be understood. It is an applied field of study that deals with the research, evaluation, and management of the patient, the drug, and the health care practitioner as they all relate to patient care. These entities and relationships are studied at the micro, macro, and global levels from financial, economic, managerial, legal, ethical, social, behavioral, educational, and historical perspectives. It is intended that this paper generate debate and discussion in order to refine and develop the field.
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Taylor, George. "Clinical Pharmacy COSP -Standards of Practice for Clinical Pharmacy Services." Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research 43, no. 2 (June 2013): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2055-2335.2013.tb00226.x.

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Almarsdottir, Anna, and Anne Granas. "Social Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacy—Joining Forces." Pharmacy 4, no. 1 (December 22, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy4010001.

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Nappi, Jean M., and John A. Bosso. "Clinical Pharmacy and Clinical Research." Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy 22, no. 10 (October 1988): 804–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002808802201019.

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Weinhold, Frank E., Marshall Hill, Randy Lonborg, Kristine Jenkins, Thomas Golden, and Dao Duong. "Implementing and Tracking Clinical Quality Improvement in a Hospital Pharmacy." Hospital Pharmacy 37, no. 7 (July 2002): 729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001857870203700713.

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This study describes a hospital pharmacy's initiative in tracking the progress of its clinical quality-improvement programs. Using first a manual system and then an online program for tracking pharmacy consultations, information on pharmacy performance quality was collected for a two-year period. Pharmacy consultations increased from 43 in February 1999 to 266 in December 1999, peaking at 402 in August 2000. Consultations increased during each month of the year 2000 compared with the corresponding month of 1999. The majority (33%) of consultations were order clarifications, followed by drug information consults (23%), patient care encounters (13%), pharmacokinetic consults (8%), therapeutic consults (7%), renally excreted drug monitoring (4%), and consultations involving duplicate unnecessary therapy, formulary conversion, and interactions/compatability (all at 3%). Antibiotic regimen change (2%) and allergy/disease state contraindication (1%) were the least frequent types of consultations. The online tracking system provided more detail than the manual tracking system. This detail can be used to target goals and demonstrate pharmacy progress to hospital committees and accreditation agencies.
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Gier, Johan J. de. "Clinical Pharmacy in Primary Care and Community Pharmacy." Pharmacotherapy 20, no. 10 Part 2 (October 2000): 278S—281S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1592/phco.20.16.278s.35005.

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Raehl, Cynthia L., C. A. Bond, and Michael E. Pitterle. "Clinical Pharmacy Services in Hospitals Educating Pharmacy Students." Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 18, no. 5 (September 10, 1998): 1093–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1875-9114.1998.tb03940.x.

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In 1995 we conducted a national survey of 1102 acute care hospitals in the United States to determine types of clinical pharmacy services, patient‐focused care, and pharmaceutical care used to educate and train pharmacy students, and compared outcomes with surveys in 1989 and 1992. Clinical pharmacy services offered in 50% or more of Pharm.D.‐affiliated hospitals (core services) were drug‐use evaluation, in‐service education, pharmacokinetic consultations, adverse drug reaction management, drug therapy monitoring, protocol management (most common for aminoglycosides, nutrition, antibiotics, heparin, warfarin, theophylline), nutrition team, and drug counseling. Comprehensive pharmaceutical care programs were established in 64%, 42%, and 33% of Pharm.D., B.S., and nonteaching hospitals, respectively. Patient‐focused care programs were beginning or established in 77%, 71%, and 60%, respectively. Pharmacists served as care team leaders in 23% of hospitals affiliated with a college of pharmacy. Most common ambulatory care clinics were oncology, anticoagulation, diabetes, geriatrics, refill, and infectious diseases/HIV. For‐profit hospitals rarely provided education for pharmacy students. Thus patient‐focused and comprehensive pharmaceutical care programs exist according to a hospital's academic program affiliation with Pharm.D. or B.S. degree program.
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Ray, Max D. "Clinical Maturity in Pharmacy." Pharmacotherapy 26, no. 5 (May 2006): 594–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1592/phco.26.5.594.

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Welty, Timothy E. "Pharmacy—A Clinical Profession?" Journal of Pharmacy Technology 11, no. 4 (July 1995): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875512259501100401.

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Francke, Gloria N. "Evolvement of “Clinical Pharmacy”." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 41, no. 1 (January 2007): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.140053.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Clinical pharmacy"

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Reilly, Paul Matthew 1955. "Assessing decision-making by hospital pharmacy directors in implementing clinical pharmacy services." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276575.

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Decision-making by hospital pharmacy directors when deciding which clinical pharmacy services to implement and/or continue to provide was assessed. Also examined was how these decision-making activities, hospital characteristics, pharmacy characteristics, and pharmacy director demographics might be associated with the number and quality of clinical pharmacy services provided, as well as the number of clinical services implemented under the current pharmacy director. Hospital pharmacy directors reported considering a relatively large number of perceived goals for a clinical service and also indicated they use a rather broad range of decision-making methodologies in evaluating those goals when determining clinical services. Numerous variables were found to be significantly associated with the number of clinical services provided by the pharmacy department and the number of clinical services implemented under the current pharmacy director. However, relatively few variables were found to be significantly related to the quality of clinical pharmacy services being provided.
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Luo, R. "Evaluation of an enhanced clinical pharmacy services." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517405.

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Clark, Monica, and Ryan Burgess. "Evaluating Research Designs of Clinical Pharmacy Services." The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623556.

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Class of 2011 Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To design a tool to assess for bias in studies for pharmacy services. METHODS: This study will involve reviewing published reports of studies comparing pharmacists’ services to usual services to identify the key study design components and methods for addressing study design limitations. We will then design a tool to assess further such studies for bias. RESULTS: The aspects of a good pharmacy services study that can be controlled include: large study population, equivalence of population at baseline, experimental mortality, multi-centered study, adequate adherence to treatment, and independence from study staff/manufacturer influence. If these things are controlled and/or accounted for it increases the strength of the study. CONCLUSION: The tool we have designed can successfully evaluate the quality of studies of pharmacy services.
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Cai, Yan. "Clinical and pre-clinical pharmacokinetics of green tea polyphenols." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280157.

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Tea consumption has been suggested to have beneficial effects for human health, especially in cancer prevention. At present, epidemiological evidence of the protective effect of tea consumption against the development of human cancer is not conclusive. Interpretation of epidemiological data and extrapolation of rodent data to humans are generally hampered by inadequate information on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of tea constituents. We have performed studies to determine the pharmacokinetics of green tea in humans after single and multiple oral dose administration of tea polyphenols and the contribution of hepatic first-pass elimination to the low oral bioavailability of green tea catechins in animals. EGCG was present in the systemic blood in the unchanged form in humans after oral administration of two green tea polyphenol products, EGCG and Polyphenon E (a mixture of major green tea polyphenols). Oral administration of EGCG and Polyphenon E resulted in similar systemic exposure of EGCG. EGC and EC were present in glucuronic acid/sulfate conjugates in blood and urine samples after the Polyphenon E administration. Large inter-subject variations in the systemic levels of green tea catechins were observed following oral administration of green tea polyphenols. We found that it is safe for healthy human subjects to take green tea polyphenols for four weeks in amounts equivalent to those contained in 8 to 16 cups of green tea once a day or in divided doses twice a day. Systemic availability of EGCG increased more than 60% after chronic green tea polyphenol administration at high doses once a day. Oral administration of green tea polyphenols at the selected doses and dosing schedules did not elicit overall changes in the selected pharmacodynamic measurements. Oral bioavailability of green tea catechins was demonstrated to be low in animals and possibly in humans. Based on our pre-clinical study, we found that first-pass hepatic elimination of green tea catechins didn't play a significant role in the presystemic elimination of orally administered catechins. Factors within the gastrointestinal tract such as limited membrane permeability, transporter mediated intestinal secretion, or gut wall metabolism may contribute more significantly to the low oral bioavailability of green tea catechins.
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Akhatova, Elena. "Do clinical pharmacy servicesimprove outcomes for patientswith heart failure (HF)? : Do clinical pharmacy servicesimprove outcomes for patientswith heart failure (HF)?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-106301.

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Alahdab, Albannay O. G. A. "Role of pharmacoeconomics in clinical pharmacy service development." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501231.

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Hellström, Lina. "Clinical pharmacy services within a multiprofessional healthcare team." Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, NV, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-18293.

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Background: The purpose of drug treatment is to reduce morbidity and mortality, and to improve health-related quality of life. However, there are frequent problems associated with drug treatment, especially among the elderly. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the impact of clinical pharmacy services within a multiprofessional healthcare team on quality and safety of patients’ drug therapy, and to study the frequency and nature of medication history errors on admission to hospital. Methods: A model for clinical pharmacy services within a multiprofessional healthcare team (the Lund Integrated Medicines Management model, LIMM) was introduced in three hospital wards. On admission of patients to hospital, clinical pharmacists conducted medication reconciliation (i.e. identified the most accurate list of a patient’s current medications) to identify any errors in the hospital medication list. To identify, solve and prevent any other drug-related problems, the clinical pharmacists interviewed patients and performed medication reviews and monitoring of drug therapy. Drug-related problems were discussed within the multiprofessional team and the physicians adjusted the drug therapy as appropriate. Results: On admission to hospital, drug-related problems, such as low adherence to drug therapy and concerns about treatment, were identified. Different statistical approaches to present results from ordinal data on adherence and beliefs about medicines were suggested. Approximately half of the patients were affected by errors in the medication history at admission to hospital; patients who had many prescription drugs had a higher risk for errors. Medication reconciliation and review reduced the number of inappropriate medications and reduced drug-related hospital revisits. No impact on all-cause hospital revisits was demonstrated. Conclusion: Patients admitted to hospital are at high risk for being affected by medication history errors and there is a high potential to improve their drug therapy. By reducing medication history errors and improving medication appropriateness, clinical pharmacy services within a multiprofessional healthcare team improve the quality and safety of patients’ drug therapy. The impact of routine implementation of medication reconciliation and review on healthcare visits will need further evaluation; the results from this thesis suggest that drug-related hospital revisits could be reduced.
Läkemedelsgenomgångar och läkemedelsavstämning - LIMM-modellen
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Vinterflod, Charlotta. "Physicians’ perceptions on clinical pharmacy services : A qualitative study." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-101887.

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Polaha, Jodi, McKenzie Highsmith, William Lusenhop, Deepu George, and Adrian Sandoval. "Clinical Evaluators Take Your Mark." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6881.

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Discuss two implementation outcomes (adoption and reach) and explain why they are important for clinicians to measure and report, with application to own work Name sources of data that are accessible to clinicians in health care settings, with consideration of own setting. Describe a range of dissemination strategies used to create impact, including new ideas for dissemination of own work.
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Hajji, Feras Walid Darwish El. "Applications of risk assessment measures within enhanced clinical pharmacy provision." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.546039.

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Books on the topic "Clinical pharmacy"

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Herfindal, Eric T. Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics. Edited by Hirschman Joseph L and Hart Linda. 4th ed. London: Williams & Wilkins, 1989.

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T, Herfindal Eric, Gourley D. R. 1944-, and Hart Linda Lloyd, eds. Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1992.

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D, Walker Roger Ph, and Edwards Clive Ph D, eds. Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1994.

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Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics. 5th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston/Elsevier, 2012.

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T, DiPiro Joseph, American College of Clinical Pharmacy., and American Society of Health-System Pharmacists., eds. Encyclopedia of clinical pharmacy. New York: M. Dekker, 2003.

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MCQs in clinical pharmacy. London: Pharmaceutical Press, 2007.

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T, Herfindal Eric, Gourley D. R. 1944-, and Hart Linda Lloyd, eds. Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1988.

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Eschenbacher, Lynn. Pharmacy clinical coordinator's handbook. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 2016.

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D, Walker Roger Ph, and Edwards Clive Ph D, eds. Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1999.

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Joseph, Eric D. Radiology, clinical laboratory, pharmacy. Chicago, Ill: Care Communications, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Clinical pharmacy"

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Nagappa, A. N., and Vaishnavi Naik. "Introduction: Pharmacy Industry, Community Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy, and Hospital Pharmacy." In Perspectives in Pharmacy Practice, 1–12. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9213-0_1.

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Harwood, Patricia M., Jean P. Causey, and Suanne Goldberger. "Pharmacy System." In A Clinical Information System for Oncology, 139–60. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3638-2_6.

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Schmidt, Carolina Witchmichen Penteado. "Pediatric Clinical Pharmacy Involving Chemotherapy." In Pediatric Oncologic Pharmacy, 135–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10988-2_13.

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Brown, John M. "Clinical Use of Monoclonal Antibodies." In Biotechnology and Pharmacy, 227–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8135-6_9.

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Arenas-Lopez, Sara, and Stephen Tomlin. "Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care." In Optimizing Treatment for Children in the Developing World, 117–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15750-4_12.

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Coulter, Carolyn. "Introduction to Renal Pharmacy." In Renal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37655-0_1.

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Kroboth, Patricia, Samuel Poloyac, and Gary Matzke. "Clinical Pharmacy Scientist." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Pharmacy (Print), 174–80. CRC Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b13789-35.

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Kroboth, Patricia Dowley, Samuel M. Poloyac, and Gary R. Matzke. "Clinical Pharmacy Scientist." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Pharmacy, 174–80. Informa Healthcare, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/9780824706081.034.

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Tremblay, Marie-Laurence, and Marie-Claude Boivin. "Simulation for Pharmacy." In Clinical Simulation, 441–53. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-815657-5.00031-0.

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"Integrating Clinical Pharmacy into Pharmacy Practice." In The Conscience of a Pharmacist, 115–28. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.37573/9781585282852.010.

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Conference papers on the topic "Clinical pharmacy"

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Li, He, Jian-Guang Chen, Chun-Mei Wang, Hong-Xia Sun, Jing-Hui Sun, Cheng-Yi Zhang, and Pei-Ge Dug. "Thinking of Clinical Pharmacy Teaching Reform." In 2015 International Conference on Medicine and Biopharmaceutical. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814719810_0067.

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Adams, Rick, G. Barton, D. Bhattacharya, R. Holland, A. Howe, N. Norris, C. Symms, and D. Wright. "An evaluation of clinical simulated encounters by pharmacy undergraduate students." In Manchester Pharmacy Education Conference. The University of Manchester Library, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3927/226774.

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Mawdsley, Andrew. "Using Facebook to support exam preparation in a clinical therapeutics module." In Manchester Pharmacy Education Conference. The University of Manchester Library, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3927/226742.

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Barber, Jill, and Douglas Steinke. "A “Clinical” Trial of Two Marking Protocols for Multiple Choice Assessments." In Manchester Pharmacy Education Conference. The University of Manchester Library, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3927/226794.

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Smith, Matthew W., Sian Williams, Clare Cann, Emma Kidd, Robert Dewdney, Anna Milsom, and Paul Kinnersley. "‘When two Schools meet’: Pharmacy and Medical undergraduates learning Clinical Skills Together." In Manchester Pharmacy Education Conference. The University of Manchester Library, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3927/226745.

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Fattah, Layla, and Andrew Mawdsley. "Does IPE in a clinical environment lead to positive perceptions of interprofessional working?" In Manchester Pharmacy Education Conference. The University of Manchester Library, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3927/226763.

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McGee, P., G. Carroll, and N. Doyle. "4CPS-239 A comparison of clinical pharmacy activity between two methods of clinical pharmacy service delivery in an acute psychiatric hospital." In 24th EAHP Congress, 27th–29th March 2019, Barcelona, Spain. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2019-eahpconf.388.

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Ward, Jonathan, Anthony Cox, Christine Hirsch, and Connie Wiskin. "Setting the Scene – Development of a longitudinal simulation to integrate clinical communications and professionalism into a new MPharm Programme." In Manchester Pharmacy Education Conference. The University of Manchester Library, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3927/226817.

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Ma, Leilei, and Yingjie Lei. "Imparting the Clinical Communication Skills to the Pharmacy Undergraduates." In International Conference on Education, Language, Art and Intercultural Communication (ICELAIC-14). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icelaic-14.2014.67.

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Li, He, Chun-Mei Wang, Hong-Xia Sun, Cheng-Yi Zhang, Jian-Guang Chen, and Jing-Hui Sun. "Application of PBL in the Teaching of Clinical Pharmacology in Clinical Pharmacy Undergraduates." In 2015 International Conference on Medicine and Biopharmaceutical. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814719810_0065.

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Reports on the topic "Clinical pharmacy"

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Apiyo, Eric, Zita Ekeocha, Stephen Robert Byrn, and Kari L. Clase. Improving Pharmacovigilliance Quality Management System in the Pharmacy and Poisions Board of Kenya. Purdue University, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317444.

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The purpose of this study was to explore ways of improving the pharmacovigilance quality system employed by the Pharmacy and Poisons Board of Kenya. The Pharmacy and Poisons Board of Kenya employs a hybrid system of pharmacovigilance that utilizes an online system of reporting pharmacovigilance incidences and a physical system, where a yellow book is physically filled by the healthcare worker and sent to the Pharmacy and Poisons Board for onward processing. This system, even though it has been relatively effective compared to other systems employed in Africa, has one major flaw. It is a slow and delayed system that captures the data much later after the fact and the agency will always be behind the curve in controlling the adverse incidents and events. This means that the incidences might continue to arise or go out of control. This project attempts to develop a system that would be more proactive in the collection of pharmacovigilance data and more predictive of pharmacovigilance incidences. The pharmacovigilance system should have the capacity to detect and analyze subtle changes in reporting frequencies and in patterns of clinical symptoms and signs that are reported as suspected adverse drug reactions. The method involved carrying out a thorough literature review of the latest trends in pharmacovigilance employed by different regulatory agencies across the world, especially the more stringent regulatory authorities. A review of the system employed by the Pharmacy and Poisons Board of Kenya was also done. Pharmacovigilance data, both primary and secondary, were collected and reviewed. Media reports on adverse drug reactions and poor-quality medicines over the period were also collected and reviewed. An appropriate predictive pharmacovigilance tool was also researched and identified. It was found that the Pharmacy and Poisons Board had a robust system of collecting historical pharmacovigilance data both from the healthcare workers and the general public. However, a more responsive data collection and evaluation system is proposed that will help the agency achieve its pharmacovigilance objectives. On analysis of the data it was found that just above half of all the product complaints, about 55%, involved poor quality medicines; 15% poor performance, 13% presentation, 8% adverse drug reactions, 7% market authorization, 2% expired drugs and 1% adulteration complaints. A regulatory pharmacovigilance prioritization tool was identified, employing a risk impact analysis was proposed for regulatory action.
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Totten, Annette, Dana M. Womack, Marian S. McDonagh, Cynthia Davis-O’Reilly, Jessica C. Griffin, Ian Blazina, Sara Grusing, and Nancy Elder. Improving Rural Health Through Telehealth-Guided Provider-to-Provider Communication. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer254.

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Objectives. To assess the use, effectiveness, and implementation of telehealth-supported provider-to-provider communication and collaboration for the provision of healthcare services to rural populations and to inform a scientific workshop convened by the National Institutes of Health Office of Disease Prevention on October 12–14, 2021. Data sources. We conducted a comprehensive literature search of Ovid MEDLINE®, CINAHL®, Embase®, and Cochrane CENTRAL. We searched for articles published from January 1, 2015, to October 12, 2021, to identify data on use of rural provider-to-provider telehealth (Key Question 1) and the same databases for articles published January 1, 2010, to October 12, 2021, for studies of effectiveness and implementation (Key Questions 2 and 3) and to identify methodological weaknesses in the research (Key Question 4). Additional sources were identified through reference lists, stakeholder suggestions, and responses to a Federal Register notice. Review methods. Our methods followed the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Methods Guide (available at https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/topics/cer-methods-guide/overview) and the PRISMA reporting guidelines. We used predefined criteria and dual review of abstracts and full-text articles to identify research results on (1) regional or national use, (2) effectiveness, (3) barriers and facilitators to implementation, and (4) methodological weakness in studies of provider-to-provider telehealth for rural populations. We assessed the risk of bias of the effectiveness studies using criteria specific to the different study designs and evaluated strength of evidence (SOE) for studies of similar telehealth interventions with similar outcomes. We categorized barriers and facilitators to implementation using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and summarized methodological weaknesses of studies. Results. We included 166 studies reported in 179 publications. Studies on the degree of uptake of provider-to-provider telehealth were limited to specific clinical uses (pharmacy, psychiatry, emergency care, and stroke management) in seven studies using national or regional surveys and claims data. They reported variability across States and regions, but increasing uptake over time. Ninety-seven studies (20 trials and 77 observational studies) evaluated the effectiveness of provider-to-provider telehealth in rural settings, finding that there may be similar rates of transfers and lengths of stay with telehealth for inpatient consultations; similar mortality rates for remote intensive care unit care; similar clinical outcomes and transfer rates for neonates; improvements in medication adherence and treatment response in outpatient care for depression; improvements in some clinical monitoring measures for diabetes with endocrinology or pharmacy outpatient consultations; similar mortality or time to treatment when used to support emergency assessment and management of stroke, heart attack, or chest pain at rural hospitals; and similar rates of appropriate versus inappropriate transfers of critical care and trauma patients with specialist telehealth consultations for rural emergency departments (SOE: low). Studies of telehealth for education and mentoring of rural healthcare providers may result in intended changes in provider behavior and increases in provider knowledge, confidence, and self-efficacy (SOE: low). Patient outcomes were not frequently reported for telehealth provider education, but two studies reported improvement (SOE: low). Evidence for telehealth interventions for other clinical uses and outcomes was insufficient. We identified 67 program evaluations and qualitative studies that identified barriers and facilitators to rural provider-to-provider telehealth. Success was linked to well-functioning technology; sufficient resources, including time, staff, leadership, and equipment; and adequate payment or reimbursement. Some considerations may be unique to implementation of provider-to-provider telehealth in rural areas. These include the need for consultants to better understand the rural context; regional initiatives that pool resources among rural organizations that may not be able to support telehealth individually; and programs that can support care for infrequent as well as frequent clinical situations in rural practices. An assessment of methodological weaknesses found that studies were limited by less rigorous study designs, small sample sizes, and lack of analyses that address risks for bias. A key weakness was that studies did not assess or attempt to adjust for the risk that temporal changes may impact the results in studies that compared outcomes before and after telehealth implementation. Conclusions. While the evidence base is limited, what is available suggests that telehealth supporting provider-to-provider communications and collaboration may be beneficial. Telehealth studies report better patient outcomes in some clinical scenarios (e.g., outpatient care for depression or diabetes, education/mentoring) where telehealth interventions increase access to expertise and high-quality care. In other applications (e.g., inpatient care, emergency care), telehealth results in patient outcomes that are similar to usual care, which may be interpreted as a benefit when the purpose of telehealth is to make equivalent services available locally to rural residents. Most barriers to implementation are common to practice change efforts. Methodological weaknesses stem from weaker study designs, such as before-after studies, and small numbers of participants. The rapid increase in the use of telehealth in response to the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is likely to produce more data and offer opportunities for more rigorous studies.
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3

CIOMS Cumulative Glossary, with a focus on pharmacovigilance. Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56759/ocef1297.

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Abstract:
Since its inception, CIOMS has published numerous reports on pharmaco¬vigilance and related fields, and this CIOMS Cumulative Pharmacovigilance Glossary compiles all the definitions within these reports. Version 1.1 newly includes the terms and definitions from the report of CIOMS Working Group XI on Patient involvement in the development, regulation and safe use of medicines. Reflecting the fact that recent CIOMS Working Groups have been dealing with topics that extend beyond pharmacovigilance, the title of Version 2.0 has been adapted to read ‘CIOMS Cumulative glossary, with a focus on pharmacovigilance terms’. The CIOMS Glossary does not cover CIOMS reports on the subjects of ethics, clinical pharmacology, product development, the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA), or publications resulting from CIOMS Roundtable Discussions.
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